Walter Reed
Walter Reed
Born	(1851-09-13)September 13, 1851 Belroi, Virginia, United States
Died	November 22, 1902(1902-11-22) (aged 51) Washington, D.C.
Occupation	Military physician
Spouse	Emilie Lawrence (m. 1876) «start: (1876-04-26)»"Marriage: Emilie Lawrence to Walter Reed" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Walter_Reed)
Children	Walter Lawrence Reed was born at Ft. Apache on December 4, 1877 and daughter Emilie Reed, called Blossom, was born at Ft. Omaha on July 12, 1883, one adopted Native American daughter (name unknown)
Parents	Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White

Major Walter Reed, M.D., (September 13, 1851 – November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who in 1900 led the team that postulated and confirmed the theory that yellow fever is transmitted by a particular mosquito species, rather than by direct contact. This insight gave impetus to the new fields of epidemiology and biomedicine, and most immediately allowed the resumption and completion of work on the Panama Canal (1904–1914) by the United States. Reed followed work started by Carlos Finlay and directed by George Miller Sternberg ("first U.S. bacteriologist").

Biography[link]

Walter Reed was born in Belroi, Virginia, to Lemuel Sutton Reed (a Methodist minister) and Pharaba White.

Walter Reed Birthplace

After two year-long classes at the University of Virginia, Reed completed the M.D. degree in 1869, five months before he turned 19 (he was the youngest then, and is still today the youngest student of the University of Virginia to receive an MD degree).^[1] He then enrolled at the New York University's Bellevue Hospital Medical College in Manhattan, New York, where he obtained a second M.D. in 1870. After interning at several New York City hospitals, he worked for the New York Board of Health until 1875. He married Emilie (born Emily) Lawrence on April 26, 1876 and took her West with him. Later, Emilie would give birth to a son and a daughter and the couple would adopt a Native American girl while posted in frontier camps.^[2]

With his youth apparently limiting his influence, Reed joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps, both for its professional opportunities and the modest financial security it could provide. He spent much of his Army career until 1893 at difficult postings in the American West, at one point looking after several hundred Apache Native Americans, including Geronimo. During one of his last tours, he completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.

Reed joined the faculty of the George Washington University School of Medicine and the newly-opened Army Medical School in Washington, D.C. in 1893, where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy. In addition to his teaching responsibilities, he actively pursued medical research projects and served as the curator of the Army Medical Museum, which later became the National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM).

Reed first traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study disease in U.S. Army encampments there. Yellow fever became a problem for the Army during the Spanish-American War, felling thousands of soldiers in Cuba.

In May 1900, Reed, a major, returned to Cuba when he was appointed head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever. Sternberg was one of the founders of bacteriology during this time of great advances in medicine due to widespread acceptance of Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease, as well as the methods of studying bacteria developed by Robert Koch.

During Reed's tenure with the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba, the board both confirmed the transmission by mosquitoes and disproved the common belief that yellow fever could be transmitted by clothing and bedding soiled by the body fluids and excrement of yellow fever sufferers – articles known as fomites.

The board conducted many of its dramatic series of experiments at Camp Lazear, named in November 1900 for Reed's assistant and friend Jesse William Lazear, who had died two months earlier of yellow fever while a member of the Commission.

The risky but fruitful research work was done with human volunteers, including some of the medical personnel such as Lazear and Clara Maass who allowed themselves to be deliberately infected. The research work with the disease under Reed's leadership was largely responsible for stemming the mortality rates from yellow fever during the building of the Panama Canal, something that had confounded the French attempts to build in that region only 30 years earlier.

Although Dr. Reed received much of the credit in history books for "beating" yellow fever, Reed himself credited Dr. Carlos Finlay with the discovery of the yellow fever vector, and thus how it might be controlled. Dr. Reed often cited Finlay's papers in his own articles and gave him credit for the discovery, even in his personal correspondence ^[1]

Following Reed's return from Cuba in 1901, he continued to speak and publish on yellow fever. He received honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.

In November 1902, Reed's appendix ruptured; he died on November 22, 1902, of the resulting peritonitis, at age 51. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

~ Dr. Walter Reed ~ Issue of 1940

Legacy[link]

Reed's breakthrough in yellow fever research is widely considered a milestone in biomedicine, opening new vistas of research and humanitarianism.

• Walter Reed General Hospital (WRGH), Washington, D.C. was opened on May 1, 1909, seven years after his death.
• Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) opened in 1977 as the successor to WRGH; it is the worldwide tertiary care medical center for the U.S. Army and is utilized by congressmen and presidents.
• Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), near Washington, D.C., is the largest biomedical research facility administered by the DoD.
• Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, a new hospital complex to be constructed on the grounds of the National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland by 2011.
• Riverside Walter Reed Hospital in Gloucester, Virginia (near Reed's birthplace) opened on September 13, 1977.
• Walter Reed Medal (1912 to present) was awarded posthumously to Reed for his yellow fever work.
• Walter Reed Middle School, North Hollywood, California is named in Reed's honor.
• Reed was portrayed by Lewis Stone in a 1938 Hollywood movie, Yellow Jack Also a few screenplays of his work were portrayed. (from a 1934 play). The same storyline was again presented in television episodes (both titled "Yellow Jack") of Celanese Theatre (1952) and of Producers' Showcase (1955), in the latter of which Reed was portrayed by Broderick Crawford.
• PBS's American Experience series broadcast a 2006 episode, The Great Fever, on the Reed yellow fever campaign.
• Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection at the University of Virginia Health Sciences Library
• Walter Reed Army Medical Center Firefighters Washington D.C. IAFF F151
• The Walter Reed Tropical Medicine Course
• Reed appears in sculpture on the great stone chancel screen at Riverside Church, NYC. (Section 4: "Humanitarians", rather than Section 1: "Physicians".)

May 1, 1909: Opens the Walter Reed Army general hospital in Washington, D.C. develops a mosquitoes vaccine.

See also[link]

Biography portal

• Human experimentation in the United States

References[link]

Citations[link]

Other sources[link]

• Bean, William B., Walter Reed: A Biography, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1982.
• Bean, William B., "Walter Reed and Yellow Fever", JAMA 250.5 (August 5, 1983): 659–62.
• Pierce J.R., J, Writer. 2005. Yellow Jack: How Yellow Fever Ravaged America and Walter Reed Discovered its Deadly Secrets. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-47261-1

External links[link]

• Video: Reed Medical Pioneers Biography on Health.mil – The Military Health System provides a look at the life and work of Walter Reed.
• WRAMC Website Reed History
• WRAIR Website Reed History
• University of Virginia, Philip S. Hench – Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: Walter Reed Biography

• Walter Reed at Find a Grave

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2011)

Killah Priest
Performing in Chicago, July 2007
Background information
Birth name	Walter Reed
Also known as	Priest
Origin	Brooklyn, New York, United States
Genres	East Coast hip hop, alternative hip hop
Occupations	Rapper, producer, actor
Years active	1993 – present
Labels	Geffen Records, MCA Records, Legion of D.O.O.M.[disambiguation needed ]
Associated acts	Wu-Tang Clan, The HRSMN, Almighty[disambiguation needed ], One Over, Black Market Militia, Starkim, Sunz of Man, Felony Fights, Ras Kass

Walter Reed, better known as Killah Priest, Iron Sheik from the Middle East, or Masada, is an African-American rapper and Wu-Tang Clan affiliate who was raised in Brooklyn. He is known for intensely spiritual lyrics loaded with metaphors and religious references. He is connected to the Black Hebrew Israelites through his rhymes, and is known for controversial and Afrocentric subject matter. He is also a part of supergroup the HRSMN along with Canibus, Ras Kass, and Kurupt. He has a hardcore fan base and has been known to be very generous and giving of his time to his fans and various charitable organizations.

Biography[link]

1990s[link]

Priest first made himself known to the hip hop world rapping on two songs on the Gravediggaz album 6 Feet Deep in 1994, and followed this with two appearances on each of two Wu-Tang Clan solo albums, Ol' Dirty Bastard's Return to the 36 Chambers: The Dirty Version and GZA's Liquid Swords, both from 1995 (see 1995 in music). Liquid Swords in fact included a Killah Priest solo track titled "B.I.B.L.E. (Basic Instructions Before Leaving Earth)". Also in 1995, Priest's group Sunz Of Man with rappers Hell Razah, 60 Second Assassin, Prodigal Sunn were signed to Wu-Tang Records and released three 12" singles through the label. Initially Sunz Of Man included Shabazz the Disciple, who had previously been in a duo with Priest called The Disciples, but Shabazz basically left the group before the contract with Wu-Tang Records was signed, thus only appearing on the B-side "5 Arch Angels".

Killah Priest's first solo album was Heavy Mental, released on Geffen Records in May 1998. It mostly expanded on the themes of "B.I.B.L.E.", featuring religious references and allegory woven into commentary on African American society and history. The album was mostly produced by the Wu-Elements producers, a group of in-house Wu-Tang producers mentored by Wu leader RZA. Sunz Of Man released their debut album The Last Shall Be First later in 1998, but by that time Priest's ties to the Wu were beginning to weaken, as he and long-time friend Shabazz clashed with RZA (their business ties with the Wu also began to weaken after the GZA Entertainment management agency, which they were both signed to, dissolved in 1996). After unsuccessful attempts by the pair to create new post-Wu Tang crews (Priest proposed a crew called the Maccabeez which would include himself, Shabazz and Timbo King among others, while Shabazz proposed a group including himself and Priest called the Sunz Of Thunder) they both effectively went their separate ways and cut their respective Wu-Tang ties.

2000s[link]

After leaving the Wu stable, and consequently also effectively leaving Sunz Of Man, Priest helped form the hip hop supergroup The HRSMN with Ras Kass, Canibus and Kurupt. In October 2003, Killah Priest and Dreddy Kruger released a nine track album entitled The Horsemen Project. It was released independently through Think Differently Music/Proverbs Music Inc. and was only available to purchase off the internet.^[1] Each track featured at least two members of the group as well as an appearance by Pak Man. It is currently unknown who handled the majority of the production on the album, although it is known that Mark Sparks was responsible for two songs. On Killah Priest's HipHopGame.com journal, he mentions the Horsemen a few times. The talks about a new album were mentioned on the May 1, 2006 entry. He said "The Horsemen project is definitely going to come. Right now we just have to get Kurupt. He's been doing the Dogg Pound thing, but it's definitely going to come. We have songs recorded and we have more in store."^[2]

Ras Kass and Canibus were featured on Priest's second album, View From Masada, which featured no Wu-Tang input whatsoever (though the album's liner notes included the note "Peace to Wu-Tang Clan"). The album had a decidedly more commercially minded style than Heavy Mental, and introduced his new Maccabeez crew, featuring a crew of then-unknown rappers. The album was also an important early stepping stone to stardom for producer Just Blaze, who would later go on to produce countless mainstream hip hop hits for the likes of Cam'ron, Erick Sermon, Fabolous and Jay-Z. However, View From Masada received mixed reviews.

Priest had to leave the major labels behind after View From Masada sold poorly. His first independent release Priesthood (2001), released on Proverbs Music, his own record label, was critically acclaimed though it suffered from very limited distribution. Black August followed in 2003 on Recon Records, and was also well-received. Priest also released an album on the Internet titled Black August Revisited a few months after the release of Black August which shared few similarities with the original, save its title. Black August Revisited also saw Priest rediscover his Wu-Tang ties, including collaborations with Hell Razah and Ol' Dirty Bastard. He also appeared in the music video for the single "Made You Look" by fellow New York rapper Nas.

In 2004, Priest performed numerous times with other Wu-Tang Killa Beez and also appeared on Masta Killa's album No Said Date. November 2005 saw the re-release of Priesthood on Mic Club Music, a label owned by Louis Lombard III (aka Luminati), who produced Priesthood as well as recent albums by Canibus. March 2007 saw the release of Killah Priest's mixtape album "End of the World".

On August 21, 2007, Killah Priest released The Offering, which was sequenced by his former manager, Stacey Castro and featured appearances from Nas, Immortal Technique, his fellow HRSMN, & 4th Disciple as well as Hell Razah, who appears on the advance single title track that was released in October 2005.

Killah Priest next album titled Behind the Stained Glass, was released on May 20, 2008 on the label Good Hands Records. It's reported that he's also in the midst of recording Behind the Stained Glass Part Two.^[3] Killah Priest also released an album titled Elizabeth on October 20, 2009 on Proverbs Records, which Priest owns. Killah Priest is also recording another double album called The Psychic World of Walter Reed, produced by Dutch producers Godz Wrath, 4th Disciple, RZA, DJ Woool and more. Killah Priest also mentioned in a YouTube interview for Pyramid West that he is also working on a sequel to Heavy Mental called Heavier Mental.

2010s and beyond[link]

In a August 2010 radio interview with Mista Montana, Killah Priest discussed the creation of his next album PWOWR, stating that the Rza and many other key Wu Tang Clan members will feature on there, including the Four Horsemen.^[4] Throughout the past and currently Killah Priest has been barking about the unofficial wutang website wu-international(fan website) and affiliated website wutancorp for not supporting wutang affiliates album campaigns properly during album releases.

Discography[link]

Solo albums[link]

Group albums[link]

Album information
The Last Shall Be First with Sunz of Man Released: July 21, 1998 Label: Red Ant Entertainment Singles: "Natural High", "Shining Star"/"Cold", "The Plan"/"Collaboration '98"
The First Testament with Sunz of Man Released: January 31, 1999 Label: Red Hook Records Singles: "Deep in the Water"/"In the Beginning..."/"The Sins of Man", "Who are the Sunz of Man?"/"The Valley of Death"/"Bring Back the Mike"/"Valley of Kings"
The Horsemen Project with The HRSMN Released: 2003 Billboard 200 chart position: - R&B/Hip-Hop chart position: - Singles: -
Black Market Militia Released: March 22, 2005 Billboard 200 chart position: - R&B/Hip-Hop chart position: - Singles: "Audobon Ballroom"/"Thug Nation"/"Hood Lullabye", "Gem Stars (Remix)"/"Mayday!"
Original S.I.N. with Almighty[disambiguation needed ] Released: July 22, 2008 Billboard 200 chart position: - R&B/Hip-Hop chart position: - Singles: "Obey (The Statesmen)"
Beautiful Minds with Chief Kamachi[5] Released: September 23, 2008 Billboard 200 chart position: - R&B/Hip-Hop chart position: - Singles: -
RawzChyld The Creation of Care Released: TBA Billboard 200 chart position: - R&B/Hip-Hop chart position: - Singles: "Run On"/"Amen Ra"/"Illuminati"
The Lamb's Supper with Hell Razah as Thug Vaticans [6] Released: 2012 Billboard 200 chart position: - R&B/Hip-Hop chart position: - Singles: "New Millennium Child"

Guest appearances[link]

• 1994 "Diary of a Madman" and "Graveyard Chamber" (Gravediggaz album 6 Feet Deep)
• 1995 "Where Ya At?" and "Where Ya At? (extended version)" (with Ice-T, Ice Cube, Chuck D, RZA, Kam, Mobb Deep, DA Smart, Insane, Shorty, & Smooth B) and "Wicked Ways" (with Sunz Of Man) (from One Million Strong)
• 1995 "Greyhound, Pt. 2" (from the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion album Experimental Remixes)
• 1995 "Snakes"; "Proteck Ya Neck II The Zoo"; & "Don't U Know" (from the Ol' Dirty Bastard album Return to the 36 Chambers: The Dirty Version)
• 1995 "4th Chamber" & "B.I.B.L.E. (Basic Instructions Before Leaving Earth)" (from the GZA album Liquid Swords)
• 1996 "America" (from the AIDS compilation album America Is Dying Slowly)
• 1996 "Parle (Hip-Hop Remix)" (with Kavalier album Nikera)
• 1997 "Repentance Day" (off the Gravediggaz album The Pick, the Sickle and the Shovel)
• 1998 "Degree Zero" (from the DJ Spooky album Riddim Warfare)
• 1998 "Abide By" (with other HRSMN members Canibus, Ras Kass, & Kurupt from a 12" single called "White Label")
• 1998 "No Superstar" (from the Bounty Killer album Next Millennium)
• 1998 "Moanin"(By Antonio Chance,Killa Sin) and "Street Opera" (from the "One Step" UK single)
• 1998 "5 Boroughs" (with KRS-One, Buckshot, Cam'Ron, Redman, Run, Keith Murray, Prodigy, & Vigilante) (The Corrupter Soundtrack)
• 1999 "4 Bars" (along with Canibus & Rose Cartel from Universal)
• 1999 "Real Nigga Livin" (with Fat Kat Kareem) (album unknown)
• 1999 "Temple of the Mental" (from the Material album Intonarumori)
• 1999 "Beneath The Surface" Feat, RES (From GZA/Genius "Beneath The Surface")
• 1999 "1112" Feat, Masta Killa & Njeri (From GZA/Genius "Beneath The Surface")
• 1999 "Feel Like An Enemy" Feat, Hell Raizah, Trigga & Prodigal Sun (From GZA/Genius "Beneath The Surface")
• 2000 "Horsementality" (from the Canibus album 2000 B.C.)
• 2000 "Im a Horseman (Promo)" (on Tim Westwood's Radio 1 Rap Show with HRSMN members Canibus & Ras Kass)
• 2001 "Bread of Life" (from the Cappadonna album The Yin and the Yang)
• 2001 "Catechism" (with DJ Spooky off the Wu-Chronicles, Chapter 2)
• 2001 "In Here" (from the Guru album Baldhead Slick & Da Click)
• 2002 "Catechism Part 2" (with DJ Spooky)
• 2002 "Out Tha Spot” (with Kurupt) (Released: 2002 (Unknown))
• 2002 "No Chaser" (with Raze, Hot Rod, & Fokis) (also released in 2003 by Raze on "Leavin Empty Shells")
• 2004 "Masters Degree" (with Block McCloud, Jean Grae, & Pumpkinhead on album Uncle Howie)
• 2004 "Ain't No Way" ((with the HRSMN) off the unreleased album Catch Me If You Can)
• 2004 "Never Imagined" (with Main Flow & Master Foul, off the album Hip-Hopulation)
• 2004 "Chains" (with Masta Killa) (from R.A. The Rugged Man album Die, Rugged Man, Die)
• 2004 "Secret Rivals" (from the Masta Killa album No Said Date)
• 2004 "Saviorself" (from the Jedi Mind Tricks album Legacy of Blood)
• 2005 "Champions" (with Soulstice) and "Wannabattle Tactics" (with Buckshot & Donte) (from Main Flow album Notebook Assassins)
• 2005 "Horsemen" (by Pak-Man and the HRSMN off the Pak-Man album Chow Time)
• 2005 "The Saints" (with Nas) (From the Dirty Harry mixtape The Warriors)
• 2005 "The 10 Plagues" (by Socalled off the Socalled album The Socalled Seder)
• 2005 "Testimony" (with SHI 360 and Remedy)
• 2006 "Beastin" (from the Chino XL album Poison Pen)
• 2006 "Constant Dreams" (from The UNDC album Closed captioned)
• 2006 "Pagan Helmets" (from Neurologists album As The Dark Settles)
• 2007 "Awaiting The Hour" (From The Ill Bill mixtape Black Metal)
• 2007 "Divine Sacred" (from Lightborn album "The Psychology of Fire")
• 2007 "Shall I Continue" (from Gumz album From Fetus to Genius...)
• 2007 "In The Name Of Allah" (from the Cilvaringz album I)
• 2007 "Liquid Wordz" (from the Canibus album For Whom the Beat Tolls)
• 2007 "Taarruz Basladi" (from the Ako-Akonomi album)
• 2007 "Build" (from the Contribution X album Cobra Of The North)
• 2007 "Law & Order" (from the iCON the Mic King & Chum^{[disambiguation needed ]} album Mike and the Fatman)
• 2007 "Picture of Selassie I (Remix)" (from the Picture of Selassie album by Khari Kill Feat. Jah Bami)
• 2008 "Galaxies" (from the Praxis album Profanation (Preparation for a Coming Darkness))
• 2008 "Eat Ya Food" (from the Brooklyn Zu album Chamber #9, Verse 32)
• 2008 "Bloody Moon" (from VoodooCore {Shaka Amazulu The 7th & Wasabifunk})
• 2008 "One Day" (From Endemic (Terminal Illness) ft. Killah Priest & Timbo King)
• 2008 "Theory Of Dominance" (with Corown Da Sensei/Da Shogunz)
• 2008 "Se7en" (With Shaka Amazulu The 7th ft. Timbo King)
• 2008 "Walking The Line" (with Annakin Slayd from the album Stalwart Empire)
• 2008 "Immaculate for the Babylon A.D. Film" (With Michael Arkangelo and Shakura Holiday Prod by RZA and Shavo (Achozen))
• 2009 "Babylon Beast" (from the Heavyweight Dub Champion album Rise of the Champion Nation)
• 2009 "Where I Come From (Remix)" (with Tha Advocate, Willy Northpole, Hussein Fatal, Stat Quo, DoItAll, Big Lou, Sha Stimuli, Mr. probz)
• 2009 "God is Love" (from the U-God album Dopium)
• 2009 "Memoir Of A Gravedigga" (from Shaka Amazulu The 7th [Black Stone of Mecca album] ft. 9th Prince, Warcloud, Frukwan, and Shabazz The Disciple)
• 2009 "Murder" (with Chino XL & Sean Price, off the DJ-JS1 album "Ground Original 2- No Sellout")
• 2010 "Soul Purpose" (from Dusty Philharmonics album "The Audiotopsy", Unexpected Records)
• 2010 "Purified Thoughts" feat GZA/Genius (From Ghostface Killah Apollo Kids)
• 2011 "Wu Crime" feat GZA/Genius (from Raekwon Shaolin vs. Wu-Tang)
• 2011 "Picture Perfect" Tragic Allies feat. Killah Priest (from Tragic Allies debut album The Tree of Knowledge of Good & Evil)
• 2011 "Among Us" Trai Kennedi feat. Killah Priest (debut single by producer DUS)
• 2011 "Emerald Cypher" Canibus Feat. Killah Priest, Born Sun, K-Rino (Lyrical Law)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Site
• Killah Priest on Myspace
• Killah Priest at the Internet Movie Database
• Interview on DUBCNN
• Uncensored Interview on Conspiracy Radio

Michael Penn (born August 1, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter and composer. He is the eldest son of actor/director Leo Penn and actress Eileen Ryan, and the brother of actors Sean Penn and the late Chris Penn.

Career[link]

Michael Penn is a critically acclaimed singer/songwriter and film composer.^[1] Prior to the release of his 1989 debut album March, Penn was a member of the Los Angeles band Doll Congress, and had appeared as an extra on a few television series, including St. Elsewhere.

March, particularly the first single, "No Myth," brought Penn attention, as well as the 1990 MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist. Penn's follow-up albums Free-for-All (1992), Resigned (1997) MP4: Days Since a Lost Time Accident (2000 ) Mr. Hollywood Jr., 1947 (2005) and Palms and Runes, Tarot and Tea (2007) weren't able to match the commercial success of March, although critics continued to praise his songcraft.

It was with Free-for-All that Penn faced the specter of the one-hit wonder. The album, while praised by critics, was not as successful as Penn's debut, though it had more than its share of supporters. Rolling Stone called it "stunning"^[2] and CMJ wrote that the album "exhausts any doubts" about whether March was a fluke.^[3]

In Vox magazine, critic Gary Leboff acknowledged that Penn could be "pig-headedly uncommercial," but, he conceded, "the payoff is sublime". Leboff continues, "His freeform songwriting creates tracks of startling shape and originality, offering literate reflections on the human condition..."^{[citation needed]}

Penn collaborated with the renowned surrealist animators The Brothers Quay on "Long Way Down (Look What The Cat Drug In)," which found a home not on MTV but in film festivals around the country, winning awards along the way.

He has worked extensively creating original music for film; among his first work in this field (if not the first) was for 1993's Tales From the Vienna Woods. He scored two movies released by Paul Thomas Anderson in 1997, Hard Eight and Boogie Nights; he also appears in the latter in a cameo role playing Nick, a recording engineer. During the editing of the film, Anderson directed a music video with Penn for "Try" from Resigned (the video can be found on the Boogie Nights DVD). Other films scored by Penn include Alan Cumming's first two directorial efforts, The Anniversary Party and Suffering Man's Charity;^[4] American Teen, Sunshine Cleaning;^[5] the documentary The Comedians of Comedy; and The Last Kiss. In 2003, he was nominated for a DVDX Award for Best Original Score in a DVD Premiere Movie for Melvin Goes to Dinner.^[6]

In August 2005, Penn released Mr. Hollywood Jr., 1947 on his own Mimeograph Records label. Its songs are set against the background of post-World War II Los Angeles; Penn said he chose the year because of several notable events that took place then, including the passage of the National Security Act and the invention of the transistor.^[7] The album was reissued by Legacy Recordings in April 2007 with bonus tracks from a KCRW session.^[8]

The reissue came in conjunction with Legacy's release of Palms and Runes, Tarot and Tea: A Michael Penn Collection, a compilation that includes several alternate versions and previously unreleased songs. Penn said his goal in compiling, ordering tracks for and producing Palms and Runes was to "make it feel like an album" in its own right.^{[citation needed]}

In late 2009, Penn composed the music for the film That Evening Sun.^[9]

In 2012 Penn composed music for the HBO TV show "Girls".^[10]

Personal life[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2011)

Penn met fellow singer-songwriter Aimee Mann, and during the recording of her album I'm With Stupid (to which Penn contributed), the two struck up a friendship, which blossomed into romance and their December 29, 1997 marriage. Together with manager Michael Hausman they formed United Musicians, an anti-file-sharing, pro-strict-copyright-law organization also interested in helping artists with the promotion and distribution of their work. Penn and Mann live in Los Angeles.

Discography[link]

Solo albums[link]

• March (1989) US #31
• Free-For-All (1992) US #160
• Resigned (1997)
• MP4: Days Since a Lost Time Accident (2000)
• Mr. Hollywood Jr., 1947 (independent release) (2005)
• Cinemascope (2005)
• Palms and Runes, Tarot and Tea: A Michael Penn Collection (2007)
• Mr. Hollywood Jr., 1947 (Legacy reissue) (2007)

Singles[link]

With Gabriele Morgan and Doll Congress/Doll Congress[link]

• Buried Treasure (5-song EP) (1981)
• Doll Congress 12" (1983)
• "Give Up Your Ghost" (sung by Morgan) and "I Will Be Around" (sung by Penn) appear on the soundtrack to Welcome to 18 (1986)

Appearances[link]

• "Retribution" (guitar solo) on Randell Kirsch, LuAnn Olson and Chris Hickey's Show Of Hands (I.R.S. 1989)
• "Body and Soul?" (backing vocals) on Thelonious Monster's Beautiful Mess (1992)
• "It's Not Safe" (guitar, solo guitar) on Aimee Mann's I'm With Stupid (1995)
• "Christmastime", with Aimee Mann on Just Say Noel (1996)
• "Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love", with Mark Mothersbaugh on The Moog Cookbook's Ye Olde Space Bande (1997)
• "Macy Day Parade" on Godzilla: The Album (1998)
• "Reason to Believe", with Aimee Mann on Badlands: A Tribute To Bruce Springsteen's Nebraska (2000)
• "Wise Up" (Produced) on Aimee Mann's Bachelor No. 2 (2000)
• "How Am I Different", "Susan" (backing vocals) on Aimee Mann's Bachelor No. 2 (2000)
• "Red Vines" (slide guitar) on Aimee Mann's Bachelor No. 2 (2000)
• "Satellite" (guitar feedback, backing vocals) on Aimee Mann's Bachelor No. 2 (2000)
• "Driving Sideways" (electric guitar, backing vocals) on Aimee Mann's Bachelor No. 2 (2000)
• "Susan" (guitar), on Aimee Mann's Bachelor No. 2 (2000)
• Co-produced The Wallflowers' (Breach) (2000)
• "Two of Us", with Aimee Mann on I Am Sam (2001)
• "It's Sweet", "Little Digger" (produced, recorded by, guitar, bass) on Liz Phair's self-titled fourth album (2003)
• "Red Light Fever", "Take A Look", "Friend Of Mine" (produced, recorded by, guitar) on Liz Phair (2003)

Film Scores[link]

• Tales From The Vienna Woods (1993)
• Hard Eight (originally titled Sydney), with Jon Brion (1996)
• Boogie Nights (1997)
• The Anniversary Party (2001)
• Melvin Goes to Dinner (2003)
• The Comedians of Comedy (2005)
• The Last Kiss (2006)
• Suffering Man's Charity (2007)
• American Teen (2008)
• Sunshine Cleaning (2008)
• That Evening Sun (2009)
• Bollywood Hero (2009)
• Solitary Man (2010)

Acting[link]

• St. Elsewhere (playing a lab technician, as an extra) (1985)
• Boogie Nights (Nick, an engineer) (1997)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Michael Penn.com official site
• Bunker Hill fan site
• United Musicians
• MySpace page
• Discogs page
• Michael Penn at the Internet Movie Database
• Michael Penn at Allmusic