-
Anwar El-Sadat
http://wn.com/Anwar_El-Sadat -
Farouk of Egypt
Farouk I of Egypt (Arabic: فاروق الأول Fārūq al-Awwal) (11 February 1920 – 18 March 1965), was the tenth ruler from the Muhammad Ali Dynasty and the penultimate King of Egypt and Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 1936. His full title was "His Majesty Farouk I, by the grace of God, King of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, of Kordofan, and of Darfur." He was overthrown in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and was forced to abdicate in favor of his infant son Ahmed Fuad, who succeeded him as King Fuad II. He died in exile in Italy. His sister was Princess Fawzia Fuad, first wife and Queen Consort of the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
http://wn.com/Farouk_of_Egypt -
Gamal Abd al-Nasser
http://wn.com/Gamal_Abd_al-Nasser -
Gamal Abdel Nasser
:''This is an Arabic patronymic name; the family name is Abdel Nasser, taken from his father's given name.''
http://wn.com/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser -
Gamal Salem
Gamal Salem (1918-1968; ) was an Egyptian Air Force officer and political figure in the mid-20th century. He was part of the Free Officers Movement which carried out a coup d'état against King Farouk I and turned Egypt into a Republic.
http://wn.com/Gamal_Salem -
Hussein Al Shafei
http://wn.com/Hussein_Al_Shafei -
Hussein el-Shafei
Hussein Mahmoud Hassan el-Shafei,(), also known as Hussein el-Shafei (February 2, 1918 – November 18, 2005), was a member of Egypt's July, 1952 revolutionary leadership council and served as vice-president under two former Egyptian presidents, Gamal Abdel Nasser and Anwar Sadat. He was one of the nine men who had constituted themselves as the committee of the Free Officers Movement, led the country's cavalry corps during the uprising and was one of only three living members of the Revolutionary Command Council at the time of his death.
http://wn.com/Hussein_el-Shafei -
Khalid Mohieddin
http://wn.com/Khalid_Mohieddin -
King Hussein
http://wn.com/King_Hussein -
King Idris
http://wn.com/King_Idris -
Muammar al-Gaddafi
Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi1 ( '; also known simply as Colonel Gaddafi'''; born 7 June 1942) has been the de facto leader of Libya since a coup in 1969.
http://wn.com/Muammar_al-Gaddafi -
Muhammad Naguib
Muhammad Naguib () (20 February 1901 – 29 August 1984) was the first President of Egypt, serving from the declaration of the Republic on June 18, 1953 to November 14, 1954. Along with Gamal Abdel Nasser, he was the primary leader of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, which ended the rule of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in Egypt and Sudan. Disagreements with Nasser led to his forced removal from office, and subsequent 18 year house arrest until his release by President Anwar El-Sadat in 1972.
http://wn.com/Muhammad_Naguib -
Salah Salem
Salah Salem () (September 25, 1920-February 18, 1962) was an Egyptian military officer and politician.
http://wn.com/Salah_Salem -
Talal bin Abdul Aziz
http://wn.com/Talal_bin_Abdul_Aziz -
Zakaria Mohieddin
Zakaria Mohieddin (born July 5, 1918) (Arabic: زكريا محيى الدين) is an Egyptian military officer, politician, Prime Minister of Egypt and head of the first Intelligence body in Egypt the Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate
http://wn.com/Zakaria_Mohieddin
-
Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
http://wn.com/Cairo -
Egypt (; , Miṣr, ; Egyptian Arabic: مصر, Maṣr, ; Coptic: , ; Greek: Αίγυπτος, Aiguptos; Egyptian:
http://wn.com/Egypt -
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
http://wn.com/Iraq -
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Jordan -
Libya ( ; Libyan vernacular: Lībya ; Amazigh: ), officially the '''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( , also translated as Socialist People's Libyan Arab Great Jamahiriya'''), is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
http://wn.com/Libya -
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (), commonly known as Saudi Arabia, occasionally spelled '''Sa'udi Arabia''', is the largest Arab country of the Middle East. It is bordered by Jordan and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Persian Gulf lies to the northeast and the Red Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of 28 million, and its size is approximately . The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest places in Islam. The two mosques are Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Masjid Al-Nabawi (in Medina). The current kingdom was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud, whose efforts began in 1902 when he captured the Al-Saud’s ancestral home of Riyadh, and culminated in 1932 with the proclamation and recognition of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, though its national origins go back as far as 1744 with the establishment of the First Saudi State. Saudi Arabia's government takes the form of an Islamic absolute monarchy. Human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have repeatedly expressed concern about the state of human rights in Saudi Arabia.
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia -
The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, north of the half-way point.
http://wn.com/Suez_Canal -
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Syria -
The United Arab Republic ( Arabic pronunciation Al-Jumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-Muttahidah, international Arabic pronunciation Al-Jumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-Muttahidah), often abbreviated as the U.A.R., was a union between Egypt and Syria. The union began in 1958 and existed until 1961 when Syria seceded from the union. Egypt continued to be known officially as the "United Arab Republic" until 1971. The President was Gamal Abdel Nasser. During most of its existence (1958-1961) it was a member of the United Arab States, a confederation with North Yemen.
http://wn.com/United_Arab_Republic
- Abdel Hakim Amer
- Amin Shaker
- Anwar El-Sadat
- Arab Federation
- Ba'ath Party
- Cairo
- Egypt
- Farouk of Egypt
- Gamal Abd al-Nasser
- Gamal Abdel Nasser
- Gamal Salem
- Great Depression
- Great Powers
- Hamdy Ebeid
- Hassan Ibrahim
- Holidays in Egypt
- Hussein Al Shafei
- Hussein el-Shafei
- imperialism
- Iraq
- Jordan
- Kamal ad Din Husayn
- Kamal el-Din Husayn
- Khalid Mohieddin
- King Hussein
- King Idris
- Libya
- Middle East
- Muammar al-Gaddafi
- Muhammad Naguib
- Najib al-Salihi
- revolution
- Salah Salem
- Saudi Arabia
- Suez Canal
- Syria
- Talal bin Abdul Aziz
- United Arab Republic
- Zakaria Mohieddin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:30
- Published: 31 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 12 Nov 2011
- Author: SupportLocalScene
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Published: 10 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 14 Nov 2011
- Author: FlexYourRights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:05
- Published: 25 Mar 2008
- Uploaded: 18 Oct 2011
- Author: AlJazeeraEnglish
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Published: 01 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 24 Oct 2011
- Author: alexandrian220
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Published: 21 Jan 2009
- Uploaded: 16 Oct 2011
- Author: WorkingAtDuke
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Published: 13 Feb 2007
- Uploaded: 07 Nov 2011
- Author: chemistrygroup
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Published: 28 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 28 Oct 2011
- Author: rferlonline
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:37
- Published: 25 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 08 Nov 2011
- Author: trinitytexas77
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Published: 01 Nov 2010
- Uploaded: 16 Jul 2011
- Author: rferlonline
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:39
- Published: 18 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 27 Jul 2011
- Author: RidleyReport
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Published: 28 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 14 Nov 2011
- Author: freebabarahmad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Published: 27 Dec 2008
- Uploaded: 08 Nov 2011
- Author: 7thSeekers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:35
- Published: 28 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 28 Aug 2011
- Author: TheHolySpirit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:45
- Published: 05 Dec 2008
- Uploaded: 26 Oct 2011
- Author: atomicwedgietv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:45
- Published: 24 Nov 2008
- Uploaded: 11 Oct 2011
- Author: atomicwedgietv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Published: 12 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 08 Nov 2011
- Author: criminaljusticejobs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Published: 11 Feb 2011
- Uploaded: 08 Nov 2011
- Author: pixelenemy
- 1952 Revolution
- Abdel Hakim Amer
- Amin Shaker
- Anwar El-Sadat
- Arab Federation
- Ba'ath Party
- Cairo
- Egypt
- Farouk of Egypt
- Gamal Abd al-Nasser
- Gamal Abdel Nasser
- Gamal Salem
- Great Depression
- Great Powers
- Hamdy Ebeid
- Hassan Ibrahim
- Holidays in Egypt
- Hussein Al Shafei
- Hussein el-Shafei
- imperialism
- Iraq
- Jordan
- Kamal ad Din Husayn
- Kamal el-Din Husayn
- Khalid Mohieddin
- King Hussein
- King Idris
- Libya
- Middle East
- Muammar al-Gaddafi
- Muhammad Naguib
- Najib al-Salihi
- revolution
- Salah Salem
- Saudi Arabia
- Suez Canal
- Syria
- Talal bin Abdul Aziz
- United Arab Republic
- Zakaria Mohieddin
size: 11.0Kb
size: 9.7Kb
size: 0.8Kb
size: 5.8Kb
size: 0.8Kb
size: 2.4Kb
size: 10.4Kb
Background
Economic challenges of the post WWI period, namely the Great Depression, affected economies around the globe including those in the Middle East. Stereotypes surrounding modernity and progress centralized issues which became apparent in the post world Middle East. During this time, the activities of the Great Powers in the Middle East, specifically the removal of economic development institutions after some positive advancement became evident, encouraged many political groups to organize against the politicians who dominated the parliamentary politics of the time. Workers had become accustomed to development efforts which were meant to stabilize the economy of the region. The state led initiatives set the standard for what the people expected of their government including the regulation of imports, industrial investment, and commodity distribution and production supervision.
Formation
thumb|Hussein el-Shafei Politicians and government bodies were forced to respond to the demands of groups who were directly affected by the initiative changes and withdrawals. Some of these groups included military officers. While the first military coups began its mission in Syria in the late 1940's, it was the Free Officers coup in Egypt and the revolution of 1952 that would have the greatest impact and encourage later movements. The members were not of the wealthy elite, but rather the middle class, young workers, government officials and junior officers. The movement, which began and spread throughout the 1940’s, came to fruition with the help and leadership of Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser formed a coordinating committee (1949), of which he was acclaimed head (1950). He was respected by the party and its followers. Coming from a modest background he signified the groups majority; the hard working middle class. The Free Officers consisted of urban dwellers and educated militants with a lower middle class upbringing. He was a war hero who rose quickly in military rank to colonel. He like many others dedicated his time and energy to reverse the corruption and sleaze seen on the part of the government throughout the 1948 Palestine war by restoring a democracy. He saw the problem of domestic passive reaction to imperialism as much a problem as imperialism itself. They strengthened a “new” middle class. Due to this dedication toward change, the Free Officers referred to their group and its entirety as simply a “movement.” Later however, it would become a revolution.The Free Officers Committee enlisted General Muhammad Naguib as a public figurehead in preparation for the successful coup of July 23, 1952. The nine men who had constituted themselves as the Committee of the Free Officers Movement and led the 1952 Revolution were Lieutenant Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser, Major Abdel Hakim Amer, Lieutenant Colonel Anwar El-Sadat, Major Salah Salem, Major Kamal el-Din Husayn, Major Hamdy Ebeid,Wing Commander Gamal Salem, Squadron Leader Hassan Ibrahim, Major Khalid Mohieddin, and Wing Commander Abdel Latif Boghdadi. Major Hussein el-Shafei and Lieutenant Colonel Zakaria Mohieddin joined the committee later.
The continued agitation within Egypt as a result of British control led to a series of revolts where British military outposts were attacked. From 1950-52, workers in the Suez Canal zone went on strike but were blockaded by British tanks. The government in Cairo warned nationalists not to interfere in public spaces that are associated with colonialism. Contrarily, attacks were made against the British and the elite Egyptians who worked with them. At this point, Egyptian nationalist groups were divided and unorganized. The military was the only area that still held some sort of organized mission, which led to the Free Officers Revolution in 1952. They publicized the need for reform and social justice; marched on Cairo and forced King Farouq to abdicate his throne. The Free Officers were significant in the initiation of Egyptian Independence from British military occupation and Egyptian nationalism.
Legacy
Similar movements were organized by other Arab politicians seeking to mimic Nasser's ascent. A faction of the Free Officers led a revolution in Iraq in 1958 in which King Faisal (cousin of King Hussein of Jordan) was brutally murdered. This coup was due to Nasser's anger over the formation of the Arab Federation between Iraq and Jordan a few months earlier.The leaders of the Syrian Ba'ath Party used a similar group to overthrow the Nasser organized union between Egypt and Syria (see United Arab Republic) in 1961. In Saudi Arabia during the 1960s the Saudi Prince Talal used a similar idea, the Free Princes Movement in an unsuccessful effort to overthrow his country's conservative monarchy. He was exiled to Egypt as a result and was given asylum by Nasser.
Libyan president Muammar al-Gaddafi used a similar group to overthrow the Libyan King Idris in 1969.
The Free Officers Movement can be seen in context in the entries for Nasser and Naguib. The anniversary of their coup is now commemorated as Revolution Day, an annual public holiday in Egypt on July 23.
The name was consciously assumed by the Free Officers and Civilians Movement, led by Brigadier-General Najib al-Salihi who opposed Saddam Hussein.
Members
This is a list of some of the major officers of the movement:
References
See also
External links
Category:Egyptian revolutions Category:Arab nationalism Category:Military history of Egypt Category:Free Officers Movement
ar:حركة الضباط الأحرار ca:Moviment d'Oficials Lliures es:Movimiento de Oficiales Libres fr:Mouvement des officiers libres it:Ufficiali Liberi hu:Szabad Tisztek Mozgalma arz:الظباط الاحرار nl:Vrije Officieren ja:自由将校団 no:De frie offiserer pt:Movimento dos Oficiais Livres ru:Движение свободных офицеров (Египет)This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.