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Historical region of North India Bundelkhand
Location	Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
State established:	914 AD
Language	Bundeli
Dynasties	Chandel Rajputs (till 15th c.) Bundela Rajputs (1501–1950)
Historical capitals	Khajuraho, Mahoba, Orchha
Separated states	Orchha (1501), Datia, Panna (1732), Ajaigarh (1765), Bijawar (1765), Beri, Charkhari, Samthar, Sarila, other

Bundelkhand anciently known as Chedi Kingdom (Bundeli, Hindi: बुन्देलखण्ड, Urdu: بندیل کھنڈ; got its name from Bundela Rajputs until the 16th century, during the rule of Chandel Rajputs later on by Bundela Rajputs, known as Jaijak bhukti or Jejaka bhukti) is a geographic region of central India. The region is now divided between the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, with the larger portion lying in the latter.

The major towns are Jhansi, Datia, Tikamgarh, Rath, Lalitpur, Sagar, Damoh, Orai, Panna, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Banda Narsinghpur and Chhatarpur.Bundelkhand's most well known place, however, is Dhaulpur which has a number of 10th century temples devoted to fine-living and eroticism. The mines of Panna have been famous for magnificent diamonds; and a very large one dug from the last was kept in the fort of Kalinjar.

Geography[link]

Bundelkhand lies between the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the north and the Vindhya Range to the south. It is a gently sloping upland, distinguished by barren hilly terrain with sparse vegetation, although it was historically forested. The plains of Bundelkhand are intersected by three mountain ranges, the Vindhya, Fauna and Bander chains, the highest elevation not exceeding 600 meters above sea-level. Beyond these ranges the country is further diversified by isolated hills rising abruptly from a common level, and presenting from their steep and nearly inaccessible scarps eligible sites for forts and strongholds of local kings. The general slope of the country is towards the northeast, as indicated by the course of the rivers which traverse or bound the territory, and finally discharge themselves into the Yamuna River.

Location of Bundelkhand

The principal rivers are the Sindh, Betwa, Shahzad River, Ken, Bagahin, Tons, Pahuj, Dhasan and Chambal. The Kali Sindh, rising in Malwa, marks the western frontier of Bundelkhand. Parallel to this river, but further east, is the course of the Betwa. Still farther to the east flows the Ken, followed in succession by the Bagahin and Tons. The Yamuna and the Ken are the only two navigable rivers. Notwithstanding the large number of streams, the depression of their channels and height of their banks render them for the most part unsuitable for the purposes of irrigation, which is conducted by means of ponds and tanks. These artificial lakes are usually formed by throwing embankments across the lower extremities of valleys, and thus arresting and impounding the waters flowing through them.

Ecology[link]

History[link]

Medieval Period[link]

The Chandela Rajput clan ruled Bundelkhand from the 10th to the 16th centuries. In the early 10th century they were feudatories of the Pratiharas of Kannauj, and ruled from the fortress-city of Kalinjar. A dynastic struggle among the Pratiharas from 912 to 914 allowed the Chandelas and other feudatories to assert their independence. The Chandelas captured the strategic fortress of Gwalior c. 950. Dhanga (c. 950–1008) left many inscriptions, and endowed a large number of Jain and Hindu temples. Dhanga's grandson Vidyadhara (1017–29) expanded the Chandela kingdom to its greatest extent, extending the Chandela dominions to the Chambal river in the northwest and south to the Narmada River. The Afghan king Mahmud of Ghazni attacked the Chandela dominions during Vidydhara's reign, but did not retain any Chandela territory. the Chandelas built the famous temple-city of Khajuraho between the mid-10th and mid-11th centuries. During the Chandela period, Bundelkhand was home to a flourishing Jain community and numerous Jain temples were built in that period.

According to India by Fannie Roper Feudge, copyright 1895, In the fourteenth century, Hurdeo Singh, a Rajput prince was expelled from the Kshatriya caste for marrying a Bourdi slave-girl, and left the Rajputs to go and reside at the court of one of the smaller sovereigns of Central India, where a young family grew up around him. In process of time the king's son became enamoured of Hurdeo's beautiful daughter, and asked her in marriage of her father. Hurdeo gace his consent, on condition that the king and his whole court would be present at a banquet to be prepared by Hurdeo's own hand, thus forfeiting, as he himself had done, the right to the rank Kshatriya. From affection for his son the aged king consented to set aside his scruples, and on the nuptial day all the court were seated around Hurdeo's princely board. There in magnificent goblets of silver and gold, drinks containing opium were served to the guests who, being thus deprived of the power of resistance, fell an easy prey to Hurdeo's hired assassins, who stood concealed, each man armed with his weapon, behind the tapestry at the upper end of the hall. Hurdeo having thus gained possession of this throne, soon made himself master of all the surrounding country; and, with his sons and the numerous adherents he had enlisted in his cause, he formed a new clan known as the Bourdillas, or 'Sons of the Slave;' thus giving the country its present name of Boundilacund or Bundelcund. Since then Warriors from the region have often gone into battle shouting Bund lelo.

In the 12th century, the Rajput Chauhan rulers of Ajmer challenged the Chandelas. The Muslim conquests of the early 13th century reduced the Chandela domains, although they survived until the 16th century as minor chieftains. Bundela Rajputs grew to prominence starting in the 16th century. Orchha was founded in the sixteenth century by the Bundeli chief Rudra Pratap, who became the first Raja of Orchha. In 1545 Sher Shah Suri, the only Indian king to defeat Mughals and sit on Delhi throne, was killed while attempting to capture Kalinjar from the local Bundeli kings.

The region came under nominal Mughal rule during the 16th–18th centuries, although the hilly, forested terrain of the sparsely populated region made it difficult to control. Akbar's governors at Kalpi maintained a nominal authority over the surrounding district, and the Bundela chiefs were in a state of chronic revolt, which culminated in the war of independence under Chhatrasal. On the outbreak of his rebellion in 1671 he occupied a large province to the south of the Yamuna. Setting out from this base, and assisted by the Marathas, he conquered the whole of Bundelkhand. On his death in 1732 he bequathed one-third of his dominions, including Jalaun and Jhansi, to his Maratha allies, who before long succeeded in controlling the whole of Bundelkhand, with the local rulers as tributaries to the Marathas. Under Maratha rule the country was a prey to constant anarchy and strife. By the end of the 18th century, the Bundelas had freed themselves to some extent from Maratha power. A grandson of the Maratha Peshwa, sought to restore Maratha control of Bundelkhand from his base at Banda. Ali Bahadur warred with the Bundelas from 1790 until 1802, when he died while attempting to capture Kalinjar.

British rule, 1802–1947[link]

The Marathas ceded parts of Bundelkhand, which were later called later British Bundelkhand, to the British in the 1802 Treaty of Bassein. After 1802, many of the local rulers were granted sanads (leases) by the British, which entitled them to the lands they controlled at the death of Ali Bahadur, in return for the rulers signing a written bond of allegiance (ikrarnama) to the British. A political officer attached to the British forces in Bundelkhand supervised British relations with the sanad states. In 1806 British protection was promised to the Maratha ruler of Jhansi, and in 1817 the British recognized his hereditary rights to Jhansi state. In 1818 the Peshwa in Pune ceded all his rights over Bundelkhand to the British at the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Maratha War.

The sanad states were organized into the Bundelkhand Agency in 1811, when a political agent to the Governor-General of India was appointed and headquartered at Banda. In 1818 the headquarters were moved to Kalpi, in 1824 to Hamirpur, and in 1832 back to Banda. The political agent was placed under the authority of the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces, headquartered in Agra, in 1835. In 1849 authority over the Bundelkhand Agency was placed briefly under the Commissioner for the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories, who appointed a political assistant based at Jhansi. Shortly thereafter, authority over Bundelkhand was placed under the Resident at Gwalior, and the headquarters of the political assistant was moved to Nowgong^{[disambiguation needed ]}, which remained until 1947. In 1853 the Raja of Jhansi died childless, and his territory was annexed to British Bundelkhand. The Jhansi state and the Jalaun and Chanderi districts were then formed into a superintendency. In 1854 Bundelkhand Agency was placed under the authority of the newly created Central India Agency, headquartered at Indore.

The widow of the Raja of Jhansi, Rani Lakshmi Bai, protested the annexation because she was not allowed to adopt an heir, and because the slaughter of cattle was permitted in the Jhansi territory. The Revolt of 1857 found Jhansi ripe for rebellion. In June a few men of the 12th native infantry seized the fort containing the treasure and magazine, and massacred the European officers of the garrison. The Rani put herself at the head of the rebels, and they captured several of the neighboring British districts and princely states allied to the British. She died bravely in battle in Gwalior in 1858. It was not till November 1858 that Jhansi was brought under British control.

After the revolt, Jhansi was given to the Maharaja of Gwalior, but came under British rule in 1886 when it was swapped for Gwalior fort. In 1865 the political assistant was replaced with a political agent. The eastern portion of the Agency was detached to form Bagelkhand agency in 1871. The state of Khaniadhana was transferred to the authority of the Gwalior Resident in 1888, and in 1896 Baraunda, Jaso, and the Chaube jagirs were transferred to Bagelkhand. In 1901 there were 9 states, 13 estates, and the pargana of Alampur belonging to Indore state, with a total area of 9,851 sq mi (25,510 km²). and a total population of 1,308,326 in 1901. The most important of the states were Orchha, Panna, Samthar, Charkhari, Chhatarpur, Datia, Bijawar and Ajaigarh. Deforestation accelerated during British rule. The population of the agency decreased 13% between 1891 and 1901 due to the effects of famine. In 1931 Bagelkhand Agency, with the exception of the state of Rewa, was merged into Bundelkhand.

Independent India, 1947–present[link]

After Indian independence in 1947, the princely states of Bundelkhand Agency were combined with those of the former Bagelkhand Agency to form the province of Vindhya Pradesh, which became an Indian state in 1950. On November 1, 1956, Vindhya Pradesh was merged into Madhya Pradesh. Notorious dacoits like Pooran Sing alias Puja babba and Moorath Singh besides other robber gangs once ruled the area. Currently the area is economically and industrially one of the most backward areas in India. Lack of resources, poor communications, and infertile land are some of the reasons for under-development in the region.

Proposed Bundelkhand state[link]

For the last 50 years there has a movement for separation of Bundelkhand state. Bundelkhand is geographically the central part of India covering some part of MP and some of UP. The population of this region is approximately 50 million.^{[citation needed]} In spite of being rich in minerals, the people of Bundelkhand are very poor and the region is underdeveloped and underrepresented in state and central politics. There are several local parties and organisations, some promoting further development of the region and some seeking separate statehood.

In November 2011 Uttar Pradesh CM proposed to split UP in four parts, with one part being Bundelkhand.^{[citation needed]} The proposed state includes the following districts:

Regions of Uttar Pradesh. Bundelkhand is in light green.

From Uttar Pradesh

• Jhansi
• Jalaun
• Lalitpur
• Hamirpur
• Mahoba
• Banda
• Chitrakoot

From Madhya Pradesh

• Datia
• Tikamgarh
• Chhatarpur
• Panna
• Damoh
• Sagar

In addition to the above districts, sometimes the following districts of Madhya Pradesh are sometimes considered as the part of Bundelkhand: Madhya Bharat/Gird region

• Morena
• Sheopur
• Bhind
• Gwalior
• Shivpuri
• Guna
• Dhaulpur

Culture[link]

The Bundeli language is the most common of the Hindi dialects spoken in the area. It in turn consists of several subdialects. The accent varies in various regions even though unmistakably of a single origin.

The region is predominantly Hindu. However, Jainism is historically significant in Bundelkhand, and several Tirthas are located in this region. Many prominent Jain scholars of the 20th century have been from this region.

Folk dances[link]

Bundelkhand has following folk dances. Badhai, Rai, Saira, Jawara, Akhada, Shaitan, Dhimrai.

Prominent Bundelkhandis[link]

• Uma Bharti, Prominent BJP politician and the MLA from Charkhari in UP's Bundelkhand region.^{[citation needed]}
• Goswami Tulsidas, the author of Ramcharitmanas, born in Rajapur Banda.
• King Chhatrasal Dulera, established Chhatarpur. Was lover of Princess Jahanara, sister of Aurangjeb ^[1]
• Dhyan Chand the world famous Hockey player.^{[citation needed]}
• Dewan Shatrughan Singh Father of the Freedom Movement in Bundelkhand. aka "Bundelkhand Gandhi", "Bundelkhand Kesari"
• Chandrashekhar Sitaram Tiwari, better known as Chandra Shekhar Azad, is one of the most important Indian revolutionaries, and is considered the mentor of Bhagat Singh.^{[citation needed]}
• Rani Lakshmibai, (1828–1858) Queen of princely state of Jhansi, one of the key figures in first Indian war of independence 1857.
• Maithili Sharan Gupt, National Hindi Poet
• Tarana Swami, (1448-) (founder of Taran Panth)
• Pandit Nathuram Premi (1881–1960), Prominent publisher of Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu literature as well as Jain literature. Independent scholar, Jain historian and editor of several Jain works. Founder of Hindi Granth Ratnakar Karyalay, (24 September 1912), Manikacandra Digambara Jain Granthamala and Jain Hitaishi.
• Dr Hiralal Jain, Sanskritist and Jain Scholar best remembered for his work on the Satkhandāgama
• Pandit Phulacandra Shastri, Traditional Jain Scholar, best remembered for his work on the Satkhandāgama and the Kasāyapāhuda

• Osho Rajneesh (1931–1990)^{[citation needed]}

• Pandit Ramakant Malviya, Advocate, Sanskrit scholar and authority on Ramcharitmanas from Lalitpur.
• Dr. Hari Singh Gaur, Member of Constitution draft committee & founder of University of Saugar^{[citation needed]}.
• Vrindavan Lal Verma, Hindi novelist (Mrig Nayani, Jhansi Ki Rani)
• Indeevar, one of the leading Hindi film lyricists in 1960s and 70s^{[citation needed]}
• Rani Durgavati, Queen of Gondwana (born to Chandelas of Mahoba / Kalinjar) immortalized owing to her bravery in defending her kingdom against invasion by Mughal emperor Akbar
• Alha and Udal, warriors in the court of the Chandela dynasty King Parmal in Mahoba
• Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, of Transcendental Meditation
• Harishankar Parsai
• Rani Rajendra Kumari (Rani Saheb of Maudaha)
• Thakur kishor singh Lodhi (1857 ki kranti) Hindoriya Damoh
• Pandit Parmeshthidas Jain (1909–1977) Freedom Fighter/Jain Scholar(Nayay Teerth), Lalitpur,UP

See also[link]

• Chandela

References[link]

• Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 12. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.
• "Bundelkhand Agency". The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 9. Oxford at Clarendon Press. 1909. pp. 74–77. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_080.gif. 
• "British Bundelkhand". The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 9. Oxford at Clarendon Press. 1909. pp. 68–74. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_074.gif. 

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links[link]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bundelkhand.

• Check dam project in Bundelkhand (Development Alternatives)
• Historic Blend, Frontline, Volume 24 – Issue 05 :: Mar. 10–23, 2007

v t e Aspirant states of India Bodoland (Assam) Bundelkhand (Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh) Delhi Gondwana (northern Deccan Plateau) Gorkhaland (West Bengal) Harit Pradesh (Uttar Pradesh) Kamtapur / Greater Cooch Behar (West Bengal) Karbi Anglong (Assam) Kodagu (Karnataka) Kongu Nadu (Tamil Nadu) Kosal/Koshal (Orissa) Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir) Mahakoshal (Madhya Pradesh) Mithila (Bihar) Panun Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir) Purvanchal (Uttar Pradesh) Rayalaseema (Andhra Pradesh) Telangana (Andhra Pradesh) Tulu Nadu (Karnataka and Kerala) Vidarbha (Maharashtra) Maru Pradesh (Rajasthan) Vindhya Pradesh (Madhya Pradesh)

Uma Ragini Bharti (born May 3, 1959), is an Indian politician. She was born in Tikamgarh District, Madhya Pradesh and from a very young age, started holding discourses on Indian Epics.Her father was an atheist. Raised under the care of the late Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia of Gwalior, Uma Bharati, along with Sadhvi Ritambhara, played a prominent part in the Ayodhya Ram Janmabhoomi Movement. Her signature slogan during the movement was "Dear Ram we will come, and build temple at the place".

At a young age, she became involved with the Bharatiya Janata Party. She contested her first Parliamentary elections in 1984, but lost. In 1989, she successfully contested the Khajurao seat, and retained it in elections conducted in 1991, 1996 and 1998. In 1999, she switched over and won the Bhopal seat. In the Vajpayee Administration, she held various state-level portfolios of Human Resource Development, Tourism, Youth Affairs & Sports, and finally Coal & Mines.

In the 2003 Assembly polls, Mayank K led the BJP to a three fourths majority in Madhya Pradesh. She defeated her Congress opponent from the Malehra seat with a 25% margin.

Uma Bharati resigned from the post of Chief Minister in August 2004, when an arrest warrant was issued against her regarding the 1994 Hubli riot case.^[1][2]

Political disagreements[link]

In November 2004, Uma Bharti was suspended from the Bharatiya Janata Party because of her criticism of Lal Krishna Advani.^{[citation needed]} The suspension was lifted and in May 2005, she was appointed a member of the party's national executive.^{[citation needed]} Later that year, she was expelled from the party for opposing the appointment of Shivraj Singh Chauhan as the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh.^{[citation needed]} She had the sympathy of various BJP leaders, such as Madan Lal Khurana and Sangh Priya Gautam, but was unable to capitalise on it. She drew large crowds during a Ram Roti Yatra and campaigns at various by-elections, and she established a new Hindu-oriented party called the Bharatiya Janshakti Party but both she and the party were unsuccessful in their efforts to be elected.^{[citation needed]}

A section of the RSS, as well as some within the BJP, attempted to bring her back into the BJP fold but neither she nor opponents such as Arun Jaitley and Sushma Swaraj favoured the sentiment.^{[citation needed]} However, she did agree to withdraw her candidates for the 2007 Uttar Pradesh assembly elections at the request of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad chief, Ashok Singhal.^{[citation needed]}

She was re-inducted in the BJP on 7 June 2011.^{[citation needed]} She was tasked with reviving the party in [Uttar Pradesh, ahead of the assembly polls in 2012.^[3][4]

In the March 2012 assembly elections, Bharti won the Charkhari constituency, in Mahoba District.^{[citation needed]}

Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project[link]

On 25 July 2007, Bharti began a week-days fast protesting over the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project saying that the bridge be saved.^{[citation needed]}

FDI in retail in India[link]

In late November 2011, when the Government of India decided to allow 51% FDI in multi-brand retail and 100% in single brand retail, Uma Bharti threatened Walmart with arson should they enter the Indian market.^[5]

Timeline[link]

v t e Sangh Parivar Organisations Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Rashtra Sevika Samiti Bharatiya Janata Party Vishwa Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Muslim Rashtriya Manch Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Swadeshi Jagaran Manch Durga Vahini Hindu Students Council Ekal Vidyalaya Seva Bharathi Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Balagokulam Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Hindu Vivek Kendra Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Major figures K.B. Hedgewar Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar Shyama Prasad Mookerjee Deendayal Upadhyaya Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras Atal Bihari Vajpayee Lal Krishna Advani Rajju Bhaiya Ashok Singhal K.S. Sudarshan Praveen Togadia Mohan Bhagwat Narendra Modi Philosophy Hindu nationalism (Hindu Rashtra) Hindutva Integral humanism Ram Janmabhoomi Undivided India (Akhand Bharat) Uniform civil code

References[link]

External links[link]

• "BJP suspends Uma Bharati" - rediff.com article dated November 10, 2004
• "Uma Bharati in BJP national executive" - rediff.com article dated May 28, 2005
• "India's firebrand Hindu nun" - BBC News article dated November 30, 2005
• BBC article on Uma Bharti's suspension

• Hindu nationalism

Song In (in hangul 송인, in hanja 宋仁) was a civil official in the mid-Goryeo era who became the intermediary founder of the Jincheon Song clan. His highest post was munha pyeongjangsa (문하 평장사). This was the highest government position in the period. Song In was responsible for administration, judicial affairs and economy in the district.^[1]

As he performed meritorious deeds during the King, he was conferred with Chanhwagongsin and Jincheonbaek. Baek was a position of politicians who were responsible for administration, judicial affairs and economy in the district. As the government created him Jincheonbaek, his family started regarding Jincheon as their origin. Hence, the family origin became Jincheon Song.

When he was in the position of Sangsanbaek, he tried to be just and fair in all the administrative affairs and strived to enhance the welfare of his people. He also focused on education for the youth and courtesy for people, which made his district famous for most excellent behaviors in the nation. After that, the people have long paid tribute to his feats.

During the insurrection of Yi Jagyeom in the 4th year of King Injong of Goryeo's reign in 1126, he was killed by a rebellious band led by Cheok Jun-gyeong while escorting the king. After the rebels were put down, Song In was posthumously named 'meritous subject' and titled Lord Sangsanbaek (상산백).

Song In was born in Durujinmaeul (village), Duchon-ri, Deoksan-myeon in 1125 during the reign of King Injong of the Goryeo Dynasty. He was promoted to Pyeonjangsa, which was the highest government position in the period.

Tomb of Song In[link]

Chungcheongbuk-do Monument No. 91 Location: Duchon-ri, Deoksan-myeon, Jincheon-gun

This is the tomb of Song In (?-1126). It has a rectangular-shaped protective wall surrounding the tomb, typical of the Goryeo style. There are two tombstones erected in the late Joseon Dynasty period.

In the grave area, there are many tombs that belong to the clan. In front of his tomb stands the jaesil (chamber for memorial rites) with the tablet reading 'Sangsanjae'.

His grave is in Duchon-ri, Deoksan-myeon, which had been called Duruji, Sanjeong-myeon. The beautiful peak behind his grave is called Mountain Bibong which was named after Bongsae (bird) that is said to live in heaven and to fly down to sit on the summit. However, after the statue was inscribed of In Gong, the founder of Jincheon Song, the peak was compared to a slowly dropped ume flower. Thus, Mountain Bibong was called Maesanbibong, in which 'Mae' was named after an ume flower instead of a bird.

As he was a meritorious subject and served as a Pyeongjangsa (higher government official), the government ordered his grave mound to be surrounded by stones and a monument. The grave is one of the oldest ones in Jincheon and is recorded in Seokchong (stone tomb) in Hwanyeoseungram.

Thousands of descendents of Jincheon Song are living across the nation. Song Guk-cheom and Song Eon-gi who were devoted to fight against the Mongolian invasion into Goryeo are also the offspring of Jincheonbaek.

See also[link]

• Song (Korean name)
• Bon-gwan

References[link]

External links[link]

• Photo of the tomb
• Song In
• Monument 91, Tomb of Song In
• Jincheon Song bon-gwan information (Korean)
• Jincheon Song bon-gwan website (Korean)
• http://www.jincheon.go.kr/english/sub04/sub0404_01.jsp

This Korean biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This Korean history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e