Hula Valley farmland

Lake Hula

The Hula Valley (Hebrew: עמק החולה‎, Emek HaHula, also transliterated as Huleh Valley) is an agricultural region in northern Israel with abundant fresh water. It is a major stopover for birds migrating along the Syrian-African Rift Valley between Africa, Europe, and Asia. The marshland around Lake Hula, a breeding grounds for malaria, was drained in the 1950s. A small section of the valley was later reflooded in an attempt to revive a nearly extinct ecosystem. An estimated 500 million migrating birds now pass through the Hula Lake Park every year.^[1]

Etymology[link]

Lake Hula was historically referred to by different names. The 14th century BCE Egyptians called the lake Samchuna, while the Hebrew Bible records it as Merom. In the 1st century CE, the Jewish-Roman historian Flavius Josephus termed it Semechonitis, while in the Talmud it is called Yam Sumchi - i.e. Sea of Sumchi. Currently the lake is called Buheirat el Huleh in Arabic and Agam ha-Hula in Hebrew, stemming from the Aramaic Hulata or Ulata. The "Waters of Merom" has sometimes been used in scientific literature, although that term refers specifically to springs on the western side of the valley.

Geography and climate[link]

Water buffalo grazing in Hula Valley

The Hula Valley lies within the northern part of the Syrian-African Rift Valley at an elevation of about 70 meters above sea level, and covers an area of 177 square kilometers (25 km by 6–8 km). On both sides of the valley are steep slopes: the Golan Heights to the east and the Upper Galilee's Naftali mountains to the west rise to 400 to 900 meters above sea level. Basalt hills of about 200 meters above sea level along the southern side of the valley intercept the Jordan River, and are commonly referred to as the basalt "plug" (actually a temporary geologic base level), as they restrict water drainage downstream into the Sea of Galilee.

The Hula Valley has a Mediterranean climate of hot dry summers and cool rainy winters, although its enclosure within two mountain ranges leads to more extreme seasonal and daily temperature fluctuations than in coastal areas. Annual rainfall varies greatly between different parts of the valley and ranges from about 400 millimeters in the south of the valley, to up to 800 millimeters in the north of the valley. More than 1,500 millimeters of precipitation falls on the Hermon mountain range, only a few kilometers north of the valley, mostly in the form of snow, feeding underground springs, including the sources of the Jordan River, all eventually flowing through the valley. The wind regime is dominated by regional patterns in the winter with occasional strong north-easterly wind storms known in Arabic as Sharkiyah.

History[link]

Malaria clinic, 1938

Fishermen at Lake Hula, ca. 1943

Prior to its drainage in the early 1950s, Lake Hula was 5.3 kilometers long and 4.4 kilometers wide, extending over 12-14 square kilometers. It was about one and a half meters deep in summer and three meters deep in winter. The lake attracted human settlement from early prehistoric times. Paleolithic archaeological remains were found near the Bnot Yaakov ("Daughters of Jacob") bridge at the southern end of the valley. The first permanent settlement, Enan (Mallaha), dates from 9,000-10,000 years ago and was discovered in the valley.

The Hula Valley was a main junction on the important trade route connecting the large commercial centre of Damascus with the eastern Mediterranean coast and Egypt. During the Bronze Age, the cities of Hazor and Laish were built at key locations on this route approximately 4,000 years ago. At some point the area came under Israelite control until it was captured by the Assyrian armies of Tiglath-Pileser III and its inhabitants were driven away. The Bible records lake "Merom" as the site of a victory of Joshua over the Canaanites.^[2]

Throughout the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and early Arab periods (fourth century BCE to eighth centuries CE) rural settlement in the Hula Valley was uninterrupted. During the Seleucid Empire, the town Seleucia Samulias was founded on the lake shore.

Traditional crops were rice (as early as the Hellenistic period), cotton and sugar cane (brought by the Arabs following their conquest in 636), sorghum and maize (brought after the discovery of the Americas). Water buffalo were introduced in the eighth century supplying milk and serving as beasts of burden.

In the 19th century, the valley, mainly marshy ground and a shallow lake, was inhabited by Bedouin who produced handicrafts from the dry reeds. Mortality rates were very high due to the spread of malaria. In 1882, a traveler wrote that the region was "among the finest hunting grounds in Syria," home to "panthers, leopards, bears, wild boars, wolves, foxes, jackals, hyenas, gazelles and otters." During World War II, officers of the British Army wrote about hunting birds there. John MacGregor, a Scottish adventurer, was captured with his boat, the "Rob Roy", by black-skinned Bedouin living in the Hula marshes. He drew up the first modern maps of the area.^[3]

In 1908, the Ottoman government granted a concession to drain the marsh to a French firm, which sold it to Lebanese businessmen. In 1933, during the British Mandate, the Palestine Land Development Company took over this concession and drew up plans to drain and irrigate the valley which brought scientific expeditions to the area.^[4]

The first modern Jewish settlement in the Hula Valley, Yesod HaMa'ala on the western shore of the lake, was established in 1883 during the First Aliyah. In 1948 there were 35 villages in the Hula Valley, 12 Jewish and 23 Arab. ^[5]

Swamp drainage[link]

The draining operations, carried out by the Jewish National Fund (JNF), began in 1951 and were completed by 1958. It was achieved by two main engineering operations: the deepening and widening of the Jordan River downstream; and two newly-dug peripheral canals diverting the Jordan at the north of the valley. The drying out caused the extinction of the unique endemic fauna of the lake including the Hula painted frog Discoglossus nigriventer,^[6] cyprinid fish Acanthobrama hulensis^[7] and cichlid fish Tristramella intermedia.^[8]

Though initially perceived as a great national achievement for Israel, with time it became evident that the benefits from transforming the "wasteland" of Lake Hula and its swamps were limited. In 1963, a small (3.50 km²) area of recreated papyrus swampland in the southwest of the valley was set aside as the country's first nature reserve. Concern over the draining of the Hula was the impetus for the creation of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel.^[9]

Draining the Hula turned out to be a mixed blessing. Water polluted with chemical fertilizers began flowing into Lake Kinneret, lowering the water quality of its water. The soil, stripped of natural foliage, was blown away by strong winds in the valley, and the peat of the drained swamp ignited spontaneously, causing underground fires that were difficult to extinguish.^[10]

Hula Lake Park[link]

Flocks of migrating birds

Hula Lake Park, known in Hebrew as Agamon HaHula (Hebrew: אגמון החולה‎), is located in the southern part of the Hula Valley, north of the nature reserve. It was established as part of a JNF rehabilitation project. ^[11] In the early 1990s part of the valley was flooded again in the wake of heavy rains. It was decided to develop the surrounding area and leave the flooded area intact. The new site has become the second home for thousands of migrating birds in the autumn and spring. ^[12]The lake covers an area of one square kilometer interspersed with islands that serve as protected bird nesting sites. It has become a major stopover for migrating birds flying from Europe to Africa and back, and also a major birdwatching site.

Archaeology[link]

Archaeological findings in 2009 show that the hominids who inhabited the area exploited Lake Hula fish. Analysis of the fish remains recovered from the archaeological site of Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov (GBY) have shown that they exploited a wide range of fish including catfish, tilapia and carps. Some of the carps were over a meter long.^[13] Tools to light fires and crack nuts were also discovered at the site.^[14]

Return of Hula painted frog[link]

In November 2011, the Israel painted frog, classified as extinct since 1996 by the IUCN as a result of the marsh drainage, reappeared to park patrollers in HaHula. The reappearance was confirmed by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority, but has yet to be confirmed by the IUCN. Contrary to the IUCN classification, the Israeli government continues to list the species as endangered in the Golan Heights in the slim hope of finding small remaining populations.

Cultural references[link]

In 2007 Israel issued a set of three stamps featuring the Hula nature reserve.^[15]

See also[link]

• Battle of Lake Huleh
• Museum of Prehistory of the Hulah Valley
• Israel painted frog
• Acanthobrama hulensis
• Tristramella intermedia

References[link]

View of the Hula valley from the south.

External links[link]

Hula Valley

• Lake Hula and Lake Agmon, Jewish Virtual Library
• Hula Nature Reserve
• Photos of birds at Hula Valley
• Photos of Hulah Valley
• Photos of Hulah Valley

Coordinates: 33°6′12″N 35°36′33″E / 33.10333°N 35.60917°E / 33.10333; 35.60917

v t e Nature reserves of Israel Northern District Ein Afek · Akhziv Islands · Alonei Yitzhak · Alonei Abba · Amud Stream · Nahal Ayun · Balfouria · Bitan Aharon · Nahal Betzet · Nahal Dishon · Dor Beach and Ma'agan Michael Islands · Ein Avazim · Ein Elah · Ein Nymphit · Ein Te'oh · Ein Yehuda · Nahal Gamal · Gamla nature reserve† · Snir Stream · Hermon nature reserve† · Nahal Hermon† · Hula Valley · Hurshat Tal · Hurshat Zakum · Kerem Ben Zimra · Nahal Kziv · Mount Arbel · Mount Carmel · Mount Gilboa · Mount Meron · Mount Tabor · Pa'ar Cave · Rosh HaNikra · Shamir-Nahal Rachum · Shimron · Nahal Taninim · Tel Anafa · Nahal Tavor · Tel Dan · Tel Shikmona · Nahal Yehiam Central District Adullam · Ashdod Nitzanim Sand Dune Park · Bnei Zion · Avshalom Cave · Hadasim · Ein Hemed · Gador · HaMasrek Reserve · Har HaTayasim · Neot Kedumim · Nahal Poleg · Nahal Sorek · Nitzanim dunes · Palmachim beach · Tel Yitzhak · Te'omim Cave · Udim Southern District Ein Gedi · Craters in the Negev · HaMakhtesh HaGadol · HaMakhtesh HaKatan · Makhtesh Ramon Eilat Region Coral Beach Nature Reserve  · Timna valley  · Yotvata Hai-Bar † Located in the Israeli-occupied territories

Paul Winter
Clearwater Festival 2007
Background information
Genres	Jazz, New Age
Occupations	Musician
Instruments	Saxophone
Years active	1961–present
Labels	Columbia Records, A&M, Epic Records, Living Music
Associated acts	Paul Winter Consort, Paul Winter Sextet, Dimitri Pokrovsky Ensemble, Oregon
Website	http://www.livingmusic.com/

Paul Winter (born August 31, 1939 in Altoona, Pennsylvania) is an American saxophonist (alto and soprano saxophone), and is a six-time Grammy Award nominee.

Biography[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011)

Paul Winter attended Altoona Area High School and graduated in 1957. In 1961, while he was in college at Northwestern University, the band that he founded, the Paul Winter Sextet, won the Intercollegiate Jazz Festival and was signed by Columbia Records.

The next year, the band toured Latin America as cultural ambassadors for the United States State Department, playing 160 concerts in 23 countries. The Sextet was also the first jazz band to perform at the White House.

Winter returned to Brazil in the mid-1960s and his interest in Brazilian music and the emerging bossa nova led to the 1965 release of the album Rio, with liner notes by Vinicius de Moraes.

After Winter's band changed its name to the Paul Winter Consort in the late 1960s, it contributed to the development of world music and space music. The Consort's 1972 release, Icarus, was produced by George Martin. Most of the musicians who worked on this album went on to form the jazz group Oregon. The Consort has continued over the years with different musicians.

Winter was awarded the Courage of Conscience Award for creating music that celebrates the sacredness of life and for his support of the arts.The Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Recipients List

Currently, Paul Winter is working on two new albums: One album will be a compilation of material from his original group, the Paul Winter Sextet, titled Early Winter. The other is an album of new music, featuring the Paul Winter Consort, the Great Rift Valley Orchestra, and the calls of the birds that migrate from Africa to Eurasia. The new project will be titled Flyways, and will be a musical journey through the cultures that the birds fly over. Both projects will be released in 2011.^{[dated info]}

Winter is married and has two children.

Discography[link]

Solo[link]

Paul Winter Consort[link]

Paul Winter Sextet[link]

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• Breen, Terry. "A Winter's Tale", in Northwestern (Northwestern University alumni magazine), Spring 2000. Accessed October 8, 2006
• Knapp, Tom. "Paul Winter: Common Ground (A&M Records, 1978)", review in Rambles. Accessed January 29, 2006
• Allmusic entry for Paul Winter
• Paul Winter biography, on LivingMusic.com.
• Grammy.com