Look up lye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Lye is a corrosive alkaline substance, commonly sodium hydroxide (NaOH, also known as 'caustic soda') or historically potassium hydroxide (KOH, from hydrated potash). Previously, lye was among the many different alkalis leached from hardwood ashes.^[1] Today lye is commercially manufactured using a membrane cell method.

Solid dry lye is commonly available as flakes, pellets, microbeads, and coarse powder. It is also available as solution, often dissolved in water. Lye is valued for its use in food preparation, soap making, biodiesel production, and household uses, such as oven cleaner and drain opener.

It is also used as an ingredient in the production of methamphetamine. Thus, keeping large quantities of lye is controlled or regulated in some areas.

Food uses[link]

Lye is used to cure many types of food, such as lutefisk, green olives, canned mandarin oranges, hominy, lye rolls, century eggs, and pretzels. It is also used as a tenderizer in the crust of baked Cantonese moon cakes, and in lye-water "zongzi" (glutenous rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves), in chewy southern Chinese noodles popular in Hong Kong and southern China, and in Japanese ramen. In the United States, food-grade lye must meet the requirements outlined in the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC),^[2] as prescribed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).^[3] Lower grades of lye are commonly used as drain openers and oven cleaners and should not be used for food preparation.^[3]

Safety[link]

Lye is a strong alkali, producing highly basic solutions. Both wet lye and dry lye solutions are highly caustic and may cause chemical burns, permanent injury or scarring, and blindness. Lye may be harmful or fatal if swallowed.

Hazardous reactions[link]

Chemical burn caused by exposure to a sodium hydroxide solution.

Solvation of sodium hydroxide is highly exothermic, and the resulting heat may cause heat burns or ignite flammables.

The combination of aluminium and sodium hydroxide results in a large production of hydrogen gas: 2Al(s) + 6NaOH(aq) → 3H₂(g) + 2Na₃AlO₃(aq). Hydrogen gas is flammable; mixing lye (sodium hydroxide) and aluminium in a closed container is therefore dangerous. In addition to aluminium, lye (sodium hydroxide) may also react with magnesium, zinc (galvanized), tin, chromium, brass, and bronze to produce hydrogen gas and is therefore dangerous.

Lye intoxication can cause esophageal stricture.

Protection[link]

Personal protective equipment including safety glasses, chemical-resistant gloves, and adequate ventilation are required for the safe handling of lye. When in proximity to lye that is dissolving in an open container of water, the use of a vapor-resistant face mask is recommended. Be aware that adding too much lye to water too quickly can cause the solution to boil and 'spit'.^[4] Abstaining from protection can result in serious injuries.

Storage[link]

Lye is a deliquescent salt and has a strong affinity for moisture. Lye will deliquesce (dissolve or melt) when exposed to open air. It will absorb a relatively large amount of water from the atmosphere (air) if exposed to it. Eventually, it will absorb enough water to form a liquid solution because it will dissolve in the water it absorbs.

Hygroscopic substances are often used as desiccants to draw moisture away from water-sensitive items. Desiccants should never be placed inside a canister of lye because lye has much stronger hygroscopic properties than activated carbon and silica gel (the most common ingredients in commercial desiccant packets) and will pull and absorb the water from the desiccant packets.

Lye should be stored in air-tight plastic containers. Glass should never be used for storage as lye will slowly eat away at this material. The containers should be labeled to indicate the potential danger of the contents and stored away from children, pets, heat, and moisture.^[4]

Soap Making[link]

Both sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are used in soap making. Sodium hydroxide is often used to make solid soap while potassium hydroxide is used to make liquid soap. Soaps made of potassium hydroxide are softer and can more easily be dissolved in water than sodium hydroxide soaps.

When soap making, sodium hydroxide cannot be substituted with potassium hydroxide and vice versa because soap making recipes will have different quantity requirements for these two chemicals depending on the kind of soap being manufactured. In addition, the quantities required for soap saponification differ when using caustic soda and hydrated potash.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act". US Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/fdcact/fdcact4.htm. 
• "Food Chemicals Codex". United States Pharmacopeia. http://www.usp.org/fcc/. 
• "Lye Safety Precautions". Certified Lye. http://www.certified-lye.com/safety.html. 
• "NaOH MSDS". http://cheville.okstate.edu/photonicslab/Safety/safety/MSDS/naoh_msds.htm. 

• McDaniel, Robert (1997). The Elegant Art of Handmade Soap: Making, Scenting, Coloring, and Shaping. Iola, WI: Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-832-8. 

Siewierz
Castle of Kraków bishops
Coat of arms
Siewierz
Coordinates: 50°28′24″N 19°13′59″E / 50.47333°N 19.23306°E / 50.47333; 19.23306
Country	Poland
Voivodeship	Silesian
County	Będzin
Gmina	Siewierz
City rights	1276
Government
• Mayor	Zdzisław Banaś
Area
• Total	38.22 km2 (14.76 sq mi)
Population (2006)
• Total	5,528
• Density	140/km2 (370/sq mi)
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	42-470
Car plates	SBE
Website	http://www.siewierz.pl

Siewierz [ˈɕɛvʲɛʂ] is a town in the Silesian Voivodeship in Poland.

History[link]

In history, Sewerien was first mentioned in 1125, which was administered by the Castellan of Bytom. In 1177, Casimir II granted Sewerien to Mieszko IV Tanglefoot duke of Silesia and Racibórz, together with the duchy of Bytom. The town became a seat of a separate castellan by the beginning of the 13th century. In 1241, the Mongols burned the city, and razed the fort to ground.

In 1276, Siewierz received city status. On 26 February 1289, in front of the city gates of Siewierz, the allied forces of Władysław I the Elbow-high, then Duke of Kujawy and Mazovia, the future King of Poland, defeated the army of Henryk IV Probus, duke of Wrocław and Kraków. Henryk IV Probus accepted vassalage and protection from the Bohemian king, Wenceslaus II. He was the first Piast Silesian duke to become Bohemian vassal, leading to Bohemian annexation of most Silesia in the coming years.

In 1337, the duchy of Bytom sold Siewierz to Kazimierz I, duke of Cieszyn. In 1359 the duke of Teschen bought the city of Sewer from Bolko duke of Świdnica, lord of Fürstenberg^{[disambiguation needed ]}, for 2,500 marks. The king Charles IV authorized the sale the same year. On 30 December 1443, Zbigniew Oleśnicki, the bishop of Kraków, bought Sewer/Siewierz from Wacław I of Teschen, who was deeply in debts then. The sale was for 6000 Prager Groschen. The bishops of Kraków became dukes of Siewierz, the duchy being not a part of Poland. The city became the seat of the bishops of Kraków, who received also the title duke of Siewierz. They also constructed a castle in Siewierz.

In 1790, near to the doom of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the ecclesiastic duchy of Siewierz was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland. In 1795, Sewerien, because it was a part of Silesia and its adjacent regions were annexed by Prussia, into the new province of New Silesia (in German: Neuschlesien), by the third partition of Poland. In 1800, the seat of the bishop moved away from Sewerien.

In 1807, Napoleon recreated the duchy of Siewierz (Sievers), and granted it to Jean Lannes, after Prussia was forced to cede all her acquisitions from the 2nd and 3rd partitions of Poland. After the failure of Napoleon, Siewierz was included in the Congress Poland, under Imperial Russian rule. The city declined continuously, due to the lacking of industry and communication. In 1870, it lost its city status. In 1918, Siewierz became part of the Second Polish Republic, from 1939 to 1945 of Nazi Germany. In 1962 it regained its city status.

See also[link]

• Silesia
• New Silesia
• Jean Lannes

External links[link]

• Website of Public Information Bulletin: http://siewierz.bip.info.pl/
• Municipal Website: http://www.siewierz.pl/
• Jewish Community in Siewierz on Virtual Shtetl

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Siewierz

Coordinates: 50°28′N 19°14′E / 50.467°N 19.233°E / 50.467; 19.233

v t e Gmina Siewierz Town and seat Siewierz Villages Brudzowice Czekanka Dzierżawa Dziewki Gołuchowice Hektary Kuźnica Piaskowa Kuźnica Podleśna Kuźnica Warężyńska Leśniaki Marcinków Nowa Wioska Podwarężyn Podwarpie Przedwarężyn Słowik Tuliszów Warężyn Wojkowice Kościelne Zawarpie Żelisławice

Weng may refer to:

• Weng, Germany, a town in the district of Landshut, Bavaria, Germany
• Weng im Innkreis, a town in the district of Braunau am Inn, Upper Austria, Austria
• Weng im Gesäuse, a town in the district of Liezen, Styria, Austria
• WENG, a radio station in Englewood, Florida , USA

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Daniel Barone (21 August 1965, Buenos Aires - ) is an Argentine film and television director.

Although mainly based in work for TV he has directed films such as Cohen vs. Rosi (1998) and Un Amor en Moisés Ville (2001)

Filmography[link]

• "Para vestir santos" (2010) TV Series
• "Tratame Bien" (2009) TV Series
• "Epitafios 2" (2008) MiniSerie HBO
• "Mujeres asesinas" (2005)
• "Hombres de honor" (2005) TV Series
• Locas de amor (2004) TV Series
• Día que me amen, El (2003)
• Culpables" (2001) TV Series
• Primicias" (2000) TV Series
• Alma mía (1999)
• "Vulnerables" (1999) TV Series
• Cohen vs. Rosi (1998)
• Comodines (1997) (co-director)
• "Verdad consecuencia" (1996) TV Series

External links[link]

• Daniel Barone at the Internet Movie Database

v t e Cinema of Argentina Actors Awards Composers Directors Editors Films A–Z Cinematographers Festivals Producers Screenwriters Mar del Plata Film Festival Films by year: 1897–1929 1930s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

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