This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (December 2010)

Gary Portnoy is an American musician and singer-songwriter from the state of New York best known for co-writing and singing the theme songs for two popular television shows: Where Everybody Knows Your Name (the theme for Cheers) and Every Time I Turn Around (the theme for Punky Brewster). In addition to co-writing both songs with fellow collaborator, Judy Hart Angelo, the two also co-authored the theme to the long-running television series, Mr. Belvedere.

Career[link]

In the early 1980s, Portnoy and Judy Hart Angelo were composing the score to an off-Broadway musical, Preppies, when Glen and Les Charles – two of the producers for Cheers – heard their opening number, People Like Us, but were unable to acquire the rights to the song from the musical's producers. Portnoy and Angelo then set out to write an entirely new theme for Cheers. After their first two attempts were rejected, Where Everybody Knows Your Name was finally selected as the sitcom's theme song.^[1]

Prior to writing the theme for Cheers, Portnoy had already found success as a young yet highly regarded songwriter. His songs had been recorded by various popular artists including Dolly Parton's Say Goodnight (co-written by Susan Sheridan) and Air Supply's I'll Never Get Enough of You (co-written by Jeanne Napoli and Judy Quay). He also recorded and released a self-titled album in 1980 for Columbia Records which has since been re-released on digital CD by Sony Japan.

Portnoy also wrote several songs for the critically acclaimed NBC television series, Fame, including the Emmy-nominated track for Best Original Song entitled I Still Believe In Me (co-written by Susan Sheridan) as well as It's Gonna Be a Long Night (co-written by Estelle Levitt). Both songs were featured on the 1982 album, The Kids From "Fame". In addition to the Emmy nomination for the Fame composition, Portnoy also received an Emmy nomination for Cheers as well as six consecutive ASCAP awards during the 1980s for the Most Performed Television Themes of the year.

In 2004 – after an extensive hiatus from the music business during the 1990s, Portnoy released the 12-track album entitled Keeper which includes the original full-length version of the Cheers theme song, Where Everybody Knows Your Name. (At that time the song was also made available for downloading at iTunes.) In 2007, he followed with the release of the autobiographical 12-track album, Destiny, which contains a full-length version of him singing the TV theme song for Mr. Belvedere (whose original version was sung by Leon Redbone.) In 2010, Portnoy released the 12-track album, Songs Along The Way, which includes 11 newly penned compositions as well as the original never-before-released demo version of the iconic Cheers theme song.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Gary Portnoy (1980, Columbia Records)
• Keeper (2003, Argentum Records)
• Destiny (2007, Argentum Records)
• Songs Along The Way (2010, Argentum Records)

Songs recorded by other artists (partial list)[link]

• When I'm Loving You (co-written by Paul Vance)

Recorded by Gail Wynters for her 1977 RCA album, Let The Lady Sing

• Shee Moe Foe (co-written by Irwin Levine)

Recorded by Mac Davis for his 1978 Columbia album, Fantasy

• I'll Never Get Enough Of You (co-written by Jeanne Napoli and Judy Quay)

Recorded by Samantha Sang for her 1979 Private Stock album, From Dance To Love

• On The Run (co-written by Jeanne Napoli)

Recorded by Cheryl Ladd for her 1979 Capitol album, Dance Forever

• Say Goodnight (co-written by Susan Sheridan)

Recorded by Dolly Parton for her 1980 RCA album, Dolly, Dolly, Dolly

• Late Night Confession (co-written by Juli Davidson)

Recorded by Glen Campbell for his 1980 Capitol album, Something Bout You Baby I Like

• Move A Little Closer (co-written by Jeanne Napoli)

Recorded by Keith Barrow for his 1980 Capitol album, Just As I Am

• I'll Never Get Enough of You (co-written by Jeanne Napoli and Judy Quay)

Recorded by Air Supply for their 1981 Arista album, The One that You Love

• When the Night Ends (co-written by Ruth Rosen Greenwood)

Recorded by Engelbert Humperdinck for his 1981 Columbia album, Don't You Love Me Anymore

• Say Goodnight (co-written by Susan Sheridan)

Recorded by Engelbert Humperdinck for his 1981 Columbia album, Don't You Love Me Anymore

• I Still Believe In Me (co-written by Susan Sheridan)

Recorded by Debbie Allen and Erica Gimpel as featured on the 1982 RCA album, The Kids From "Fame"

• It's Gonna Be a Long Night (co-written by Estelle Levitt)

Recorded by Lori Singer as featured on the 1982 RCA album, The Kids From "Fame"

• I Was Only Trying To Help (co-written by Ruth Rosen Greenwood)

Recorded by Valerie Landsburg as featured on the 1982 RCA album, The Kids From "Fame" Again

• Face To Face (co-written by Judy Hart Angelo)

Recorded by Valerie Landsburg as featured on the 1983 RCA album, The Kids From "Fame" Sing For You

• Come to Me Tonight (co-written by Susan Sheridan)

Recorded by Roberto Carlos for his 1990 Columbia album, From Brazil With Love

• Mr. Belvedere Theme (co-written by Judy Hart Angelo)

Recorded by Leon Redbone as featured on the 1996 TVT album, Television's Greatest Hits Volume 6

• This Is Forever (co-written by Gloria Nissenson and Carol Ann Brown)

Recorded by Samantha King for her 2002 SKMG album, This Is Forever

• The Horse (co-written by Gloria Nissenson and Matt Rossi)

Recorded by Mammoth Jack for their 2002 Broken Bow album, Mammoth Jack

• I Miss Us (co-written by Gloria Nissenson)

Recorded by Sarah Gayle Taylor for her 2008 Lure album, Texas Sweetheart

References[link]

External links[link]

• Gary Portnoy's Official website- includes a video history "Outside Cheers" that showcases the life of "Where Everybody Knows Your Name" beyond the series. There is also a detailed, biographical account of the story behind the Cheers theme (including audio recordings of rejected earlier efforts), the original demo recording, and full lyrics.

Sam "Mayday" Malone is a fictional character on the American television show Cheers, portrayed by Ted Danson.^[2] The central character of the series, Sam is a former relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox Major League Baseball team and an owner and a bartender of Cheers. He is a recovering alcoholic and notorious lothario.^[3]

Although his celebrity status was short-lived, Sam retains that standing within the confines of Cheers, where he is beloved by the regular patrons. He seduces many women, yet he fails to achieve a meaningful relationship and to seduce some women. Notoriously, he has an on- and off-relationship with Diane Chambers (Shelley Long) in 1982–1987 and the series finale in 1993, "One for the Road."^[4] Also, he attempts to seduce Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley) but fails whenever she rejects his advances.^[5] Sam and Rebecca attempt a relationship many times, but they find no passion for each other and then decide to be friends.

Sam appeared in all 275 episodes of Cheers between 1982–1993. He also made a guest appearance in the Frasier episode "The Show Where Sam Shows Up".^{[f 1][6]} He has been a favorite to viewers and critics alike, a subject to academic analyses primarily for masculinity, and a subject to whomever he should marry.

Casting[link]

Ted Danson was cast as Sam Malone, the ladies' man and ex-athelete (originally a football player; re-written as a baseball player).

Before the series began in September 1982, Ted Danson appeared as a hairdresser in "The Unkindest Cut", the 1982 episode of the television series Taxi; Glen and Les Charles, creators of then-upcoming television series Cheers along with James Burrows, were executive consultants for that episode. Danson and the other two actors, William Devane and Fred Dryer, were the three finalists for the audition of Sam Malone. Originally, Sam Malone was supposed "to be a former wide receiver for the New England Patriots."^[7] Fred Dryer was initially chosen for that role due to his status as a former football player, but NBC executives witnessed the chemistry between Ted Danson and Shelley Long, so the creators chose Ted Danson instead.^[8][9] Therefore, Sam then evolved into a former relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox.^[7] Fred Dryer later appeared as Dave Richards, a friend of Sam Malone and the sportscaster, in Cheers.

I had no idea how unintelligent [Sam] was. At first I thought he was making these – because Sam would come out with these things that were funny, and I thought, well, maybe he's being ironic. You know, maybe he's smart enough to know that he's saying stupid things in the beginning. I think it took me about a year and a half before, maybe a season and a half before I had an inkling on how to play Sam Malone, because he was a relief pitcher, which comes with a certain amount of arrogance.

You know, you only get called in when you're in trouble and you're there to save the day, and that takes a special kind of arrogance, I think. And Sam Malone had that arrogance. And I, Ted Danson, did not. I was nervous, scared, excited about, you know, grateful about my new job.^[10]

—Ted Danson, NPR's "Fresh Air", September 17, 2009

Ed O'Neill auditioned for the role of Sam Malone but did not win the part.^[11]

Danson earned $450,000 per episode as Sam Malone within the last few years of Cheers before "One for the Road" was aired on May 20, 1993.^[12][13] According to the 1993 interview at the Paramount Studios, Danson wanted to stop portraying Sam Malone, which contributed to the end of Cheers. When the interviewer asked Danson about changes of Sam, Danson responded, "He got older, you know," and then, "They tried to make him Sammy again. But he's 45 now. I'm 45. It's OK to be chasing around when you're 37. But when you're 45, it's kind of sad to be chasing around that way."^[12]

Ted Danson wore a hairpiece to conceal his baldness for the role of Sam Malone during filming of Cheers. His baldness was revealed at the 1990 Primetime Emmy Awards.^[14] In the Cheers episode, "It's Lonely on the Top" (1993), Sam Malone reveals his own hairpiece that conceals his actual baldness to Carla (Rhea Perlman).

[edit] Cheers

Early life[link]

Sam dropped out of high school in favor of his potential baseball career.^{[e 1]} He became a relief pitcher in the Major League Baseball team, Boston Red Sox, in which he met Coach Ernie Pantusso (Nicholas Colasanto). His baseball career took a nosedive when he developed an alcohol problem. Sam has run the bar, Cheers, for five years when the series Cheers began in 1982 after his baseball career was over.^{[e 2][e 3]} Over time, his role as a bartender turned him into the "resident ringleader for an assortment of poor souls and wanna-bes."^[15]

Women[link]

Sam is "athletically handsome"^[5] yet a "narcissist," "shallow," and "vain", as well.^[10][16] As a lothario, Sam dates and flings women in his life,^[5] including "women who want to have fun,"^[17] even before Cheers began in 1982. Nevertheless, he fails to fulfill every relationship in his life.^[18] He was once married to a woman named Deborah (Donna McKechnie), but his marriage did not last.^{[e 4]}

In "Now Pitching, Sam Malone" (1983), Sam has an affair with a publicity agent (Barbara Babcock) to appear in commercials, but he breaks off this relationship and then loses his job.^{[e 5]} In "Teacher's Pet" (1985), he makes flings with his adult high school teacher to gain his chances to earn himself a diploma, but he breaks off this relationship, has his exams re-examined, and then successfully earns a diploma without another fling with her again.^{[e 1]}

In "Battle of the Exes" (1984), Sam pretends to be Carla's "boyfriend" at her request to spite her ex-husband Nick Tortelli (Dan Hedaya) and Nick's wife Loretta (Jean Kasem). Later, they embrace, then kiss, and decide to be mere friends with a handshake.^{[e 6]}

Notoriously, Sam Malone is irresistible to Diane Chambers (Shelley Long) and somewhat resisted by Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley), inspired by works about "mixture of romance and antagonism of two people, [portrayed by Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn], in a competitive situation."^[19][20][21]

Diane Chambers[link]

He has on- and off-relationships with "a bright, attractive graduate student" Diane Chambers (Shelley Long).^[22] In first five seasons (1982–1987), Sam and Diane flirt each other as attractive and condemn each other as social class opposites. They every time consummate a relationship and then break up.

At their off-relationships, Sam makes flings with many women, while Diane has relationships with men who fit her upper-class ideals, such as Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer). After one of their huge breakup in the second season finale, "I'll Be Seeing You, Part 2" (1984), Sam relapses into alcoholism and commits excessive womanizing, and Diane ends up in a psychiatric hospital, where she meets Frasier. With the help of Coach, Diane, and Frasier, Sam begins to cope huge breakups with Diane and recover from his re-alcoholism. In the fourth season premiere, "Birth, Death, Love, and Rice", Diane dumps Frasier in the altar, hooks up with many men, and then lands herself in the convent. Suddenly, Sam comes to her rescue and then takes her back to Cheers.

In the fourth season finale, "Strange Bedfellows" (1986), Sam dates with the intelligent, attractive female politician, Jane Eldridge (Kate Mulgrew). Eventually, Jane breaks him up because she assures that he is still in love with Diane. At the end, he dials the phone number and then proposes to an unseen character. In the fifth season premiere, "The Proposal" (1986), the unseen character is revealed to be Diane. Nevertheless, she rejects his proposal. Many times he proposes, but she rejects. In "Chambers vs. Malone" (1987), she finally accepts one of his proposals.

In the fifth season finale, "I Do, Adieu" (1987), they attempt to marry, but they agree to call off the wedding, so Diane leaves Cheers and Sam behind for a writing career. As Les Charles observed, Sam was a "straight man" to Diane; after Long's departure, he became more "carefree" and a "goof-off."^[23]

Rebecca Howe[link]

In 1987, Sam sells Cheers to the corporation, travels with his yacht, and soon returns to the bar to work there under employment of a "voluptuously beautiful"^[5] new manager, Rebecca Howe. Since then, Sam many times flirts with and attempts to seduce Rebecca, but she rejects his advances.^[5] In the Season Eight finale, "Cry Harder" (1990), Sam retrieves ownership of the bar from the corporation to save the bar from financial victimization of Robin Colcord (Roger Rees), Rebecca's lover. At the last minute, Sam and Rebecca embrace with a kiss. However, in the Season Nine premiere, "Love Is a Really, Really, Perfectly Okay Thing" (1990), Sam becomes less enthusiastic about their passion and admits it to Rebecca with disappointments. In Season Ten (1991–1992), they try to conceive a child, but then they have decided to stay friends.

Sexual addiction[link]

In Cheers, Sam is "allowed to be happy" and "[to live] a rich life".^[17] Nevertheless, in "The Guy Can't Help It" (1993), Sam begs Rebecca and then Carla to be his wife, but they reject his proposals and confront his sexual history. Sam realizes his sexual addiction and begins to seek professional counseling, as Frasier recommends.

True love[link]

In the 1993 series finale, "One for the Road," after six years of separation, Sam sees Diane on television winning the Outstanding Writing award at the 1993 CableACE Award for her television movie. He sends her a telegram to congratulate her success. Diane picks it up and then calls him by the bar's phone number. At the phone conversation, they told each other that they have families.

Nevertheless, Sam's family is fabricated; in fact, the next day, Sam begs Rebecca to be his "wife" for Diane, who arrives to the bar with her husband Reed (Mark Harelik). At the Meville's restaurant, actual lovers of Rebecca and Reed arrive in the scene, and then Rebecca and Reed leave the table with their actual lovers. Now alone at the table, Sam and Diane admit to each other: their own families were fabrications, and they are never meant to be together because they are totally opposites, in spite their good times together. As Diane prepares to leave Boston again, Sam stops her and then begs her to be with him again.

The next day, Sam and Diane become engaged again. However, Sam's friends oppose their engagement, but Sam and Diane leave Cheers and then Boston behind for Los Angeles, much to the gang's dismay. At the start of the plane's departure, Sam and Diane begin to have second thoughts about their future together when the announcers give them rhetorical questions about their relationship. Finally, when the plane becomes delayed, they break up again. Sam returns to Boston, and Diane goes to Los Angeles without Sam. At the bar, Sam and his friends celebrate his return. At the end of the finale, when everyone leaves except Norm and Sam, Norm Peterson (George Wendt) observes that he would never leave his one "true love": implicitly, Cheers, the bar.^[24]

[edit] Frasier (1995)

In "The Show Where Sam Shows Up," the 1995 episode of Frasier, the Cheers spin-off, Sam is depicted as a self-identified sexual addict with help from group meetings and committed to change himself.^[25] Sam is engaged to Sheila (Téa Leoni), a fellow sex addict whom he met during group therapy, but he breaks off the engagement after she admits that she slept with two regular Cheers barflies during their engagement,^{[6][f 1]} including Cliff Clavin.^{[f 1]}

Other appearances[link]

In 1994, Sam Malone and bar patrons of Cheers appeared in "Fear of Flying", the episode of the animated series The Simpsons.^{[o 1]}

Impact[link]

Popularity[link]

According to the April 1–4, 1993, telephone survey of 1,011 people by the Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press (now Pew Research Center),^{[N 1]} Sam Malone was voted a favorite of 26%. For a question of to whom he should marry, 21% voted Diane Chambers, 19% voted Rebecca Howe, 48% voted Sam to stay single, and 12% had "no opinion" on this matter.^[26][27] For a question of having a spin-off of a character, 15% voted Sam, 12% voted Woody Boyd (Woody Harrelson), 10% voted Norm Peterson (George Wendt), and 29% voted no spin-offs.^[27] Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer), whose own spin-off Frasier debuted in September 1993, was voted 2% to have his own show.^[28]

According to the 1993 article from People magazine, a newspaper columnist Mike Royko chose Diane to be with Sam. A novelist Jackie Collins picked Rebecca. A celebrated personality Zsa Zsa Gabor chose both as Sam's potentials. Tennis player Martina Navratilova found Sam too good for either of them. A novelist-archaeologist Clive Cussler perceived Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman) as "Sam's best bet."^[29]

Critical reception[link]

Sam Malone has been a subject to acknowledgements by academics. An MIT author, in his 1991 journal article, thanked Sam Malone as part of his acknowledgements for "bringing [him] laughter" along with other cast of Cheers.^[30] In the 1994 journal article of Totem, Sam's "lucky bottle cap" from the episode, "Endless Slumper" (1982), is an example of fetishes used by baseball players for "good fortune."^[31]

In The Complete Idiot's Guide 2008 book, Sam Malone "[brings] magic to establishment" and is praised for "successfully running [Cheers]."^[32] The Shark Guys website ranked Sam the No. 3 bartender of the "top ten coolest bartenders of all time".^[33]

In the 2009 NPR interview, Terry Gross called Sam "the opposite of intellectual" and "shallow and vain."^[10]

Sam Malone has been compared to a few later roles whom Ted Dason portrayed. In 1998, David Bianculli from New York Daily News metaphorized Danson's guest role, the plumber, in Veronica's Closet as Sam Malone's "close cousin: a confident womanizer, and not the brightest guy in the room".^[34] In 1999, Danson remarked that Sam and John Becker (Becker) are in common "very lonely men".^[35]

Masculinity[link]

Sam Malone is a subject of and a satire of masculinity. In the 1990 and 1997 journal articles, he is one of "new macho [heroes]" of the 1980s, "the target of humor," and not a "likely [candidate] to lead the post-feminist counter revolution."^[36][37] Like Sam, a `new' macho hero of the 1980s is an opposite of an `old' pre-1980s macho hero that "constituted an antifeminist backlash."^[37][38]

In the 1993 journal, he is considered a parody of "traditional male values" and of a negative stereotype of masculinity. To the journal's analysis, his "attempts" to define and exemplify "his version of masculinity" are satirized in the show Cheers "to explore gender identity" without threatening a viewer's own definition of one's own gender.^[39]

Ben Shapiro, an American conservative writer, in his 2011 book Primetime Propaganda, calls Sam "a dog, a feminist caricature of men," and a cultural representation of "lower-class conservative."^[40] Glen Charles, a creator of Cheers, considers Sam "a spokesman for a large group of people who thought that [the women's movement] was a bunch of bull and look with disdain upon people who don't think it was." Ironically, Ted Danson is a declared liberal himself.^[41]

References[link]

Notes

1. ^ The margin of error in the survey was ±3, according to the polls.^[26]

Primary sources

From Cheers:

1. ^ ^{a b} "Teacher's Pet". 1985. Cheers: Season 3: The Complete Third Season on DVD. Paramount, 2004. DVD.
2. ^ "Give Me a Ring Sometime." Cheers: Season 1: The Complete First Season on DVD. Paramount, 2003. DVD.
3. ^ "Sam at Eleven." 1982. Cheers: Season 1: The Complete First Season on DVD. Writ. Glen Charles and Les Charles. Paramount, 2003. DVD.
4. ^ "Sam's Women." 1982. Cheers: Season 1: The Complete First Season on DVD. Writ. Earl Pomerantz. Paramount, 2003. DVD.
5. ^ "Now Pitching, Sam Malone". 1983. Cheers: The Complete First Season. Paramount, 2003. DVD.
6. ^ "Battle of the Exes". 1984. Cheers: The Complete Second Season. Paramount, 2004. DVD.

From Frasier:

1. ^ ^{a b c} "The Show Where Sam Shows Up." Frasier. Perf. Kelsey Grammer. 1995. KDOC, Los Angeles. 2011. Television.

From others:

1. ^ "Fear of Flying." The Simpsons. Fox. KTTV, Los Angeles. December 18, 1994. Television.

Non-primary sources

1. ^ O'Connor, John J. "Critic's Notebook; 'Cheers' Is Dead, but There's Always the Wake..." The New York Times May 21, 1993. Web. January 4, 2012.
2. ^ Goldman, Eric, Brian Zoromski, and Dan Iverson. "IGN's Top 10 Favorite TV Couples." IGN February 13, 2007. Web. January 4, 2012.
3. ^ Piccalo, Gina. "Ted Danson is hip again." Los Angeles Times October 18, 2009. Web. January 4, 2012.
4. ^ Carter, Bill. "TELEVISION; The Tonic That Keeps 'Cheers' Bubbling Along". The New York Times April 29, 1990. Web. January 4, 2012.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} Craig, Steve. p. 15
6. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor, John J. "TELEVISION REVIEW; Road Paved by Power and Reunions." The New York Times February 21, 1995. Web. January 4, 2012.
7. ^ ^{a b} Meade, Peter. "We'll Cry In Our Beers As Sam, Diane Split." Spartanburg Herald-Journal TV Update [Spartanburg, NC] April 29, 1984: 14. Google News. Web. January 21, 2012. Editions of April 27–29, 1984, are inside the webpage. Article in Google News is located in page 85.
8. ^ Carter, Bill (May 9, 1993). "Why 'Cheers' Proved So Intoxicating". The New York Times: p. 6.
9. ^ Balk, Quentin, and Ben Falk. Television's Strangest Moments: Extraordinary but True Tales from the History of Television. London: Robson–Chrysalis, 2005. Google Books. Web. February 10, 2012.
10. ^ ^{a b c} "Ted Danson, On Life (And 'Death') After 'Cheers'." NPR September 17, 2009. Web. January 11, 2012. Interview with Ted Danson is hosted by David Bianculli.
11. ^ Gliatto, Tom, and John Griffiths. "At Last, Ed O'Neill Knows...Sort Of...What It's Like to Be Ryan O'Neal." People December 3, 1990. Web. April 6, 2012.
12. ^ ^{a b} Zurawik, David. "Last Call for Cheers. The Boston Bar is just a Sitcom Set, but for Viewers It Has Become a Real Place, Where Friends Hang Out." The Baltimore Sun May 16, 1993. Web. January 17, 2012.
13. ^ Lippman, John. "Future of `Cheers' uncertain." Los Angeles Times February 7, 1991: 1D. Rpt. in The Gainesville Sun [Gainesville, FL] February 10, 1991: 7D. Google News. Web. January 17, 2012.
14. ^ Herman, Valli. "Actor Wins Praise for Appearing Without Hair Piece." Los Angeles Daily News. Rpt. in Sarasota Herald-Tribune September 24, 1990: 5E. Google News. Web. January 31, 2012.
15. ^ Davis, Walter T., Jr., et al. Watching What We Watch: Prime-Time Television Through the Lens of Faith. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001. Web. February 11, 2012. ISBN 0-664-22696-5.
16. ^ Atagi, Colin. "Danson makes a splash." The Desert Sun [Palm Springs, CA] January 15, 2009: B1. Oceana. Web. January 14, 2012.
17. ^ ^{a b} Hecht, 235. Google Books. Web. February 11, 2012 [1].
18. ^ Blake, Marc. How Not to Write a Sitcom: 100 Mistakes to Avoid If You Ever Want to Get Produced''. London: A & C Black, 2011. Google Books. Web. January 31, 2011.
19. ^ Saunders, Dusty (July 31, 1987). "Many changes in store for 'Cheers'". The Vindicator: p. 12. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wfJJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6YQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1028%2C6034731. 
20. ^ "Crowd at 'Cheers' toasts new season with new boss". The Register-Guard (TV Week): p. 13. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TOZVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gOEDAAAAIBAJ&dq=sam%20diane%20cheers&pg=5563%2C1118776. 
21. ^ Baker, Kathryn (September 5, 1987). "Long's departure has 'Cheers' cast on edge". Times-News (Hendersonville, North Carolina). http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1LIjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TyUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=sam%20diane%20cheers&pg=5187%2C718316. 
22. ^ Brooks, Tim, and Earle Marsh. The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows: 1946 – present. Paperback ed. New York: Ballantine-Random House, 2007. Google News. Web. January 31, 2012.
23. ^ Harmetz, Alijean (September 23, 1987). "Changes on tap at 'Cheers'". The Ledger: p. 1C+. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g79OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7PsDAAAAIBAJ&dq=sam%20diane%20cheers&pg=1701%2C3967090. 
24. ^ "TV's Best Finales Ever". TV Guide, 2010. Web. 1 June 2012.
25. ^ Hecht, 236. Amazon.com Web. February 11, 2012 [2]. Use search term "cheers sam" for results there.
26. ^ ^{a b} Mills, Kim I. "TV viewers glad Sam stayed single." The Sunday Gazette [Schenectady, NY] May 2, 1993: A3. Google News. Web. January 21, 2012. In this web source, scroll down to see its headline.
27. ^ ^{a b} Leefler, Pete. "Show Piles Up Viewer Cheers." The Morning Call [Allentown, NY] May 2, 1993: A01. Web. January 17, 2012. (Subscription required)
28. ^ "Mixed Reaction to Post-Seinfeld Era." Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. Pew Research Center May 10, 1998. Web. February 10, 2012.
29. ^ Lipton, Michael A. (May 24, 1993). "Lights Out at Sam's Place". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20110481,00.html. 
30. ^ Law, Glenn W. "Measurements of Ocular Counterrolling during Linear Accelerations Using an Electromagnetic Scleral Search Coil System." Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1991): 5. DSpace@MIT. Web. January 14, 2012. This PDF file is non-printable. For printable access (purchase required): [3].
31. ^ McKechnie, A-J. "Baseball, Magic, and Performance." Totem: The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology 1.1. (1994): 20. Web. January 14, 2012.
32. ^ John Steve, and Carey Rossi. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Starting and Running a Bar. New York: Alpha, 2008. Google Books. Web. January 14, 2012.
33. ^ "The Top 10 Coolest Bartenders of All Time (Part 2)." The Shark Guys February 29, 2008. Web. May 21, 2012 [4].
34. ^ Bianculli, David. "Deja Coup: Kirstie & Ted Together Again 'Cheers' Alumni Meeting Brightens 'closet'." New York Daily News February 5, 1998. Web. March 29, 2012.
35. ^ Meisler, Adam. "Aging and Grumpy but With a Bit of Sam Malone." The New York Times December 12, 1999: 3. Web. March 29, 2012. Whole article
36. ^ Tankel and Banks. pp. 287–9.
37. ^ ^{a b} Kibby, Marjorie. "Representing Masculinity." The University of Newcastle [Australia] (1997). Miami Vice Chronicles. Web. January 17, 2012.
38. ^ Tankel and Banks. p. 286.
39. ^ Craig. pp. 15–6.
40. ^ Shapiro, Ben. p. 122–123.
41. ^ Shapiro, Ben. p. 122.

Bibliography[link]

• Craig, Steve. "Selling Masculinities, Selling Femininities: Multiple Genders and the Economics of Television." The Mid-Atlantic Almanack 2 (1993): 15–27. Internet Archive Wayback Machine. 1–21. Web. January 14, 2011.
• Hecht, Jennifer Michael. The Happiness Myth: Why What We Think is Right is Wrong: A History of What Really Makes Us Happy. New York: HarperCollins, 2007. ISBN 978-0-06-081397-0.
• Shapiro, Ben. Primetime Propaganda: The True Hollywood Story of How the Left Took Over Your TV. New York: Broadside–HarperCollins, 2011. Google Books. Web. January 15, 2012. ISBN 978-0-06-193477-3.
• Tankel, J. D., and B. J. Banks. "The Boys of Prime Time: An Analysis of `New' Male Roles in Television." Communication and Culture: Language, Performance, Technology, and Media 4 (1990): 285–95. Print.

Further reading[link]

• Andrews, Bart. Cheers: The Official Scrapbook. New York: Signet, 1987. Print.
• Bjorklund, Dennis A. Toasting Cheers: An Episode Guide, 1982–1993. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1997. Print. ISBN 978-0-89950-962-4.
• Fallows, Randall. "The Enneagram of Cheers: Where Everybody Knows Your Number." The Journal of Popular Culture 34.2 (2000): 169–179. Print. (Subscription required) doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.2000.3402_169.x
• Heilbronn, Lisa M. "What Does Alcohol Mean? Alcohol's Use as a Symbolic Code." Contemporary Drug Problems 15.2 (1988): 229–248. Web. <https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/abstractdb/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=115089>. (Subscription required)
• Hundley, Heather L. "The Naturalization of Beer in Cheers." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 39.3 (1995): 350–359. Web. January 9, 2012. (Subscription required) doi:10.1080/08838159509364311.
• Jennings, Marianne M. "Moral Disengagement and Lawyers: Codes, Ethics, Conscience, and Some Great Movies." Duquesne Law Review 37.4 (1999): 573–602. Print. (Subscription required) An official website of Marianne M. Jennings said that the issue number is 2, not 4.
• Phibbs, Bob. The Retail Doctor's Guide to Growing Your Business: A Step-by-Step Approach to Quickly Diagnose, Treat, and Cure. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2010. xv–xvii. Google Books. Web. January 14, 2012.

External links[link]

• Sam Malone at the Internet Movie Database

Wade Boggs
Third baseman
Born: (1958-06-15) June 15, 1958 (age 54) Omaha, Nebraska
Batted: Left	Threw: Right
MLB debut
April 10, 1982 for the Boston Red Sox
Last MLB appearance
August 27, 1999 for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Career statistics
Batting average	.328
Hits	3,010
Home runs	118
Runs batted in	1,014
Teams
Boston Red Sox (1982–1992) New York Yankees (1993–1997) Tampa Bay Devil Rays (1998–1999)
Career highlights and awards
12× All-Star (1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996) World Series champion (1996) 2× Gold Glove Award winner (1994, 1995) 8× Silver Slugger Award winner (1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994) 5× AL batting title (1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988) Tampa Bay Rays #12 retired
Member of the National
Baseball Hall of Fame
Induction	2005
Vote	91.9% (first ballot)

Wade Anthony Boggs (born June 15, 1958) is an American former professional baseball third baseman. He spent his 18-year baseball career primarily with the Boston Red Sox, but also played for the New York Yankees, with whom he won his only World Series, and Tampa Bay Devil Rays, with whom he recorded his 3,000th hit. His hitting in the 1980s and 1990s made him a perennial contender for American League batting titles. Boggs was elected to the Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2004 and the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2005.

With 12 straight All-Star appearances, Boggs is third only to Brooks Robinson and George Brett in number of consecutive appearances as a third baseman. In 1999, he ranked number 95 on the Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Boggs, a 1976 graduate of Plant High School in Tampa, Florida,^[1] currently resides in the Tampa Palms neighborhood of Tampa.