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Photograph of the first conference in 1911 at the Hotel Metropole. Seated (L-R): W. Nernst, M. Brillouin, E. Solvay, H. Lorentz, E. Warburg, J. Perrin, W. Wien, M. Skłodowska-Curie, and H. Poincaré. Standing (L-R): R. Goldschmidt, M. Planck, H. Rubens, A. Sommerfeld, F. Lindemann, M. de Broglie, M. Knudsen, F. Hasenöhrl, G. Hostelet, E. Herzen, J.H. Jeans, E. Rutherford, H. Kamerlingh Onnes, A. Einstein and P. Langevin.

The International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, located in Brussels, were founded by the Belgian industrialist Ernest Solvay in 1912, following the historic invitation-only 1911 Conseil Solvay, considered a turning point in world physics. The Institutes coordinate conferences, workshops, seminars, and colloquia.

Following the initial success of 1911, the Solvay Conferences (Conseils Solvay) have been devoted to outstanding preeminent open problems in both physics and chemistry. The usual schedule is every three years, but there have been larger gaps.

First conference[link]

Hendrik A. Lorentz was chairman of the first Solvay Conference held in Brussels in the autumn of 1911. The subject was Radiation and the Quanta. This conference looked at the problems of having two approaches, namely the classical physics and quantum theory. Albert Einstein was the second youngest physicist present (the youngest one was Lindemann). Other members of the Solvay Congress included such luminaries as Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Henri Poincaré. (See image for attendee list.)

Fifth conference[link]

Perhaps the most famous conference was the October 1927 Fifth Solvay International Conference on Electrons and Photons, where the world's most notable physicists met to discuss the newly formulated quantum theory. The leading figures were Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr. Einstein, disenchanted with Heisenberg's "Uncertainty Principle," remarked "God does not play dice." Bohr replied, "Einstein, stop telling God what to do." (See Bohr-Einstein debates.) Seventeen of the twenty-nine attendees were or became Nobel Prize winners, including Marie Curie, who alone among them, had won Nobel Prizes in two separate scientific disciplines.

This conference was also the culmination of the struggle between Einstein and the Scientific Realists, who wanted strict rules of scientific method as laid out by Charles Peirce and Karl Popper, versus Bohr and the Instrumentalists, who wanted looser rules based on outcomes. Starting at this point, the instrumentalists won, instrumentalism having been seen as the norm ever since^[1] although the debate has been actively continued by the likes of Alan Musgrave.

Solvay conferences on physics[link]

• 

  First Solvay Conference on Physics, 1911.

• 

  Second Solvay Conference on Physics, 1913.

• 

  Third Solvay Conference on Physics, 1921.

• 

  First Solvay Conference on Chemistry, 1922.

• 

  Fourth Solvay Conference on Physics, 1924.

• 

  Fifth Solvay Conference on Physics, 1927.

• 

  Sixth Solvay Conference on Physics, 1930.

• 

  Seventh Solvay Conference on Physics, 1933.

Solvay conferences on chemistry[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Straumann, N. (2011). "On the first Solvay Congress in 1911". European Physical Journal H. Bibcode 2011EPJH...36..379S. DOI:10.1140/epjh/e2011-20043-9. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Solvay Conference

• Solvay Conferences on Physics
• Solvay Conferences on Chemistry
• Institut international de physique Solvay
• Irving Langmuir's “home movie” shot of the 1927 Solvay Conference
• The Solvay Conference of 1927 Interactive photograph of the Fifth Solvay Conference
• Proceedings 1911
• Proceedings 1913
• A page from the American Institute of Physics A brief overview of the argument of the Fifth Conference.
• Footage of the 1927 Solvay conference
• Quantum Theory at the Crossroads: Reconsidering the 1927 Solvay Conference A 2009 book giving the first complete translation of the proceedings into English, with extended revisionist commentary.

Christian Jourquin is a Belgian businessman and since May 2006 Chief Executive Officer of Solvay a Belgian chemical and pharmaceutical company.

Education[link]

He graduated in Commercial Engineering at the Solvay Business School of the Université Libre de Bruxelles (Brussels, Belgium). In addition he graduated from the International Senior Management Program of the Harvard Business School (USA).

Career[link]

He started his professional career at Solvay in 1971 and has worked for the group ever since. In 1971, he started his career as an Attaché to the Finance Department of Solvay at the Italian Headquarters in Milan. Between 1980 and 1990, he managed Solvay Duphar in the Netherlands, which represented a large part of the international pharmaceutical activities of Solvay. Between 1990 and 1996, he worked for Solvay at the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), Solvay Interox in 1996 and the Processing Sector of the group from 1997 to 2000. He was General Manager of the Chemicals Sector at Solvay SA until April 30, 2006 and since May 2006 he is Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Executive Committee of Solvay SA. He also serves as Director of Solvay America, Inc.

Sources[link]

• Christian Jourquin
• Christian Jourquin

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Afif Safieh presents his credentials to President Dmitry Medvedev in September 2008.

Afif Safieh (Arabic: عفيف صافية‎, born 4 May 1950) is a Palestinian diplomat. He was most recently the Palestinian ambassador to the Russian Federation.

Safieh was born in Jerusalem in 1950 to a Christian family. As a child, he attended school in Jerusalem's College Des Frères. In 1972, he obtained a degree in Political Science and International Relations from the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium. He continued his education at the Paris Institute of Political Studies in Paris, graduating in 1974.

Safieh became president of the Belgian section of the General Union of Palestinian Students from 1969 until 1971, then President of the French branch in 1974-1975.

From 1976 to 1978 he served as deputy director of the Palestine Liberation Organization Observer Mission to the United Nations Office at Geneva. In 1978 he worked as a staff member in Yasser Arafat's office in Beirut, in charge of European Affairs and UN institutions. In 1981, he became a researcher at the Centre for European Studies in the Catholic University of Louvain, and from 1985 to 1987 was invited as visiting scholar at the Centre for International Affairs, Harvard University.

From 1987 until 1990, Safieh served as PLO representative to the Netherlands. During his service, he was involved in the 1988 Stockholm negotiations that led to the first official and direct American-Palestinian dialogue. In 1990, he became Palestinian General Delegate to the United Kingdom. In January 1995, he was invited to join the International Board of Trustees of the Vatican-sponsored Bethlehem University. Nominated Palestinian General Delegate to the Holy See, he presented his letter of credentials to Pope John Paul II on November 6, 1995.

On October 27, 2005 he was appointed to head the PLO office to the United States, Washington, DC. He only served in Washington for two and a half years, having lectured students and US citizens from the west coast to the east coast about the Palestinian struggle at a wide range of universities and institutes.

In May 2008, Afif Safieh was appointed to serve as the Palestinian ambassador to the Russian Federation, he presented his letter of credentials to President Medvedev on September 18, 2008. It was reported in March 2009 that he had been dismissed from this post by Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas, apparently because he had spoken at a rally organised by Hamas to protest against the Israeli attack on Gaza.^[1][2]

Afif Safieh was nominated in June 2009 as Palestinian Roving Ambassador for Special Missions, based in London.

During the Fateh sixth national conference held in Bethlehem, August 2009, Ambassador Safieh was elected to the Fateh Revolutionary Council - the parliament of the Fateh movement.

In October 2009, Safieh was invited by the Commissioner for International Relations for the Fateh movement Dr Nabil Sha'ath to be Deputy Commissioner for International Relations.

Afif Safieh is considered the most experienced and skilled Palestinian diplomat having served in the three most politically significant capitals: London, Washington, and Moscow. He is married to Christ'l Leclercq and has two daughters: Diana and Randa.

See Also[link]

• Palestinian Christians

References[link]

External links[link]

• Video of Speech at World Affairs Council of Northern California (August 2006)
• Announcement of appointment as envoy to the United States, from the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
• Palestinian Envoy Brings New Strategy to Washington, from the Forward
• The Anatomy of the PLO Mission in Washington, from the Al-Jazeerah Information Center

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This Asian diplomat-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article has been translated from the article Louis de Broglie in the French Wikipedia, and requires proofreading. If you are confident enough in your fluency of English and French, please feel free to join this translation.

Louis de Broglie
Born	(1892-08-15)15 August 1892 Dieppe, France
Died	19 March 1987(1987-03-19) (aged 94) Louveciennes, France
Nationality	French
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Sorbonne University of Paris
Alma mater	Sorbonne
Doctoral advisor	Paul Langevin
Doctoral students	Bernard d'Espagnat Jean-Pierre Vigier Alexandru Proca
Known for	Wave nature of electrons de Broglie wavelength
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1929)

Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 7th duc de Broglie, FRS^[1] (/dəˈbrɔɪ/; French: [də bʁœj] ( listen); Dieppe, France, 15 August 1892 – Louveciennes, France, 19 March 1987) was a French physicist and a Nobel laureate in 1929. He was the sixteenth member elected to occupy seat 1 of the Académie française in 1944, and served as Perpetual Secretary of the Académie des sciences, France.^[2][3]

Biography[link]

Louis de Broglie was born to a noble family in Dieppe, Seine-Maritime, younger son of Victor, 5th duc de Broglie. He became the 7th duc de Broglie upon the death without heir in 1960 of his older brother, Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie, also a physicist. He did not marry. When he died in Louveciennes, he was succeeded as duke by a distant cousin, Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie.

De Broglie had intended a career in humanities, and received his first degree in history. Afterwards, though, he turned his attention toward mathematics and physics and received a degree in physics. With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, he offered his services to the army in the development of radio communications.

His 1924 Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Research on the Theory of the Quanta), introduced his theory of electron waves. This included the wave-particle duality theory of matter, based on the work of Max Planck and Albert Einstein on light. The thesis examiners, unsure of the material, passed his thesis to Einstein for evaluation who endorsed his wave-particle duality proposal wholeheartedly; de Broglie was awarded his doctorate. This research culminated in the de Broglie hypothesis stating that any moving particle or object had an associated wave. De Broglie thus created a new field in physics, the mécanique ondulatoire, or wave mechanics, uniting the physics of energy (wave) and matter (particle). For this he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929.

In his later career, de Broglie worked to develop a causal explanation of wave mechanics, in opposition to the wholly probabilistic models which dominate quantum mechanical theory; it was refined by David Bohm in the 1950s.

In addition to strictly scientific work, de Broglie thought and wrote about the philosophy of science, including the value of modern scientific discoveries.

De Broglie became a member of the Académie des sciences in 1933, and was the academy's perpetual secretary from 1942. He was asked to join Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Sceintifiques Francais, however, he declined. This was due to the fact that he was non-religious.^[4] On 12 October 1944, he was elected to the Académie française, replacing mathematician Émile Picard. Because of the deaths and imprisonments of Académie members during the occupation and other effects of the war, the Académie was unable to meet the quorum of twenty members for his election; due to the exceptional circumstances, however, his unanimous election by the seventeen members present was accepted. In an event unique in the history of the Académie, he was received as a member by his own brother Maurice, who had been elected in 1934. UNESCO awarded him the first Kalinga Prize in 1952 for his work in popularizing scientific knowledge, and he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society on 23 April 1953^[1]. In 1961 he received the title of Knight of the Grand Cross in the Légion d'honneur. De Broglie was awarded a post as counselor to the French High Commission of Atomic Energy in 1945 for his efforts to bring industry and science closer together. He established a center for applied mechanics at the Henri Poincaré Institute, where research into optics, cybernetics, and atomic energy were carried out. He inspired the formation of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science and was an early member.

Important theories[link]

Matter and wave-particle duality[link]

"The fundamental idea of [my 1924 thesis] was the following: The fact that, following Einstein's introduction of photons in light waves, one knew that light contains particles which are concentrations of energy incorporated into the wave, suggests that all particles, like the electron, must be transported by a wave into which it is incorporated... My essential idea was to extend to all particles the coexistence of waves and particles discovered by Einstein in 1905 in the case of light and photons." "With every particle of matter with mass m and velocity v a real wave must be 'associated'", related to the momentum by the equation:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lambda = \frac{h}{p} = \frac {h}{{m}{v}} \sqrt{1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2}}

where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lambda

is the wavelength, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): h
is the  Planck constant, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): p
is the momentum, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): m
is the rest mass, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): v
is the velocity and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): c
is the speed of light in a vacuum.

This theory set the basis of wave mechanics. It was supported by Einstein, confirmed by the electron diffraction experiments of Davisson and Germer, and generalized by the work of Schrödinger.

However, this generalization was statistical and was not approved of by de Broglie, who said "that the particle must be the seat of an internal periodic movement and that it must move in a wave in order to remain in phase with it was ignored by the actual physicists [who are] wrong to consider a wave propagation without localization of the particle, which was quite contrary to my original ideas."

From a philosophical viewpoint, this theory of matter-waves has contributed greatly to the ruin of the atomism of the past. Originally, de Broglie thought that real wave (i.e., having a direct physical interpretation) was associated with particles. In fact, the wave aspect of matter was formalized by a wavefunction defined by the Schrödinger equation, which is a pure mathematical entity having a probabilistic interpretation, without the support of real physical elements. This wavefunction gives an appearance of wave behavior to matter, without making real physical waves appear. However, until the end of his life de Broglie returned to a direct and real physical interpretation of matter-waves, following the work of David Bohm. The de Broglie-Bohm theory is today the only interpretation giving real status to matter-waves and representing the predictions of quantum theory. But, since it has some problems and doesn't go further in its predictions than the Copenhagen interpretation, it is little recognized by the scientific community.

Non-nullity and variability of mass[link]

According to de Broglie, the neutrino and the photon have rest masses that are non-zero, though very low. That a photon is not quite massless is imposed by the coherence of his theory. Incidentally, this rejection of the hypothesis of a massless photon enabled him to doubt the hypothesis of the expansion of the universe.

In addition, he believed that the true mass of particles is not constant, but variable, and that each particle can be represented as a thermodynamic machine equivalent to a cyclic integral of action.

Generalization of the principle of least action[link]

In the second part of his 1924 thesis, de Broglie used the equivalence of the mechanical principle of least action with Fermat's optical principle: "Fermat's principle applied to phase waves is identical to Maupertuis' principle applied to the moving body; the possible dynamic trajectories of the moving body are identical to the possible rays of the wave." This equivalence had been pointed out by Hamilton a century earlier, and published by him around 1830, in an era where no experience gave proof of the fundamental principles of physics being involved in the description of atomic phenomena.

Up to his final work, he appeared to be the physicist who most sought that dimension of action which Max Planck, at the beginning of the 20th century, had shown to be the only universal unity (with his dimension of entropy).

Duality of the laws of nature[link]

Far from claiming to make "the contradiction disappear" which Max Born thought could be achieved with a statistical approach, de Broglie extended wave-particle duality to all particles (and to crystals which revealed the effects of diffraction) and extended the principle of duality to the laws of nature.

His last work made a single system of laws from the two large systems of thermodynamics and of mechanics:

When Boltzmann and his continuators developed their statistical interpretation of Thermodynamics, one could have considered Thermodynamics to be a complicated branch of Dynamics. But, with my actual ideas, it's Dynamics that appear to be a simplified branch of Thermodynamics. I think that, of all the ideas that I've introduced in quantum theory in these past years, it's that idea that is, by far, the most important and the most profound.

That idea seems to match the continuous-discontinuous duality, since its dynamics could be the limit of its thermodynamics when transitions to continuous limits are postulated. It is also close to that of Leibniz, who posited the necessity of "architectonic principles" to complete the system of mechanical laws.

However, according to him, there is less duality, in the sense of opposition, than synthesis (one is the limit of the other) and the effort of synthesis is constant according to him, like in his first formula, in which the first member pertains to mechanics and the second to optics:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): m c^2 = h \nu

Neutrino theory of light[link]

This theory, which dates from 1934, introduces the idea that the photon is equivalent to the fusion of two Dirac neutrinos.

It shows that the movement of the center of gravity of these two particles obeys the Maxwell equations—that implies that the neutrino and the photon both have rest masses that are non-zero, though very low.

Hidden thermodynamics[link]

De Broglie's final great idea was the hidden thermodynamics of isolated particles. It is an attempt to bring together the three furthest principles of physics: the principles of Fermat, Maupertuis, and Carnot.

In this work, action becomes a sort of opposite to entropy, through an equation that relates the only two universal dimensions of the form:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): {Action\over h} = -{Entropy\over k}

As a consequence of its great impact, this theory brings back the uncertainty principle to distances around extrema of action, distances corresponding to reductions in entropy.

Honors and awards[link]

Louis de Broglie by Gheorghe Manu

• 1929 Nobel Prize in Physics
• 1929 Henri Poincaré Medal
• 1932 Albert I of Monaco Prize
• 1938 Max Planck Medal
• 1938 Fellow, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
• 1944 Fellow, Académie française
• 1952 Kalinga Prize
• 1953 Fellow, Royal Society ^[1]

Publications[link]

• Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Researches on the quantum theory), Thesis, Paris, 1924.
• Ondes et mouvements (Waves and Motions). Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1926.
• Rapport au 5e Conseil de Physique Solvay. Brussels, 1927.
• La mécanique ondulatoire (Wave Mechanics). Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1928.
• Matière et lumière (Matter and Light). Paris: Albin Michel, 1937.
• Une tentative d'interprétation causale et non linéaire de la mécanique ondulatoire: la théorie de la double solution. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1956.
  • English translation: Non-linear Wave Mechanics: A Causal Interpretation. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1960.
• Sur les sentiers de la science (On the Paths of Science).
• Introduction à la nouvelle théorie des particules de M. Jean-Pierre Vigier et de ses collaborateurs. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1961. Paris: Albin Michel, 1960.
  • English translation: Introduction to the Vigier Theory of elementary particles. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1963.
• Étude critique des bases de l'interprétation actuelle de la mécanique ondulatoire. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1963.
  • English translation: The Current Interpretation of Wave Mechanics: A Critical Study. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1964.
• Certitudes et incertitudes de la science (Certitudes and Incertitudes of Science). Paris: Albin Michel, 1966.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Louis de Broglie

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Louis de Broglie

• Les Immortels: Louis de BROGLIE" (Académie française, in French)
• Louis de Broglie – Biography" (Nobel Foundation)
• Paul Theroff (2005) An Online Gotha: Broglie Genealogy
• Fondation Louis de Broglie

v t e Dukes of Broglie François-Marie (1742) · Victor-François (1745) · Achille-Léonce-Victor-Charles (1804) · Jacques-Victor-Albert (1870) · Louis-Alphonse-Victor (1901) · Louis-César-Victor-Maurice (1906) · Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond (1960) · Victor-François Marie Léon (1987) · Philippe-Maurice (2012)

This article's citation style may be unclear. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. (September 2009)

Mani Shankar Aiyar (Tamil: மணிசங்கர் அய்யர்; born 10 April 1941) is a former Indian diplomat turned politician. He is a member of the Indian National Congress party and was a part of first (2004–2009) Cabinet of Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh He has served as the Union Minister of Panchayati Raj until he lost his seat in the 2009 Election. He served as the Union Cabinet Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas from May 2004 through January 2006 and Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports till 2009. He was also the first Minister for the Development of the North East Region. (DONER)

He represented the Mayiladuthurai constituency of Tamil Nadu in the 14th Lok Sabha.He is currently a nominated member of parliament from rajya sabha.

Early life[link]

Mani Shankar Aiyar, Second from left, Dorjee Khandu, the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, and Manmohan Singh, the Prime Minister of India

Mani Shankar Aiyer is the son of V. Sankar Aiyar, a chartered accountant, and Bhagyalakshmi Sankar Aiyar. His younger brother is the well known journalist, Swaminathan Aiyar. He lost his father at age 12 in an air crash.

He attended Welham Boys' School, The Doon School and obtained B.A. in Economics from St. Stephen's College, Delhi, University of Delhi. After the loss of his father, Aiyar's mother had to negotiate with Doon to allow him to continue his studies with reduced fees and in return she taught at the school.^[1]

He graduated in economics from Delhi University, and then did a two-year B.A. in Tripos in Economics at Trinity Hall, Cambridge at the University of Cambridge which, in the Oxbridge tradition, became an M.A with the passage of time. He was a member of Trinity Hall. He was also an active member of the Marxist Society in Cambridge. At Cambridge, Aiyar joined student politics and once even tried to win a presidential contest. He was supported by Rajiv Gandhi in his campaign who was his junior both at Doon and Cambridge.

Until very recently, he was living in Sainik Farm, a construction declared illegal by the Delhi High Court (as the last Lok Sabha Members' Yearbook 2006 shows).

Career[link]

He served 26 years in the IFS, the last five of which were on deputation to the Prime Minister's Office under Rajiv Gandhi (1985–1989). He resigned from service in 1989 to take up a career in politics and media, entering the Parliament as a Congress M.P from Mayiladuthurai in 1991, 1999 and 2004 but was defeated in 1996, 1998 and 2009.

He is a special invitee to the Congress Working Committee and a chairman of both the party's political training department and the department of policy planning and coordination. He is also a well-known political columnist and has written several books, including Pakistan Papers and Remembering Rajiv, and has edited a four-volume publication, Rajiv Gandhi's India.

His special interests include, grassroots democracy, Indian foreign policy particularly with India's neighboring countries and West Asia and nuclear disarmament.

Personal life[link]

He was married on January 4, 1973 to Suneet Mani Aiyar. They have 3 daughters – the eldest, a lawyer, the second, a development consultant, and the youngest, an assistant professor at University of Wisconsin-Madison in Department of History.^[2]

Notable quotes[link]

• "Sir, my secular answer to the honourable member is that where it is in the hands of Allah, we turn to Allah, where it is in the hands of man, we turn to man."^[3]

• "Every five years, it is the masses who determine who will form the government. And in between those five years the classes determine what that government will do." ^[4]

Controversies[link]

While on a tour of the Andamans as the Cabinet Minister in the latter part of 2004, Aiyar was quoted as saying at the Cellular Jail there that there was no difference between the radical right-wing revolutionary Veer Savarkar, a famous inmate of the prison, and Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, as they shared a 'divisive' philosophy. He also ordered that a plaque with a poem commemorating Savarkar be replaced with a plaque with quotes from Mahatma Gandhi. Savarkar had been tried and acquitted for conspiring in Gandhi's assassination. Reports of the incident paralysed Parliament and led to agitations by the Shiv Sena in Maharashtra. Aiyar's remarks created confusion as well in the ruling party; the official spokesman, Anand Sharma, noted that the Congress Party did not consider Savarkar either a freedom fighter or a patriot. A few days later, the Prime Minister dissociated himself and the cabinet from that view.[1]

Aiyar was also involved in a public brawl with politician Amar Singh.[2]

Publications[link]

Aiyar has written seven books –

• "Remembering Rajiv", Rupa, New Delhi, 1992
• "One Year in Parliament", Konark, New Delhi, 1993
• "Pakistan Papers", UBSPD, New Delhi, 1994
• "Knickerwallahs, Silly-Billies and Other Curious Creatures", UBS Publishers, 1995
• "Rajiv Gandhi's India", 4 vols. (General Editor), UBSPD New Delhi, 1997
• "Confessions of a Secular Fundamentalist", Penguin, 2004.
• "A Time of Transition: Rajiv Gandhi to the 21st Century", Penguin, 2009.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Biography at Indian Sports Ministry website
• Article in The Economic Times about him dated May 23, 2004.
• Information as a member of 14th Lok Sabha on website of Lok Sabha
• Quote on cnn.com
• Speech to business leaders on poverty and growth