Ukrainians
(Українці/Ukrayintsi)
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|
|
| Total population |
| 39.8[1]–57.5[2][3] million |
| Regions with significant populations |
 Ukraine 37,541,693[4] |
 Russia |
1,927,988[5] |
|
 Canada |
1,209,085 |
[6][7] |
 USA |
961,113 |
[6][8] |
 Brazil |
500,000 |
[6][9] |
 Moldova |
375,000 |
[6][10] |
 Kazakhstan |
333,000 |
[11] |
 Italy |
320,070 |
[citation needed] |
 Romania |
300,000 |
[12] |
 Poland |
300,000 |
[citation needed] |
 Argentina |
300,000 |
[6][13] |
 Belarus |
159,000 |
[14] |
 Uzbekistan |
104,720 - 128,100 |
[6][15][16] |
 Czech Republic |
126,613 |
[6][17] |
 Portugal |
52,293 |
[18] |
 Latvia |
45,699 |
[19] |
 Azerbaijan |
30,000 |
[20] |
 Syria |
27,878 |
[citation needed] |
 Estonia |
27,530 |
[21] |
 Kyrgyzstan |
21,924 |
[22] |
 Lithuania |
21,100 |
[23] |
 Greece |
19,785 |
[24] |
 Georgia |
7,039 |
[25] |
 Armenia |
6,125 |
[26] |
 Bulgaria |
2,489 |
[27] |
|
| Languages |
|
Ukrainian[28][29][30]
|
| Religion |
|
Razumkov center study about main church membership in Ukraine (2006);
Of the total:
Irreligious, atheist or unaffiliated - 62,5%
Religious or affiliated - 37,5%
Of the religious:
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kiev Patriarchate) - 38,9%;
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) - 29,4%;
Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church - 2,9%;
Greek Catholic - 14,7%;
Roman Catholic - 1,7%;
Protestant - 2,4%;
Other religion - 2.9%;
Do not know - 7.0%;
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| Related ethnic groups |
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Other Slavs, particularly other East Slavs
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Ukrainians (Ukrainian: Українці, Ukrayintsi, [ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi]) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe.[31] The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens. According to some dictionary definitions, a descriptive name for the "inhabitants of Ukraine" is Ukrainian or Ukrainian people.[32] Russians and Belarusians are considered the closest relatives of Ukrainians, while Rusyns are either considered another closely related group, or an ethnic subgroup of Ukrainians.
Ethnonym Ukrainians became widely accepted only in the 20th century, so modern Ukrainians identify their ancestry with differently named historical Slavic groups, who are often called Ukrainians too, in retrospect. The oldest recorded ethnonyms used for Ukrainian ancestors are Rusy, Rusyny, and Rusychi (from term Rus'). From the 9th to 12th centuries those names applied to the population of Kievan Rus', as the united state of Rusy is restrospectively called. Similar names were adopted by the proto-Russian and proto-Belarusian inhabitants of the northern principalities of Rus',[33][34] reflecting the common origin of all those East Slavic peoples.
Before the medieval period, Kievan Rus was preceded in the area by the ancient Greeks,[35][36][37] Scythians,[38] Sarmatians,[39][40] Goths,[41][42][43] and Norsemen.[44][45] By 14th century, the Kievan Rus' disentigrated and the territory of modern Ukraine was split between several states. From that time until at least the 17th century, the ancestors of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Rusyns identified as the same people, known as Ruthenians and comprising most of the population of the region called Ruthenia.
By the Early Modern Era and the age of Cossacks, the toponym Ukraine was accepted to denote the lands around Kiev and alongside the lower Dnieper River. The same region was also known as Little Russia (Malorussia), as the heartland of the Kievan Rus' had been designated by the Byzantine Greeks. The corresponding term Malorussians was widely accepted to identify the population of the area when it was a part of the Russian Empire. In the last few centuries, the population of Ukraine was subjected to periods of Polonization and Russification, but preserved common culture and a sense of common identity.[46][47]
In the last decades of the 19th century, many Ukrainians moved to the Asian regions of Russia, while many of their counterpart Slavs under Austro-Hungarian rule emigrated to the New World seeking work and better economic opportunities.[48] Today, a large ethnic Ukrainian minority reside in Russia, Canada, the United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Italy and Argentina.[49] According to some sources, around 20 million people outside Ukraine identify as having Ukrainian ethnicity,[3][50][51] however the official data of the respective countries calculated together doesn't show more than 10 million. Ukrainians have one of the largest diasporas in the world.
Ethnographic map of the Slavic peoples issued probably 1902 - 1924; by Czech ethnographer
Lubor Niederle; territorial boundaries of Slavic languages in Europe, including the Ukrainian language, given in dark green. Note that the Ukrainians are called Little Russians (Malorusove) and shown as a part of Russians (Rusove)
Most ethnic Ukrainians live in Ukraine where they make up over three-quarters of the population. The largest population of ethnic Ukrainians outside of Ukraine live in Russia where about 1.9 million[5] Russian citizens consider themselves ethnic Ukrainians, while millions of others (primarily in southern Russia and Siberia) have some Ukrainian ancestry. The inhabitants of the Kuban, for example, have vacillated among three identities, Ukrainian, Russian (supported by the Soviet regime), and "Cossack".[52]
According to some previous assumptions, there are also almost an estimated 2.1 million of people of Ukrainian origin in North America (1.2 million in Canada and 890,000 in the United States). Large numbers of Ukrainians live in Brazil (500,000), Moldova (375,000), Kazakhstan (about 333,000), Poland (estimates from 300,000 to 400,000), Argentina (300,000),[13] Belarus (estimates from 250,000 to 300,000), Portugal (100,000), Romania (estimates from 60.000 to 90.000) and Slovakia (55,000). There are also Ukrainian diasporas in the UK, Australia, Germany, Latvia, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Ireland, Sweden and the former Yugoslavia.
The watershed in the development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness was the struggle for independence during the creation of Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–21).[53] A concerted effort to reverse the growth of Ukrainian national consciousness was begun by the regime of Joseph Stalin in the late 1920s, and continued with minor interruptions until the most recent times. The man-made Famine-Genocide of 1932–3, the deportations of the so-called kulaks, the physical annihilation of the nationally conscious intelligentsia, and terror in general were used to destroy and subdue the Ukrainian nation.[54] Even after Joseph Stalin's death the concept of a Russified though multiethnic Soviet people was officially promoted, according to which the non-Russian nations were relegated to second-class status. The creation of a sovereign and independent Ukraine in 1991, however, pointed to the failure of the policy of the "merging of nations" and to the enduring strength of the Ukrainian national consciousness. Today, one of the consequences of these acts is Ukrainophobia.[55]
Biculturalism is especially present in southeastern Ukraine with a significant Russian minority. Historical colonization of Ukraine is one of the reasons for creating confusion about national identity to this day.[56] Many citizens of Ukraine took the Ukrainian national identity in the past 20 years. According to the concept of nationality dominant in Eastern Europe the Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian (an objective criterion) whether or not they are nationally conscious, and all those who identify themselves as Ukrainian (a subjective criterion) whether or not they speak Ukrainian.[57]
Attempts to introduce a territorial-political concept of Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (presented by political philosopher Viacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s. Territorial loyalty has also been manifested by the historical national minorities living in Ukraine. The accepted view in Ukraine today is that all permanent inhabitants of Ukraine are its citizens (i.e., Ukrainians) regardless of their ethnic origins or the language in which they communicate. The official declaration of Ukrainian sovereignty of 16 July 1990 stated that "citizens of the Republic of all nationalities constitute the people of Ukraine."[58][59]
The modern name Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) is derived from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in 1187.[60] There are several scientific theories about the etymology of the term, Ukrainian historians such as Hryhoriy Pivtorak, Vitaly Sklyarenko and other scholars, translate the term "u-kraine" as "in-land", "home-land" or "our-country".[61] The name is derived from word "u-kraina" in the sense of "domestic region", "domestic land" or "country" (inside the country).[62][63][64] According to some Russian scholars, it is derived from the Proto-Slavic root *kraj-, meaning ‘edge, border’, and originally had the sense off "periphery", "borderland" or "frontier region" etc.[65][66][67]
The appellation Ukrainians initially came into common usage in Central Ukraine[68][69] and did not take hold in Galicia and Bukovyna until the latter part of the 19th century, in Transcarpathia until the 1930s, and in the Preshov region until the late 1940s. Those Western Ukrainians used the name Rusyny (Ruthenians) prior to the national revival of the 19th century.[70][71]
European territory inhabited by East Slavic tribes in 8th and 9th century.
Ukrainians show the characteristic R1a genes of the patrilineal descent from a single male at a very high frequency of 41.5-54.0%.[72] Such high frequencies of R1a have been found only in Poland, Russia, Slovenia, and on the Indian subcontinent.[73]
Population of Ukrainians in Ukraine (2001)
Religion: Sociology pool by Razumkov centre about church membership in Ukraine (2006).
DNA tests of Y chromosomes from representative sample of Ukrainians were analyzed for composition and frequencies of haplogroups. In the Ukrainian gene, pool six haplogroups were revealed: E, F (including G and I), J, N3, P, and R1a1. The major haplogroup in the Ukrainian gene pool, Haplogroup R1a is thought to mark the migration patterns of the early Indo-Europeans and is associated with the distribution of the Kurgan archaeological culture. The second major haplogroup is haplogroup F, which is a combination of the lineages differing by the time of appearance. Haplogroup P found represents the genetic contribution of the population originating from the ancient autochthonous population of Europe.
Haplogroup J and Haplogroup E mark the migration patterns of the Middle-Eastern agriculturists during the Neolithic. The presence of the N3 lineage is likely explained by a contribution of the assimilated Finno-Ugric tribes.[74] A recent study (Rebala et al. 2007) studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland. A significant finding of this study is that according to the authors most Slavic populations have similar Y chromosome pools, and this similarity can be traced to an origin in middle Dnieper basin of Ukraine.[75]
Cucuteni-Trypillian culture is a late Neolithic archaeological culture which flourished between ca. 5500 BC and 2750 BC, from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper regions. It is assumed that this is the first significant culture that influenced the culture of the Ukrainian people, although anatomically modern humans have been present in the region since 32,000 BCE.[76][77] Later numerous nomadic tribes inhabited the territory of modern Ukraine. The Pontic-Caspian steppe region in the south of Ukraine and Russia is suspected to be the homeland of the Indo-Europeans.[78] Groups would begin breaking off from the main Indo-European pool beginning around 4,000-4,500 BC and continued for centuries, with Indo-Iranian estimated to have separated about 2,000 BC.
In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of Balto-Slavic".[79] Some of the other Indo-European tribes would return to the region. They included Iranic-speaking Scythians and Sarmatians, Greeks from the Black Sea colonies, Thracians from modern-day Bulgaria and Romania, Illyrians from modern day Croatia, Germanic-speaking Goths and Varangians, and the Crimean Armenians in the early second millennium AD. There were also non-Indo-European Finno-Ugrians and Turkic-speaking Bulgars, Khazars, Pechenegs and Cumans.
At the beginning of 9th century a significant number of Varangians was present in central Ukraine. They used the water ways of Eastern Europe for military raids and trade, particularly the Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. Until 11th century these Varangians also served as key mercenary troops for a number of princes in medieval Kiev, as well as for some of the Byzantine emperors, while others occupied key administrative positions in Kievan Rus’ society.[80] After a few centuries those Varangians have adopted local customs of Ukrainian ancestors and they have become slavicized.[81] Besides the other cultural traces, today among Ukrainian names there can be notice a several of those who have Norman origins as a result of mutual influences from that period.[82][83]
Modern research confirms that Ukrainian origins are predominantly Slavic, while non-Slavic nomads who lived in the steppes of eventually colonized southern Ukraine did not have a significant influence on the formation of modern Ukrainians.[84] Gothic historian Jordanes and 6th-century Byzantine authors named two groups that lived in the south-east of Europe: Sclavins (western Slavs) and Antes. The Antes are normally identified with proto-Ukrainians. Historians believe that the ancestors of Ukrainians were members of large ethnic community of Antes. The name Antes is of probably of Iranic (Scythian) origin and means people living on the borderland. The state of Antes existed from the end of 4th to early 7th century.
Archeological and linguistic evidence indicates that at the dawning of the Christian era the lands between the Oder River or the Vistula River and the middle Dnieper River basins were inhabited by proto-Slavic tribes. The southern Ukrainian steppes were dominated by Iranian peoples and then Turkic nomadic peoples, although some Slavic agrarian colonization occurred. From the 5th to 7th century AD on, proto-Ukrainian tribes are known to have inhabited Ukrainian territory: the Volhynians, Derevlianians, Polianians, and Siverianians and the less significant Ulychians, Tivertsians, and White Croats.[85] These tribes are the ancestors of the Ukrainian nation. Polianians founded the city of Kiev — later capital of a powerful state known as Rus' (aka Kievan Rus'). Polianians played the key role in the formation of the Kievan Rus' state. Polianians have played a key role in formation of future Ukrainian nation.[86]
Historical theories that Ukrainians share certain linguistic traits with the two other East Slavic nations, the Belarusians and Russians, has been interpreted variously. That the three nations shared a religion and a ruling dynasty in the time of Kievan Rus’ has been used to hypothesize the existence of an "ancient Rus'" nationality, that is, one proto-Rus’ people, that disintegrated under the impact of Mongol, Lithuanian, and Polish domination during the 13th and 14th centuries. That originally "Muscovite concept" became dogma in the USSR and has often been repeated in the West; among Ukrainian scholars it was advocated by Myron Korduba. A second theory states that a single, proto-Ukrainian people lived in the area from the Carpathian Mountains to the White Sea, and that the Russians and Belarusians later separated from it. That thesis has been supported by many Ukrainian scholars.[87]
Subethnic groups - Among Ukrainians, there are several distinct subethnic groups, especially in western Ukraine: places like Zakarpattia and Halychyna. Among them the most known are Hutsuls,[88] Volhynians, Boykos and Lemkos (otherwise known as Rusyns - a derivative of Ruthenians),[89] each with peculiar area of settlement, dialect, dress, anthropological type and folk traditions. There are several theories about the origin of each of these groups. Ukrainian subethnic groups also include Polishchuks, Bodnars and Kuban Cossacks. Some of these subethnic groups were strongly influenced by the neighboring nations, but according to all relevant indicators they belong to the mainstream of Ukrainian people.
Ukraine had a very turbulent history, a fact explained by its geographical position. In the 9th century the Varangians from Scandinavia conquered the proto-Slavic tribes on the territory of today's Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia and laid the groundwork for the Kievan Rus’ state. The ancestors of the Ukrainian nation such as Polianians had a important role in the development and culturalization of Kievan Rus’ state. The internecine wars between Rus' princes, which began after the death of Yaroslav the Wise,[90] led to the political fragmentation of the state into a number of principalities. The quarreling between the princes left Kievan Rus’ vulnerable to foreign attacks, and the invasion of the Mongols in 1236. and 1240. finally destroyed the state. Another important state in the history of the Ukrainians is Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1349).[91][92]
The third important state for Ukrainians is Cossack Hetmanate. The Cossacks of Zaporizhia since the late 15th century controlled the lower bends of the river Dnieper, between Russia, Poland and the Tatars of Crimea, with the fortified capital, Zaporizhian Sich. Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky is one of the most celebrated and at the same time most controversial political figures in Ukraine's early-modern history. A brilliant military leader, his greatest achievement in the process of national revolution was the formation of the Cossack Hetmanate state of the Zaporozhian Host (1648–1782). Period of the Ruin in the late 17th century in the history of Ukraine is characterized by the disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline. During the Ruin Ukraine became divided along the Dnieper River into Left-Bank Ukraine and Right-Bank Ukraine, and the two halves became hostile to each other. Ukrainian leaders during the period were largely opportunists and men of little vision who could not muster broad popular support for their policies.[93]
At the final stages of the First World War, a powerful struggle for an independent Ukrainian state developed in the central Ukrainian territories, which, until 1917, were part of the Russian Empire. The newly established Ukrainian government, the Central Rada, headed by Mykhailo Hrushevsky, issued four universals, the Fourth of which, dated 22 January 1918, declared the independence and sovereignty of the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) on 25 January 1918. The session of the Central Rada on 29 April 1918 ratified the Constitution of the UNR and elected Hrushevsky president.[46]
From 1932–1933 millions of Ukrainians starved to death in a famine, known as the Holodomor. The Soviet regime remained silent about the Holodomor and provided no aid to the victims or the survivors. But news and information about what was going on reached the West and evoked public responses in Polish-ruled Western Ukraine and in the Ukrainian diaspora. Since the 1990s the independent Ukrainian state, particularly under President Viktor Yushchenko, the Ukrainian mass media and academic institutions, many foreign governments, most Ukrainian scholars, and many foreign scholars have viewed and written about the Holodomor as genocide and issued official declarations and publications to that effect. Modern scholarly estimates of the direct loss of human life due to the famine range between 2.6 million[94][95] (3-3.5 million)[96] and 12 million[97] although much higher numbers are usually published in the media and cited in political debates.[98] As of March 2008, the parliament of Ukraine and the governments of several countries have recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide.[99]
The Ukrainian state has occupied a number of territories since its initial foundation. Most of these territories have been located within Eastern Europe, however, as depicted in the maps in the gallery below, has also at times extended well into Eurasia and South-Eastern Europe. At times there has also been a distinct lack of a Ukrainian state, as its territories were on a number of occasions, annexed by its more powerful neighbours.
| Historical Maps of Ukraine and its Predecessors |
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Territory of Slavic peoples (6th century).
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Early formation of Kievan Rus' (862-912): Territory of rulers Askold, Dyr and Oleh of Novgorod. |
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Gallery of Historical map of Kievan Rus' at its zenith (980-1054).
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Historical map of Kievan Rus' and territory of Ukraine: last 20 years of the state (1220-1240).
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Historical map of Cossack Hetmanate, also known as Hetmanate of Zaporizhian Host or Ukrainian Cossack state (1649-1653). |
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Historical map of Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian Cossacks under rule of Russian Empire (1751). |
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Due to Ukraine's geographical location, its culture primarily exhibits central and eastern European influences. Over the years it has been invariably influenced by movements such as those brought about during the Byzantine Empire and the Renaissance. Today, the country is somewhat culturally divided with the western regions bearing a stronger central European influence and the eastern regions showing a significant Russian influence. A strong Christian culture was predominant for many centuries, although Ukraine was also the center of conflict between the Catholic, Orthodox and Islamic world. Ukrainian culture has elements of some of the oldest cultures in the world such as Trypillian culture.
Spread of Ukrainian language in the beginning of 20th century
Population of those whose mother tongue is Ukrainian in Ukraine (2001)
Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ukrayins'ka mova, [ukraˈjinʲsʲka ˈmɔʋa]) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the only official state language of Ukraine. Written Ukrainian uses a Cyrillic alphabet. The language shares some vocabulary with the languages of the neighboring Slavic nations, most notably with Belarusian, Polish, Russian and Slovak.
The Ukrainian language traces its origins to the Old East Slavic language of the medieval state of Kievan Rus'. In its earlier stages it was called Ruthenian language. Ukrainian, along with other East Slavic languages, is a lineal descendant of the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' (10th–13th century).[100]
While the Golden Horde placed officials in key Russian areas, practised forced resettlement, and even renamed urban centers to suit their own language, the Mongols did not attempt to annihilate Kievan society and culture. The second onslaught began with the destruction of Kiev by the Golden Horde in 1240. This khanate formed the western part of a great Mongol Empire that had been founded by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century. After the Mongol destruction of Kievan Rus in the 13th century, literary activity in Ukraine declined. A revival began in the late of the 18th century in the eastern Ukraine with overlapping literary and academic phases at a time when nostalgia for the Cossack past and resentment at the loss of autonomy still lingered on.
The language has persisted despite several periods of bans and/or discouragement throughout centuries as it has always nevertheless maintained a sufficient base among the people of Ukraine, its folklore songs, itinerant musicians, and prominent authors.
According to 2001 All-Ukrainian census, 85.2% of all people of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine named Ukrainian as their mother-tongue, and 14.8% named Russian as their mother-tongue.[101] This census doesn't cover Ukrainians living in other countries.[102]
Ukrainians are predominantly Orthodox Christians. In the eastern and southern areas of Ukraine the Ukrainian Orthodox Church under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate is the most common. In central and western Ukraine there is support for the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate headed by Patriarch Filaret and also in the western areas of Ukraine and with smaller support throughout the country there is support for the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church headed by Metropolitan Mefodiy. In the Western region known as Galicia the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, one of the Eastern Rite Catholic churches has a strong membership. Since the fall of the Soviet Union there has been a growth of Protestant churches[103] and Rodnovery, a contemporary Slavic pagan religion.[104] There are also ethnic minorities that practice other religions, i.e. Crimean Tatars (Islam), and Jews and Karaim (Judaism).
Ukrainian folk oral literature, poetry, and songs (such as the dumas) are among the most distinctive ethnocultural features of Ukrainians as a people. Religious music existed in Ukraine before the official adoption of Christianity, in the form of plainsong "obychnyi spiv" or "musica practica". Traditional Ukrainian music is easily recognized by its somewhat melancholy tone. It first became known outside of Ukraine during the 18th century as musicians from Ukraine would perform before the royal courts in Russia and Poland. A large number of famous musicians around the world was educated or born in Ukraine, among them are famous names like Dmitry Bortniansky, Sergei Prokofiev, Myroslav Skoryk, etc.
Ukrainian Welcome Dance
Pryvit.
Ukrainian dance refers to the traditional folk dances of the peoples of Ukraine. Today, Ukrainian dance is primarily represented by what ethnographers, folklorists and dance historians refer to as "Ukrainian Folk-Stage Dances", which are stylized representations of traditional dances and their characteristic movements that have been choreographed for concert dance performances. This stylized art form has so permeated the culture of Ukraine, that very few purely traditional forms of Ukrainian dance remain today.
Ukrainian dance is often described as energetic, fast-paced, and entertaining, and along with traditional Easter eggs (pysanky), it is a characteristic example of Ukrainian culture recognized and appreciated throughout the world.
The national symbols of the Ukrainians are the Flag of Ukraine and the Coat of arms of Ukraine.
The national flag of Ukraine is a blue and yellow bicolour rectangle. The colour fields are of same form and equal size. The colours of the flag represent a blue sky above yellow fields of wheat.[105][106][107] The flag was designed for the convention of the Supreme Ruthenian Council, meeting in Lviv in October 1848. Its colours were based on the coat-of-arms of the Galicia-Volhynia Principality.[108]
The Coat of arms of Ukraine features the same colours found on the Ukrainian flag: a blue shield with yellow trident—the symbol of ancient Slavic tribes that once lived in Ukraine, later adopted by Ruthenian and Kievan Rus rulers. Others say that the coat represents also the importance of the Holy Trinity, although coincidentally prior to Christianity the people of today's Ukraine believed in Triglav, with the similar concept of three.
- ^ Ukrainians at the Joshua Project
- ^ The Ukrainian World Congress states that the Ukrainian diaspora makes 20 million: 20mln Ukrainians living abroad
- ^ a b UWC continually and diligently defends the interests of over 20 million Ukrainians...
- ^ "Results / General results of the census / National composition of population". All-Ukrainian Census, 2001. December 5 2001. http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ a b Ethnic composition of the population of the Russian Federation / Information materials on the final results of the 2010 Russian census (Russian)
- ^ a b c d e f g Statistics include non-primary ancestry reports. "Ukrainians" being of partial descent figured in numbers.
- ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data". http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000.
- ^ "Census 2006 ACS Ancestry estimates"
- ^ People of Ukrainian descent in Brazil
- ^ "Moldova". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/md.html.
- ^ "The results of the national population census in 2009". http://www.eng.stat.kz/news/Pages/n1_12_11_10.aspx.
- ^ "The Ukrainians: Engaging the 'Eastern Diaspora'". By Andrew Wilson. (1999). In Charles King, Neil Melvin (Eds.) Nations Abroad. Wesview Press, pp. 103-132. ISBN 0-8133-3738-0
- ^ a b Ucrania.com (in Spanish)
- ^ "Belarus National Census 2009. Ethnic composition". National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. 2009. http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/2009/main.php. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
- ^ "Ethnic Atlas of Uzbekistan". «ООФС — Узбекистан». http://www.library.cjes.ru/online/?a=con&b_id=416&c_id=4481. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ "Startseite". Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. http://www.destatis.de/basis/e/bevoe/bevoetab10.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ "Article" (in Spanish). Ucrania.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928092248/http://www.ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ (pdf) População Estrangeira em Portugal – 2009, December 31, 2009, http://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Distritos_2009.pdf, retrieved 2011-04-16
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ "Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, years". Statistics Estonia. 2011. http://www.stat.ee/34278. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan National Census 2009, population by ethnicity". Department of Kyrgyzstan. http://212.42.101.100:8088/nacstat/sites/default/files/3.1.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ [3]
- ^ http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1605/Other/A1605_SPO15_TB_AN_00_2006_07_F_EN.pdf
- ^ 2002 Georgian census
- ^ [4]
- ^ 2001 Official Bulgarian Census statistics.
- ^ http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\U\K\Ukrainians.htm
- ^ http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00082/02700.htm?text=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B&stpar3=1.1
- ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404101422.html
- ^ The sixth-largest nation in Europe.
- ^ Definition of UKRAINIAN, Merriam-Webster
- ^ The oldest recorded names used for the Ukrainians are Rusyny, Rusychi, and Rusy (from Rus').
- ^ Identification and National Identity of Ukrainians.
- ^ The first Greek colony in southern Ukraine
- ^ Ancient Black Sea colonies
- ^ "Strong Greek influences are found in artifacts discovered in the region of the Black Sea"
- ^ "Ancient Inventions of Ukraine", Warriors of ancient Scythia
- ^ Encyclopedia of Ukraine: "Sarmatians"
- ^ Jona Lendering: Sarmatians.
- ^ "Goths: ancient Germanic tribes that migrated from southern Scandinavia", Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ "A historical theory about the origin of states in Eastern Europe. Normans as predecessors of Goths", Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ "The true story of the Swedish settlement in the Ukraine", Svenskbyborna
- ^ Varangians (from Norse waering "one who has taken an oath of allegiance" or war "oath, sworn fidelity")
- ^ Then in the 9th century Swedish Vikings sailed along rivers into the heart of Eastern Europe, some of them settled in Ukraine.
- ^ a b Struggle for Independence (1917–20).
- ^ "Ukrainization" (Ukrainizatsiia), Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ [htt p://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic\U\K\Ukrainians_Map.jpg See map: Ukrainians: World Distribution], Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ "History and ethnic relations in Ukraine", Every Culture
- ^ "Ukrainian diaspora abroad makes up over 20 million"
- ^ 20 million Ukrainians live in 46 different countries of the world.
- ^ The inhabitants of the Kuban have three identities.
- ^ Ukrainian National Republic.
- ^ Famine-Genocide of 1932–3 (Голодомор; Holodomor).
- ^ Development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness.
- ^ Russian-Speaking Citizens of Ukraine: “Imaginary Society” as it is.
- ^ Viewed from a historical perspective, Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian.
- ^ Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (e.g., by Viacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s.
- ^ Ethnic Self-Identification in Ukraine.
- ^ Name first documented in 1187.
- ^ З ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДІЇ УКРАЇНОЗНАВСТВА; НАЗВА »УКРАЇНА«
- ^ «Україна» — це не «окраїна»
- ^ Что в имени Украина?
- ^ Ukraine or "the Ukraine"?
- ^ Vasmer, Max (1953–58) (in German). Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 1–3. Heidelberg: Winter. Russian translation: Fasmer, Maks (1964–73). Ėtimologičeskij slovar’ russkogo jazyka. 1–4. transl. Oleg N. Trubačev. Moscow: Progress. http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&text_word=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=beginning.
- ^ Ф.А. Гайда. От Рязани и Москвы до Закарпатья. Происхождение и употребление слова «украинцы» // Родина. 2011. № 1. С. 82-85. [5]
- ^ З ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДІЇ УКРАЇНОЗНАВСТВА; НАЗВА »УКРАЇНА«
- ^ All-Ukrainian National Congress (Vseukrainskyi Natsionalnyi Kongres).
- ^ Universals of the Central Rada.
- ^ A historic name for Ukrainians corresponding to the Ukrainian rusyny.
- ^ Populism, Western Ukrainian.
- ^ Semino, A; Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, De Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, Marcikiae M, Mika A, Mika B, Primorac D, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic *** sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective" [6](PDF). Science 290 (5494): 1155–59. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.
- ^ F. Luca, F. Di Giacomo, T. Benincasa et al., "Y-Chromosomal Variation in the Czech Republic," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132:132–139 (2007).
- ^ Gene Pool Structure of Eastern Ukrainians as Inferred from the Y-Chromosome Haplogroups. Russian Journal of Genetics, Volume 40, Number 3 / March, 2004.
- ^ Rebala K et al. (2007), Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin, Journal of Human Genetics, 52:406-14
- ^ Prat, Sandrine; Péan, Stéphane C.; Crépin, Laurent; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Puaud, Simon J.; Valladas, Hélène; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; van der Plicht, Johannes et al. (17 June 2011). "The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior". plosone. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0020834. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
- ^ Carpenter, Jennifer (20 June 2011). "Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
- ^ Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0.
- ^ F. Kortlandt, The spread of the Indo-Europeans, p.4
- ^ Varangians assimilated rapidly with the local population.
- ^ According to some sources, the first Varangian rulers of Rus’ were Askold and Dyr.
- ^ The Viking "drakkar" and the Kozak "chaika" by Ihor Lysyj
- ^ Vikings and the Lavra Monastery
- ^ The East Slavic nation constituting the native population of Ukraine.
- ^ Ukrainians. The East Slavic nation constituting the native population of Ukraine; the sixth-largest nation in Europe.
- ^ Polianians (poliany).
- ^ Rus’. The former name of Ukraine.
- ^ A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine - Hutsuls.
- ^ A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine - Lemkos.
- ^ Grand prince of Kyiv from 1019; son of Grand Prince Volodymyr the Great and Princess Rohnida of Polatsk.
- ^ The first state to arise among the Eastern Slavs.
- ^ A state founded in 1199 by Roman Mstyslavych, the prince of Volhynia from 1170, who united Galicia and Volhynia under his rule.
- ^ The disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline - Ruina.
- ^ France Meslè et Jacques Vallin avec des contributions de Vladimir Shkolnikov, Serhii Pyrozhkov et Serguei Adamets, Mortalite et cause de dècès en Ukraine au XX siècle p.28, see also France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History, Population and societies, N°413, juin 2005
- ^ Jacques Vallin, France Mesle, Serguei Adamets, Serhii Pyrozhkov, A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s, Population Studies, Vol. 56, No. 3. (Nov., 2002), pp. 249–264
- ^ Stanislav Kulchytsky, "How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933", Zerkalo Nedeli, November 23–29, 2002. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian
- ^ Rosefielde, Steven. "Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929-1949." Soviet Studies 35 (July 1983): 385-409
- ^ Peter Finn, Aftermath of a Soviet Famine, The Washington Post, April 27, 2008, "There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5 million and 3.5 million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed."
- ^ Sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on March 13, 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to Ukrainian BBC: "Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом"), 16 (according to Korrespondent, Russian edition: "После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев"), "more than 10" (according to Korrespondent, Ukrainian edition: "Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців")
- ^ "Ukrainian language". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074133. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ Про кількість та склад населення України за підсумками Всеукраїнського перепису населення 2001 року
- ^ The language composition of the population of Ukraine according to the nationwide census – Ukraine Census 2001, State Statistics Committee of Ukraine
- ^ For more information, see History of Christianity in Ukraine and Religion in Ukraine
- ^ Adrian Ivakhiv. In Search of Deeper Identities: Neopaganism and Native Faith in Contemporary Ukraine. Nova Religio, 2005.
- ^ Government portal- State symbols of Ukraine
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ CIA World Factbook – Flag of Ukraine
- ^ FOTW:Ukraine – History of the Flag
- "How Rusyns Became Ukrainians", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), July, 2005. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- "When Was the Ukrainian Nation Born", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), April 23 – May 6, 2005. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- 'We are more "Russian" then them', the History of Myths and Sensations, Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), January 27 – February 2, 2001. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- External Migration – the Main Cause of Ethnically non-Ukrainian Population in Modern Ukraine. Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), January 26 – February 1, 2002. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- Halyna Lozko, "Ukrainian ethnology. Ethnographic division of Ukraine" (in Ukrainian). Available online.
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