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Hip house, also known as house rap, is a musical genre that mixes elements of house music and hip-hop. The style rose to prominence during the 1980s in New York and Chicago.^[1] However, in the UK, the first officially credited hip house track was 1987's Rok Da House by UK producers the Beatmasters featuring British female emcees the Cookie Crew.

Minor controversy ensued in 1989 when a U.S. record called "Turn Up The Bass" by Tyree Cooper featuring Kool Rock Steady claimed it was the "first hip house record on vinyl." The Beatmasters disputed this, pointing out that "Rok da House" had originally been written and pressed to vinyl in 1986. The outfit responded by releasing "Who’s in the House?" featuring British emcee Merlin, containing the dis "Watch Out, Tyree—we come faster, this is the sound of the true Beatmasters". More claims to the hip-house crown were subsequently laid down in tracks by Fast Eddie, Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock, and Toni Scott.

Hip house chart and club successes in the UK[link]

After successful releases by the Beatmasters, Deskee, Tyree, Doug Lazy, and Mr. Lee, hip-house became popular in nightclubs and garnered substantial chart success.^[1] The style complemented sample-based records of the period, produced by artists such as S-Express, Bomb the Bass, and M/A/R/R/S.

Jackstreet Records 1989 Release of "Vitamin-C's""The Chicago Way" helped to bring focus to the lyrical prowess of Hip-House rappers. Produced by Reggie R and Dj Bizzy-B. Hip house's further crossover success would come in the form of two ground breaking records: "I'll House You" by the Jungle Brothers and "It Takes Two" by Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock. "I'll House You" is generally seen as a collaboration between New York house-music producer Todd Terry and the Jungle Brothers (an Afrocentric hip-hop group from New York). "It Takes Two" was described by Hip Hop Connection magazine as "...the first palatable form of hip-house for hardcore hip hop fans,".

There were several further successful releases, most notably Technotronic's "Pump up the Jam",^[1] which reached number 2 on the U.K. charts and the Top 10 on the U.S. Pop chart. The genre achieved massive popularity during the period 1988–1991 and was catalyst for the fusion of hip-hop vocals in dance music. By 1990, the KLF achieved success with "What Time is Love?," which built on hip-house's foundation by featuring emcee Ricardo da Force performing hip-hop vocals over an electronic backing track. There was also a short period in the late 1980s and early 1990s when traditional emcees featured a single hip-house track on their albums, which usually often placed second-to-last in the track listing.

Hip-house tracks featured on popular dance compilations including Telstar's compilation series and was championed by DJs such as Too Kool Chris and Chad Jackson.

UK Garage[link]

When R&B fused with garage house, a new genre termed "UK garage" was created. The further fusion of UK garage with British hip hop resulted in what is now known as grime music. A derivate form of grime known as "grindie" adds a flavour of rap rock, drum 'n' bass and alternative dance. The rave music genres speed garage and UK funky are also fusions of British hip hop with some form or aspect of house music.

List of notable hip-house tracks[link]

• "Mega Donutz" - Nightmares on Wax
• "Bahaus Musique" - De Signer
• "Club Can't Handle Me" - Flo Rida feat. David Guetta
• "Blinded By The Lights" - The Streets
• "Blame it on the Bassline" - Beats International
• "Check out the Hook" - 2 Young Brothers
• "Come Into My House" - Queen Latifah
• "Crash (Let's Have Some Fun)" - TKA
• "Dance Wiv Me" - Calvin Harris feat. Dizzee Rascal
• "Dare" - Gorillaz
• "Devotion (I Wanna Give You)" - Nomad (Feat. MC Mikee Freedom)
• "Don't Scandalize Mine" - Sugar Bear
• "Easy" - Ice MC
• "For Those Who Like to Groove" - Twin Hype
• "Forever" - Wolfgang Gartner feat. will.i.am
• "Get Busy" - Mr. Lee
• "The Chicago Way" - Vitamin-C (rapper)
• "Get the Fuck Out of My House" - 2 Live Crew
• "Get Wit It" - Vanilla Ice
• "Green Light" - Roll Deep
• "Hey, DJ (I can't dance to that)" The Beatmasters
• "The House that Cee Built" - Big Daddy Kane
• "I Can't Stand It" - Twenty 4 Seven
• "I'll House You" - Jungle Brothers
• "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho) - Pitbull
• "It's on You" - MC Sar and The Real Mc Coy
• "It's Too Late" - The Streets
• "It Takes Two" - Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock
• Feel It - Three 6 Mafia feat. Tiësto, Flo Rida and Sean Kingston
• "Kicked Out The House" - De La Soul
• "Kid Get Hyped" - Deskee
• "C'mon (Catch 'em by Surprise) - Tiësto vs. Diplo feat. Busta Rhymes
• "Shots feat. Lil Jon" - LMFAO
• "Let it Roll" - Doug Lazy
• "Now That We Found Love" - Heavy D feat. Aaron Hall
• "One Sip" - Haydn Hoffman feat. Franchize
• "Pain" - Lee Marrow
• "Rendezvous" - DiCE & k9 aka MOBBSTARR
• "Rok Da House" - The Beatmasters
• "Stomp" - K-Yze
• "Sexy and I Know It - LMFAO
• "Git On Up" - Fast Eddie (Feat. Sundance)
• "Where Them Girls At - David Guetta feat. Flo Rida and Nicki Minaj
• "Run To You - Flo Rida feat. LMFAO and T-Pain
• "That's How I'm Living" - Tony Scott
• "The Power" - Snap!
• "This Beat is Hot" - B.G. The Prince Of Rap
• "This Beat is Technotronic" - Technotronic (Feat. Mr. Eric)
• "Turn It Up" - Vanilla Ice
• "Turn up the Bass" - Tyree (Feat. Kool Rock Steady)
• "Universal Mind Control" - Common
• "Weak Become Heroes" - The Streets
• "Who's in the House?" - The Beatmasters
• "Yardie" - Chrome Kids
• "Yo, Yo, Get Funky" - Fast Eddie
• "Hi Friend" - Deadmau5 featuring MC Flipside
• "Crooked" - Evil Nine
• " Wickedest Sound" - Rebel MC
• "212" - Azealia Banks
• "Midijunkies" - Atari Teenage Riot

List of Selected Artists[link]

• LMFAO
• 2 In A Room
• 2 Young Brothers
• AB Logic
• Flo Rida
• Pitbull
• Beatmasters
• B.G., the Prince of Rap
• Doug Lazy
• Fast Eddie
• "Vitamin-C"
• King Bee
• Kool Rock Steady
• Mr. Lee
• Rio Perigo
• Rob Base & DJ E-Z Rock
• Snap!
• Stereo MCs
• Technotronic
• The Streets
• Tony Scott
• Tyree Cooper
• Rebel MC
• Goldie
• Sundance (rapper)
• Atari Teenage Riot

References[link]

For other uses of the term, see hip (disambiguation).

Hip (anatomy)
Bones of the hip
Latin	coxa
Gray's	subject #92 333
MeSH	Hip

In vertebrate anatomy, hip (or "coxa"^[1] in medical terminology) refer to either an anatomical region or a joint.

The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the femur, or "thigh bone".^[2] In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region.

The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. The hip joints are the most important part in retaining balance. The pelvic inclination angle, which is the single most important element of human body posture, is adjusted at the hips.

Anatomy[link]

Region[link]

The five or so tubercles and the lower lateral borders of the sacrum, and the ischial tuberosity ("sitting bone").^[3]

• Proximally the femur is largely covered by muscles and, as a consequence, the greater trochanter is often the only palpable bony structure. Distally on the femur some more palpable bony structures are the condyles.^[4]

Articulation[link]

Radiograph of a healthy human hip joint

The hip joint is a synovial joint formed by the articulation of the rounded head of the femur and the cup-like acetabulum of the pelvis. It forms the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton of the trunk and pelvis. Both joint surfaces are covered with a strong but lubricated layer called articular hyaline cartilage. The cuplike acetabulum forms at the union of three pelvic bones  — the ilium, pubis, and ischium.^[5] The Y-shaped growth plate that separates them, the triradiate cartilage, is fused definitively at ages 14–16.^[6] It is a special type of spheroidal or ball and socket joint where the roughly spherical femoral head is largely contained within the acetabulum and has an average radius of curvature of 2.5 cm.^[7] The acetabulum grasps almost half the femoral ball, a grip augmented by a ring-shaped fibrocartilaginous lip, the acetabular labrum, which extends the joint beyond the equator.^[5] The head of the femur is attached to the shaft by a thin neck region that is often prone to fracture in the elderly, which is mainly due to the degenerative effects of osteoporosis.

Transverse and sagittal angles of acetabular inlet plane.

The acetabulum is oriented inferiorly, laterally and anteriorly, while the femoral neck is directed superiorly, medially, and anteriorly.

Articular angles[link]

• The transverse angle of the acetabular inlet (also called Sharp's angle and is generally the angle referred to by acetabular angle without further specification)^[8] can be determined by measuring the angle between a line passing from the superior to the inferior acetabular rim and the horizontal plane; an angle which normally measures 51° at birth and 40° in adults, and which affects the acetabular lateral coverage of the femoral head and several other parameters.^[9]
• The sagittal angle of the acetabular inlet is an angle between a line passing from the anterior to the posterior acetabular rim and the sagittal plane. It measures 7° at birth and increases to 17° in adults.^[9]
• Wiberg's centre-edge angle (CE angle) is an angle between a vertical line and a line from the centre of the femoral head to the most lateral part of the acetabulum,^[10] as seen on an anteroposterior radiograph.^[11]
• The vertical-centre-anterior margin angle (VCA) is an angle formed from a vertical line (V) and a line from the centre of the femoral head (C) and the anterior (A) edge of the dense shadow of the subchondral bone slightly posterior to the anterior edge of the acetabulum, with the radiograph being taken from the false angle, that is, a lateral view rotated 25 degrees towards becoming frontal.^[11]
• The articular cartilage angle (AC angle, also called Hilgenreiner angle) is an angle formed parallel to the weight bearing dome, that is, the acetabular sourcil, and the horizontal plane,^[10] or a line connecting the corner of the triangular cartilage and the lateral acetabular rim.^[12]

Femoral neck angle[link]

The angle between the longitudinal axes of the femoral neck and shaft, called the caput-collum-diaphyseal angle or CCD angle, normally measures approximately 150° in newborn and 126° in adults (coxa norma).^{[13][dubious – discuss]} An abnormally small angle is known as coxa vara and an abnormally large angle as coxa valga. Because changes in shape of the femur naturally affects the knee, coxa valga is often combined with genu varum (bow-leggedness), while coxa vara leads to genu valgum (knock-knees). ^[14]

Changes in trabecular patterns due to altered CCD angle. Coxa valga leads to more compression trabeculae, coxa vara to more tension trabeculae.^[13]

Changes in CCD angle is the result of changes in the stress patterns applied to the hip joint. Such changes, caused for example by a dislocation, changes the trabecular patterns inside the bones. Two continuous trabecular systems emerging on auricular surface of the sacroiliac joint meander and criss-cross each other down through the hip bone, the femoral head, neck, and shaft.

• In the hip bone, one system arises on the upper part of auricular surface to converge onto the posterior surface of the greater sciatic notch, from where its trabeculae are reflected to the inferior part of the acetabulum. The other system emerges on the lower part of the auricular surface, converges at the level of the superior gluteal line, and is reflected laterally onto the upper part of the acetabulum.
• In the femur, the first system lines up with a system arising from the lateral part of the femoral shaft to stretch to the inferior portion of the femoral neck and head. The other system lines up with a system in the femur stretching from the medial part of the femoral shaft to the superior part of the femoral head.^[15]

On the lateral side of the hip joint the fascia lata is strengthened to form the iliotibial tract which functions as a tension band and reduces the bending loads on the proximal part of the femur.^[13]

Capsule[link]

Main article: Capsule of hip joint

The capsule attaches to the hip bone outside the acetabular lip which thus projects into the capsular space. On the femoral side, the distance between the head's cartilaginous rim and the capsular attachment at the base of the neck is constant, which leaves a wider extracapsular part of the neck at the back than at the front.^{[16] [17]} The strong but loose fibrous capsule of the hip joint permits the hip joint to have the second largest range of movement (second only to the shoulder) and yet support the weight of the body, arms and head.

The capsule has two sets of fibers: longitudinal and circular.

• The circular fibers form a collar around the femoral neck called the zona orbicularis.
• The longitudinal retinacular fibers travel along the neck and carry blood vessels.

Ligaments[link]

Extracapsular ligaments. Anterior (left) and posterior (right) aspects of right hip.

Intracapsular ligament. Left hip joint from within pelvis with acetabular floor removed (left); right hip joint with capsule removed, anterior aspect (right).

The hip joint is reinforced by five ligaments, of which four are extracapsular and one intracapsular.

The extracapsular ligaments are the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments attached to the bones of the pelvis (the ilium, ischium, and pubis respectively). All three strengthen the capsule and prevent an excessive range of movement in the joint. Of these, the Y-shaped and twisted iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the human body. ^[17] In the upright position, it prevents the trunk from falling backward without the need for muscular activity. In the sitting position, it becomes relaxed, thus permitting the pelvis to tilt backward into its sitting position. The iliofemoral ligament prevents excessive adduction and internal rotation of the hip. The ischiofemoral ligament prevents medial (internal) rotation while the pubofemoral ligament restricts abduction and internal rotation of the hip joint. ^[18] The zona orbicularis, which lies like a collar around the most narrow part of the femoral neck, is covered by the other ligaments which partly radiate into it. The zona orbicularis acts like a buttonhole on the femoral head and assists in maintaining the contact in the joint. ^[17]

The intracapsular ligament, the ligamentum teres, is attached to a depression in the acetabulum (the acetabular notch) and a depression on the femoral head (the fovea of the head). It is only stretched when the hip is dislocated, and may then prevent further displacement. ^[17] It is not that important as a ligament but can often be vitally important as a conduit of a small artery to the head of the femur. This arterial branch is not present in everyone but can become the only blood supply to the bone in the head of the femur when the neck of the femur is fractured or disrupted by injury in childhood.^[19]

Blood supply[link]

The hip joint is supplied with blood from the medial circumflex femoral and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, which are both usually branches of the deep artery of the thigh (profunda femoris), but there are numerous variations and one or both may also arise directly from the femoral artery. There is also a small contribution from a small artery in the ligament of the head of the femur which is a branch of the posterior division of the obturator artery, which becomes important to avoid avascular necrosis of the head of the femur when the blood supply from the medial and lateral circumflex arteries are disrupted (e.g. through fracture of the neck of the femur along their course).^[19]

The hip has two anatomically important anastomoses, the cruciate and the trochanteric anastomoses, the latter of which provides most of the blood to the head of the femur. These anastomoses exist between the femoral artery or profunda femoris and the gluteal vessels.^[20]

Muscles and movements[link]

The hip muscles act on three mutually perpendicular main axes, all of which pass through the center of the femoral head, resulting in three degrees of freedom and three pair of principal directions: Flexion and extension around a transverse axis (left-right); lateral rotation and medial rotation around a longitudinal axis (along the thigh); and abduction and adduction around a sagittal axis (forward-backward); ^[21] and a combination of these movements (i.e. circumduction, a compound movement in which the leg describes the surface of an irregular cone).^[18] It should be noted that some of the hip muscles also act on either the vertebral joints or the knee joint, that with their extensive areas of origin and/or insertion, different part of individual muscles participate in very different movements, and that the range of movement varies with the position of the hip joint. ^[22] Additionally, the inferior and superior gemelli may be termed triceps coxae together with the obturator internus, and their function simply is to assist the latter muscle.^[23]

The movements of the hip joint is thus performed by a series of muscles which are here presented in order of importance^[22] with the range of motion from the neutral zero-degree position^[21] indicated:

• Lateral or external rotation (30° with the hip extended, 50° with the hip flexed): gluteus maximus; quadratus femoris; obturator internus; dorsal fibers of gluteus medius and minimus; iliopsoas (including psoas major from the vertebral column); obturator externus; adductor magnus, longus, brevis, and minimus; piriformis; and sartorius. The iliofemoral ligament inhibits lateral rotation and extension, this is why the hip can rotate laterally to a greater degree when it is flexed.
• Medial or internal rotation (40°): anterior fibers of gluteus medius and minimus; tensor fascia latae; the part of adductor magnus inserted into the adductor tubercle; and, with the leg abducted also the pectineus.
• Extension or retroversion (20°): gluteus maximus (if put out of action, active standing from a sitting position is not possible, but standing and walking on a flat surface is); dorsal fibers of gluteus medius and minimus; adductor magnus; and piriformis. Additionally, the following thigh muscles extend the hip: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and long head of biceps femoris. Maximal extension is inhibited by the iliofemoral ligament.
• Flexion or anteversion (140°): the hip flexors: iliopsoas (with psoas major from vertebral column); tensor fascia latae, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and gracilis. Thigh muscles acting as hip flexors: rectus femoris and sartorius. Maximal flexion is inhibited by the thigh coming in contact with the chest.
• Abduction (50° with hip extended, 80° with hip flexed): gluteus medius; tensor fascia latae; gluteus maximus with its attachment at the fascia lata; gluteus minimus; piriformis; and obturator internus. Maximal abduction is inhibited by the neck of the femur coming into contact with the lateral pelvis. When the hips are flexed, this delays the impingement until a greater angle.
• Adduction (30° with hip extended, 20° with hip flexed): adductor magnus with adductor minimus; adductor longus, adductor brevis, gluteus maximus with its attachment at the gluteal tuberosity; gracilis (extends to the tibia); pectineus, quadratus femoris; and obturator externus. Of the thigh muscles, semitendinosus is especially involved in hip adduction. Maximal adduction is impeded by the thighs coming into contact with one another. This can be avoided by abducting the opposite leg, or having the legs alternately flexed/extended at the hip so they travel in different planes and do not intersect.

Sexual dimorphism and cultural significance[link]

Dancers often stand with hands on hips.

In humans, unlike other animals, the hip bones are substantially different in the two sexes. The hips of human females widen during puberty.^[24] The femora are also more widely spaced in females, so as to widen the opening in the hip bone and thus facilitate childbirth. Finally, the ilium and its muscle attachment are shaped so as to situate the buttocks away from the birth canal, where contraction of the buttocks could otherwise damage the baby.

The female hips have long been associated with both fertility and general expression of sexuality. Since broad hips facilitate child birth and also serve as an anatomical cue of sexual maturity, they have been seen as an attractive trait for women for thousands of years. Many of the classical poses women take when sculpted, painted or photographed, such as the Odalisque, serve to emphasize the prominence of their hips. Similarly, women's fashion through the ages has often drawn attention to the girth of the wearer's hips.

See also[link]

• Belly dancer
• Body shape
• Femoral Acetabular Impingement
• Haunch
• Hip dysplasia (human)
• Hip examination
• Hip replacement
• Obstetrical Dilemma
• Sexual dimorphism
• Snapping hip syndrome
• Waist-hip ratio

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Clemente, Carmine D. (2006). Clemente's Anatomy Dissector. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-6339-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=oEMvo2exmJgC&pg=RA2-PA227. 
• Diab, Mohammad (1999). Lexicon of Orthopaedic Etymology. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 90-5702-597-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=fstFQVnw8-wC&pg=PA200#PPA77,M1. 
• Faller, Adolf; Schuenke, Michael; Schuenke, Gabriele (2004). The Human Body: An Introduction to Structure and Function. Thieme. ISBN 3-13-129271-7. 
• Field, Derek (2001). Anatomy: palpation and surface markings (3rd ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 0-7506-4618-7. 
• "Hip Region". MediLexicon. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=77165. 
• Palastanga, Nigel; Field, Derek; Soames, Roger (2006). Anatomy and human movement: structure and function (5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 0-7506-8814-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=rRtPExr9Hz8C&pg=PA353. 
• Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN 3-13-533305-1. 
• Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. Thieme. 2006. ISBN 1-58890-419-9. 

External links[link]

Look up hip in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hip

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hip joint

• Hip Preservation Awareness, information and support for hip impingement, hip dysplasia, and related issues in young adults (12-adult)
• Hip anatomy video
• High-performance hips

v t e Human regional anatomy (TA A01.1) Head Forehead · Ear · Jaw · Face (Cheek, Eye, Nose, Mouth, Chin) · Occiput · Scalp · Temple Neck Throat · Adam's apple Trunk Chest (Breast) · Abdomen (Navel) · Back · Pelvis (Sex organs) Limbs Upper limb Shoulder · Axilla · Arm Elbow · Forearm Wrist · Hand · Finger (Thumb · Index · Middle · Ring · Little) Lower limb/ (see also leg) Hip · Buttocks · Thigh Knee · Calf · Crus Ankle · Heel · Foot · Toe (Hallux · Long  • Third  • Fourth  • Fifth) · Sole General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs

A traditional house in Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia

A ranch-style house in Salinas, California, US

"Terem" – Traditional house in European Russia

A Mongolian ger near the Gurvan Saikhan Mountains (in the background); part of Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park

A house is a building or structure that has the ability to be occupied for habitation by humans or other creatures.^[1][2] The term house includes many kinds of dwellings ranging from rudimentary huts of nomadic tribes to complex structures composed of many systems.^[3] English-speaking people generally call any building they routinely occupy "home".

The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household. Most commonly, a household is a family unit of some kind, though households may be other social groups, organizations or individuals.

Etymology[link]

The English word house derives directly from Old English Hus meaning "dwelling, shelter, home, house," which in turn derives from Proto-Germanic Khusan (reconstructed by etymological analysis) which is of unknown origin.^[4] The house itself gave rise to the letter 'B' through an early Proto-Semitic hieroglyphic symbol depicting a house. The symbol was called "bayt", "bet" or "beth" in various related languages, and became beta, the Greek letter, before it was used by the Romans.^[5]

Inside the house[link]

Layout[link]

Example of an early Victorian "Gingerbread House" in Connecticut, United States, built in 1855

Ideally, architects of houses design rooms to meet the needs of the people who will live in the house. Such designing, known as "interior design", has become a popular subject in universities. Feng shui, originally a Chinese method of moving houses according to such factors as rain and micro-climates, has recently expanded its scope to address the design of interior spaces with a view to promoting harmonious effects on the people living inside the house. Feng shui can also mean the "aura" in or around a dwelling. Compare the real-estate sales concept of "indoor-outdoor flow".

The square footage of a house in the United States reports the area of "living space", excluding the garage and other non-living spaces. The "square meters" figure of a house in Europe reports the area of the walls enclosing the home, and thus includes any attached garage and non-living spaces.^{[citation needed]} How many floors, or levels, the home is will play a big role in determining the square footage of a home.^{[citation needed]}

Parts[link]

Floor plan of a "foursquare" house

Many houses have several large rooms with specialized functions and several very small rooms for other various reasons. These may include a living/eating area, a sleeping area, and (if suitable facilities and services exist) washing and lavatory areas. Additionally, spa room, indoor pool, indoor basketball goal, and so forth. In traditional agriculture-oriented societies, domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock (like cattle) often share part of the house with human beings. Most conventional modern houses will at least contain a bedroom, bathroom, kitchen or cooking area, and a living room. A typical "foursquare house" (as pictured) occurred commonly in the early history of the US where they were mainly built, with a staircase in the center of the house, surrounded by four rooms, and connected to other sections of the home (including in more recent eras a garage).

The names of parts of a house often echo the names of parts of other buildings, but could typically include:

History of the interior[link]

It is unknown of the complete origin of the house and its interior, but it can be traced back to the most simplest form of shelters. Roman architect Vitruvius' theories have claimed the first form of architecture as a frame of timber branches finished in mud, also known as the primitive hut.^[6] Philip Tabor later states the contribution of 17th century Dutch houses as the foundation of houses today.

"As far as the idea of the home is concerned, the home of the home is the Netherlands. This idea's crystallization might be dated to the first three-quarters of the seventeenth century, when the Dutch Netherlands amassed the unprecedented and unrivalled accumulation of capital, and emptied their purses into domestic space.^[7]

Communal rooms[link]

In the Middle Ages, the Manor Houses facilitated different activities and events. Furthermore, the houses accommodated numerous people, including the likes of the family, relatives, employees, servants and their guests.^[6] Their lifestyles were largely communal, as areas such as the Great Hall enforced the custom of dining and meetings and the Solar intended for shared sleeping beds.^[8]

Interconnecting rooms[link]

During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Italian Renaissance Palazzo consisted of plentiful rooms of connectivity. Unlike the qualities and uses of the Manor Houses, most rooms of the palazzo contained no purpose, yet were given several doors. These doors adjoined rooms in which Robin Evans describes as a "matrix of discrete but thoroughly interconnected chambers."^[9] The layout allowed occupants to freely walk room to room from one door to another, thus breaking the boundaries of privacy.

"Once inside it is necessary to pass from on room to the next, then to the next to traverse the building. Where passages and staircases are used, as inevitably they are, they nearly always connect just one space to another and never serve as general distributors of movement. Thus, despite the precise architectural containment offered by the addition of room upon room, the villa was, in terms of occupation, an open plan, relatively permeable to the numerous members of the household."^[9]

Although very public, the open plan however encouraged sociality and connectivity for all inhabitants.^[6]

Corridor[link]

It is believed that the segregation of rooms and the initiation of privacy may have been first founded in 1597, England at the Beaufort House, Chelsea. Designed by English architect John Thorpe, he writes on his plans, "A Long Entry through all".^[10] The separation of the passageway from the room developed the function of the corridor. This new extension was revolutionary at the time, allowing the integration of one door per room, in which all universally connected to the same corridor. English-German architect Sir Roger Pratt states "the common way in the middle through the whole length of the house, [avoids] the offices from one molesting the other by continual passing through them."^[11] Social hierarchies within the 17th century was highly regarded, as architecture was able epitomize the servants and the upper class. More privacy is offered to the occupant as Pratt further claims, "the ordinary servants may never publicly appear in passing to and fro for their occasions there."^[11] These prejudices between rich and poor soon influenced the integration of the corridor in housing by the 19th century.

Sociologist Witold Rybczynski wrote, "the subdivision of the house into day and night uses, and into formal and informal areas, had begun."^[12] Rooms were changed from public to private as single entryways forced notions of entering a room with a specific purpose.^[6]

Work-free house[link]

Compared to the large scaled houses in England and the Renaissance, the 17th Century Dutch house was smaller, and was only inhabited by up to four to five members.^[6] This was due to their embracement of "self-reliance",^[6] distinguishing the dependence on servants and encompassing lifestyles surrounded by family. It was important for the Dutch to separate work from domesticity, as the home became an escape and a place of comfort. This way of living and the home is noted to be highly similar to the contemporary family and their inhabitations. House layouts also possessed the idea of the corridor as well as the importance of function and privacy.

By the end of the 17th Century, the house layout was soon transformed to become work-free, enforcing these ideas within the long future. This came in favour for the industrial revolution, gaining large-scale factory production and workers.^[6] The house layout of the Dutch and its functions are still relevant today.

Technology and privacy[link]

The introduction of technology and electronic systems within the house has questioned the impressions of privacy as well as the segregation of work from home. Technological advances of surveillance and communications allow insight of personal habits and private lives.^[6] As a result, the "private becomes ever more public, [and] the desire for a protective home life increases, fuelled by the very media that undermine it" writes Hill.^[6] Work also, has been altered due to the increase of communications. The "deluge of information",^[6] has expressed the efforts of work, conveniently gaining access inside the house. Although commuting is reduced, "the desire to separate working and living remains apparent."^[6] In Jonathan Hill's book Immature Architecture, he identifies this new invasion of privacy as Electromagnetic Weather. Natural or man-made weather remains concurrent inside or outside the house, yet the electromagnetic weather is able to generate within both positions.^{[6][clarification needed]}

Construction[link]

The structure of the house (under demolition). This house is constructed from bricks and wood and was later covered by insulating panels. The roof construction is also seen.

In the United States, modern house-construction techniques include light-frame construction (in areas with access to supplies of wood) and adobe or sometimes rammed-earth construction (in arid regions with scarce wood-resources). Some areas use brick almost exclusively, and quarried stone has long provided walling. To some extent, aluminum and steel have displaced some traditional building materials. Increasingly popular alternative construction materials include insulating concrete forms (foam forms filled with concrete), structural insulated panels (foam panels faced with oriented strand board or fiber cement), and light-gauge steel framing and heavy-gauge steel framing.^{[citation needed]}

More generally, people often build houses out of the nearest available material, and often tradition and/or culture govern construction-materials, so whole towns, areas, counties or even states/countries may be built out of one main type of material. For example, a large fraction of American houses use wood, while most British and many European houses utilize stone or brick.

In the 1900s, some house designers started using prefabrication. Sears, Roebuck & Co. first marketed their Sears Catalog Homes to the general public in 1908. Prefab techniques became popular after World War II. First small inside rooms framing, then later, whole walls were prefabricated and carried to the construction site. The original impetus was to use the labor force inside a shelter during inclement weather. More recently builders have begun to collaborate with structural engineers who use computers and finite element analysis to design prefabricated steel-framed homes with known resistance to high wind-loads and seismic forces. These newer products provide labor savings, more consistent quality, and possibly accelerated construction processes.

Lesser-used construction methods have gained (or regained) popularity in recent years. Though not in wide use, these methods frequently appeal to homeowners who may become actively involved in the construction process. They include:

• Cannabrick construction
• Cordwood construction
• Geodesic domes
• Straw-bale construction
• Wattle and daub

Thermographic comparison of traditional (left) and "passivhaus" (right) buildings.

Energy efficiency[link]

In the developed world, energy-conservation has grown in importance in house-design. Housing produces a major proportion of carbon emissions (30% of the total in the UK, for example).^[14]

Development of a number of low-energy building types and techniques continues. They include the zero-energy house, the passive solar house, the autonomous buildings, the superinsulated and houses built to the Passivhaus standard.

Earthquake protection[link]

One tool of earthquake engineering is base isolation which is increasingly used for earthquake protection. Base isolation is a collection of structural elements of a building that should substantially decouple it from the shaking ground thus protecting the building's integrity^[15] and enhancing its seismic performance. This technology, which is a kind of seismic vibration control, can be applied both to a newly designed building and to seismic upgrading of existing structures.^[16]

Normally, excavations are made around the building and the building is separated from the foundations. Steel or reinforced concrete beams replace the connections to the foundations, while under these, the isolating pads, or base isolators, replace the material removed. While the base isolation tends to restrict transmission of the ground motion to the building, it also keeps the building positioned properly over the foundation. Careful attention to detail is required where the building interfaces with the ground, especially at entrances, stairways and ramps, to ensure sufficient relative motion of those structural elements.

Found Materials[link]

In many parts of the world, houses are constructed using scavenged materials. In Manila, houses in the Payatas neighborhood are made primarily of material sourced from a nearby garbage dump.^[17]

In Dakar it is not uncommon to see houses made of recycled materials standing atop a mixture of garbage and sand which serves as a foundation. The garbage-sand mixture is also used to protect the house from flooding.^[18]

Legal issues[link]

Buildings with historical importance have restrictions.

United Kingdom[link]

New houses in the UK are not covered by the Sale of Goods Act. When purchasing a new house the buyer has less legal protection than when buying a new car. New houses in the UK may be covered by a NHBC guarantee but some people feel that it would be more useful to put new houses on the same legal footing as other products.^{[citation needed]}

United States and Canada[link]

In the US and Canada, many new houses are built in housing tracts, which provide homeowners a sense of "belonging" and the feeling they have "made the best use" of their money. However, these houses are sometimes built as cheaply and quickly as possible by large builders seeking to maximize profits. Many environmental health issues may be ignored or minimized in the construction of these structures. In one case in Benicia, California, a housing tract was built over an old landfill. Home buyers were never told, and only found out when some began having reactions to high levels of lead and chromium.^{[citation needed]}

Identifying houses[link]

With the growth of dense settlement, humans designed ways of identifying houses and/or parcels of land. Individual houses sometimes acquire proper names; and those names may acquire in their turn considerable emotional connotations: see for example the house of Howards End or the castle of Brideshead Revisited. A more systematic and general approach to identifying houses may use various methods of house numbering.

Animal houses[link]

Humans often build "houses" for domestic or wild animals, often resembling smaller versions of human domiciles. Familiar animal houses built by humans include bird-houses, hen-houses/chicken-coops and doghouses (kennels); while housed agricultural animals more often live in barns and stables. However, human interest in building houses for animals does not stop at the domestic pet. People build bat-houses, nesting-sites for wild ducks and other birds, bee houses, giraffe houses, kangaroo houses, worm houses, hermit crab houses, as well as shelters for many other animals.

Shelter[link]

A modern-style house in Canberra, Australia.

A mountain house in Barzio, Italy.

Forms of (relatively) simple shelter may include:

Houses and symbolism[link]

Houses may express the circumstances or opinions of their builders or their inhabitants. Thus a vast and elaborate house may serve as a sign of conspicuous wealth, whereas a low-profile house built of recycled materials may indicate support of energy conservation.

Houses of particular historical significance (former residences of the famous, for example, or even just very old houses) may gain a protected status in town planning as examples of built heritage and/or of streetscape values. Commemorative plaques may mark such structures.

Home ownership provides a common measure of prosperity in economics. Contrast the importance of house-destruction, tent dwelling and house rebuilding in the wake of many natural disasters.

Peter Olshavsky's "House for the Dance of Death"^[19] provides a 'pataphysical variation on the house.

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Houses

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up house in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Housing from UCB Libraries GovPubs

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2011)

Fast Eddie (born Edwin A. Smith^[1]), is an American House producer from Chicago, Illinois.

Career[link]

Prior to his entry into the realm of production, Fast Eddie was one of the premier DJs of the early Chicago House movement.

His talents earned him spots on WGCI and WBMX, the latter being a somewhat legendary venue for the greatest house DJs of the era. During that period, he produced one of his first singles in collaboration with Kenny "Jammin'" Jason entitled "Can You Dance?" circa 1986. In 1987, Eddie came out with other house tracks such as "The Whop," based on the dance of the same name. Eddie then left WGCI for WBMX for a short time and then quit his radio DJ gigs to concentrate on producing. In 1988, Eddie scored one of his biggest hits with "Acid Thunder" on the DJ International label. "Acid Thunder" is regarded as a classic of the Chicago acid house genre. However, it was the track "Hip House" that really established his career as a producer. Eddie popularized the genre of Hip house—essentially hip-hop lyrics over house beats—and produced several tracks afterward.

He scored several hits on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in the late eighties and early nineties, including "Git On Up" (featuring Sundance), which spent a week at number one in 1989, but only reached number forty-nine in the UK.

However, Eddie tried his hand at Gangsta Rap in 1990 by forming the group America's Most Wanted and many critics felt he should have stuck to his house-music roots. Later that year, he released "Make Some Noise."

At some time during 1995, Eddie made two collaborations that are considered under the genre of ghetto house. The first of these is titled "Booty Call" with DJ Sneak and the other is titled "Pump It" with DJ Funk. Both songs gained a lot of airplay on Chicago radio and in clubs.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Jack To The Sound (1988)
• Most Wanted (1989)
• Straight Jackin' (1991)
• House Music (2009)

References[link]

See also[link]

• List of number-one dance hits (United States)
• List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart

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This article on a house musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e