Articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the degree of definiteness (specificity) of the reference being made by the noun. The articles in English are the definite article the and the indefinite articles a and an (and sometimes some). Use of the definite article implies that the speaker assumes the listener knows the identity of the noun's referent (because it is obvious, because it is common knowledge, or because it was mentioned in the same sentence or an earlier sentence). Use of an indefinite article implies that the speaker assumes the listener does not know the identity of the referent.

General usage[link]

In English, nouns must in most cases be preceded by an article that specifies the presence or absence of definiteness of the noun. The definite article is the in all cases other than generic references, which use the zero article (i.e., the absence of an article), while indefiniteness is expressed with a or an for singular nouns or the zero article for plural or non-count nouns.

The cells in the table can be exemplified as follows:

• indefinite singular countable

• before a vowel sound: I saw an ear, I received an honor
• before a consonant sound: I have a car

• indefinite plural: I saw cars
• indefinite non-count: I drink coffee
• definite generic plural: Cars have accelerators
• definite generic non-count: Happiness is contagious
• definite non-generic singular: I see the car
• definite non-generic plural: I see the cars
• definite non-generic non-count: I like the coffee in that restaurant

English grammar requires that the appropriate article, if any, be used with each noun, with several exceptions:^[1]

• most proper nouns

Rome was ruled by Augustus.

• pronouns and noun phrases

Nobody liked what he said.

• nouns with another non-number determiner such as this, each, my, or no:

My sister wrote this song about America's history.

In most cases, the article is the first word of its noun phrase, preceding all other adjectives.^[2] There are only a few exceptions—e.g., quite a story, too great a loss, all the time, such a nice man.

The little old red bag held a very big surprise.

In alphabetizing titles and phrases, articles are usually excluded from consideration, since being so common makes them more of a hindrance than a help in finding a desired item. For example, The Comedy of Errors is alphabetized before A Midsummer Night's Dream, because the and a are ignored and comedy alphabetizes before midsummer. In an index, the former work might be written "Comedy of Errors, The", with the article moved to the end.

In contexts where concision is especially valued, such as headlines, signs, labels, and notes, articles are often omitted along with certain other function words. For example, rather than The mayor was attacked, a newspaper headline would say just Mayor attacked.

Definite article[link]

The only definite article in the English is the word the, denoting person(s) or thing(s) already mentioned, under discussion, implied, or otherwise presumed familiar to the listener or reader. It is often used as the very first part of a noun phrase. It is also the most commonly used word in the English language.

The article "the" is used with singular count nouns (the car) and with singular uncountable nouns (the coffee) and plural nouns (the cars) when both the speaker and hearer would know the identity of the thing or idea already.

However, in English, unlike in some other languages such as French, the definite article is absent before familiar but intangible concepts such as "happiness": Happiness is contagious is correct, whereas The happiness is contagious is not unless a very specific example of happiness is referred to. The is also omitted when the noun refers to a generic mass object (Coffee grows in Colombia) or to a generic collection of countable objects (Cars have accelerators).

Pronunciation[link]

In most dialects "the" is pronounced as /ðə/ the voiced dental fricative /ð/. According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, "the" may be pronounced /ði/ before words beginning with vowel sounds, before proper nouns, or to add emphasis.^[3] However, often in practice the pronunciation with a schwa is retained even before a vowel sound or a proper noun.

In some Northern England dialects of English, the is pronounced [t̪ə] (with a dental t) or as a glottal stop, usually written in eye dialect as <t>; in some dialects it reduces to nothing. This is known as definite article reduction.

In dialects that do not have the voiced dental fricative /ð/, the is pronounced with the voiced dental plosive, as in /d̪ə/ or /d̪iː/).

Etymology[link]

The and that are common developments from the same Old English system. Old English had a definite article se, in the masculine gender, seo (feminine), and þæt (neuter). In Middle English these had all merged into þe, the ancestor of the Modern English word the.

In Middle English, the (þe) was frequently abbreviated as a þ with a small e above it, similar to the abbreviation for that, which was a þ with a small t above it. During the latter Middle English and Early Modern English periods, the letter Thorn (þ) in its common script, or cursive, form came to resemble a y shape. As such the use of a y with an e above it as an abbreviation became common. This can still be seen in reprints of the 1611 edition of the King James Version of the Bible in places such as Romans 15:29, or in the Mayflower Compact. Historically the article was never pronounced with a y sound, even when so written, although the modern, 19th and 20th century pseudo-archaic usage such as "Ye Olde Englishe Tea Shoppe" can be pronounced with a y sound.

Geographic uses[link]

In English most cities and countries never take the definite article, but there are many that do. It is commonly used with many country names that derive from names of island groups (the Philippines), mountain ranges (the Lebanon), deserts (the Sudan), seas, rivers and geographic regions (the Middle East).^[4] Such use is declining, but for some countries it remains common. Since the independence of Ukraine (or the Ukraine), most style guides have advised dropping the article,^[5] in part because the Ukrainian Government was concerned about a similar issue involving prepositions. Another example is Argentina, which is now more usual than 'the Argentine', which is old fashioned, although others continue, such as The Bronx and The Hague.

The definite article is always used for countries whose names are descriptions of the form of the state rather than being purely geographical; for example, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the Czech Republic.

The U.S. Department of State^[6] and the CIA World Factbook^[7] show the definite article with only two countries: The Bahamas and The Gambia. Although in title, these references do not include the definite article for the Netherlands, in the text description the name of the country is never used without it.

Indefinite article[link]

"A" and "an" function as the indefinite forms of the grammatical article in the English language and can also represent the number one. An is the older form (related to one, cognate to German ein; etc.), now used before words starting with a vowel sound, regardless of whether the word begins with a vowel letter.^[8] Examples: a light-water reactor; a sanitary sewer overflow; an SSO; a HEPA filter (because HEPA is pronounced as a word rather than as letters); an hour; a ewe; a one-armed bandit; an heir; a unicorn (begins with 'yu', a consonant sound).

Juncture loss[link]

In a process called juncture loss, the n has wandered back and forth between words beginning with vowels over the history of the language, where sometimes it would be a nuncle and is now an uncle. The Oxford English Dictionary gives such examples as smot hym on the hede with a nege tool from 1448 for smote him on the head with an edge tool and a nox for an ox and a napple for an apple. Sometimes the change has been permanent. For example, a newt was once an ewt (earlier euft and eft), a nickname was once an eke-name, where eke means "extra" (as in eke out meaning "add to"), and in the other direction, "a napron" became "an apron" and "a naddre" became "an adder." "Napron" itself meant "little tablecloth" and is related to the word "napkin". An oft-cited^{[citation needed]} but inaccurate example is an orange: despite what is often claimed, English never used a norange. Although the initial n was in fact lost through juncture loss, this happened before the word was borrowed in English (see orange (word)).

[edit] Discrimination between a and an

The choice of "a" or "an" is determined by phonetic rules rather than by spelling convention. "An" is employed in speech to remove the awkward glottal stop (momentary silent pause) that is otherwise required between "a" and a following word. For example, "an X-ray" is less awkward to pronounce than "a X-ray," which has a glottal stop between "a" and "X-ray". The following paragraphs are spelling rules for "an" that can be used if the phonetic rule is not understood.

The form "an" is always prescribed before words beginning with a silent h, such as "honorable", "heir", "hour", and, in American English, "herb".^[9] Some British dialects (for example, Cockney) silence all initial h's (h-dropping) and so employ "an" all the time: e.g., "an 'elmet". The article "an" is sometimes seen in such phrases as "an historic", "an heroic" and "an hotel of excellence" in both British and American usage, although usually violating the phonetic rule in such cases.^[9] Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage allows "both a and an are used in writing a historic an historic".^[10]

An analogous distinction to that of "a" and "an" was once present for possessive determiners as well. For example, "my" and "thy" became "mine" and "thine" before a vowel, as in "mine eyes". This usage is now largely obsolete.^[11]

The appearance of an or a in front of words beginning with h is not limited to stress. Sometimes there is a historical root as well. Words that may have had a route into English via French (where no hs are pronounced) may have an to avoid an unusual pronunciation. This never applied to words of Germanic origin, as the hs would be pronounced and a used.^[9] Further, some words starting with vowels may have a preceding a because they are pronounced as if beginning with an initial consonant. "Ewe" and "user" have a preceding a because they are pronounced with an initial y consonant sound. "One-eyed pirate" also has a preceding a because it is pronounced with an initial w consonant sound.

[edit] Pronunciation of a and an

Both words are usually pronounced with a schwa: /ə/, /ən/. However, when stressed (which is rare in ordinary speech), they are normally pronounced respectively as /eɪ/ (to rhyme with day) and /æn/ (to rhyme with pan).

Representing the number one[link]

In addition to serving as an article, a and an are also used as synonyms for the number one, as in "make a wish", "a hundred". An was originally an unstressed form of the number ān 'one'.

A and an are also used to express a proportional relationship, such as "a dollar a day" or "$150 an ounce" or "A Mars a day helps you work, rest and play", although historically this use of "a" and "an" does not come from the same word as the articles.^[12]

The mathematically-minded might heed H. S. Wall's reminder that the statement "I have a son" does not necessarily imply that "I have exactly one son" or that "I have only sons". In other words, "The little words count."^[13]

"Some" as an indefinite article[link]

As a plural[link]

The word some is used as a functional plural of a/an. "An apple" always means one indefinite apple. "Give me some apples" indicates more than one is desired but without specifying a quantity. This finds comparison in Spanish, where the singular indefinite article 'uno/una' ("one") is completely indistinguishable from the unit number, but where it has a plural form ('unos/unas'): Dame una manzana" ("Give me an apple") > "Dame unas manzanas" ("Give me some apples").

However, some also serves as a quantifier rather than as a plural article, as in "There are some apples there, but not many." As a result, the meaning intended by the speaker may be unintentionally or even deliberately unclear, or the speaker could intend both meanings simultaneously: "I see some cars" could have the indefinite meaning in "I see some cars (but I don't know whose)" or the quantificational meaning in "I see some cars (but not a lot of them)".

As a singular[link]

Some also serves as a singular indefinite article, as in "There is some person on the porch". This usage differs from the usage of a(n) in that some indicates that the identity of the noun is unknown to both the listener and the speaker, while a(n) indicates that the identity is unknown to the listener without specifying whether or not it is known to the speaker. Thus There is some person on the porch indicates indefiniteness to both the listener and the speaker, while There is a person on the porch indicates indefiniteness to the listener but gives no information as to whether the speaker knows the person's identity.

However, some before a mass noun (a singular noun referring to a non-discrete undivided entity) always has a partitive meaning: for example, in I'll have some coffee, some means a subset of all coffee.

Similarities in other languages[link]

Yiddish, another Germanic language, also employs "a" (אַ) and "an" (אַן) in essentially the same manner.

In Hungarian, a and az are used the same way, except that in Hungarian, a(z) is the definite article. Juncture loss occurred in this case as well, since az was the only article in use in 16th century Hungarian (e.g. in the poetry of Bálint Balassa).

In Greek and Sanskrit, a- and an-, meaning "not" or "without", are root words, cognate with Latin in- (when used as a negative) and English un-, meaning without.

Italian has many articles (9 + juncture loss) basically expressing the same ideas of definite and indefinite as English ones. The article the corresponds to il, lo, la, i, gli or le indifferently (remembering that Italian has masculine and feminine nouns, so that it is not indifferent to join any one of those articles with any Italian noun, indiscriminately) and the English articles a / an corresponds to Italian un, uno or una (again, the masculine / feminine distinction must be taken into account). Moreover, no geographical rule applies to any of the Italian articles corresponding to the article the, so that, for example, it is correct to say la Germania which means Germany, in English. Some Italian dialects in the north also allow the colloquial use of the article before a noun il Mario e la Giulia.

See also[link]

• Article
• English grammar

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up a or an in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Look up the in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

For a list of words relating to English articles, see the English articles category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Vietnamese learners mastering english articles
• "The Definite Article: Acknowledging 'The' in Index Entries", Glenda Browne, The Indexer, vol. 22, no. 3 April 2001, pp. 119–22.
• Low MH 2005: "The Phenomenon of the Word THE in English — discourse functions and distribution patterns" — a dissertation that surveys the use of the word 'the' in English text.
• When Do You Use Articles: A, An, The
• Etymology of the word THE on the Online Etymology Dictionary

Ariana Grande
Grande at the film premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 in July 2011
Background information
Birth name	Ariana Grande-Butera
Born	(1993-06-26) June 26, 1993 (age 19) Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.
Genres	Pop
Occupations	Actress, singer, dancer
Years active	2008–present
Labels	Universal Republic
Website	arianagrande.info[1]

Ariana Grande-Butera^[2][3] (born June 26, 1993^[4][5]) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She made her performance debut on Broadway at age 15. Recently, she has gained attention for her role as Cat Valentine on the Nickelodeon sitcom Victorious.

Early life[link]

Grande was born and raised in Boca Raton, Florida.^[6] She is of Italian descent, half Sicilian, half Abruzzese.^[7]

Career[link]

Grande at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2010

In 2008, Grande played the role of Charlotte in the musical 13 on Broadway, for which she won a National Youth Theatre Association Award. When she joined the musical, Grande left her high school, North Broward Preparatory School, but continued to be enrolled. The school sent materials to her for study with tutors.^[8] She played the role of Miriam in the first reading of the forthcoming musical Cuba Libre composed by Desmond Child. Grande teaches music and dance to children in South Africa each year as a member of Broadway in South Africa.^[6][9]

Grande plays the character Cat Valentine on the Nickelodeon television show Victorious, which premiered in March 2010.

In May/June 2011, she was featured in Greyson Chance's music video for the single "Unfriend You", playing Chance's ex-girlfriend.

Grande is currently working on her debut album, due for a late 2012 release.^[10]

Stage and screen credits[link]

Television

Broadway

Music video

Discography[link]

Singles[link]

Album appearances[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ariana Grande

• Official website
• Ariana Grande at the Internet Movie Database
• Ariana Grande at the Internet Broadway Database

Mac Miller
Mac Miller performing at the Governor's Ball in 2011.
Background information
Birth name	Malcolm McCormick
Also known as	Easy Mac
Born	(1992-01-19) January 19, 1992 (age 20) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Genres	Hip hop
Occupations	Rapper, producer, actor, songwriter
Years active	2007 – present
Labels	Rostrum Records, Most Dope Entertainment
Associated acts	Wiz Khalifa, Beedie, The Ill Spoken, I.D. Labs, Big Jerm
Website	www.macmillerofficial.com

Malcolm McCormick (born January 19, 1992),^[1] known by his stage name Mac Miller (previously Easy Mac), is an American rapper from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is signed to Rostrum Records and released his debut album Blue Slide Park on November 8, 2011.^[2]

Early life[link]

Malcolm McCormick was born on January 19, 1992, the son of an architect and a photographer, and raised in the Point Breeze part of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.^[1][3] His father is Christian and his mother is Jewish; Miller was raised Jewish and had a Bar Mitzvah.^[4][5][6] Before attending Taylor Allderdice High School, Miller attended Winchester Thurston School.^[7] In high school, Miller decided to focus on his hip-hop career, later noting, "Once I hit 15, I got real serious about it and it changed my life completely ... I used to be into sports, play all the sports, go to all the high school parties. But once I found out hip-hop is almost like a job, that's all I did."^[1] Miller, a self-taught musician, plays piano, guitar, drums, and bass.^[1][8]

Career[link]

Before embarking on a solo career, Miller was part of rap group The Ill Spoken together with fellow Pittsburgh rapper, Beedie. The Ill Spoken released the mixtape How High in 2008. Prior to changing his name to Mac Miller, he was known as EZ Mac and released the mixtape But My Mackin Ain't Easy in 2007 at 15 years old. In 2009 Mac Miller released two mixtapes The Jukebox: Prelude to Class Clown and The High Life before getting signed to Rostrum Records.

In early 2010, Miller signed with Rostrum Records.^[9] Rostrum president Benjy Grinberg met Miller while recording with Wiz Khalifa at ID Labs.^[10] Although Grinberg started giving Miller advice, he didn't show any interest in getting involved with his career until the artist began work on the K.I.D.S. mixtape, when, as he later told HitQuarters, Grinberg "noticed a maturation in his sound and approach to his music."^[10] By that point Miller had started attracting interest from different record companies but chose Rostrum due to its location in his hometown and association with Wiz Khalifia.^[10] K.I.D.S. was released by the label in August 2010.^[1] The mixtape was inspired by the movie Kids. A significant breakthrough came in late 2010 when Miller embarked on his first "Incredibly Dope Tour", selling out at every location on the tour.^[10]

Miller's 5th^[when?] release was a mixtape titled Best Day Ever. The mixtape features his single "Donald Trump" and the hit songs "Wear My Hat", "BDE Bonus" and "All Around The World." The mixtape featured mainstream producers such as Just Blaze, 9th Wonder, and Chuck Inglish. On November 22, 2010 his first single "Knock Knock" premiered its video on YouTube.^[11]

On March 29, 2011, he released an EP called On And On And Beyond. The six-track work was produced by Rostrum Records.

On July 5, 2011, Miller announced the title of his first album Blue Slide Park on his YouTube channel, set for a Fall release.^[12] In September 2011 it was revealed that Miller would release a mixtape titled 92 Til Infinity hosted by DJ Jazzy Jeff prior to the release of Blue Slide Park.^[13] However, the release did not happen, and it was since then left in planning.

Prior to his 2011 national Blue Slide Park tour, Miller traveled Europe on his "Incredibly Dope Tour" visiting cities such as London, Manchester, and Amsterdam.

On October 14, 2011, Mac Miller released a 13 song mixtape called I Love Life, Thank You for reaching 1,000,000 followers on Twitter. It had features from Sir Michael Rocks of The Cool Kids, Talib Kweli, and Bun B.

On November 2011, Blue Slide Park debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 144,000 copies.^[14]

On March 23, 2012, Mac Miller released his seventh mixtape called Macadelic. He released "Loud" as a single off the mixtape as well as filiming a music video. Miller also released a video for "Thoughts From A Balcony".

Awards and honors[link]

In 2009 at age 17, he made it to the final four in Rhyme Calisthenics, the MC competition at Shadow Lounge.^[15] In 2010, he won two awards at the Pittsburgh hip-hop awards.^[16] His video "Live Free" won video of the year and he also won Best Artist Under 21. In September 2011 Maroon 5 announced that Mac Miller will be featured on their remix of their top chart song "Moves Like Jagger".^[17] In 2011 Miller was one of eleven rappers featured in XXL magazine's Freshman Class of 2011.^[18] The video for the first single released from this mixtape, "Donald Trump", has reached over 53 million views on YouTube^[19] and Donald Trump himself, who is referenced on the song, acknowledged the video on the social networking site Twitter when it reached 20 million views stating "Who wouldn't be flattered?". He declared that Miller was the “new Eminem,” and stated “I am very proud of him.”^[20] Endorsements by Donald Trump helped Miller become increasingly more popular. The song also charted on iTunes debuting at #73 and peaking at #40,^[21] before Miller was signed to a major label. In 2011, his first TV appearance took place in the VH1 show Single Ladies; he played a fictionalized version of himself that succeeded in selling one of his mixtapes to one of the main characters. Also in 2011, he was a part of MTV Jams Fab Five artists.^[22]

Musical philosophy[link]

Mac Miller includes Big L, Lauryn Hill, The Beastie Boys, Outkast, and A Tribe Called Quest among his influences.^[8] He also has a close relationship with fellow Pittsburgh rapper Wiz Khalifa, saying "Wiz has been a big brother to me with this music thing so far. Our relationship is beyond music. He really is just my homie, whether I will be making music or not."^[23]

As an artist, Mac Miller has performed in a number of different styles. His classic musical style contains lyrics focused on marijuana, women, and "a dream". However, Miller has lately been experimenting with new styles in his music, such as in his 2012 mixtape Macadelic. Most songs have a heavy psychedelic influence, and include lyrics with deeper meaning. Also, older artists and music performers are praised on some of Mac's new works (the beginning of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" by the Beatles is used as an interlude for the song "Loud").

Discography[link]

Studio albums

• Blue Slide Park (2011)

Extended plays

• On and On and Beyond (2011)

Mixtapes

• But My Mackin' Ain't Easy (2007)
• The Jukebox: Prelude to Class Clown (2009)
• The High Life (2009)
• K.I.D.S. (2010)
• Best Day Ever (2011)
• I Love Life, Thank You (2011)
• Macadelic (2012)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Mac Miller Website

Richards at the 2011 Time 100 gala

Cecile Richards (born 1958)^[1] is^[update] a Democratic Party activist and has been the president of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America since early 2006.^[2] In 2010, Richards was elected to the Ford Foundation board of trustees.

Political involvement[link]

Richards previously founded and served as president of America Votes, a coalition of national Democratic Party-affiliated organizations.^[3] Before that, she was deputy chief of staff to Rep. Nancy Pelosi, the Democratic Leader in the U.S. House of Representatives.^[4] She has also worked at the Turner Foundation.^[5]

In 1996, she founded the Texas Freedom Network, a Texas organization formed to counter the Christian Right.^[6]

Personal life[link]

Richards is the daughter of former Texas governor Ann Richards.^[2] She graduated from Brown University in 1980,^[7] is married to Kirk Adams, a labor organizer with the Service Employees International Union, and has three children.^[8] She currently^[update] lives in New York City.^[9]

Awards and honors[link]

• 2010 Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship^[10]
• 2012 Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World^[11]

References[link]

Marissa Ann Mayer
Born	(1975-05-30) May 30, 1975 (age 37) Wausau, Wisconsin United States North America
Residence	San Francisco, Palo Alto
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Stanford University
Occupation	Vice President of Location and Local Services, Google[1] Computer programming instructor, Stanford University
Employer	Google Stanford University
Board member of	San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco Ballet, New York City Ballet, and Cooper–Hewitt, National Design Museum [2]
Spouse	Zachary Bogue (2009–present)[3]

Marissa Ann Mayer (born on May 30, 1975) is Vice President of Location and Local Services^[4] at Google. She has become one of the public faces of Google, providing a number of press interviews and appearing at events frequently to speak on behalf of the company.^[5][6]

Education and career[link]

After graduating from Wausau West High School in 1993,^[7] Mayer was one of two delegates from Wisconsin selected by the Governor of that state to attend the National Youth Science Camp in West Virginia.

Mayer received her B.S. in symbolic systems, graduating with honors, and M.S. in Computer Science from Stanford University. For both degrees, she specialized in artificial intelligence. In 2009, the Illinois Institute of Technology granted Mayer an honoris causa doctorate degree honoring her pathfinding work in the field of search.^[8]

Mayer was the first female engineer hired at Google and one of their first 20 employees, joining the company in June 1999. Prior to joining Google, Mayer worked at the UBS research lab (Ubilab) in Zurich, Switzerland, and at SRI International in Menlo Park, California.^[9]

User interface (UI) and design work[link]

Mayer has notable public involvement with Google Search and Gmail, and can be considered significantly responsible for the success of these UIs^{[citation needed]}. Fortune magazine lists her as one of the 50 most powerful women in the world and the youngest woman ever to make the list.^[10]

Recognition[link]

Mayer has been named as one of Glamour Magazine’s 2009 Women of the Year.^[11]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Marissa Mayer on Charlie Rose
• Marissa Mayer at the Internet Movie Database
• Marissa Mayer at the Notable Names Database
• "The adventures of Marissa" February 27, 2008 in San Francisco Magazine.
• Video-Interview February 2007 (English, German intro, German subtitles)
• "Inside Google's New-Product Process" June 30, 2006 in Business Week Online.
• "Managing Google's Idea Factory" October 3, 2005 in Business Week Online.
• Good Experience interview October 15, 2002
• Marissa Mayer At Le Web: The (Almost) Complete Interview December 10, 2008 at techcrunch.com
• Digg Dialogg: Marissa Mayer July 30, 2009 at digg.com
• Marissa Mayer On 'Twitchy' Google, Her Cell Phone Number, And Maps May 25, 2011 in HuffPost Tech
• Cyberposium 12: Marissa Mayer Keynote Video
• Innovation, Sharing and Dreams, Marissa Mayer speaking at Stanford
• Google I/O '08 Keynote by Marissa Mayer
• cover story in the April 2012 issue of IEEE Spectrum (archived from the original on April 06, 2012)