Towhees
Spotted Towhee (Pipilo maculatus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Emberizidae
Genus:	Pipilo Vieillot, 1816
Species
See text.

A towhee is any one of a number of species of birds in the genus Pipilo or Melozone within the family Emberizidae (which also includes the buntings, American sparrows, and juncos).

Towhees typically have longer tails than other emberizids. Most species tend to avoid humans, so they are not well known, though the Eastern Towhee P. erythrophthalamus is bolder as well as more colorful. This species, and some others, may be seen in urban parks and gardens.

There has been considerable debate over the taxonomy of the towhees in recent years. Two species complexes have been identified, the rufous-sided complex (involving Pipilo erythrophthalmus, P. maculatus, P. socorroensis, P. ocai and P. chlorurus), and the brown towhee complex (involving Melozone crissalis, M. fuscus, M. aberti and M. albicollis). The distinction of species within these is uncertain and opinions have differed over the years. Modern authorities distinguish all four species in the brown towhee complex, though M. fuscus and M. crissalis were formerly treated as a single species. Hybrids are frequent between some of the species, particularly between the Mexican races of P. maculatus ("Olive-backed Towhee", P. maculatus macronyx) and P. ocai.

Species list:

• Green-tailed Towhee, Pipilo chlorurus,
• Collared Towhee, Pipilo ocai,

• "Rufous-sided Towhee" - old name, now split into two species:
  • Eastern Towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus and
  • Spotted Towhee, Pipilo maculatus which contains the
    • Olive-backed Towhee, Pipilo maculatus macronyx,

• Socorro Towhee, Pipilo socorroensis,
• Bermuda Towhee Pipilo naufragus (extinct)

• "Brown Towhee" - old name, now split into two species:
  • California Towhee, Melozone crissalis and
  • Canyon Towhee, Melozone fuscus,

• Abert's Towhee, Melozone aberti,
• White-throated Towhee, Melozone albicollis

References[link]

• Zink, Robert M.; Dittmann, Donna L. (1991). "Evolution of Brown Towhees: Mitochondrial DNA Evidence". Condor 93 (1): 98–105. http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v093n01/p0098-p0105.pdf. 
• Olson, Storrs L.; Wingate, David B. (2012). "A new species of towhee Aves: Emberizidae: Pipilo) from the Quaternary deposits on Bermuda". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 125 (1): 85-96. DOI:10.2988/11-21.1. http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2988/11-21.1. 

External links[link]

• Towhee videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection