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Bone tumor Bone tumour
Classification and external resources
Micrograph of an osteosarcoma, a malignant primary bone tumor.
ICD-10	C40-C41
ICD-9	170.9
MeSH	D001859

X-ray of a giant cell bone tumor in the head of the 4th metacarpal of the left hand.

An arm bone tumor

A bone tumor, also spelled, bone tumour, refers to a neoplastic growth of tissue in bone. Abnormal growths found in the bone can be either benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Classification[link]

Bone tumors may be classified as "primary tumors", which originate in bone or from bone-derived cells and tissues, and "secondary tumors" which originate in other sites and spread (metastasize) to the skeleton. Carcinomas of the prostate, breasts, lungs, thyroid & kidneys are the primary carcinomas that most commonly metastasize to the bone. Secondary malignant bone tumors are estimated to be 50 to 100 times as common as primary bone cancers.

Primary bone tumors[link]

Primary tumors of bone can be divided into benign tumors and cancers. Common benign bone tumors may be neoplastic, developmental, traumatic, infectious, or inflammatory in etiology. Some benign tumors are not true neoplasms, but rather, represent hamartomas, namely the osteochondroma. The most common locations for many primary tumors, both benign and malignant include the distal femur and proximal tibia.

Examples of benign bone tumors include osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteochondroma, osteoblastoma, enchondroma, giant cell tumor of bone, aneurysmal bone cyst, and fibrous dysplasia of bone.

Malignant primary bone tumors include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and other types.

While malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) - now generally called "pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma" - primary in bone is known to occur occasionally,^[1] current paradigms tend to consider MFH a "wastebasket" diagnosis, and the current trend is toward using specialized studies (i.e. genetic and immunohistochemical tests) to classify these undifferentiated tumors into other tumor classes. Multiple myeloma is a hematologic cancer, originating in the bone marrow, which also frequently presents as one or more bone lesions.

Germ cell tumors, including teratoma, often present and originate in the midline of the sacrum, coccyx, or both. These sacrococcygeal teratomas are often relatively amenable to treatment.

Secondary bone tumors[link]

Since, by definition, benign bone tumors do not metastasize, all secondary bone tumors are metastatic lesions which have spread from other organs, most commonly carcinomas of the breast, lung, and prostate.

Reliable and valid statistics on the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of malignant bone tumors are difficult to come by, particularly in the oldest (those over 75 years of age), because carcinomas that are widely metastatic to bone are rarely ever curable, biopsies to determine the origin of the tumor in cases like this are rarely done.

Symptoms[link]

The most common symptom of bone tumors is pain, which will gradually increase over time. A person may go weeks, months, and sometimes years before seeking help; the pain increases with the growth of the tumor. Additional symptoms may include fatigue, fever, weight loss, anemia, and/or unexplained bone fractures. Many patients will not experience any symptoms, except for a painless mass. Some bone tumors may weaken the structure of the bone, causing pathologic fractures.^[2]

Treatment[link]

Treatment of bone tumors is highly dependent on the type of tumor.

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy[link]

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are effective in some tumors (such as Ewing's sarcoma) but less so in others (such as chondrosarcoma).^[3]

There are a variety of chemotherapy treatment protocols for bone tumors. The protocol with the best reported survival in children and adults is an intra-arterial protocol where tumor response is tracked by serial arteriogram. When tumor response has reached >90% necrosis surgical intervention is planned. ^{[4] [5]}

Medication[link]

One of the major concerns is bone density and bone loss. Non-hormonal bisphosphonates increase bone strength and are available as once-a-week prescription pills. Metastron also known as strontium-89 chloride is an intravenous medication given to help with the pain and can be given in three month intervals. Generic Strontium Chloride Sr-89 Injection UPS, manufactured by Bio-Nucleonics Inc., its the generic version of Metastron.^[6] Astra zantec is currently under review as to the benefits in bone cancer.

Surgical treatment[link]

Main articles

• Amputation

Treatment for some bone cancers may involve surgery, such as limb amputation, or limb sparing surgery (often in combination with chemotherapy and radiation therapy). Limb sparing surgery, or limb salvage surgery, means the limb is spared from amputation. Instead of amputation the affected bone is removed and is done in two ways (a) bone graft, in which a bone from elsewhere from the body is taken or (b) artificial bone is put in. In upper leg surgeries, limb salvage prostheses are available.

The other surgery is called van-ness rotation or rotationplasty which is a form of amputation, in which the patient's foot is turned upwards in a 180 degree turn and the upturned foot is used as a knee.

Types of amputation:

Leg

• Below knee
• Above knee
• Symes
• Hip disarticulation
• Hemipelvectomy or hindquarter, in which the whole leg is removed with one half of the pelvis

Arm

• Below elbow
• Above elbow
• Shoulder disarticulation
• Forequarter (amputation of the whole arm, along with the shoulder blade and the clavicle)

The most radical of amputations is hemicorporectomy (translumbar or waist amputation) which removes the legs, the pelvis, urinary system, excretory system and the genital area (penis/testes in males and vagina/vulva in females). This operation is done in two stages. First stage is doing the colostomy and the urinary conduit, the second stage is the amputation. This is a mutilating operation and is only done as a last resort (e.g. when even pelvic exenteration doesn't work or in cases of advanced pelvic/reproductive cancers)

Prognosis[link]

The outlook depends on the type of tumor. The outcome is expected to be good for people with noncancerous (benign) tumors, although some types of benign tumors may eventually become cancerous (malignant). With malignant bone tumors that have not spread, most patients achieve a cure, but the cure rate depends on the type of cancer, location, size, and other factors.

References[link]

External links[link]

• UK bone cancer statistics from Cancer Research UK
• UMDNJ Basic pathology concepts in diagnosis of bone tumors

Olympic medal record
Women’s swimming
Competitor for the  United States
Silver	Los Angeles 1984	200 m backstroke

Amy Lee White (-Ballidis) (born October 20, 1968 in Redondo Beach, California) is a former American swimmer. She represented the United States as a fifteen-year-old at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, where she won a silver medal in the women's 200-meter backstroke, finishing behind Dutch swimmer Jolanda de Rover.^[1]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Amy White biography and Olympic results, from http://www.sports-reference.com/.

v t e 1984 USA Olympic Swimming Team Men's Team Matt Biondi Rick Carey Chris Cavanaugh George DiCarlo Jeff Float Geoffrey Gaberino Rowdy Gaines Matt Gribble Bruce Hayes Mike Heath Tom Jager Patrick Kennedy Jeff Kostoff David Larson Robin Leamy Steve Lundquist John Moffet Pablo Morales John Mykkanen Mike O'Brien Richard Saeger Rich Schroeder Jesse Vassallo Dave Wilson Women's Team Theresa Andrews Tracy Caulkins Tiffany Cohen Sue Heon Nancy Hogshead Jenna Johnson Kim Linehan Mary T. Meagher Betsy Mitchell Susan Rapp Kim Rhodenbaugh Michele Richardson Carrie Steinseifer Jill Sterkel Dara Torres Tori Trees Mary Wayte Amy White Sippy Woodhead Coaches Ron Ballatore Ray Bussard Don Gambril George Haines Charlie Hodgson Doug Ingram Frank Keefe Skip Kenney Richard Quick Randy Reese Mark Schubert

This biographical article related to a United States swimmer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2011)

Jamie Wood (born 21 September 1978 in Salford) is an English-born Caymanian footballer who plays as a striker. He last played with Welsh Premier side The New Saints.

In May 2011 he was released by the club after 8 years at Park Hall.^[1]

References[link]

External links[link]

• New Saints Profile