The papaya (from Carib via Spanish), papaw, or pawpaw is the fruit of the plant Carica papaya, the sole species in the genus Carica of the plant family Caricaceae. It is native to the tropics of the Americas, and was first cultivated in Mexico^[1] several centuries before the emergence of the Mesoamerican classical civilizations.

The papaya is a large tree-like plant, with a single stem growing from 5 to 10 metres (16 to 33 ft) tall, with spirally arranged leaves confined to the top of the trunk. The lower trunk is conspicuously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large, 50–70 centimetres (20–28 in) diameter, deeply palmately lobed with 7 lobes. The tree is usually unbranched, unless lopped. The flowers are similar in shape to the flowers of the Plumeria, but are much smaller and wax-like. They appear on the axils of the leaves, maturing into the large 15–45 centimetres (5.9–18 in) long, 10–30 centimetres (3.9–12 in) diameter fruit. The fruit is ripe when it feels soft (as soft as a ripe avocado or a bit softer) and its skin has attained an amber to orange hue.

Carica papaya was the first transgenic fruit tree to have its genome deciphered.^[2]

Common names[link]

Carica papaya plants, and their fruits, are generally known as papayas. The papaya is also commonly called pawpaw or papaw,^[3][4] although in North America the term pawpaw usually refers to plants in the unrelated North American genus Asimina, especially A. triloba, which produces large, edible fruits. The papaya is also sometimes called mugua, a name used in traditional Chinese medicine for Chaenomeles speciosa (flowering quince) or Pseudocydonia sinensis (Chinese quince).^{[citation needed][5]} In Venezuela and the Dominican Republic, the papaya is usually called "lechosa", a name associated with the plant's milky sap. In Cuba, the papaya is called "fruta bomba" and the word papaya is a reference to female genitalia.

Cultivation[link]

Female flowers of a papaya tree

Male flowers of a papaya tree

Originally from southern Mexico (particularly Chiapas and Veracruz), Central America, and northern South America, the papaya is now cultivated in most tropical countries. In cultivation, it grows rapidly, fruiting within 3 years. It is, however, highly frost sensitive, limiting papaya production to tropical lands.

Pests and diseases[link]

This section requires expansion.

Papayas are susceptible to the papaya ringspot virus, which causes premature molting and malformation of the leaves.^[6] In the 1990s, the papaya ringspot virus threatened to wipe out Hawaii's papaya industry completely. Genetically altered plants that have some of the virus's DNA incorporated into the DNA of the plant are resistant to the virus.^[6] Cultivars that had been genetically modified to be resistant to the virus (including 'SunUp' and 'Rainbow'), were then introduced there.^[7] Phillipine researchers have recently developed conventionally bred, non-genetically engineered papaya that are proving resistant to the papaya ringspot virus.^[8] In 2004, it was found that papayas throughout Hawaii had experienced hybridization with the genetically modified varieties and that many seed stocks were contaminated.^[9] By 2010, 80% of Hawaiian papaya plants were genetically modified.^{[citation needed]}

The papaya is also susceptible to the fruit fly, a small wasp-like insect that lays its eggs in young fruit.

Cultivars[link]

This section requires expansion.

Tender Papaya in Tree, India

Ripen Papaya from the same tree (image on the left)

Two kinds of papayas are commonly grown. One has sweet, red (or orangish) flesh, and the other has yellow flesh; in Australia these are called "red papaya" and "yellow papaw", respectively.^[10] Either kind, picked green, is called a "green papaya."

The large-fruited, red-fleshed 'Maradol', 'Sunrise', and 'Caribbean Red' papayas often sold in U.S. markets are commonly grown in Mexico and Belize.^[11]

'SunUp' and 'Rainbow' are genetically modified cultivars developed in Hawaii that are resistant to the papaya ringspot virus.^[6][12]

Uses[link]

Papayas can be used as a food, a cooking aid, and in traditional medicine. The stem and bark may be used in rope production.

Nutrients, phytochemicals and culinary practices[link]

Papaya output in 2005, shown as a percentage of the top producer, Brazil (1.7 megatonnes)

Papaya fruit is a rich source of nutrients such as provitamin A carotenoids, vitamin C, B vitamins, dietary minerals and dietary fibre. Papaya skin, pulp and seeds also contain a variety of phytochemicals, including natural phenols. Danielone is a phytoalexin found in the papaya fruit. This compound showed high antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloesporioides, a pathogenic fungus of papaya.^[13]

The ripe fruit of the papaya is usually eaten raw, with or without skin or seeds.

The unripe green fruit can be eaten cooked, usually in curries, salads, and stews. Green papaya is used in Southeast Asian cooking, both raw and cooked.^[14] In Thai cuisine, papaya is used to make som tam and kaeng som when still not fully ripe. In Indonesian cuisine, the unripe green fruits and young leaves are boiled for use as part of lalab salad, while the flower buds are sautéed and stir fried with chillies and green tomatoes as Minahasan papaya flower vegetable dish. Papayas have a relatively high amount of pectin, which can be used to make jellies. The smell of ripe, fresh papaya flesh can strike some people as unpleasant.

The black seeds of the papaya are edible and have a sharp, spicy taste. They are sometimes ground and used as a substitute for black pepper.

In some parts of Asia, the young leaves of the papaya are steamed and eaten like spinach.

In some parts of the world, papaya leaves are made into tea as a treatment for malaria.^[15] Anti-malarial and anti-plasmodial activity has been noted in some preparations of the plant,^[15] but the mechanism is not understood and no treatment method based on these results has been scientifically proven.^[15]

Meat tenderizing[link]

Both green papaya fruit and the tree's latex are rich in papain, a protease used for tenderizing meat and other proteins. Its ability to break down tough meat fibers was used for thousands of years by indigenous Americans. It is now included as a component in powdered meat tenderizers.

Folk medicine[link]

Papaya is marketed in tablet form to remedy digestive problems.

Papain is also applied topically (in countries where it grows) for the treatment of cuts, rashes, stings and burns. Papain ointment is commonly made from fermented papaya flesh, and is applied as a gel-like paste. Harrison Ford was treated for a ruptured disc incurred during filming of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom by papain injections.^[16]

Women in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and other countries have long used green papaya as a folk remedy for contraception and abortion. Enslaved women in the West Indies were noted for consuming papaya to prevent pregnancies and thus preventing their children from being born into slavery.^[17]

Preliminary research[link]

Preliminary medical research in animals has confirmed the potential contraceptive and abortifacient capability of papaya, and also found that papaya seeds have contraceptive effects in adult male langur monkeys, and possibly in adult male humans.^[18] Unripe papaya is especially effective in large amounts or high doses. Ripe papaya is not teratogenic and will not cause miscarriage in small amounts. Phytochemicals in papaya may suppress the effects of progesterone.^[19]

Papaya. Moche Culture. Larco Museum Collection. The Moche often depicted papayas in their ceramics.^[20]

Other preliminary research indicates alternate possible effects which remain to be further studied. Papaya juice has an in vitro antiproliferative effect on liver cancer cells, possibly due to lycopene^[21] or immune system stimulation.^[22] Papaya seeds might contain antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus or Salmonella typhi.^[23] Papaya seed extract may have effects in toxicity-induced kidney failure.^[24]

Allergies and side effects[link]

A papaya seedling.

Papaya is frequently used as a hair conditioner, but should be used in small amounts. Papaya releases a latex fluid when not quite ripe, which can cause irritation and provoke allergic reaction in some people. The papaya fruit, seeds, latex, and leaves also contains carpaine, an anthelmintic alkaloid (a drug that removes parasitic worms from the body), which can be dangerous in high doses.

It is speculated that the latex concentration of unripe papayas may cause uterine contractions, which may lead to a miscarriage. Papaya seed extracts in large doses have a contraceptive effect on rats and monkeys, but in small doses have no effect on the unborn animals.

Excessive consumption of papaya can cause carotenemia, the yellowing of soles and palms, which is otherwise harmless. However, a very large dose would need to be consumed; papaya contains about 6% of the level of beta carotene found in carrots (the most common cause of carotenemia).^[25]

In popular culture[link]

The paw paw appears in the lyrics of the song "The Bare Necessities" from Disney's animated film, The Jungle Book (1967). Baloo, the bear, sings the song and contrasts the smooth fruit of the "big paw paw" with the spiny, prickly pear. Given the jungle setting, this refers to the Carica papaya, rather than the pawpaw native to North America, Asimina triloba.

See also[link]

• Asimina triloba, pawpaw (of North America)
• Chaenomeles speciosa, flowering quince, which, like Carica papaya, is known as mugua (木瓜) in Chinese
• Pseudocydonia, Chinese quince, known as mugua (木瓜) in Chinese
• Papaya salad

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Carica papaya

Look up Papaya in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Fruits of Warm Climates: Papaya and Related Species
• California Rare Fruit Growers: Papaya Fruit Facts
• Purdue: Carica papaya
• Papaya Nutrition Data
• Treating Livestock with Medicinal Plants: "Beneficial or Toxic? Carica papaya"

Alexander Marcus
Background information
Birth name	Felix Rennefeld
Born	(1972-07-26) 26 July 1972 (age 39) Berlin, Germany
Occupations	Singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer
Website	www.alexander-marcus.de

Alexander Marcus (born 26 July 1972^[1] in Berlin) is a persona of the German music producer Felix Rennefeld.^[2] He has become popular throughout Germany after a series of videos he produced and displayed on YouTube.

Biography[link]

After his parents were divorced Alexander Marcus lived with his grandmother in the country, where he took part in the popular children's dance group "Edelweißchen". At eighteen he went to the US and lived in New York and Miami, and while there experienced international and electronic music. It was here that he formed the idea to mix the two music styles. He has been living in Berlin since 2005.^[3][4] On 6 June 2008 he released his debut album Electro Lore with Kontor Records,^[5] which included guest contributions by Manny Marc and Frauenarzt.^[6]

Style[link]

Rennefeld's music is a mixture of modern electronic club music and folk music, which he has named 'Electro Lore', a combination of 'electro' and 'folklore'.^[7] Alexander Marcus exaggerates many of the clichés present in pop music, and his music videos feature "trashy" objects, such as a recurrent plastic globe called "Globi". Spiegel Online sees the character as a typical example of a return to pop-art social criticism. Never breaking out of character, he leaves the question of whether he is a parody unanswered:

The idea that the guy might really be as nuts as he seems to be remains at least possible.

—Uh-Young Kim for Spiegel Online^[2]

2008 Alexander Marcus was on tour as support act for And One.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• 2008: Electrolore (released on Kontor Records, with DVD)
• 2009: Mega

Guest contributions[link]

• 2008: Tanz den Tanz on Die Türen-Remix-Album Booty
• 2008: Florida Lady on Atzen Musik Vol. 1 by Frauenarzt and Manny Marc
• 2009: Nessaja on Hands on Scooter by Scooter

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Felix Rennfeld Discogs