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Mouth
Head and neck
A closed human female mouth
Latin	os, cavitas oralis
MeSH	Oral+cavity

The mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and saliva.^[1] The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth.

In addition to its primary role as the beginning of the digestive system, in humans the mouth also plays a significant role in communication. While primary aspects of the voice are produced in the throat, the tongue, lips, and jaw are also needed to produce the range of sounds included in human language.

The mouth, normally moist, is lined with a mucous membrane, and contains the teeth. The lips mark the transition from mucous membrane to skin, which covers most of the body.

In humans[link]

Mouth cavity[link]

Illustration of the inside of a human mouth. Cheeks have been cut and lips pulled back for an unobstructed view.

The first space of the mouth is the mouth cavity, bounded laterally and in front by the alveolar arches (containing the teeth), and posteriorily by the isthmus of the fauces. The oral cavity is also known as the mouth which swallows food that then goes down the esophagus and into the stomach.

Function[link]

The mouth plays an important role in eating, drinking and breathing. Infants are born with a sucking reflex, by which they instinctively know to suck for nourishment using their lips and jaw.

Cultural aspects[link]

Lips can be adorned with lipstick or lip gloss, although in most cultures this is typically only practiced by females. Both men and women, however, apply lip balm in order to soothe chapped or dry lips.

Piercings in or around the mouth have been made popular by younger generations, including those on the lip or tongue. The uvula piercing, while increasing in popularity, remains relatively rare.

Development[link]

The philtrum is the vertical groove in the upper lip, formed where the nasomedial and maxillary processes meet during embryo development. When these processes fail to fuse fully, a hare lip and/or cleft palate can result. This can result in the encouraging process of the release of metabolic wastes.

The nasolabial folds are the deep creases of tissue that extend from the nose to the sides of the mouth. One of the first signs of age on the human face is the increase in prominence of the nasolabial folds.

In non-human animals[link]

Alligators are known for their large mouths and sharp teeth

Some animal phyla, including vertebrates, have a complete digestive system, with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other. Which end forms first in ontogeny is a criterion used to classify animals into protostome and deuterostome. The first space of the mouth is the mouth cavity, bounded laterally and in front by the alveolar arches (containing the teeth), and posteriorly by the isthmus of the fauces.^[1]

See also[link]

Dentistry portal

• Head and neck anatomy
• Mouth breathing
• Index of oral health and dental articles
• List of basic dentistry topics
• Tonsillolith
• Arthropod mouthparts
• Insect mouthparts

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mouths

Look up mouth in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mouth

• oral+cavity at eMedicine Dictionary

v t e Human regional anatomy (TA A01.1) Head Forehead · Ear · Jaw · Face (Cheek, Eye, Nose, Mouth, Chin) · Occiput · Scalp · Temple Neck Throat · Adam's apple Trunk Chest (Breast) · Abdomen (Navel) · Back · Pelvis (Sex organs) Limbs Upper limb Shoulder · Axilla · Arm Elbow · Forearm Wrist · Hand · Finger (Thumb · Index · Middle · Ring · Little) Lower limb/ (see also leg) Hip · Buttocks · Thigh Knee · Calf · Crus Ankle · Heel · Foot · Toe (Hallux · Long  • Third  • Fourth  • Fifth) · Sole General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs

Merril Bainbridge (born 2 June 1968 in Melbourne, Victoria) is an Australian pop music singer and songwriter. Her debut was in 1994 with the single, "Mouth", which peaked at number-one for six consecutive weeks in Australia and became a top five hit in the United States.^[1]

Early career[link]

Bainbridge started performing when she was at the age of nine and her first performance was at a carnival and her sisters persuaded her into entering, because the prize was free carnival tickets.^[2] She came third and won twenty dollars worth of tickets.^[2] After six years of performing in a variety of bands in Australia, and doing backup vocal work in exchange for studio time,^[3] Bainbridge began a solo career under the tutelage of producer Siew.^[3] Bainbridge stated that she and Siew "really connected well, from a creative point. I liked the way he worked and I knew I had so much more to learn in that environment [and] that's how it started. That was the point where I started feeling a lot more confident as a singer and then wanting to dive more into the songwriting side."^[3] She also worked a day job before quitting to concentrate solely on music.

Music career[link]

[edit] The Garden: 1994–1997

In 1994 Bainbridge was signed to Ross Fraser and John Farnham's newly-formed Gotham Records label.^[4] Fraser first heard Bainbridge when he received a tape in the mail and was interested by the combination of voice and guitar.^[4] "Mouth" was Bainbridge's debut release and the first song released from her debut album The Garden by Gotham Records. "Mouth" was released in Australia on November 1994 but was lost in the Christmas shuffle. It was reissued in February 1995 where it came to be the biggest song of Bainbridge's career, peaking at number-one in Australia for six consecutive weeks before becoming the fourth highest selling single in Australia for 1995.^[5][6] The second song released from The Garden was "Under the Water" which is a song about a lover who drowned, released in Australia in June 1995. The song was not as big as "Mouth" but was still successful peaking at number four in Australia^[5] and accrediting platinum by ARIA. The Garden was released in Australia on 31 July 1995, where it debuted at its peak position at number five on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart and certifying two times platinum selling 140,000 copies around Australia.^[7] On October 1995 the third song off the album was released titled "Power of One" which was not as big but still charted in Australia at number twenty-one.^[5] The ninth annual ARIA Awards saw Bainbridge nominated for five awards including "Best Pop Release", "Breakthrough Artist - Single", "Best New Talent", "Single of the Year" and "Best Female Artist" but failed to win the awards.^[8] The fourth and final song "Sleeping Dogs" was released in Australia in February 1996 and featured Bee Gees song "I Started a Joke" which was used for the bridge of the track. The song only peaked at number fifty-five in Australia.

Marc Nathan signed Bainbridge to the Universal Music record label in the United States by 1996.^[9] "Mouth" was released in the United States on 20 August 1996 and became the most requested song on American radio for three weeks.^[10] The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number sixty-seven and after twelve weeks, the song peaked at number four.^[11] It spent a total of thirty weeks in the charts selling 600,000 copies and earning a gold single.^[12] The Garden was released on 24 September 1996 and debut on the Billboard 200 at number one hundred and sixty-one and after six weeks just missing the top one hundred it peaked at its peak position of one hundred and one.^[13] "Mouth" was the only release that Bainbridge released in the United Kingdom. It was released in November 1996 but did not show great success peaking at number fifty-one and spending eight weeks in the top two hundred.^[14] At the end of 1996 saw Bainbridge toured thirty cities in the U.S. for forty days and she presented an award at the Billboard Awards.^[4] She also performed at Madison Square Gardens supporting American singer Sheryl Crow.^[4] "Under the Water" was released in the United States on 18 February 1997 and at first debut at number seven on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart and after two weeks it broke into the Billboard Hot 100 at number ninety-seven. It took the song four weeks to reach its peak position of number ninety-one and fell out of the chart from then on spending six weeks in the Hot 100.^[11]

[edit] Between the Days: 1998–1999

While Bainbridge was completing her first international tour, she started writing the album Between the Days which she refers to it being a place she found herself when she was working on the album.^[15] The first single released from the album was "Lonely" which received wide radio airplay on FOX FM upon its release but only managed a peak at forty in Australia,^[5] number eighteen on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart and number twenty-five in Japan. Later that year, she released a cover of "I Got You Babe" featuring a small contribution from Shaggy (which appeared on the soundtrack for the movie Welcome to Woop Woop), the song only reached number sixty-two in Australia. Two more songs were released from the album "Between the Days" and "Walk on Fire" but both failed to chart.

In 1999 Bainbridge participated in John Farnham's "I Can't Believe He's 50" tour with Kate Ceberano, Ross Wilson, James Reyne, Human Nature, and Nana-Zhami, she covered Farnham's tracks "Burn for You" and "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head".

In 1999 Merril Bainbridge recorded "Sydney from a 747", a song written and previously recorded by fellow antipodean Paul Kelly. The track appeared on the soundtrack of the IMAX film Sydney - A Story of a City and was released as part of an official music compilation for the Sydney 2000 Olympic games entitled "Olympic Record" (WEA Australia, 2000). This album is currently out of print.

2000–present[link]

In 2000 Bainbridge recorded a song named "Friends" for the Australian film The Magic Pudding which is featured on its soundtrack. Bainbridge attempted a comeback in 2003 with the song "Girl Next Door" and an album which was untitled but the song failed to chart and so the album got shelved. She is often mentioned in "Where Are They Now?" lists on television. She has been working backstage as a composer for other Australian pop artists.^{[citation needed]}

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Singles[link]

"—" denotes singles that were released but did not chart.

¹ U.S. chart positions outside of the Billboard Hot 100 are according to Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. The "bubbling under" chart only represents the twenty-five singles below the Hot 100's number 100 position which have not yet appeared on the Hot 100.

Miscellaneous[link]

• "2000 Miles" (1995) — a Christmas song written by Chrissie Hynde, and recorded for the compilation The Spirit of Christmas 1995.
• "Sydney from a 747" (1999) — a song on the soundtrack of the IMAX movie "Sydney - Story of a City" (1999) and included on "Olympic Record" (2000) the Sydney Olympic games official album.
• "Friends" (2000) — a song from the soundtrack to the Australian animation The Magic Pudding.

Awards and recognition[link]

See also[link]

• List of artists who reached number one on the Australian singles chart

References[link]

External links[link]

• 1997 Interview with Bainbridge

Joyce Meyer
Meyer teaching at the Hillsong Conference in Kiev on October 4, 2007
Born	Pauline Joyce Hutchison (1943-06-04) June 4, 1943 (age 69) St. Louis, Missouri U.S.
Occupation	Bible teacher, author, speaker
Nationality	American Citizen
Spouse(s)	Dave Meyer
Influences Tommy Barnett John C. Maxwell
www.joycemeyer.org

Joyce Meyer (born Pauline Joyce Hutchison; June 4, 1943) is a Charismatic Christian author and speaker. Meyer and her husband Dave have four grown children, and live outside St. Louis, Missouri. Her ministry is headquartered in the St. Louis suburb of Fenton, Missouri.

Early life[link]

Meyer was born Pauline Joyce Hutchison in south St. Louis in 1943. Her father went into the army to fight in World War II soon after she was born. She has said in interviews that he began sexually abusing her upon his return, and discusses this experience in her meetings.^[1]

A graduate of O'Fallon Technical High School in St. Louis, she married a part-time car salesman shortly after her senior year of high school. The marriage lasted for five years. She maintains that her husband frequently cheated on her and persuaded her to steal payroll checks from her employer. They used the money to go on a vacation to California. She states that she returned the money years later.^[1] After her divorce, Meyer frequented local bars before meeting Dave Meyer, an engineering draftsman. They were married on January 7, 1967.

Meyer also reports that she was praying intensely while driving to work one morning in 1976 when she said she heard God call her name. She had been born-again at age nine, but her unhappiness drove her deeper into her faith. She says that she came home later that day from a beauty appointment "full of liquid love" and was "drunk with the Spirit of God" that night while at the local bowling alley.^[1]

I didn't have any knowledge. I didn't go to church. And I had a lot of problems, and I needed somebody to kind of help me along. And I think sometimes even people who want to serve God, if they have got so many problems that they don't think right and they don't act right and they don't behave right, they almost need somebody to take them by the hand and help lead them through the early years.^[2]

Meyer was briefly a member of Our Savior's Lutheran Church in St. Louis, a congregation of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod.^[1][3] She began leading an early-morning Bible class at a local cafeteria and became active in Life Christian Center, a charismatic church in Fenton. Within a few years, Meyer was the church's associate pastor. The church became one of the leading charismatic churches in the area, largely because of her popularity as a Bible teacher.^[1] She also began airing a daily 15-minute radio broadcast on a St. Louis radio station.

In 1985, Meyer resigned as associate pastor and founded her own ministry, initially called "Life in the Word". She began airing her radio show on six other stations from Chicago to Kansas City.

In 1993, her husband Dave suggested that they start a television ministry.^[1] Initially airing on superstation WGN-TV in Chicago and BET, her program, now called Enjoying Everyday Life, is still on the air today.

In 2004 St. Louis Christian television station KNLC, operated by the Rev. Larry Rice of New Life Evangelistic Center, dropped Meyer's programming. According to Rice, a longstanding Meyer supporter, Meyer's "excessive lifestyle" and her teachings often going "beyond Scripture" were the impetus for canceling the program.^[4]

In 2005, Time magazine's "25 Most Influential Evangelicals in America" ranked Meyer as 17th.^[5]

Ministry[link]

Meyer speaks humorously, sharing with her audience her own shortcomings and taking playful jabs at stereotypical church behavior. A particular crowd favorite is the "robot" routine, in which she goes into a stiff-armed imitation of a robot chanting "What about me? What about me?"^[6]

According to Joyce Meyer Ministries, Meyer earned her doctoral degree from Life Christian University, an unaccredited institution in Tampa, Florida.^[7] Meyer has been given an Honorary Doctorate of Divinity by Oral Roberts University, an accredited institution in Tulsa, Oklahoma.^[7]

Salary and finances[link]

Joyce Meyer used to travel in this Canadair Challenger 600S; seen here in Sydney, Australia, when she was a 'special guest' at the Hillsong Conference in July 2005. It has since been replaced by a Gulfstream IV

Meyer, who owns several homes and travels in a private jet (currently a Gulfstream IV),^[8][9] has been criticized by some of her peers for living an excessive lifestyle. She responded that she doesn't have to defend her spending habits because "there’s no need for us to apologize for being blessed."^[8] Meyer commented, "You can be a businessman here in St. Louis, and people think the more you have, the more wonderful it is...but if you’re a preacher, then all of a sudden it becomes a problem."^[8]

On November 11, 2003, the St. Louis Post Dispatch published a four part series."^[8] exposing Meyer’s "$10 million corporate jet, her husband’s $107,000 silver-gray Mercedes sedan, her then $2 million home and houses worth another $2 million for her four children", her $20 million headquarters, furnished with "$5.7 million worth of furniture, artwork, glassware, and the latest equipment and machinery, including a malachite round table, a marble-topped antique commode, a custom office bookcase, a $7,000 Stations of the Cross in Dresden porcelain, an eagle sculpture on a pedestal, another eagle made of silver, and numerous paintings", among many other expensive items — all paid for by "her ministry". The article prompted Wall Watchers^[10] (a Christian nonprofit watchdog group) to call on the Internal Revenue Service to investigate Meyer and her family.

Following the adverse publicity about her lifestyle and Ministry Watch's request for an IRS probe, Meyer announced in 2004 plans to take a salary reduction from the $900,000 per year she had been receiving from Joyce Meyer Ministries (in addition to the $450,000 her husband received) ^[11] and instead personally keep more of the royalties from her outside book sales which Meyer had previously donated back to Joyce Meyer Ministries. She now retains royalties on books sold outside the ministry through retail outlets such as Wal-Mart, Amazon.com, and bookstores, while continuing to donate to her ministry royalties from books sold through her conferences, catalogues, website, and television program.^[12] "The net effect of all of this," notes Ministry Watch,^[10] "was most likely a sizable increase in the personal compensation of Joyce Meyer and reduced revenues for JMM." In an article in the St. Louis Business Journal, Meyer's public relations director, Mark Sutherland, confirmed that her new income would be "way above" her previous levels.^[13] Joyce Meyer Ministries says it has made a commitment to maintain transparency in financial dealings,^[14] publish their annual reports,^[15] have a Board majority who are not Meyer relatives^[16] and submit to a voluntary annual audit.^[14][17] Currently this ministry is receiving a "C" rating (81-90) in financial transparency from Ministry Watch.^[18]

Senate investigation[link]

On November 6, 2007, United States senator Chuck Grassley of Iowa announced an investigation of Meyer’s ministry by the United States Senate Committee on Finance.^[19] Grassley asked for the ministry to divulge financial information^[20][21] to the committee to determine if Meyer made any personal profit from financial donations, asking for a detailed accounting for such things as cosmetic surgery and foreign bank accounts and citing such expenses as the $23,000 commode mentioned earlier. He also requested that Meyer's ministry make the information available by December 6, 2007. In her November 29 response to Grassley, Meyer notes that the commode is a chest of drawers. Meyer writes that it was part of a large lot of items totaling $262,000 that were needed to furnish the ministry's 150,000-square-foot (14,000 m²) headquarters purchased in 2001. She said the commode's price tag was an "errant value" assigned by the selling agent and apologized for "not paying close attention to specific 'assigned values' placed on the pieces."^[20] The investigation also aimed to scrutinize five other televangelists: Benny Hinn, Kenneth Copeland, Eddie L. Long, Paula White, and Creflo Dollar.^[19]

Joyce Meyer Ministries responded with a newsletter to its e-mail list subscribers on November 9, 2007. The organization referred to its annual financial reports, asserting that, in 2006, the ministry spent 82 percent of its total expenses "for outreach and program services toward reaching people with the Gospel of Jesus Christ, as attested by independent accounting firm Stanfield & O'Dell, LLP." The message also quoted an October 10, 2007, letter from the Internal Revenue Service which stated, "We determined that you [Joyce Meyer Ministries] continue to qualify as an organization exempt from federal income tax under IRC section 501(c)(3)." The same information was also posted to the ministry website.

Meyer and Hinn were the only two ministries to comply with the Senate's requests for financial records, and both of them made commitments to future financial transparency. Neither party were found to have done any wrongdoing.^[22]

ECFA accreditation[link]

In 2009, Joyce Meyer Ministries received accreditation from the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability (ECFA). In an announcement on March 12, 2009, the ECFA said that Joyce Meyer Ministries and Oral Roberts University had met their requirements of "'responsible stewardship', which involves ministries' financial accountability, transparency, board governance and fund-raising practices."^[23]

Works[link]

• Battlefield of the Mind: Winning the Battle in Your Mind. 1993. ISBN 0-446-69109-7. 
• Me and My Big Mouth: Your Answer is Right Under Your Nose. 2002. ISBN 0-446-69107-0. 
• How to Hear from God: Learn to Know His Voice and Make Right Decisions. 2003. ISBN ISBN 0-446-53256-8. 
• The Secret Power of Speaking God's Word. 2004. ISBN 0-446-57736-7. 
• In Pursuit of Peace: 21 Ways to Conquer Anxiety, Fear, and Discontentment. 2004. ISBN 0-446-53195-2. 
• Straight Talk: Overcoming Emotional Battles with the Power of God's Word. 2005. ISBN 0-446-57800-2. 
• Approval Addiction: Overcoming Your Need to Please Everyone. 2005. ISBN 0-446-57772-3. 
• Look Great Feel Great: Joyce shares twelve practical keys that will help you look and feel great. 2006. ISBN 0-446-57946-7. 
• The Everyday Life Bible: The Power of God's Word for Everyday Living. 2006. ISBN 0-446-57827-4. 
• The Confident Woman: Start Today Living Boldly and Without Fear. 2007. ISBN 0-446-53198-7. 
• Woman to Woman: Candid Conversations from Me to You. 2007. ISBN 0-446-58180-1. 
• I Dare You: Embrace Life With Passion. 2007. ISBN 0-446-53197-9. 
• The Power of Simple Prayer: How to Talk with God about Everything. 2007. ISBN 0-446-53196-0. 
• Top 10 Qualities of a Great Leader. 2007. ISBN 1-57794-913-7.  (by Joyce Meyer and Phil Pringle)
• Conflict Free Living. 2008. ISBN 1-59979-062-9. 
• Start Your New Life Today: An Exciting New Beginning with God. 2008. ISBN 0-446-50965-5. 
• The Secret To True Happiness: Enjoy Today, Embrace Tomorrow. 2008. ISBN 0-446-53199-5. 
• Never Give Up!: Relentless Determination to Overcome Life's Challenges. 2009. ISBN 0-446-58035-X. 
• Eat the Cookie--Buy the Shoes: Giving Yourself Permission to Lighten Up. 2010. ISBN 0-446-53864-7. 
• Power Thoughts: 12 Strategies to Win the Battle. 2010. ISBN 0-446-58036-8. 
• Beauty for Ashes. 
• The Penny. 

See also[link]

• Prosperity Gospel
• Word of Faith

References[link]

Notes

External links[link]

• Official site
• Joyce Meyer at the Internet Movie Database
• Everyday Life Broadcast with Joyce Meyer online

Amy Schumer
Amy Schumer in November 2011
Born	(1981-06-01) June 1, 1981 (age 31) Long Island, New York
Medium	Stand up comedy, theatre, television
Nationality	American
Years active	2004–present
Genres	Stand-up Comedy
Influences	Howard Stern, Judy Gold, Wendy Liebman, Sarah Silverman, Margaret Cho, Ellen DeGeneres
Website	official site

Amy Beth Schumer (born June 1, 1981) is an American stand-up comedian. She placed fourth on NBC's Last Comic Standing Season 5, and she placed second on Comedy Central's Reality Bites Back. In 2012, she held a recurring role on the Adult Swim series Delocated.

Early life[link]

Schumer was born to a Jewish family.^[1] She is originally from Long Island, New York. Schumer attended South Side High School, where she participated in theatre and volleyball. Schumer was voted both "Class Clown" and "Teacher's Worst Nightmare" upon graduation in 1999. Schumer received a BA in theatre at Towson University in 2003.^[2] She also graduated from the William Esper Studio.^[3]

Career[link]

After college, Schumer moved to New York City to become an actress. Schumer portrayed a young woman diagnosed with breast cancer in the off-Broadway Show Keeping A Breast. Amy started doing stand-up comedy on June 1, 2004, where she first performed at Gotham Comedy Club.^[4]

On February 22, 2008, Amy was the guest co-host on the XM radio show "The Black Phillip Show", hosted by New York comedian Patrice Oneal. In 2009, she appeared in a Butterfinger Snackerz commercial.^[5]

Schumer made appearances on the Opie and Anthony show three times in 2010 and in 2011. She is a frequent guest on Fox News late-night program Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld. She was the first female comic to perform Stand-up on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and the Ellen Degeneres Show.^{[citation needed]} Her first Comedy Central Presents special aired on April 2, 2010. On 3 June 2010, Amy was a guest co-host on the "Jim Norton Show" on XM radio show Channel Raw Dog XM 150.

In April 2011, Amy was listed as one of Splashlife's 30 Under 30: Comedians To Watch.^[6] On August 5, 2010, it was announced that Amy would co-host "A Different Spin With Mark Hoppus" (now "Hoppus on Music") with Mark Hoppus of Blink-182.^[7]

She has had roles on 30 Rock, Live at Gotham, and Hoppus on Music. Her comedy album Cutting was released in 2011, and she had roles on Delocated, Curb Your Enthusiasm, and the film Price Check.^[8] She has also contributed to Cosmopolitan.^[9] Schumer also appeared on The Comedy Central Roast of Charlie Sheen in September 2011.

Personal life[link]

Amy's favorite comedians are Louis CK, Bill Burr, Dave Attell, Jim Norton, Wendy Liebman, Sarah Silverman, Margaret Cho, and Ellen DeGeneres. She is also a New York Mets fan.^[3]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site
• Amy Schumer on Twitter
• Amy Schumer at the Internet Movie Database
• Last Comic Standing bio