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![[1989六四] 無線新聞特備節目 血洗京城1989](http://web.archive.org./web/20130827081545im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/A-F-dOPK4B8/default.jpg "[1989六四] 無線新聞特備節目血洗京城1989.")
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- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- 1989 - Less Than Jake
- 1989 - Mindless Self Indulgence
- 1989 - Portugal. The Man
- 1989 - Clem Snide
- 1989 - Playradioplay!
- 1989 - Rakes
- 1989 - Civet
- 1989 - Chris August
- 1989 - Titiyo
- 1989 - Brightboy
Let me give you some insight into my insides
I haven't been this confused in such a long time
you can't believe I've spent just losing my mind
I can't believe that 10 years have really gone by
it's been a long time
Had a plan for every year I've been alive
a million more I've built up inside of me
there's a million more that I have bottled up
and that I've fucked up
do you feel like the hard times are mountains you've climbed lying awake
it still feels like it's '89 it's been along time
those mindless days the plans that I've made
the countless mistakes all the times I've changed
through the years I faced all that's kept me sane
Goodbye 1989
I wanna be the one in control
Rock my white shoes, polo tie
The next big thing for five years running
It's not your turn
It's not your turn yet
Back off you little shits
Gnawing at my fists
I see they breed you by the boatload
Back off you little whores
Get 'em on all fours
And let me beat you to the fucking punch bowl
My body's not even cold
My act is just getting old
Goodbye 1989
I wanna be the one in control
Rock my white shoes, polo tie
The next big thing for five years running
It's not your turn
It's not your turn yet
Back off you little shits
Gnawing at my fists
I see they breed you by the boatload
Back off you little whores
Get 'em on all fours
And let me beat you to the fucking punch bowl
My body's not even cold
My act is just getting old
Some niggaz wanna get down like this
We eat what we like
Some niggaz wanna get down like this
We eat what we like
Back off you little shits
Gnawing at my fists
I see they breed you by the boatload
Back off you little whores
Get 'em on all fours
And let me beat you to the fucking punch bowl
My body's not even cold
I was born in nineteen eighty-nine
All we could do
No shakes or coughs or burst relief
Or lists of all our things
Just minutes making minds
I was born in nineteen eighty-nine
All we could do
But the making never made
The comers never came
But I still felt the awful news
It was patience that we had
And the miles we had left
That held us there
Until we could let go
I was born in nineteen eighty-nine
And it'll be over soon
No moon children or peoples sun
Or ringing in my ears
When I felt that awful news
But we found that we were always lost... in space
And we will never find our way
We felt that we would always find our way
If our minds ever come around
I was born in nineteen eighty-nine
All we could do
Not in birth or body
But only in our minds
I was shaking to through my eyes
And living through each breath
Tonight we're gonna party
Like it's 1989
Tonight, tonight, tonight
And I guess it's not that funny
But I'll say it anyway
Alright, alright, alright
And the joke is that the stereo
Just ate the mix tape that you made
Alive, alive, alive
And I don't think your friend's coming
'Cause the answering machine's
Turned off, turned off, turned off
And the joke is there's one beer left
So the punchline's all we have left
To drink, to drink, to drink
And you were hoping that maybe a party
Would break the silence of this room
With laughs, with laughs, with laughs
And so tonight we're gonna party
Like it's 1989
Tonight, tonight, tonight
And I know it's not that funny
But I'll say it anyway
Alright, alright, alright
Alright, alright, alright
Alright, alright, alright
Alright, alright, alright
Father hit his head on the kitchen door
Mother broke her ankle on the theater floor
While I was waiting patiently in a warm, dark safe
With a smile on
Father waited nervously by the hospital door
Mother placed the table with her apron on and her hair
tied up
Father packed a suitcase with his clothes tucked in it
and a face of disgust
While I remember vaguely
In their bedroom with the closet too small
I remember yelling from the hall
Mmm surprise I'm the apple of your eye
Ohh it is true this piece I wrote for you
I remember vividly on my fathers shoulders I felt so
tall
Taught me how to tie my shoes on the staircase at the
end of the hall
Well I was screaming manically at the bathroom ceiling
with the water on
I remember sleeping with the light on
Now it's clear that I am no use right here
Take it slow we've got a long long way to go
Father held my homework up with a grimace and a hole
punched in it
Father stood there softly with a big warm grin and his
baseball tickets
I put my breath in a suitcase
For the politicians of that place and time
Mother broke her ankle in 1989
At the top of the town where you can be looking down
With the space and the air no one can find you there
Just the plants and sky, oh I almost went awry
With the sights and the sounds, you can sleep without a
Spent the night in three drinks time
Where the bars were full it was summertime
Punks were hangin out in the park
While someone practised electric guitar
We drank some homemade wine
Now my heads not straight
So I lean for a minute on a cemetery gate
Half expecting to catch a sight
Of the dead Russian soldiers marching into the night
La la la la la laaaaa
Feel the sea like the blood is shed
As the dawn rubs up against our aching head
Girls light up pull there hoods up tight
Stuck the money in your bra that you made last night
Well I spent the night in three drinks time
Bars were full there was no closing time
Punks comparing tattoos and their scars
Now everyone’s waiting for the band to start
La la la la la laaaaaa
(its alright if it all goes wrong in this cold lone
city no one knows where your from)
Woohoo woohoo woohoo
Oh the camera pulls away to show a hidden alleyway
Of broken bags and dreams by Turkish cafes
Where the dirty little pigeon played his inner puddle
By the drip drip drip of an emptying bottle
Of champagne perched on top of a half bombed church
Seeing angels who hear our wounds that make no sounds
The bird flies out to meet the hopes of the dream
And see what such grand stories
He’s in the right to the left wing
He tries so hard
But falls back to earth to the filth of the yard
The singers blood runs cold like the spree
But not this girl not when she was 19
It was 1989
Its alright if it all goes wrong in this cold lone city
Over the hollowed hearts of the east bay
I live for nothing, if not today
When you left you didn't even say goodbye
I saw it in your eyes man, you didn't even try
It's been so long now, since I've laid you down
Come back, come back to me [x2]
Times we're tough, but we're still family
Come back, come back to me...
Over the lines that divided my country
The good and bad that make up today
When I left I didn't say goodbye
You saw it in my eyes, I didn't even try
It's been so long now, since I've laid you down
Come back, come back to me [x2]
I buried my heart, in the east bay
Verse 1:
Summer day, seven years old
And I took a ride on my bicycle
I can still feel my face against the wind
A backpack full of my favorite toys
Singing songs just to make some noise
Is a good way for a day to begin
I remember when life was simple way back then
Now I'm trying to see through those eyes again (through those eyes)
Chorus:
If I could turn back time
I'd go to 1989
Where everyday was full of chasing dreams
Yeah, I may be grown up but maybe I should try
Living like it's 1989
Verse 2:
Deep inside this Texas heart
There's an innocence underneath the scars
Waiting to be called outside to play
Wanna feel like a wide-eyed kid,
Wanna put it all back into perspective
God You're great just because You're great
It is so uncomplicated with You here (with You here)
You make the person that I once was reappear
You reverse the years
Chorus
Bridge:
I'm sorry that I made it something complicated
I am ready now, it's not too late
Everyday I'm learning it's all about returning
I'm living me life with child-like faith
I'm sorry that I made it something complicated
I am ready now, it's not too late
Everyday I'm learning it's all about returning
I'm living my life like I could...
Well, I'm afraid of that picture
From 1989
Faded colors and worn out texture
From 1989
Well, I've been young and I've been stupid
But it's left behind
I regret the things that I did
And I feel fine
We can't go on like this
Don't go on yourself like this
We can't go on like it's
1989
Let's go back, I'll be your angel
I'll make a deal with time
But I don't know if that would change you
Or give you peace of mind
1989,1989,1989,1989
1989,1989,1989,1989
We can't go on, we've gotta move on
We've gotta move on now
We can't go on, we've gotta move on
With glazed eyes you embraced life
Never too proud but you never asked twice
I begged you please but still you went for fast highs
One ride forever you never came around twice
With the dazed mind you tried to survive
Didn't want to but the filth came alive
You waited in the rain for love without names
When was the last time you lived without shame
When was the last time
You ran into the night
When was the last time
In 1989
With glazed eyes she embraced life
Never again will I see her dance all night
She waved goodbye to this world full of bores
With a smile on her face she closed down all the doors
When was the last time
You ran into the night
When was the last time
When was the last time
You ran into the night
When was the last time
In 1989
When was the last time
You ran into the night
Nothing can hurt you
Send this Playlist by SMS
The Best Songs Of 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:28
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
The Best Songs Of 1989.
http://wn.com/The_Best_Songs_Of_1989
1989 #1 songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
32 songs hit #1 in the U.S. in 1989. Clips of the number ones are shown in chronological order...
http://wn.com/1989_1_songs
32 songs hit #1 in the U.S. in 1989. Clips of the number ones are shown in chronological order...
- published: 15 Feb 2009
- views: 352294
- author: idolwatcher0
ABC 1989 World Series Game 3 Earthquake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
So what does it take to shut Tim McCarver up? An earthquake.
http://wn.com/ABC_1989_World_Series_Game_3_Earthquake
So what does it take to shut Tim McCarver up? An earthquake.
- published: 11 Feb 2010
- views: 479690
- author: TellyFarnsworth
Sound of Honda - Ayrton Senna 1989 -
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
アイルトン・セナが残した走行データから、24年前のエンジン音が甦る□「dots lab by internavi」 http://www.honda.co.jp/internavi-dots/dots-lab/senna1989/ □メイキングムービー http://youtu.be/RVeSYyYzjhY.
http://wn.com/Sound_of_Honda_Ayrton_Senna_1989_-
アイルトン・セナが残した走行データから、24年前のエンジン音が甦る□「dots lab by internavi」 http://www.honda.co.jp/internavi-dots/dots-lab/senna1989/ □メイキングムービー http://youtu.be/RVeSYyYzjhY.
- published: 25 Jul 2013
- views: 1662070
- author: HondaJPPR
1989年6月4日中国中央电视台新闻联播节目（前5分钟）
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
1989年6月4日北京时间晚上19时，杜宪和薛飞主持当晚的《新闻联播》，身着黑装，语速缓慢，播报了关于六四事件中国人民解放军戒严部队开入天安门广场清场等新闻。杜宪和薛飞随后于合约届满后都被停止了中央电视台的播音工作。
http://wn.com/1989年6月4日中国中央电视台新闻联播节目（前5分钟）
1989年6月4日北京时间晚上19时，杜宪和薛飞主持当晚的《新闻联播》，身着黑装，语速缓慢，播报了关于六四事件中国人民解放军戒严部队开入天安门广场清场等新闻。杜宪和薛飞随后于合约届满后都被停止了中央电视台的播音工作。
- published: 06 Jun 2009
- views: 884268
- author: freemoren
【プロジェクトムービー】Sound of Honda - Ayrton Senna 1989 -
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:50
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
プロジェクトの実現に関わった人々の証言を通じて、"Sound of Honda - Ayrton Senna 1989-"の全貌を紹介。 □Sound of Honda - Ayrton Senna 1989 - http://youtu.be/oeO2q8FzcnM □「dots lab by internav...
http://wn.com/【プロジェクトムービー】Sound_of_Honda_Ayrton_Senna_1989_-
プロジェクトの実現に関わった人々の証言を通じて、"Sound of Honda - Ayrton Senna 1989-"の全貌を紹介。 □Sound of Honda - Ayrton Senna 1989 - http://youtu.be/oeO2q8FzcnM □「dots lab by internav...
- published: 25 Jul 2013
- views: 165688
- author: HondaJPPR
温家宝陪同：1989年六四前夕赵紫阳天安门谈话完整版
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:14
- Updated: 03 Aug 2013
乡音很浓，欲言又止，，，，，
http://wn.com/温家宝陪同：1989年六四前夕赵紫阳天安门谈话完整版
San Francisco Earth Quake- 1989- Great Footage-
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:28
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
http://wn.com/San_Francisco_Earth_Quake_1989_Great_Footage-
纪录片天安門 六四事件 Tiananmen Square protests Part.1of20 with English Subs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:34
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
完整版PlayList: http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=0938BF24000377A1 注:我承认此片中存在偏见,一定程度上扭曲了客观事实.此片没有具体描述解放军,公安警察的被害状况.仅供资料作为参考,不代表我的个人意见. 纪录片天安门纪念六四，勿忘历史do...
http://wn.com/纪录片天安門_六四事件_Tiananmen_Square_protests_Part1of20_with_English_Subs
完整版PlayList: http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=0938BF24000377A1 注:我承认此片中存在偏见,一定程度上扭曲了客观事实.此片没有具体描述解放军,公安警察的被害状况.仅供资料作为参考,不代表我的个人意见. 纪录片天安门纪念六四，勿忘历史do...
- published: 29 Aug 2006
- views: 2422092
- author: dinzzz414
[1989六四] 無線新聞特備節目 血洗京城1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 88:09
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
[1989六四] 無線新聞特備節目血洗京城1989.
http://wn.com/_1989六四_無線新聞特備節目_血洗京城1989
1989 World Series Game 3 Quake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:23
- Updated: 08 Aug 2013
Before "Cloverfield" and "Blair Witch" CharlieVision covered Game 3 of the historic Bay Bridge World Series in San Francisco. Charlie and the rest of the wor...
http://wn.com/1989_World_Series_Game_3_Quake
Before "Cloverfield" and "Blair Witch" CharlieVision covered Game 3 of the historic Bay Bridge World Series in San Francisco. Charlie and the rest of the wor...
- published: 21 Jun 2008
- views: 213682
- author: Charles McClelland
台视新闻 1989/05/18 李鹏与学生谈判破裂
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 22 Jun 2013
自曲新闻： http://freemoren.com 绝食活动在继续，李鹏与学生的谈判在不到一小时后宣告破裂.
http://wn.com/台视新闻_1989_05_18_李鹏与学生谈判破裂
自曲新闻： http://freemoren.com 绝食活动在继续，李鹏与学生的谈判在不到一小时后宣告破裂.
- published: 15 Aug 2007
- views: 202255
- author: freemoren
Brasileiro 1989 Final São Paulo 0x1 Vasco - Vasco Campeão Brasileiro 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:02
- Updated: 11 Aug 2013
SÃO PAULO 0x1 VASCO 16/12/1989 Local: Morumbi (São Paulo-SP); Público: 71.552; Árbitro: Wilson Carlos dos Santos (RJ); Gol: Sorato 5' do 2º; Cartões Amarelos...
http://wn.com/Brasileiro_1989_Final_São_Paulo_0x1_Vasco_Vasco_Campeão_Brasileiro_1989
SÃO PAULO 0x1 VASCO 16/12/1989 Local: Morumbi (São Paulo-SP); Público: 71.552; Árbitro: Wilson Carlos dos Santos (RJ); Gol: Sorato 5' do 2º; Cartões Amarelos...
- published: 05 Jun 2011
- views: 39343
- author: Urutara
the pillows / 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:13
- Updated: 02 Aug 2013
http://www.pillows.jp/ 2009年6月3日リリースのBESTALBUM「Rock stock&too; smoking the pillows」収録曲でバンド結成時のことを歌った曲.
http://wn.com/the_pillows_1989
http://www.pillows.jp/ 2009年6月3日リリースのBESTALBUM「Rock stock&too; smoking the pillows」収録曲でバンド結成時のことを歌った曲.
- published: 26 Jan 2011
- views: 84849
- author: avexnetwork
1989 Tiananmen Square Protests
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
A Chinese man stands alone to block a line of tanks heading east on Beijing's Cangan Blvd. in Tiananmen Square on June 5, 1989.
http://wn.com/1989_Tiananmen_Square_Protests
A Chinese man stands alone to block a line of tanks heading east on Beijing's Cangan Blvd. in Tiananmen Square on June 5, 1989.
- published: 17 Sep 2005
- views: 3791024
- author: Daniel Rodriguez Herrera
![Black Box Ride on Time [ 1989 ] HD version](http://web.archive.org./web/20130827081545im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/4lOb799cTxM/default.jpg "Black Box Ride on Time [ 1989 ] HD version")
Black Box Ride on Time [ 1989 ] HD version
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
"Ride on Time" is a 1989 song recorded by band Black Box. It was later released on their debut LP Dreamland. The song achieved a great success in many countr...
http://wn.com/Black_Box_Ride_on_Time_1989_HD_version
"Ride on Time" is a 1989 song recorded by band Black Box. It was later released on their debut LP Dreamland. The song achieved a great success in many countr...
- published: 01 Jun 2009
- views: 2651560
- author: Chrystian Williams
Sametová revoluce - předchozí demonstrace 1988-1989, záběry jednotlivců
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:53
- Updated: 12 Aug 2013
Záběry jednotlivců, demonstrace 1988-1989 před sametovou revolucí. Praha, ČSSR.
http://wn.com/Sametová_revoluce_předchozí_demonstrace_1988-1989,_záběry_jednotlivců
Záběry jednotlivců, demonstrace 1988-1989 před sametovou revolucí. Praha, ČSSR.
- published: 23 Nov 2008
- views: 108119
- author: joseprague
Revolutia Romaneasca 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
Acest film este dedicat victimelor revolutiei. ---------------------------- 100000 views edit: Hello, I wish to thank you all for viewing my video. 100000 ...
http://wn.com/Revolutia_Romaneasca_1989
Acest film este dedicat victimelor revolutiei. ---------------------------- 100000 views edit: Hello, I wish to thank you all for viewing my video. 100000 ...
- published: 08 Oct 2006
- views: 635692
- author: GeneralPaccepa
Three Fugitives 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 96:17
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
Property of Touchstone Pictures Silver Screen Partners IV If you want me to upload any particular classic movie below or inbox me.
http://wn.com/Three_Fugitives_1989
Property of Touchstone Pictures Silver Screen Partners IV If you want me to upload any particular classic movie below or inbox me.
- published: 19 Feb 2013
- views: 41659
- author: jim rock
天安门大屠杀 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
天安門事件，亦稱四五運動，是1976年4月5日發生的以天安門事件為代表的反對"四人幫"的全國性的群眾強大抗議運動。1976年1月8日，周恩來逝世，全國各族人民無限悲痛。但是，"四人幫"壓制廣大人民群眾悼念周恩來，誣陷鄧小平，加緊篡黨奪權的陰謀活動，激起人民群眾的強烈義憤。3月下旬至4月5日，全國各大城市的群眾，紛...
http://wn.com/天安门大屠杀_1989
天安門事件，亦稱四五運動，是1976年4月5日發生的以天安門事件為代表的反對"四人幫"的全國性的群眾強大抗議運動。1976年1月8日，周恩來逝世，全國各族人民無限悲痛。但是，"四人幫"壓制廣大人民群眾悼念周恩來，誣陷鄧小平，加緊篡黨奪權的陰謀活動，激起人民群眾的強烈義憤。3月下旬至4月5日，全國各大城市的群眾，紛...
- published: 09 Dec 2007
- views: 1514701
- author: kaixi1234
1989 Indycars at Pocono
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 116:43
- Updated: 11 Aug 2013
Watch the entire race form the last time IndyCar raced at Pocono Speedway. Be sure to watch the return, this Sunday, July 7, at noon ET on ABC!
http://wn.com/1989_Indycars_at_Pocono
Watch the entire race form the last time IndyCar raced at Pocono Speedway. Be sure to watch the return, this Sunday, July 7, at noon ET on ABC!
- published: 01 Jul 2013
- views: 13883
- author: indycars
Liverpool 0-2 Arsenal - League Decider (1989) - Live Footage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:42
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
CAUTION: Not suitable for Liverpool or Tottenham fans! :) One of my all time greatest footy matches, I was only 8 years old at the time but remember it like ...
http://wn.com/Liverpool_0-2_Arsenal_League_Decider_1989_Live_Footage
CAUTION: Not suitable for Liverpool or Tottenham fans! :) One of my all time greatest footy matches, I was only 8 years old at the time but remember it like ...
- published: 29 Jun 2008
- views: 461211
- author: Steve McKeogh
První obří demonstrace na Letné (25.11.1989)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:51
- Updated: 17 Jul 2013
Sametová revoluce 1989 / Nežná revolúcia 1989 / Velvet revolution 1989 Marta Kubišová, Václav Havel, Václav Malý, Ilja Prachař, Josef Kemr, Jiří Suchý, Jaros...
http://wn.com/První_obří_demonstrace_na_Letné_25111989
Sametová revoluce 1989 / Nežná revolúcia 1989 / Velvet revolution 1989 Marta Kubišová, Václav Havel, Václav Malý, Ilja Prachař, Josef Kemr, Jiří Suchý, Jaros...
- published: 23 Oct 2012
- views: 5274
- author: TVhistorieCZ
photo: AP / Ivan Sekretarev
26 Aug 2013
MOSCOW — Western nations that are calling for military action against Syria have no proof the Syrian government is behind the alleged chemical weapons attack, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said Monday. Connect With Us on Twitter. Follow @nytimesworld for international breaking news and headlines. Twitter List. Reporters and Editors. France, Britain, Israel and some U.S ... A U.N. team is on the ground investigating the Aug ... ... U.S....(size: 3.4Kb)
photo: AP / Greg English
26 Aug 2013
Photograph and cameraman take pictures on March 20, 1988 of a Kurdish father holding his baby in his arms in Halabja, northeastern Iraq. Both were killed in an Iraqi chemical attack on the city. (IRNA/AFP/Getty Images) ... The magazine said the US knew in 1983 that Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein would not hesitate to resort to shelling Iranian forces with sarin or mustard gas ... "The Iraqis never told us that they intended to use nerve gas ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP
25 Aug 2013
Beirut • An international aid group said Saturday that medical centers it supported near the site of a suspected chemical weapons attack near Damascus had received more than 3,000 patients showing symptoms consistent with exposure to toxic nerve agents on the morning of the attack. Of those, 355 died, said the group, Doctors Without Borders. Join the Discussion ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
photo: Russian Presidential Press and Information Office
27 Aug 2013
Russia warned Britain and America yesterday that they would be in “grave violation of international law” if they carried out air strikes against the Syrian regime without the approval of the United Nations ... However, there were no signs of Downing Street backing off from its intention to join America in the use of military force ... He told the BBC....(size: 4.3Kb)
photo: AP / Jae C. Hong
26 Aug 2013
Hundreds of firefighters were deployed Sunday to protect mountain communities in the path of a massive fire raging north of the Yosemite National Park in California, as fierce winds saw flames jump from treetop to treetop. By News Wires (text). ... The blaze on Sunday had come within 2 miles (3.2 km) of a key reservoir that supplies most of San Francisco’s water ... Thirteen of 74 camps were occupied and evacuated, he said ... West ... ....(size: 9.1Kb)
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Huffington Post
27 Aug 2013
WASHINGTON, Aug 26 (Reuters) - U.S ... (Reporting by Mark Felsenthal; Editing by Sandra Maler). Also on HuffPost. Loading Slideshow. John Boehner ... (Pictured left) <a href=""http.//artandhistory.house.gov/house_history/speakers.aspx">Speaker" Of The House</a>, 101st-103rd Congress (1989-95) Jim Wright ... Resigned from the House of Representatives on June 6, 1989. Tip O'Neill ... Died on Nov. 16, 1961. Joe Martin ... 15, 1940 ... 19, 1934....(size: 4.5Kb)
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Meghalaya scribe dies OUR CORRESPONDENT Suraj Joshis cortege heads for Jhalupara crematorium in Shillong on ...
The Telegraph India27 Aug 2013
Edit
The Telegraph India
27 Aug 2013
Bolpur, Aug. 26. A Bolpur court today awarded the death sentence to a young man for raping and murdering an eight-year-old girl in Birbhum two years ago ... The last time Bengal witnessed a hanging was in June 2004, when Dhananjay Chatterjee was sent to the gallows for raping and murdering 14-year-old Hetal Parekh in 1989 ... He then tried to hide the body in a pond covered with hyacinth ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
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New York Daily News
27 Aug 2013
Bruce Dunning, the CBS news correspondent whose report on the last flight out of Da Nang, Vietnam, in 1975 captured the wretched end of a wretched war, died Monday in New York. He was 73. He had been admitted to Mount Sinai Hospital for injuries suffered in a recent fall ... He became Asia bureau chief in 1989, based in Tokyo ... The other passengers were South Vietnamese Army soldiers who stormed on board as the doors opened ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
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Official logo unveiled for Men’s Club World Championship (FIVB - Fédération Internationale de Volleyball)
noodls27 Aug 2013
(Source. FIVB - Fédération Internationale de Volleyball). Official logo unveiled for Men's Club World Championship ... Betim, in the state of Minas Gerais, will host eight of the world's best clubs from October 15 to 20 ... Both Kaleh and Lokomotiv will be making their debuts in the FIVB Men's Club World Championship, which first started in 1989, ran annually until 1992 and then restarted again in 2009 ... distributed by ... (noodl. 19839137) ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: AP / Susan Walsh, File
27 Aug 2013
By Patricia Zengerle. WASHINGTON, Aug 26 (Reuters) - U.S ... He added that the Obama administration was consulting with allies and members of Congress and would decide soon how to respond ... 9 ... John Boehner ... (Pictured left) <a href=""http.//artandhistory.house.gov/house_history/speakers.aspx">Speaker" Of The House</a>, 101st-103rd Congress (1989-95) Jim Wright ... Resigned from the House of Representatives on June 6, 1989 ... ....(size: 8.3Kb)
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The Times of India
27 Aug 2013
BANGALORE. The automation movement in IT services is gathering steam. Cognizant has signed a partnership agreement with New Yorkbased IT autonomics service provider IPsoft to automate part of its infrastructure management services (IMS) ... Cognizant declined to comment ... Dube grew up in Delhi, did an electrical engineering degree from IIT-Delhi in 1989, and then moved to the US ... Machine drive ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Edit
The Times of India
27 Aug 2013
BANGALORE. The automation movement in IT services is gathering steam. Cognizant has signed a partnership agreement with New York-based IT autonomics service provider IPsoft to automate part of its infrastructure management services (IMS) ... Cognizant declined to comment ... Dube grew up in Delhi, did an electrical engineering degree from IIT-Delhi in 1989, and then moved to the US ... Machine drive ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Edit
noodls
27 Aug 2013
(Source. Magners League - Celtic Rugby Ltd) The 24-year-old, who has senior experience across hooker and both prop positions, represented all of South Australia's age-grade sides as well as the national under-18 team. He then moved to Sydney to join Manly Marlins where he spent five seasons gaining more competitive experience and working hard to bolster his now 18-stone frame ... Hilterbrand said ... Born. 21/05/1989. Height ... Honours. ... (noodl....(size: 2.9Kb)
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U~T San Diego
27 Aug 2013
" >. Athenaeum Jazz at TSRI. When. Sept. 25 (Larry Goldings/Peter Bernstein/Bill Stewart); Oct. 9 (Dave Douglas Quintet); Nov. 11 (Fred Hersch Trio). Where ... Tickets. $30 (Athenaeum members) and $35 (non-members); series tickets are $84 (members) and $99 (non-members). Phone ... "These are all San Diego debuts by these groups," said Daniel Atkinson, the Athenaeum's jazz program coordinator since the inception of its jazz series in 1989 ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
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Infiniti releases first image of sleek, seductive Q30 Concept ahead of world premiere at Frankfurt Motor Show
PR Newswire27 Aug 2013
-- Design of Q30 Concept is a unique fusion of body styles merging of the dynamic design and sportiness of a coupe, the roominess of a hatch and the higher stance of a crossover. -- World premiere in Frankfurt September 10 at 10.15 am CET. Download image. Download image. Infiniti Badge (PRNewsFoto/Nissan North America). HONG KONG, Aug ... About Infiniti.. Infiniti Motor Company Ltd ... The Infiniti brand was launched in 1989 ... SOURCE Infiniti ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)
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Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
27 Aug 2013
Saturday -- vs. Syracuse (at East Rutherford, N.J.). Penn State's 0-2 start hurt in 2012. The Nittany Lions would do well to open by beating a team that was 8-5 a year ago. Sept. 7 -- vs. Eastern Michigan. The easiest game. Eastern Michigan hasn't won more than six games since 1989. Attendance at Beaver Stadium will be more interesting than the result. Sept. 14 -- vs. Central Florida ... UCF was 10-4 last year. Sept. 21 -- vs. Kent State ... Oct....(size: 3.3Kb)
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2011) |
This article is about the year 1989.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1950s 1960s 1970s – 1980s – 1990s 2000s 2010s |
| Years: | 1986 1987 1988 – 1989 – 1990 1991 1992 |
| 1989 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1989 MCMLXXXIX |
| Ab urbe condita | 2742 |
| Armenian calendar | 1438 ԹՎ ՌՆԼԸ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6739 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 145–146 |
| Bengali calendar | 1396 |
| Berber calendar | 2939 |
| British Regnal year | 37 Eliz. 2 – 38 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2533 |
| Burmese calendar | 1351 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7497–7498 |
| Chinese calendar | 戊辰年十一月廿四日 (4625/4685-11-24) — to —
己巳年十二月初四日(4626/4686-12-4) |
| Coptic calendar | 1705–1706 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1981–1982 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5749–5750 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2045–2046 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1911–1912 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5090–5091 |
| Holocene calendar | 11989 |
| Iranian calendar | 1367–1368 |
| Islamic calendar | 1409–1410 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 64Heisei 1 (平成元年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4322 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 78 民國78年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2532 |
| Unix time | 599616000–631151999 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1989 |
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday. It is the 1989th year of the Common Era, or A.D.; the 989th year of the 2nd millennium; the 89th year of the 20th century; and the 10th and last year of the 1980s decade. It was a historical turning point for the wave of revolutions that swept the Eastern Bloc, starting in Poland. Collectively known as the Revolutions of 1989, they heralded the dissolution of the Soviet Union two years later and the beginning of the post–Cold War period which is characterized by the dominance of the United States in world affairs.
Contents |
Events[link]
January[link]
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- January 4 – Gulf of Sidra incident (1989): Two Libyan MiG-23 "Floggers" are engaged and shot down by 2 US Navy F-14 Tomcats.
- January 7 – Hirohito (posthumous name: Emperor Shōwa) died.
- January 8 – Kegworth Air Disaster: A British Midland Boeing 737 crashes on approach to East Midlands Airport, leaving 47 dead.
- January 17 – Stockton massacre: Patrick Edward Purdy kills 5 children, wounds 30 and then shoots himself in Stockton, California.
- January 18 – The Polish United Workers Party votes to legalize Solidarity.
- January 20 – George H. W. Bush succeeds Ronald Reagan as the 41st President of the United States of America.
- January 24 – Serial killer Ted Bundy is executed in Florida's electric chair.
- January 29 – Thomas and Friends television show begins in U.S.
February[link]
- February 1 – Joan Kirner becomes Victoria's first female Deputy Premier, after the resignation of Robert Fordham over the VEDC (Victorian Economic Development Co-operation) Crisis.
- February 2
- Soviet war in Afghanistan: The last Soviet Union armored column leaves Kabul, ending 9 years of military occupation.
- Satellite television service Sky Television plc is launched in Europe.
- February 3
- A military coup overthrows Alfredo Stroessner, dictator of Paraguay since 1954.
- After a stroke, Pieter Willem Botha resigns his party's leadership and the presidency of South Africa.
- February 7 – The Los Angeles, California City Council bans the sale or possession of semiautomatic firearms.
- February 10 – Ron Brown is elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee, becoming the first African American to lead a major United States political party.
- February 11 – Barbara Clementine Harris is consecrated as the first female bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.
- February 14
- Union Carbide agrees to pay USD $470 million to the Indian government for damages it caused in the 1984 Bhopal Disaster.
- Iranian leader Ruhollah Khomeini encourages Muslims to kill The Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie.
- The first of 24 Global Positioning System satellites is placed into orbit.
- February 15 – Soviet war in Afghanistan: The Soviet Union announces that all of its troops have left Afghanistan.
- February 16 – Pan Am flight 103: Investigators announce that the cause of the crash was a bomb hidden inside a radio-cassette player.
- February 17 – Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) formed.
- February 23 – After protracted testimony, the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee rejects, 11–9, President Bush's nomination of John Tower for Secretary of Defense.
- February 24
- Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini places a US $3-million bounty on the head of The Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie.
- After 44 years, Estonian flag is raised to the Pikk Hermann Castle tower.
- February 27 – Venezuela is rocked by the Caracazo, a wave of protests and looting.
March[link]
- March 1
- The Berne Convention, an international treaty on copyrights, is ratified by the United States.
- A curfew is imposed in Kosovo, where protests continue over the alleged intimidation of the Serb minority.
- Louis Wade Sullivan and James D. Watkins start terms of office as U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services and U.S. Secretary of Energy respectively.
- The Politieke Partij Radicalen, Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij, Communistische Partij Nederland and the Evangelical People's Party amalgamate to form Netherlands political party GroenLinks (GL, GreenLeft).
- March 2 – Twelve European Community nations agree to ban the production of all chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by the end of the century.
- March 3
- Jammu Siltavuori abducts and murders two 8-year-old girls in the Myllypuro suburb of Helsinki, Finland.
- Portugal wins the FIFA U-20 World Cup, defeating Nigeria on the final by 2–0 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- March 4
- Time, Inc. and Warner Communications announce plans for a merger, forming Time Warner.
- The Purley Station rail crash in London leaves 5 dead and 94 injured.
- The first ACT (Australian Capital Territory) elections are held.
- March 7 – Iran breaks off diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom over Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses.
- March 9 – A strike forces financially troubled Eastern Air Lines into bankruptcy.
- March 13 – A geomagnetic storm causes the collapse of the Hydro-Québec power grid. Six million people are left without power for 9 hours. Some areas in the northeastern U.S. and in Sweden also lose power, and aurorae are seen as far as Texas.
- March 14
- Gun control: U.S. President George H. W. Bush bans the importation of certain guns deemed assault weapons into the United States.
- Christian General Michel Aoun declares a 'War of Liberation' to rid Lebanon of Syrian forces and their allies.
- March 17 – The Civic Tower of Pavia, built in the 14th century, crumbles down.
- March 20 – Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke weeps on national television as he admits marital infidelity.
- March 22
- Clint Malarchuk of the NHL Buffalo Sabres suffers an almost fatal injury when another player accidentally slits his throat.
- Asteroid 4581 Asclepius approaches the Earth at a distance of 700,000 kilometers.
- March 23 – Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann announce that they have achieved cold fusion at the University of Utah.
- March 24 – Exxon Valdez oil spill: In Alaska's Prince William Sound the Exxon Valdez spills 240,000 barrels (38,000 m3) of oil after running aground.
- March 27 – The first contested elections for the Soviet parliament result in losses for the Communist Party.
- March 29 – The 61st Academy Awards are held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, with Rain Man winning Best Picture.
April[link]
- April 1 – Margaret Thatcher's new local government tax, the Poll tax, is introduced in Scotland.
- April 4 – In Brussels, Belgium, NATO celebrates its 40th anniversary.
- April 6 – National Safety Council of Australia chief executive John Friedrich is arrested after defrauding investors to the tune of $235 million.
- April 7 – The Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets sinks in the Barents Sea, killing 41.
- April 9 – Georgian demonstrators are massacred by Red Army soldiers in Tbilisi's central square during a peaceful rally; 20 citizens are killed, many injured.
- April 14 – The U.S. government seizes the Irvine, CA Lincoln Savings and Loan Association; Charles Keating (for whom the Keating Five were named – John McCain among them) eventually goes to jail, as part of the massive 1980s Savings and Loan Crisis which costs U.S. taxpayers nearly $200 billion in bailouts, and many people their life savings.[1]
- April 15 – The Hillsborough disaster, one of the biggest tragedies in European football, claims the life of 96 Liverpool supporters.
- April 17 – Poland, Solidarity was again legalized and allowed to participate in semi-free elections on June 4.
- April 19
- Trisha Meili is attacked while jogging in New York City's Central Park; as her identity remains secret for years, she becomes known as the "Central Park Jogger."
- A gun turret explodes on the U.S. battleship Iowa, killing 47 crew members.
- April 20 – NATO debates modernising short range missiles; although the U.S. and U.K. are in favour, West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl obtains a concession deferring a decision.
- April 21 – Students from Beijing, Shanghai, Xian, and Nanjing begin protesting in Tiananmen Square.
- April 25
- The term of Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail as the 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ends.
- Motorola introduces the Motorola MicroTAC Personal Cellular Telephone, then the world's smallest mobile phone.
- April 26 – Sultan Azlan Muhibbudin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Yusuff Izzudin Shah Ghafarullahu-lahu, Sultan of Perak, becomes the 9th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
May[link]
- May 1 – Disney-MGM Studios at Walt Disney World opens to the public for the first time.
- May 2 – The first crack in the Iron Curtain: Hungary dismantles 150 miles (240 km) of barbed wire fencing along the border with Austria.
- May 6
- Yugoslavia wins the Eurovision Song Contest in Lausanne with the song Rock me performed by Riva.
- Magnum XL-200 opens at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio as the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster.
- May 9 – Andrew Peacock deposes John Howard as Federal Opposition Leader of Australia.
- May 11 – The ACT (Australian Capital Territory) Legislative Assembly meets for the first time.
- May 14 – Mikhail Gorbachev visits China, the first Soviet leader to do so since the 1960s.
- May 15 – Australia's first private tertiary institution, Bond University, opens on the Gold Coast.
- May 16 – Ethiopia Coup Attempt: Senior military officers staged a coup attempt in Ethiopia hours after President Mengistu Haile Mariam left on a visit to East Germany.
- May 19
- 1989 Ürümqi unrest: Uyghur and Hui Muslim protesters rioted in front of the government building in Ürümqi.
- Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: Zhao Ziyang meets the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square.
- May 20 – Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The Chinese government declares martial law in Beijing.
- May 22 – The Nordland Days in Leningrad region (Leningrad oblast) open.
- May 30
- Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The 10 m (33 ft) high Goddess of Democracy statue is unveiled in Tiananmen Square by student demonstrators.
- An attempted assassination of Miguel Maza Marquez, director of the Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS) in Bogotá, Colombia is committed by members of the Medellín Cartel, who kill 4 and injure 37.
June[link]
- June 3
- The SkyDome (now known as Rogers Centre) is opened in Toronto.
- The Ayatollah Khomeini dies in Iran.
- June 4
- The Tiananmen Square massacre takes place in Beijing on the army's approach to the square, and the final stand-off in the square is covered live on television.
- Solidarity's victory in Polish elections is the first of many anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989.
- Ufa train disaster: A natural gas explosion near Ufa, Russia kills 645 as 2 trains passing each other throw sparks near a leaky pipeline.
- June 7 – Surinam Airways Flight PY764 crashes, killing 176.
- June 12 – The Corcoran Gallery of Art removes Robert Mapplethorpe's gay photography exhibition.
- June 13 – The wreck of the German battleship Bismarck, which was sunk in 1941, is located 600 miles (970 km) west of Brest, France.
- June 16 – A crowd of 250,000 gathers at Heroes Square in Budapest for the historic reburial of Imre Nagy, the former Hungarian prime minister who had been executed in 1958.
- June 21 – British police arrest 250 people for celebrating the summer solstice at Stonehenge.
- June 22 – Ireland's first universities established since independence in 1922, Dublin City University and the University of Limerick, open.
- June 24 – Jiang Zemin becomes General Secretary of the Communist Party of China.
July[link]
- July 2 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece resigns; a new government is formed under Tzannis Tzannetakis.
- July 5 – The television show Seinfeld premieres.
- July 9–July 12 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush travels to Poland and Hungary, pushing for U.S. economic aid and investment.
- July 14 – France celebrates the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution.
- July 14–July 16 – At the annual G-7 Summit, leaders call for restrictions on gas emissions.
- July 18 – Actress Rebecca Schaeffer is murdered by an obsessed fan, leading to stricter stalking laws in California.
- July 19 – United Airlines Flight 232 (Douglas DC-10) crashes in Sioux City, Iowa, killing 112; 184 on board survive.
- July 20 – Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi is placed under house arrest.
- July 21 – The beginning of a total blockade of Armenia and NKAO by Azerbaijan.
- July 26 – A federal grand jury indicts Cornell University student Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. for releasing a computer virus, making him the first person to be prosecuted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.
- July 31 – Nintendo releases the Game Boy portable video game system in North America.
August[link]
- August 7
- U.S. Congressman Mickey Leland (D-TX) and 15 others die in a plane crash in Ethiopia.
- Federal Express purchases Flying Tiger Line for approximately 800 million U.S. dollars.
- August 8 – STS-28: Space Shuttle Columbia takes off on a secret 5-day military mission.
- August 9 – The asteroid 4769 Castalia is the first asteroid directly imaged by radar from Arecibo.
- August 13 – A hot air balloon accident near Alice Springs, Australia kills 13.
- August 14 – The Sega Genesis is released in North America.
- August 15 – F. W. de Klerk becomes the seventh and last State President of apartheid South Africa.
- August 16–August 17 – Woodstock '89 festival.
- August 18 – Leading presidential hopeful Luis Carlos Galán is assassinated near Bogotá in Colombia.
- August 19
- Polish president Wojciech Jaruzelski nominates Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to be Prime Minister, the first non-communist in power in 42 years.
- The Pan-European Picnic, a peace demonstration held on the Austrian-Hungarian border.
- August 20
- In Beverly Hills, California, Lyle and Erik Menendez shoot their wealthy parents to death in the family's den.
- Fifty-one people die when the Marchioness pleasure boat collides with a barge on the River Thames adjacent to Southwark Bridge.
- August 23
- Two million indigenous people of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, then still occupied by the Soviet Union, join hands to demand freedom and independence, forming an uninterrupted 600 km human chain called the Baltic Way.
- Hungary removes border restrictions with Austria.
- All of Australia's 1,645 domestic airline pilots resign over an airline's move to sack and sue them over a dispute.
- August 23 – Yusef Hawkins is shot in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, New York, sparking racial tensions between African Americans and Italian Americans.
- August 24
- Record-setting baseball player Pete Rose agrees to a lifetime ban from the sport following allegations of illegal gambling, thereby preventing his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
- Indonesia's first privately owned television station, Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia, (RCTI) begins broadcasting.
- August 25 – Voyager 2 passes the planet Neptune and its moon Triton.
September[link]
- September 5 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush holds up a bag of cocaine purchased across the street at Lafayette Park, in his first televised speech to the nation.
- September 6
- South African general election, 1989: the last held under apartheid returns the National Party to power with a much-reduced majority.
- England holds Sweden to a 0–0 draw in Sweden, qualifying for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The game becomes famous after Terry Butcher sustains a deep cut to his forehead early in the game. He receives stitches but plays on the entire game. By the end of the game, the front of Butcher's white shirt and shorts are almost entirely covered in blood.
- September 10 – The Hungarian government opens the country's western borders to refugees from the German Democratic Republic.
- September 14 – An agreement of cooperation between Leningrad oblast (Russia) and Nordland County (Norway) is signed in Leningrad, by chairmen Lev Kojkolainen and Sigbjørn Eriksen.
- September 20 – F. W. de Klerk is sworn in as the seventh and last State President of apartheid South Africa.
- September 21 – Hurricane Hugo makes landfall in South Carolina, causing $7 billion in damage.
- September 22 – 1989 Deal barracks bombing: An IRA bomb explodes at the Royal Marine School of Music in Deal, Kent, United Kingdom, leaving 11 dead and 22 injured.
October[link]
- October 9
- An official news agency in the Soviet Union reports the landing of a UFO in Voronezh.
- In Leipzig, East Germany, protesters demand the legalization of opposition groups and democratic reforms.
- October 13 – Friday the 13th mini-crash: The Dow Jones Industrial Average plunges 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent, to close at 2,569.26, most likely after the junk bond market collapses.
- October 17 – The Loma Prieta earthquake, measuring 7.1 on the Richter scale, strikes the San Francisco–Oakland region of Northern California, killing 67 people and delaying the 1989 World Series for ten days
- October 18 – The Communist leader of East Germany, Erich Honecker, is forced to step down as leader of the country after a series of health problems.
- October 19
- The Guildford Four are freed after 14 years.
- The Wonders of Life pavilion opens at Epcot in Walt Disney World, Florida.
- October 21 – The Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations issue the Langkawi Declaration on the Environment, making environmental sustainability one of the Commonwealth's main priorities.
- October 23
- The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by president Mátyás Szűrös (replacing the Hungarian People's Republic).
- The Phillips Disaster in Pasadena, Texas kills 23 and injures 314 others.
- October 31 – The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elects Prime Minister Turgut Özal as the eighth President of Turkey.
November[link]
- November 2 – North Dakota and South Dakota celebrate their 100th Birthdays.
- November 4 – Typhoon Gay devastates Thailand's Chumphon Province.
- November 6 – Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) founded.
- November 7
- Douglas Wilder wins the Virginia governor's race, becoming the first elected African American governor in the United States.
- David Dinkins becomes the first African American mayor of New York City.
- Cold War: The Communist government of East Germany resigns, although SED leader Egon Krenz remains head of state.
- November 9
- Yıldırım Akbulut, of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (47th government)
- Cold War: Günter Schabowski accidentally states in live broadcast press conference that new rules for traveling from East Germany to West Germany will be put in effect "immediately". East Germany opens checkpoints in the Berlin Wall, allowing its citizens to travel freely to West Germany for the first time in decades (November 17 celebrates Germans began tearing the wall down).
- November 10
- After 45 years of Communist rule in Bulgaria, Bulgarian Communist Party leader Todor Zhivkov is replaced by Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov, who changes the party's name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party.
- Gaby Kennard becomes the first Australian woman to fly non-stop around the world.
- CKO (a Canadian national all-news radio network) suddenly terminates all broadcasting during the newscast at noon (Eastern time), due to financial losses (the station began broadcasting on July 1, 1977).
- November 11 – Louie Espinoza inaugurated as WBO World Featherweight Champion.
- November 12 – Brazil holds its first free presidential election since 1960. This marks the first time that all Ibero-American nations, excepting Cuba, have elected constitutional governments simultaneously.
- November 16
- Six Jesuit priests—among them Ignacio Ellacuría, Segundo Montes, and Ignacio Martín-Baró—their housekeeper, and her teenage daughter, are murdered by U.S. trained Salvadoran soldiers. For more information see Murdered scholars of UCA
- South African President F.W. de Klerk announces the scrapping of the Separate Amenities Act.
- UNESCO adopts the Seville Statement on Violence at the 25th session of its General Conference.
- November 17 – Cold War – Velvet Revolution: A peaceful student demonstration in Prague, Czechoslovakia is severely beaten back by riot police. This sparks a revolution aimed at overthrowing the Communist government (it succeeds on December 29).
- November 20 – Cold War – Velvet Revolution: The number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague, Czechoslovakia swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million.
- November 22 – In West Beirut, a bomb explodes near the motorcade of Lebanese President Rene Moawad and kills him.
- November 28 – Cold War – Velvet Revolution: The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power (elections held in December bring the first non-communist government to Czechoslovakia in more than 40 years).
- November 30 – Deutsche Bank board member Alfred Herrhausen is killed by a bomb (the Red Army Faction claims responsibility for the murder).
December[link]
- December 1
- Cold War: East Germany's parliament abolishes the constitutional provision granting the Communist-dominated SED its monopoly on power. Egon Krenz, the Politburo and the Central Committee resign 2 days later.
- A military coup attempt begins in the Philippines against the government of Philippine President Corazon C. Aquino, ending by December 9.
- December 3 – Cold War: In a meeting off the coast of Malta, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev release statements indicating that the Cold War between their nations may be coming to an end.
- December 6 – École Polytechnique Massacre (or Montreal Massacre): Marc Lépine, an anti-feminist gunman, murders 14 young women at the École Polytechnique in Montreal.
- December 10 – Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj announces the establishment of Mongolia's democratic movement, that peacefully changes the second oldest communist country into a democratic society.
- December 14 – Chile holds its first free election in 16 years.
- December 15 – Drug baron José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha is killed by Colombian police.
- December 17
- The Romanian Revolution begins in Timişoara when rioters break into the Committee Building and cause extensive vandalism. Their attempts to set the buildings on fire are foiled by military units.
- Brazil holds the second round of its first free election in 29 years; Fernando Collor de Mello wins.
- The first full-length episode of The Simpsons, "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", is shown on Fox.
- December 19 – Workers in Romanian cities go on strike in protest against the communist regime.
- December 20 – Operation Just Cause is launched in an attempt to overthrow Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega.
the Barrio El Chorrillo in fire, the morning of the USA invasion to Panama
- December 21 – Nicolae Ceausescu addresses an assembly of some 110,000 people outside the Romanian Communist Party HQ in Bucharest. The crowd begin to protest against Ceausescu and he orders in the army to attack the protesters.
- December 22
- After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as president of Romania, ending the communist dictatorship of Nicolae Ceauşescu, who flees his palace in a helicopter to escape inevitable execution after the palace was invaded by rioters. The Romanian troops, who the day before had followed Ceausescu's orders to attack the demonstrators, change sides and join the uprising.
- Two tourist coaches collide on the Pacific highway north of Kempsey, Australia, killing 35.
- December 23 – Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu are captured in Târgoviște.
- December 25
- Romanian leader Nicolae Ceauşescu and his wife Elena are executed by military troops after being found guilty of crimes against humanity.
- Bank of Japan governors announce a major interest rate hike, eventually leading to the peak and fall of the bubble economy.
- December 28 – A magnitude 5.6 earthquake hits Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, killing 13 people.
- December 29
- Václav Havel is elected president of Czechoslovakia.
- Riots break out after Hong Kong decides to forcibly repatriate Vietnamese refugees.
- Nikkei 225 for Tokyo Stock Exchange hits its all-time intra-day high of 38,957.44 and closing high at 38,915.87.
Date unknown[link]
- Alan Bond's Bond Corporation goes into receivership with the largest debt in Australian history.
- Homosexual acts between consenting adults are decriminalized in Western Australia.
- Kamchatka opens to Russian civilian visitors.
- The Alize propeller-driven anti-submarine planes are retired from active carrier service in the French Navy.
- The first national park in the Netherlands is established in Schiermonnikoog.
- Ebenezer Floppen Slopper's Wonderful Water slides in Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois closes down after an incident on one of the slides.
- Soviet submarine K-173 (Chelyabinsk) is commissioned.
- The wreck of the Lady Elgin is discovered off Highland Park, Illinois by Harry Zych.
- Richard C. Duncan introduces the Olduvai theory, about the collapse of the Industrial Civilization.
- The NIOS board is established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India.
- The Museum of Jurassic Technology is founded in Culver City, California by David and Diana Wilson.
- The last Golden Toad is seen, the species is now classified extinct.
- The Japan Fantasy Novel Award is established.
- The global concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere reaches 350 ppm (parts per million) by volume.
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 2 – Kaitlin Howell, Canadian actress
- January 3
- Alex D. Linz, American actor
- Anya Kop, American fashion model
- Kōhei Uchimura, Japanese gymnast
- January 6 – James Durbin (singer), American Idol contestant
- January 7 – Emiliano Insúa, Argentine footballer
- January 9
- Michael Beasley, American basketball player
- Nina Dobrev, Bulgarian-Canadian actress
- January 10 – Emily Meade, American film and television actress
- January 11 – Chris Perry-Metcalf, British actor
- January 12 – Arci Muñoz, Filipina actress & model
- January 14 – Frankie Sandford, British singer
- January 19 – Yani Tseng, Taiwanese golfer
- January 20 – Nadia Di Cello, Argentine actress
- January 21
- Katie Griffiths, English actress
- Dogus Balbay, American Basketball player
- Sergey Fesikov, Russian swimmer
- January 22 – Jared Smith, American singer
- January 24 – Calvin Goldspink, British actor
- January 25
- Mikako Tabe, Japanese stage and film actress
- Yasmien Kurdi, Filipino actress and singer
- January 26 – Emily Hughes, American figure skater
- January 27 – Daisy Lowe, British model
- January 30 – Khleo Thomas, American actor and rapper
February[link]
- February 3 – Ryne Sanborn, American actor
- February 4 – Larissa Ramos, Brazilian Miss Earth 2009 winner
- February 5
- Jeremy Sumpter, American actor
- Cristine Reyes, Filipina actress
- February 7 – Louisa Lytton, English actress
- February 8 – Danielle Harmer, English actress
- February 9 – Wu Chia-ching, Taiwanese pool player
- February 11 – Elisa Izquierdo, American murder victim (d. 1995)
- February 13
- Rodrigo Possebon, Brazilian footballer
- Carly McKillip, Canadian actress
- February 16 – Zivanna Letisha Siregar, Indonesian model
- February 17 – Rebecca Adlington, British swimmer
- February 21
- Corbin Bleu, American actor and singer
- Kristin Herrera, American actress
- Scout Taylor-Compton, American actress
- February 24
- Kosta Koufos, Greek-American basketball player
- Trace Cyrus, American musician
- February 25 – Lee Sang-Hwa, South Korean speed skater
- February 27
- Kelly Breeding, American singer
- Stefano Langone, American singer
March[link]
- March 1
- Daniella Monet, American actress
- Carlos Vela, Mexican footballer
- March 4 – Erin Heatherton, American fashion model
- March 5
- Sterling Knight, American actor
- Jake Lloyd, American actor
- March 6 – Agnieszka Radwańska, Polish tennis player
- March 7 – Gerald Anderson, Filipino-American actor
- March 9
- Christina Broccolini, Canadian TV presenter
- Kim Tae-yeon, Korean singer SNSD
- March 11 – Anton Yelchin, Russian actor
- March 14 – Colby O'Donis, American singer
- March 15 – Caitlin Wachs, American actress
- March 16
- Peaches Geldof, British performer
- Blake Griffin, American basketball player
- Theo Walcott, English footballer
- March 17 – Shinji Kagawa, Japanese football player
- March 21
- Rochelle Wiseman, British singer (S Club Juniors & The Saturdays)
- Labrinth, English singer-songwriter and record producer
- March 22 – Karen Rodriguez, American singer
- March 24 – Aziz Shavershian, Australian bodybuilder (d. 2011)
- March 25
- Scott Sinclair, English footballer
- Alyson Michalka, American actress and singer
- March 31 – Liu Zige, Chinese swimmer
April[link]
- April 2 – Danita Paner, Filipina actress
- April 4 – Chris Herd, Australian footballer who currently plays for Premier League team Aston Villa
- April 8
- Nicholas Megalis, American singer-songwriter
- Hitomi Takahashi, Japanese singer
- April 18
- Alia Shawkat, American actress
- Jung Su-yeon, Singer from Korean group SNSD
- April 22 – Thomas James Longley, British actor
- April 23
- Anastasia Baranova, Russian-born actress
- Nicole Vaidišová, Czech tennis player
- April 25
- Michael van Gerwen, Dutch darts player
- Raquel Donatelli, American reality television star
May[link]
- May 4
- Dániel Gyurta, Hungarian swimmer
- James van Riemsdyk, American ice hockey player
- Rory McIlroy, Irish golfer
- May 5 – Chris Brown, American singer and actor
- May 10 – Lindsey Shaw, American actress
- May 11 – Giovani dos Santos, Mexican soccer player
- May 12 – Imogen Poots, English actress
- May 14 – Rob Gronkowski, American football player
- May 15 – Lee Soon-Kyu, Singer from Korean group SNSD
- May 16 – Behati Prinsloo, Namibian fashion model
- May 17 – Tessa Virtue, Canadian Ice Dancer
- May 29
- Brandon Mychal Smith, American Actor
- Riley Keough, American model
June[link]
- June 2 – Freddy Adu, American soccer player
- June 4 – Eldar Gasimov, Azerbaijani singer
- June 7 – Shelley Buckner, American actress
- June 8 – Richard Fleeshman, English actor
- June 9 – Chloe Agnew, Irish singer
- June 10 – Alexandra Stan, Romanian singer
- June 13
- Tommy Searle, British Motocross Racer
- Lisa Tucker, American singer, musical theater and television actress
- June 14
- Svetlana Raznatovic, Serbian singer
- Lucy Hale, American actress and singer
- Madison Ivy, German-born American pornographic actress
- June 17 – Simone Battle, American actress and singer
- June 18 – Renee Olstead, American actress and singer
- June 20 – Christopher Mintz-Plasse, American actor
- June 22 – Jeffrey Earnhardt, American race car driver
- June 23 – Lauren Bennett, British singer, dancer, painter, photographer, and model
- June 27
- Matthew Lewis, British actor
- Bruna Tenório, Brazilian supermodel
July[link]
- July 1 – Mitch Hewer, British actor
- July 2 – Devin Tailes, American singer
- July 8 – Dmitry Abakumov, Russian football player
- July 11
- David Henrie, American actor
- Shareeka Epps, American actress
- July 12 – Phoebe Tonkin, Australian actress
- July 13 – Sayumi Michishige, Japanese singer
- July 14
- Cyril Rioli, Australian rules footballer
- Sean Flynn-Amir, American actor
- July 15 – Tristan Wilds, American actor
- July 16 – Gareth Bale, Welsh footballer
- July 18
- Yohan Mollo, French Footballer
- Jamie Benn, Canadian ice hockey player
- July 21
- Rory Culkin, American actor
- Jamie Waylett, British actor
- Juno Temple, British actress
- July 22 – Keegan Allen, American actor
- July 23
- Daniel Radcliffe, British actor
- Zhong An Qi, Taiwanese singer
- July 25 – Noel Callahan, Canadian actor
- July 27 – Charlotte Arnold, Canadian actress
- July 31 – Victoria Azarenka, Belarusian tennis player
August[link]
- August 1 – Stephanie Hwang, Singer from Korean group SNSD
- August 8 – Sesil Karatantcheva, Bulgarian tennis player
- August 9 – Stefano Okaka, Italian footballer
- August 10 – Sam Gagner, Canadian ice hockey player
- August 14 – Kyle Turris, Canadian ice hockey player
- August 15
- Carlos Pena, Jr., American actor, dancer and singer
- Belinda, Mexican singer and actress
- Joe Jonas, American musician actor and singer
- August 19 – Romeo, American rapper and actor
- August 21 – Hayden Panettiere, American actress and singer
- August 23 – Breanna Conrad, American reality television star
September[link]
- September 1 – Bill Kaulitz, German voice actor, model, lead singer for Tokio Hotel
- September 2 – Alexandre Pato, Brazilian footballer
- September 7 – Hugh Mitchell, British actor
- September 8 – Avicii, Swedish DJ, remixer, and record producer
- September 9 – Sean Malto, American Professional Skateboarder
- September 12 – Freddie Freeman, American baseball player
- September 13 – Thomas Müller, German football player
- September 14 – Logan Henderson, Lebanese American actor, dancer, and singer
- September 15 – Steliana Nistor, Romanian gymnast and Olympic medalist
- September 19 – Tyreke Evans, American basketball player, 2010 NBA Rookie of the Year
- September 21 – Jason Derulo, American singer-songwriter. actor
- September 22
- Hyoyeon, South Korean singer, Girls Generation
- Sabine Lisicki, German tennis player
- September 23 – Brandon Jennings, American basketball player
- September 26 – Emma Rigby, British actress
- September 27 – Park Tae-Hwan, South Korean swimmer
- September 29 – Theo Adams, British performance artist
October[link]
- October 1 – Brie Larson, American actress
- October 4
- Lil Mama, American rapper
- Kimmie Meissner, American figure skater
- Viktoria Rebensburg, German alpine skier
- October 10 – Aimee Teegarden, American actress
- October 11 – Michelle Wie, American golf player
- October 11 – Michael Kruse, Canadian Golf player
- October 14 – Mia Wasikowska, Australian actress
- October 24 – Shenae Grimes, Canadian actress
- October 30 – Nastia Liukin, American gymnast and Olympic gold medalist
November[link]
- November 2 – Katelyn Tarver, American singer, songwriter, actress
- November 3 – Paula DeAnda, Mexican-American singer
- November 6 – Jozy Altidore, American soccer player
- November 11 – Reina Tanaka, Japanese singer
- November 14 – Jake Livermore, English footballer
- November 15 – Tim Corcoran, American acrobat
- November 20 – Cody Linley, American actor
- November 24 – Jordan Witzigreuter, American singer/songwriter (The Ready Set)
- November 27 – Freddie Sears, English footballer
December[link]
- December 2 – Cassie Steele, Canadian actress and singer
- December 4– Garron DuPree, American musician
- December 5
- Katy Kung, Hong Kong actress
- Kwon Yu-ri, Korean singer SNSD
- Gregory Tyree Boyce, American actor
- December 7 – Nicholas Hoult, British actor
- December 13 – Taylor Swift, American singer
- December 18 – Ashley Benson, American actress
- December 19 – Valdimar Bergstað, Icelandic Horse rider
- December 22 – Jordin Sparks, American singer
- December 26 – Yohan Blake, Jamaican athlete
- December 27 – Kateryna Lahno, Ukrainian chess player
- December 28
- Mackenzie Rosman, American actress
- Jessie Buckley, Irish actress and singer
- December 29 – Kei Nishikori, Japanese tennis player
- December 30 – Ryan Sheckler, American skateboarder
Deaths[link]
January[link]
- January 3 – Robert Banks, American chemist (b. 1921)
- January 4 – Dvora Netzer, Israeli politician (b. 1897)
- January 7
- Frank Adams, British mathematician (b. 1930)
- Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (b. 1901)
- January 8 – Kenneth McMillan, American actor (b. 1932)
- January 10
- Hai Teng, abbott of Shaolin Temple (b. 1902?)
- Herbert Morrison, American radio reporter (b. 1905)
- Donald Voorhees, American composer and musician (b. 1903)
- January 11
- August Koern, Estonian statesman and diplomat (b. 1900)
- José Luis Bustamante y Rivero, Peruvian politician, diplomat and jurist, former President (b. 1894)
- January 13 – Joe Spinell, American actor (b. 1936)
- January 14 – Robert B. Anderson, American administrator and businessman (b. 1910)
- January 16 – Trey Wilson, American actor (b. 1948)
- January 19 – Norma Varden, English actress (b. 1898)
- January 20 – Beatrice Lillie, Canadian actress (b. 1894)
- January 21
- Carl Furillo, American baseball player (b. 1922)
- Billy Tipton, American musician (b. 1914)
- January 23 – Salvador Dalí, Spanish artist (b. 1904)
- January 24 – Ted Bundy, American serial killer (executed) (b. 1946)
- January 27 – Bayani Casimiro, Filipino dancer and actor (b. 1918)
February[link]
- February 1 – Elaine de Kooning, American artist (b. 1919)
- February 2 – Ondrej Nepela, Slovakian figure skater (b. 1951)
- February 3
- John Cassavetes, American actor and author (b. 1929)
- Glenna Collett-Vare, American golfer (b. 1903)
- February 5 – Joe Morrison, University of South Carolina Head Football Coach ( b. 1937)
- February 6
- Ron Field, American choreographer (b. 1934)
- Barbara Tuchman, American historian (b. 1912)
- February 9 – Osamu Tezuka, Japanese Manga artist, e.g. Astroboy (b. 1928)
- February 11
- Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Sheikh, former ruler of Abu Dhabi (b. 1905)
- T.E.B. Clarke, English screenwriter (b. 1907)
- George O'Hanlon, American actor and director (b. 1912)
- February 14 – Vincent Crane, British musician (Atomic Rooster) (b. 1943)
- February 17
- Lefty Gomez, Mexican-American baseball player (b. 1908)
- Joe Raposo, musician, composer for Sesame Street and The Electric Company (b. 1937)
- February 20 – Robert Dorning, English actor (b. 1913)
- February 21 – Moshe Unna, Israeli politician (b. 1902)
- February 24 – Sparky Adams, American baseball player (b. 1894)
- February 26 – Roy Eldridge, American musician (b. 1911)
- February 27
- Paul Oswald Ahnert, German astronomer (b. 1897)
- Konrad Lorenz, Austrian zoologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1903)
March[link]
- March 6 – Harry Andrews, British actor (b. 1911)
- March 8
- Robert Lacoste, French politician (b. 1898)
- Carl Stuart Hamblen, American musician (b. 1908)
- March 9 – Robert Mapplethorpe, American photographer (b. 1946)
- March 11 – James Kee, American politician (b. 1917)
- March 12 – Maurice Evans, English actor (b. 1901)
- March 14
- Edward Abbey, American author and environmentalist (b. 1927)
- Stephen D. Bechtel, Sr., American businessman (b. 1900)
- Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Wife of Emperor Charles I, last Empress of Austria (b. 1892)
- May 15 – Johnny Green, American songwriter (b. 1908)
- March 16 – Jesús María de Leizaola, Basque Spanish politician (b. 1896)
- March 17 – Merritt Butrick, American actor (b. 1959)
- March 19 – Alan Civil, English French horn player (b. 1929)
- March 21 – Milton Frome, American actor (b. 1909)
- March 27
- May Allison, American actress (b. 1890)
- Malcolm Cowley, American author (b. 1898)
- Jack Starrett, American actor and director (b. 1936)
- Scott Safran, Arcade game world record holder (b. 1967
- March 29 – Bernard Blier, French actor (b. 1916)
April[link]
- April 1 – George Robledo, Chilean soccer player (b. 1926)
- April 9 – Moshe Ziffer, Israeli sculptor (b. 1902)
- April 12
- Gerald Flood, British actor (b. 1927)
- Abbie Hoffman, American political activist (b. 1936)
- Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (b. 1921)
- April 15
- Hu Yaobang, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (b. 1915)
- Charles Vanel, French actor (b. 1892)
- April 16 – Jocko Conlan, baseball player and umpire (b. 1899)
- April 19 – Daphne du Maurier, English writer (b. 1907)
- April 21
- Princess Deokhye, Princess of Korea (b. 1912)
- James Kirkwood, Jr., American playwright (b. 1924)
- April 22 – Emilio G. Segrè, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- April 23 – Hamani Diori, Nigerien politician, former President (b. 1916)
- April 24 – Edgar Sanabria, Venezuelan lawyer, diplomat, and politician, former President (b. 1911)
- April 25 – George Coulouris, English actor (b. 1903)
- April 26 – Lucille Ball, American entertainer (b. 1911)
- April 27 – Konosuke Matsushita, Japanese industrialist (b. 1894)
- April 30
- Sergio Leone, Italian film director (b. 1929)
- Bangja, Crown Princess Euimin of Korea, (b. 1901)
May[link]
- May 1 – Sally Kirkland, fashion editor at LIFE (b. 1912)
- May 3 – Christine Jorgensen, transgendered actress, singer, and writer (b. 1926)
- May 7 – Guy Williams, American actor (b. 1924)
- May 9 – Keith Whitley, American singer (b. 1955)
- May 19
- C. L. R. James, Trinidadian writer and journalist (b. 1901)
- Robert Webber, American actor (b. 1924)
- May 20
- Anton Diffring, German actor (b. 1918)
- John Hicks, English economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- Gilda Radner, American comedian and actress (b. 1946)
- May 26 – Don Revie, English Footballer & Manager (b. 1927)
- May 29 – John Cipollina, American musician (Quicksilver Messenger Service) (b. 1943)
- May 30 – James Harry Lacey, British World War II RAF Fighter pilot (b. 1917)
June[link]
- June 3
- Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran (b. 1902)
- John McCauley, NHL official
- June 4 – Dik Browne, American cartoonist (b. 1917)
- June 7 – Don the Beachcomber, American restaurateur (b. 1907)
- June 9
- George Wells Beadle, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1903)
- Karl Skytte, Danish politician (b. 1908)
- José López Rega, Argentine Peronist politician (b. 1916)
- June 10 – Richard Quine, American actor (b. 1920)
- June 13 – Fran Allison, actress (b. 1907)
- June 15
- Ray McAnally, Irish actor (b. 1926)
- Victor French, American actor and director (b. 1934)
- June 17 – John Matuszak, American football player and actor (b. 1950)
- June 22
- Lee Calhoun, American Olympic athlete (b. 1933)
- Menahem Stern, Israeli historian (b. 1925)
- June 23 – Werner Best, German Nazi official (b. 1903)
- June 24 – Hibari Misora, Japanese singer (b. 1937)
- June 26 – Howard Charles Green, Canadian politician, former Foreign secretary (b. 1895)
- June 27
- Alfred Ayer, British philosopher (b. 1910)
- Jack Buetel, American actor (b. 1915)
- Michele Lupo, Italian film director (b. 1932)
- June 28 – Joris Ivens, Dutch filmmaker (b. 1898)
July[link]
.jpg)
- July 2
- Andrei Gromyko, Soviet politician and diplomat, former Foreign Minister (b. 1909)
- Hilmar Baunsgaard, Danish politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1920)
- Ben Wright, English Actor in radio, film and television(b. 1915)
- Franklin Schaffner, American film director (b. 1920)
- July 3 – Jim Backus, American actor (b. 1913)
- July 4
- Jack Haig, English actor (b. 1913)
- Vic Perrin, American voice actor (b. 1916)
- July 6 – János Kádár, Hungarian politician & communist leader (b. 1912)
- July 10 – Mel Blanc, American voice actor best known for voicing Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck. (b. 1908)
- July 11 – Laurence Olivier, prolific English stage and screen actor and director (b. 1907)
- July 15 – Laurie Cunningham, English footballer (b. 1956)
- July 16 – Herbert von Karajan, Austrian conductor (b. 1908)
- July 17 – Itubwa Amram, Nauruan pastor and politician (b. 1922)
- July 18
- Donnie Moore, baseball player (suicide) (b. 1954)
- Rebecca Schaeffer, American actress (b. 1967)
- July 19 – Kazimierz Sabbat, Polish president (b. 1913)
- July 20
- Forrest H. Anderson, American politician (b. 1913)
- Mary Treen, American film actress (b. 1907)
- July 22 – Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (b. 1935)
- July 23
- Donald Barthelme, American writer (b. 1931)
- Michael Sundin, English television presenter (b. 1961)
- July 24 – Ernie Morrison, American actor (b. 1912)
- July 30 – Lane Frost, American bull rider (b. 1963)
August[link]
- August 1 – John Ogdon, English pianist (b. 1937)
- August 4
- Maurice Colbourne, British actor (b. 1939)
- Franziska Liebing, Swedish actress (b. 1901)
- August 7 – Mickey Leland, American congressman (b. 1944)
- August 12 – William Shockley, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910)
- August 13
- Hugo del Carril, Argentine film actor, film director and tango singer (b. 1912)
- Tim Richmond, American race car driver (b. 1955)
- August 14 – Robert Bernard Anderson, American political figure (b. 1910)
- August 15 – Minoru Genda, Japanese aviator, naval officer, and politician (b. 1904)
- August 16
- Jean-Hilaire Aubame, French-Gabonese politician (b. 1912)
- Amanda Blake, American actress (b. 1929)
- August 17 – Harry Corbett, British TV presenter, creator of Sooty; OBE award winner (b. 1918)
- August 20
- George Adamson, Indian-born conservationist (assassinated) (b. 1906)
- Joseph LaShelle, American cinematographer (b. 1900)
- August 21 – Raul Seixas, Brazilian singer (b. 1945)
- August 22
- John Clyne, Canadian jurist (b. 1902)
- Diana Vreeland, American fashion editor (b. 1929)
- Huey P. Newton, co-founder of the Black Panther Party (murdered) (b. 1942)
- August 23 – Ronald David Laing, Scottish psychiatrist (b. 1927)
- August 26 – Irving Stone, American writer (b. 1903)
- August 29 – Peter Scott, English naturalist, artist, and explorer (b. 1909)
- August 30 – Joe Collins, baseball player (b. 1922)
September[link]
- September 1 – A. Bartlett Giamatti, American President of Yale University and MLB Commissioner (b. 1938)
- September 4
- Georges Simenon, Belgian writer (b. 1903)
- Ronald Syme, New Zealand-born classicist and historian (b. 1903)
- September 8
- Ann George, English actress (b. 1903)
- Barry Sadler, American author and musician (b. 1940)
- September 14 – Dámaso Pérez Prado, Cuban musician (b. 1916)
- September 15 – Robert Penn Warren, American writer (b. 1905)
- September 17 – Hugh Quincy Alexander, American politician (b. 1911)
- September 22 – Irving Berlin, American composer (b. 1888)
- September 28 – Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines (b. 1917)
- September 30
- Horace Alexander, English writer, pacifist, and ornithologist (b. 1889)
- Virgil Thomson, American composer (b. 1896)
- Huỳnh Tấn Phát, Vietnamese politician (b. 1913)
October[link]
- October 4 – Graham Chapman, English comedian (Monty Python) (b. 1941)
- October 6 – Bette Davis, American actress (b. 1908)
- October 9 – Penny Lernoux, American journalist and author (b. 1940)
- October 11 – M. King Hubbert, American geophysicist (b. 1903)
- October 12 – Jay Ward, animator, creator of Rocky and Bullwinkle, Dudley Do-Right, etc.
- October 16
- Scott O'Dell, children's writer and winner of 5 Newbery Awards (b. 1898)
- Cornel Wilde, American actor (b. 1915)
- October 20
- Dahn Ben-Amotz, Israeli joyrnalist and author (b. 1924)
- Anthony Quayle, English actor (b. 1913)
- October 22 – Roland Winters, American actor (b. 1904)
- October 25 – Mary McCarthy, American writer (b. 1912)
- October 26 – Charles J. Pedersen, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- October 30 – Pedro Vargas, Mexican singer and actor (b. 1904)
November[link]
- November 1 – Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander, American civil rights activist (b. 1898)
- November 3 – Timoci Bavadra, Fiji physician and politician (b. 1934)
- November 5 – Vladimir Horowitz, Russian pianist (b. 1903)
- November 11 – Kenneth MacLean Glazier, Sr., Canadian minister and librarian (b. 1912)
- November 13
- Victor Davis, Canadian Olympic swimmer (b. 1964)
- Franz Joseph II, 14th Sovereign Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1906)
- November 20 – Lynn Bari, American actress (b. 1913)
- November 22
- C. C. Beck, American cartoonist (b. 1910)
- René Moawad, President of Lebanon (assassinated) (b. 1925)
- November 25 – George Cakobau, Fiji Governor General (b. 1912)
- November 26 – Ahmed Abdallah, Comorian politician, President of the Republic (assassinated) (b. 1919)
- November 27 – Carlos Arias Navarro, Spanish politician, former President of the Government (b. 1908)
- November 29 – Gubby Allen, English cricketer (b. 1902)
- November 30 – Ahmadou Ahidjo, Cameroonian politician, former President (b. 1924)
December[link]
- December 1 – Alvin Ailey, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1931)
- December 2 – Ray Morehart, American baseball player (b. 1899)
- December 3 – Sourou Migan Apithy, Beninese political figure, former president of Dahomey (b. 1913)
- December 4 – Frederick Elwyn Jones, British barrister and Labour politician. (b. 1909)
- December 5 – John Pritchard, English conductor (b. 1921)
- December 6
- Frances Bavier, American actress (b. 1902)
- Sammy Fain, American composer (b. 1902)
- Marc Lépine, Canadian mass murderer (b. 1964)
- John Payne, American actor (b. 1912)
- December 7 – Haystacks Calhoun, American professional wrestler (b. 1934)
- December 8
- Hans Hartung, German-French painter (b. 1904)
- Mikhail Katukov, Russian war hero (b. 1900)
- December 11 – Lindsay Crosby, American singer and actor (b. 1938)
- December 14
- Jock Mahoney, American actor (b. 1919)
- Andrei Sakharov, Russian physicist and activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (declined) (b. 1921)
- December 15 – Edward Underdown, stage and film veteran (b. 1908)
- December 16
- Silvana Mangano, Italian actress (b. 1930)
- Aileen Pringle, American actress (b. 1895)
- December 16 – Lee Van Cleef, American actor (b. 1925)
- December 19 – Kirill Mazurov, Belarusian Soviet politician. (b. 1914)
- December 20 – Kurt Böhme, German bass (b. 1908)
- December 21
- Ján Cikker, Slovak composer (b. 1911)
- Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Nigerian/British Photographer, co-founder AUTOGRAPH-ABP (b. 1955)
- December 22
- Samuel Beckett, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
- Vasile Milea, Romanian military officer and politician, minister of Defense (suicide) (b. 1927)
- December 25
- Nicolae Ceauşescu, Romanian dictator, Communist Party head and President of the Republic (executed) (b. 1918)
- Billy Martin, American baseball player and manager (b. 1928)
- December 26 – Lennox Berkeley, English composer (b. 1903)
- December 30
- Yasuji Miyazaki, Japanese Olympic swimmer (b. 1916)
- Madoline Thomas, Welsh actress (b. 1890)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul
- Chemistry – Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech
- Medicine – J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus
- Literature – Camilo José Cela
- Peace – Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama
- Cage of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Trygve Haavelmo
Templeton Prize[link]
- The Very Reverend Lord MacLeod (Joint Award)
- Professor Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (Joint Award)
In fiction[link]
Main article: Works of fiction set in 1989
References[link]
- After the fall – Europe after 1989
- Mikhail Gorbachev on 1989 - 2009 interview by The Nation
- Freedom Without Walls: German Missions in the United States Looking Back at the Fall of the Berlin Wall – official homepage in English
- Father of Lions.org
http://wn.com/1989
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This name uses Portuguese naming customs. The first or maternal family name is Senna and the second or paternal family name is Silva.
 Senna at the 1989 San Marino Grand Prix |
|
| Born | (1960-03-21)21 March 1960 São Paulo, Brazil |
|---|---|
| Died | 1 May 1994(1994-05-01) (aged 34) Bologna, Italy |
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality |  Brazilian |
| Active years | 1984–1994 |
| Teams | Toleman, Lotus, McLaren, Williams |
| Races | 162 (161 starts) |
| Championships | 3 (1988, 1990, 1991) |
| Wins | 41 |
| Podiums | 80 |
| Career points | 610 (614)[1] |
| Pole positions | 65 |
| Fastest laps | 19 |
| First race | 1984 Brazilian Grand Prix |
| First win | 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix |
| Last win | 1993 Australian Grand Prix |
| Last race | 1994 San Marino Grand Prix |
Ayrton Senna da Silva (pronounced [aˈiɾtõ ˈsenɐ da ˈsiwvɐ] (
listen); 21 March 1960 – 1 May 1994) was a Brazilian racing driver. Senna was a three-time Formula One world champion and is widely regarded as one of the greatest F1 drivers of all time.[2][3][4][5][6][7] He died in a crash at Tamburello corner while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix and is the most recent driver to die at the wheel of a Formula One car.
Senna began his motorsport career in karting, moving up to open-wheel racing in 1981, and winning the British Formula 3 championship in 1983. He made his Formula One debut with Toleman-Hart in 1984 before moving to Lotus-Renault the following year and winning six Grands Prix over the next three seasons. In 1988, he joined Frenchman Alain Prost at McLaren-Honda. Between them, they won all but one of the 16 Grands Prix that year and Senna his first World Championship. Prost claimed the championship in 1989, and Senna his second and third championships in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, the Williams-Renault combination began to dominate Formula One. Senna nonetheless managed to finish the 1993 season as runner-up, winning five races and negotiating a move to Williams in 1994.
Senna was recognised for his qualifying speed over one lap and from 1989 until 2006 held the record for most pole positions. He was especially quick in wet conditions, as shown by his performances in the 1984 Monaco Grand Prix, the 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix, and the 1993 European Grand Prix. He also holds the record for most victories at the prestigious Monaco Grand Prix – six – and is the third most successful driver of all time in terms of race wins. Senna courted controversy throughout his career, particularly during his turbulent rivalry with Alain Prost. Both the 1989 Championship won by Prost and the 1990 Championship won by Senna were decided by collisions between them at those years' Japanese Grands Prix.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Senna was born in Santana, a neighbourhood of São Paulo city,[8] the son of wealthy Brazilian landowner and factory owner Milton da Silva and his wife Neide Senna da Silva (whose family is of Italian lineage). He was highly athletic, excelling in gymnastics and other sports, and developed an interest in cars and motor racing at the age of four.
Senna's first kart was a small 1 HP go-kart, built by his father using a lawnmower engine. Senna entered karting competition at the age of 13[9] and, in 1977, won the South American Kart Championship. He contested the Karting World Championship each year from 1978 to 1982, finishing runner-up in 1979 and 1980.[10]
In 1981, Senna moved to England to begin single-seater racing, winning the RAC and Townsend-Thoreson Formula Ford 1600 Championships that year with the Van Diemen team. Despite this, Senna initially did not believe he would continue in motorsport. At the end of the season, under pressure from his parents to take up a role in the family business, he returned to Brazil.[11] Before leaving England, however, Senna was offered a drive with a Formula Ford 2000 team for £10,000. Back in Brazil, he decided to take up this offer and returned to live in England. As Silva is a very common Brazilian name, he adopted his mother's maiden name, Senna.[12] Senna went on to win the 1982 British and European Formula Ford 2000 championships under that surname.
In 1983, Senna drove in the British Formula Three Championship with the West Surrey Racing team. He dominated the first half of the season until Martin Brundle, driving a similar car for Eddie Jordan Racing, closed the gap in the second part of the championship. Senna won the title at the final round after a closely fought and, at times, acrimonious battle.[13] In November that year, he triumphed at the inaugural Macau Formula 3 Grand Prix with Teddy Yip's Toyota powered Theodore Racing Team.[14][15]
Formula One career[link]
1984: Toleman[link]
Senna tested for Formula One teams Williams, McLaren, Brabham and Toleman. Peter Warr of Lotus, Ron Dennis of McLaren, and Bernie Ecclestone of Brabham made offers for testing in 1984 and presented long-term contracts that tied Senna to driving later on. At his test for Williams at Donington Park, Senna completed 40 laps and was quicker than the other drivers inculding Keke Rosberg.[16] Neither Williams nor McLaren had a vacancy for the 1984 season.[16] Warr actually wanted to replace Nigel Mansell with Senna at Lotus, but the title sponsor, Imperial Tobacco, wanted a British driver. Senna, however, was determined to drive that season and certainly on his own terms. Senna was also linked to Brabham's second seat, but the lead driver, Nelson Piquet, preferred Roberto Moreno.[17] Consequently, he joined Toleman, a relatively new team, using less competitive Pirelli tyres.[18][19] Venezuelan Johnny Cecotto was his team mate.
Senna made his debut at the Brazilian Grand Prix in Rio de Janeiro. He scored his first World Championship point in his second race at the South African Grand Prix with severe muscle spasms, replicating that result two weeks later at the Belgian Grand Prix. A combination of tyre issues and a fuel pressure problem resulted in his failure to qualify for the San Marino Grand Prix, the only time this happened during his career.[20] Senna's best result of the season came at the Monaco Grand Prix, the first wet weather race of the season. Qualifying 13th on the grid, he made steady progress in climbing through the field, passing Niki Lauda for second on lap 19. He quickly began to cut the gap to race leader Alain Prost, but before he could attack Prost the race was stopped on lap 31 for safety reasons, as the rain had grown even heavier. At the time the race was stopped Senna was catching Prost at 4 seconds per lap.[21] Senna finally passed Prost during the 32nd lap at the end of which the red flag was shown. However according to the rules, the positions counted were those from the last lap completed by every driver, lap 31, at which point Prost was still leading.[22] Senna's second place was his first podium in Formula One.
Still in 1984, Senna took two more podium finishes that year—third at the British and Portuguese Grands Prix—and placed 9th in the Drivers Championship with 13 points overall. He did not take part in the Italian Grand Prix after he was suspended by Toleman for being in breach of his contract by signing for Lotus for 1985 without informing the Toleman team first.[23]
Senna also raced in two high-profile non-Formula One races in 1984: The ADAC 1000 km Nürburgring where, alongside Henri Pescarolo and Stefan Johansson, he co-drove a Joest Racing Porsche 956 to finish 8th, as well as an exhibition race to celebrate the opening of the new Nürburgring, which was attended by several Formula 1 drivers, each driving identical Mercedes 190E 2.3–16. Senna won from Niki Lauda and Carlos Reutemann.[24][25] After the race Senna was quoted as saying, "Now I know I can do it."[26]
1985–1987: Lotus[link]
- 1985
Senna was partnered in his first year at Lotus-Renault by Italian driver Elio de Angelis. At the second round of the season, the Portuguese Grand Prix, Senna took the first pole position of his Formula 1 career. He converted it into his first victory in the race, which was held in very wet conditions, winning by over a minute from Michele Alboreto.[27] He would not finish in the points again until coming second at the Austrian Grand Prix, despite taking pole three more times in the intervening period. (His determination to take pole at the Monaco Grand Prix had infuriated Alboreto and Niki Lauda; Senna had set a fast time early and was accused of deliberately baulking the other drivers by running more laps than necessary, a charge he rejected.)[28] Two more podiums followed in the Netherlands and Italy, before Senna added his second victory, again in wet conditions, at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium.[29] Senna's relationship with De Angelis soured over the season, as both drivers demanded top driver status within Lotus and, after spending six years at the team, De Angelis departed for Brabham at the end of the year, convinced that Lotus were becoming focused around the Brazilian.[30] Senna and De Angelis finished the season 4th and 5th respectively in the driver rankings, separated by five points in the quick but unreliable 97T. In terms of qualifying, however, Senna had begun to establish himself as the quickest in the field: his tally of seven poles that season was far more than that of any of the other drivers.
- 1986
De Angelis was replaced at Lotus by Scot Johnny Dumfries after Senna vetoed Derek Warwick from joining the team, saying that Lotus were not able to run competitive cars for two top drivers at the same time. Senna later admitted "It was bad, bad. Until then I had a good relationship with Derek."[31] Senna started the season well, coming second in Brazil and winning the Spanish Grand Prix by just 0.014s from Nigel Mansell—one of the closest finishes in Formula One history—to find himself leading the World Championship after two races.[32] However, poor reliability, particularly in the second half of the season, saw him drift behind the Williams pairing of Mansell and Piquet, as well as eventual champion, Alain Prost. Nonetheless, Senna was once more the top qualifier, with eight poles, and he took a further six podium finishes that season, including another victory at the Detroit Grand Prix, and finished the season fourth in the driver's standings again, with 55 points.
After winning the Detroit Grand Prix, two days after Brazil was eliminated from the 1986 FIFA World Cup, Senna asked a supporter for the Brazilian flag and drove one lap waving the flag. Thereafter, he repeated this ritual every time he won a race.
- 1987
Lotus had a new engine deal in 1987, running the same Honda engines as Williams had used to win the previous year's Constructors' Championship, and with them came a new team-mate, 34 year-old Japanese driver, Satoru Nakajima. Senna started the season with mixed fortunes: a podium at the San Marino Grand Prix was tempered by controversy at the following race at Spa-Francorchamps, where he collided with Mansell and was confronted by the angered Englishman in the pits afterwards.[33] Senna then won two races in a row: the ensuing Monaco Grand Prix (the first of his record six victories at the Principality) and the Detroit Grand Prix, his second victory in two years at the Michigan street circuit, to take the lead in the World Championship. As the championship wore on however, it became evident that the Williams cars had the advantage over the rest of the field, the gap between the Honda-engined teams made most obvious at the British Grand Prix, where Mansell and Piquet lapped the Lotuses of Senna and Nakajima. Senna became dissatisfied with his chances at Lotus and at Monza it was announced that he would be joining McLaren for 1988.[34] Senna finished the season strongly, coming second in the final two races in Japan and Australia, however post-race scrutineering at the final race found the brake ducts of his Lotus to be wider than permitted by the rules and he was disqualified, bringing his last and most successful season with Lotus to a sour end.[35] Senna was classified third in the final standings, with 57 points, one pole position and six podium finishes. This season marked a turning point in Senna's career as, throughout the year, he built a deep relationship with Honda, one which would pay big dividends, as McLaren had secured Williams' supply of Honda's V6 turbo engines for 1988.[36]
1988–1993: McLaren[link]
- 1988
In 1988, thanks to the relationship he had built up with Honda throughout the 1987 season with Lotus, and with the approval of McLaren's number one driver and then-double world champion, Alain Prost, Senna joined the McLaren team.[37] The foundation for a fierce competition between Senna and Prost was laid, culminating in a number of dramatic race incidents between the two over the next five years.[38] At the 1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Prost made a slightly faster start than Senna but the Brazilian dived into the first corner ahead. Prost responded and went to pass Senna at the end of the first lap. Senna swerved to block Prost, forcing the Frenchman to nearly run into the pitwall at 180 mph (290 km/h). Prost kept his foot down and soon edged Senna into the first corner and started pulling away. Though Prost was angered by Senna's manoeuvre, the Brazilian got away with a warning from the FIA. Senna would later apologize to Prost for the incident. Ultimately, the pair won 15 of 16 races in the McLaren MP4/4 in 1988 with Senna coming out on top, winning his first Formula One world championship title by taking eight wins to Prost's seven (Prost had scored more points over the season, but had to drop three second places as only the 11 best scores counted).[39]
- 1989
The following year, the rivalry between Senna and Prost intensified into numerous battles on the track and a psychological war off it.[40] Tension and mistrust between the two drivers increased when Senna overtook Prost at the restart of the San Marino Grand Prix, a move which Prost claimed violated a pre-race agreement. Senna took an early lead in the championship with victories in San Marino, Monaco, and Mexico. However, unreliability in Phoenix, Canada, France, Britain and Italy, together with collisions in Brazil and Portugal, swung the title in Prost's favour.
Prost took the 1989 world title after a collision with Senna at the Suzuka Circuit in Japan, the penultimate race of the season, which Senna needed to win to remain in contention for the title. Senna had attempted an inside pass on Prost who turned into the corner and cut him off, with the two McLarens finishing up with their wheels interlocked in the Suzuka chicane escape road. Senna then got a push-start from marshals, pitted to replace the damaged nose of his car, and rejoined the race. He took the lead from the Benetton of Alessandro Nannini and went on to finish first, only to be disqualified by the FIA (at the insistence of Prost[citation needed] who ran into the race marshals' office after seeing Senna rejoin the race) for cutting the chicane after the collision, and for crossing into the pit lane entry (not part of the track).[41] A large fine and temporary suspension of his Super License followed in the winter of 1989, and an irate Senna engaged in a bitter war of words with the FIA and its then President Jean-Marie Balestre.[42] Senna finished the season second with six wins and one second place. Prost left McLaren for rivals Ferrari for the following year.
- 1990
In 1990, Senna took a commanding lead in the championship with six wins, two second places and three thirds. His most memorable victories were at the opening round in Phoenix, in which he diced for the lead for several laps with a then-unknown Jean Alesi before coming out on top, and at Germany where he fought Benetton driver Alessandro Nannini throughout the race for the win. As the season reached its final quarter however, Alain Prost in his Ferrari rose to the challenge with five wins, including a crucial victory in Spain where he and teammate Nigel Mansell finished 1–2 for the Scuderia. Senna had gone out with a damaged radiator and the gap between Senna and Prost was now reduced to 11 points with two races remaining.
At the penultimate round of the Championship in Japan at Suzuka (the same circuit where Senna and Prost had their collision a year before), Senna took pole ahead of Prost. The pole position in Suzuka was universally known to be on the left-hand, racing-line of the track. However, at FIA President Balestre's direction (no-one else has the power to make this order) Prost was given the racing-line start position and Senna was placed on the right-hand, dirty side of the track. As a result, Ferrari made a better start and pulled ahead of Senna's McLaren. At the first turn Senna aggressively kept his inside line, while Prost turned in and the McLaren ploughed into the rear wheel of Prost's Ferrari at about 270 km/h (170 mph), putting both cars off the track, this time making Senna the Formula 1 world champion.[43] A year later, after taking his third world championship, Senna explained to the press his actions of the previous year in Suzuka. He maintained that prior to qualifying fastest, he had sought and received assurances from race officials that pole position would be changed to the left-hand, clean side of the track, only to find this decision reversed by Jean-Marie Balestre after he had taken pole.[44] Explaining the collision with Prost, Senna said that what he had wanted was to make it clear that he was not going to accept the unquestionably unfair decision-making by Balestre, including his 1989 disqualification and the incorrect pole position in 1990.[45] Senna also testified that no matter what happened he would not yield the corner and that Prost taking his normal racing line (to which the leading driver is entitled) would result in an accident. Prost would later go on record slamming Senna's actions as "disgusting" and that he seriously considered retiring from the sport after that incident.[37]
- 1991
Senna captured his third title in 1991, taking seven wins and staying largely clear of controversy. Prost, because of the downturn in performance at Ferrari, was no longer a serious competitor. Senna won the first four races. By mid-season, Mansell in the more advanced Williams was able to put up a challenge. There were some memorable moments, such as at the Spanish Grand Prix when Senna and Mansell went wheel to wheel with only centimetres to spare, at over 320 km/h (200 mph) down the main straight, a race that the Briton eventually won. Quite a different spectacle was offered following Mansell's victory in the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. Senna's car had come to a halt on the final lap but he was not left stranded out on the circuit, as Mansell pulled over on his parade lap and allowed the Brazilian to ride on the Williams side-pod back to the pits. Though Senna's consistency and the Williams's unreliability at the beginning of the season gave him an early advantage, Senna insisted that Honda step up their engine development program and demanded further improvements to the car before it was too late. These modifications enabled him to make a late season push and he managed to win three more races to secure the championship, which was settled for good in Japan (yet again) when Mansell (who needed to win), went off at the first corner while running third and beached his Williams-Renault into the gravel trap. Senna finished second, handing the victory to teammate Gerhard Berger at the last corner as a thank-you gesture for his support over the season. Senna was planning to move to the Williams team for the 1992 season, but Honda's CEO, Nobuhiko Kawamoto, personally requested that he remain at McLaren-Honda, which Senna did out of a sense of loyalty.[46]
- 1992
In 1992, Senna's determination to win manifested itself in dismay at McLaren's inability to challenge Williams's all-conquering FW14B car.[47] McLaren's new car for the season had several shortcomings. There was delay in getting the new model running (it debuted in the third race of the season, the Brazilian Grand Prix) and in addition to lacking active suspension, the new car suffered from reliability issues, was unpredictable in fast corners, while its Honda V12 engine was no longer the most powerful on the circuit.[48] Senna scored wins in Monaco, Hungary, and Italy that year. During qualifying for the Belgian Grand Prix, French driver Érik Comas crashed heavily and Senna was the first to arrive at the scene. He got out of his car and ran across the track to help the Frenchman, disregarding his own safety in an effort to aid a fellow driver. He later went to visit Comas in hospital. Senna finished fourth overall in the championship, behind the Williams duo of Mansell and Patrese, and Benetton's Michael Schumacher.[49][50]
- 1993
Questions about Senna's intentions for 1993 lingered throughout 1992, as he did not have a contract with any team by the end of the year. He felt the McLaren cars were less competitive than in previous years (especially after Honda bowed out of Formula 1 at the end of the 1992 season and preseason testing with a Lamborghini V12 unit proved fruitless). Joining Williams alongside Prost (who had secured a drive for the team for 1993) became impossible, since Prost had a clause on his contract vetoing Senna as a team-mate, even though the Brazilian offered to drive for free. An infuriated Senna called Prost a coward in a press conference in Estoril.[51][52] In December, Senna went to Phoenix, Arizona and tested Emerson Fittipaldi's Penske IndyCar.[53] McLaren boss Ron Dennis meanwhile was trying to secure a supply of the dominant Renault V10 engine for 1993.[54] When this deal fell through, McLaren was forced to take a customer supply of Ford V8 engines which were two specifications behind that of Ford's factory team, Benetton.[55] McLaren hoped to make up for the inferior horsepower with mechanical sophistication, including an effective active suspension system.[56] Dennis then finally persuaded Senna to return to McLaren. The Brazilian, however, agreed only to sign up for the first race in South Africa, where he would assess whether McLaren's equipment was competitive enough for him to put in a good season. After driving McLaren's 1993 car, Senna concluded that the new car had a surprising potential, albeit the engine was still down on power and would be no match for Prost's Williams Renault.[57] Senna declined to sign a one-year contract but agreed to drive on a race-by-race basis, eventually staying for the year.[58]
After finishing second in the opening race in South Africa,[59] Senna won in changing conditions in Brazil and Donington. The latter has often been regarded as one of Senna's greatest victories.[60] He was fifth at the first corner and led the race at the end of the first lap going on to lap all but 2nd place in a race where up to seven pit stops were required by some drivers for rain or slick tyres.[61][62] Senna then scored a second-place finish in Spain and a record-breaking sixth win at Monaco.[63] After Monaco, the sixth race of the season, Senna unexpectedly led the championship from Prost in the Williams-Renault.[64] As the season progressed, Prost and Damon Hill asserted the superiority of the Williams-Renault car, with Prost securing the drivers' championship while Hill moved up to second in the standings. Senna concluded the season and his McLaren career with two wins in Japan and Australia, finishing second overall in the championship.[56][65] The penultimate race was noted for an incident where Jordan's rookie Eddie Irvine unlapped himself against Senna. The incensed Brazilian later appeared at Jordan's garage and after a lengthy and heated discussion, punched the Irishman in the face.[66] For the 1994 season, Senna had offers from McLaren, WIlliams, Benetton, and Ferrari, the team he believed was the soul of Formula 1, and to which he planned to move to in 1996 before retiring in 2000. According to his manager, Julian Jakobi, a deal was in the works with Ferrari who had already offered Senna, the most sought after driver, a groundbreaking $22 million a year.[67]
1994: Williams[link]
For 1994, Senna finally signed with the Williams-Renault team after Prost had reluctantly decided to end his career. Prost's contract clause forbidding Senna from joining Williams did not extend to 1994 and Prost retired with one year left on his contract, rather than face the prospect of a repeat of the animosities of 1989 and 1990.[68] Pre-season testing showed that the new Williams FW16 car had speed, but it was extremely difficult to control. Senna himself had made numerous diplomatic comments that the FW16 had some quirks which needed to be ironed out due to the fact that, contractually, he was forbidden from outright criticising the car. It was obvious that the FW16, after the regulation changes banning active suspension, traction control, power brakes, and ABS, exhibited none of the superiority of the FW15C and FW14B cars that had preceded it. It was also the first season that Williams used power steering, a system which had been problematic. Furthermore, the cockpit was too tight for Senna's frame, and several adjustments were subsequently made, including the lengthening of the steering column by 12 millimetres. The surprise of testing was the Benetton team, whose car was more nimble than the Williams although less powerful. Senna prophetically commented, "It's going to be a season with lots of accidents, and I'll risk saying that we'll be lucky if something really serious doesn't happen.”[citation needed]
The first race of the season was in Brazil, where Senna took pole. In the race Senna took an early lead but Schumacher's Benetton was never far behind. Schumacher took the race lead for good after passing Senna in the pits. Senna refused to settle for second. While trying for a win, he pushed too hard and spun the car coming out of Junção on lap 56, stalling it and retiring from the race. The second race was the Pacific Grand Prix at Aida where Senna again placed the car on pole. However, after being beaten to the first corner by second qualifier Schumacher, he was hit from behind in the first corner by Mika Häkkinen and his race came to a definitive end when a Ferrari driven by Nicola Larini also crashed into his Williams. Hill also retired with transmission problems, while Schumacher took victory again.
It was Senna's worst start to an F1 season, failing to finish or score points in the first two races, despite taking pole both times. Schumacher was leading Senna in the drivers' championship by twenty points.[69] Senna and others that year then began suspecting that Benetton's performance was enhanced by the illegal use of traction control, which fuelled a media controversy, but never materialised into a formal complaint to the FIA.
Death[link]
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Main article: Death of Ayrton Senna
File:Senna accident.jpg
Senna's fatal accident at the moment of impact
Senna's third and final race of the 1994 season, the San Marino Grand Prix, was held on the "Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari" circuit located in Imola, Italy. Imola had traditionally been considered the beginning of the F1 season proper, on European soil.
Senna, who did not finish the two opening races of the season, declared that this was where his season would start, with fourteen races, as opposed to sixteen, in which to win the title.[70] Senna placed the car on pole for a then-record 65th and final time, but he was upset by events unfolding that race weekend. That weekend, Senna's feedback about the FW16 included comments about the car switching between oversteering and understeering and that the car's performance was generally worse instead of better after the engineers' latest adjustments.[71]
During the afternoon qualifying session, Senna's compatriot and protégé Rubens Barrichello was involved in a serious accident when his Jordan became airborne at the Variante Bassa chicane (the last of the circuit) violently slamming into the tyres and fence. In the impact, Barrichello suffered a broken nose and arm; injuries that prevented him from competing in the race. Barrichello indicated that Senna was the first person he saw upon regaining consciousness.[72]
The next day, Saturday, Austrian rookie driver Roland Ratzenberger was killed during qualifying in a devastating accident when the front wing broke on his Simtek-Ford while going flat out at the fast Villeneuve right-hander bend and into the concrete wall. A distraught Senna requested a track marshall to take him to the site of Ratzenberger's fatal crash. Senna was met by FIA's Medical Chief Professor Sid Watkins, who recalled that Senna was tearful, despite having only just met Ratzenberger the previous day. Professor Watkins suggested to Senna on that occasion to stop racing and go fishing (a hobby they both shared), to which Senna said he could not stop racing.
To obtain information about his injured colleagues that weekend, Senna climbed the fence of the Medical Centre after he inspected the crash site. Senna had commandeered an official's car to visit that site, yet the FIA chose not to take any formal disciplinary actions against Senna.
Senna spent his final morning making time to meet with fellow drivers to discuss the re-establishment of a drivers' group (i.e. Grand Prix Drivers' Association) in an attempt to increase safety in Formula One, because of that weekend's tragic events. As the most senior driver, Senna offered to take the role of leader, starting from the next race event in Monaco.
During the drivers' briefing, complaints were raised about the commercial gimmick of a Porsche 911 lead car for the warm-up lap. As this lap neared, Senna again queried the closeness of the Porsche and was jokingly told by his team's chief engineer, Patrick Head, that the 911 would remain close by, as per the preceding races. Instead, the Porsche was ordered to leave earlier, to Senna's content.
At the start of the Grand Prix race, Senna retained the lead from Schumacher but proceedings soon became interrupted by a huge accident on the start line, caused by JJ Lehto's Benetton-Ford stalling, and an unsighted Pedro Lamy ramming him in his Lotus-Mugen Honda at nearly full speed. A wheel was torn off the car and landed in the main grandstand, injuring eight fans and a police officer. The safety car – which was a sporty version of the Opel Vectra medium family sedan – was deployed and the drivers followed it for several laps. The Vectra's slow pace was later questioned because of the consequential drop in tyre pressures on the Formula One cars. In fact, under those safety car conditions, video footage shows Senna pulling alongside the Vectra, gesticulating to the Vectra driver, Max Angelelli, to increase his speed.[73] On the restart (lap 6), Senna immediately set a quick pace with the third quickest lap of the race, followed by Schumacher. As Senna entered the high-speed Tamburello corner on lap 7, the car left the track at around 205 mph (330 km/h), hitting the concrete retaining wall at around 135 mph (217 km/h), after what telemetry showed to be an application of the brakes for around 2 seconds. The red flag was shown as a consequence of the accident. Within two minutes of crashing, Senna was extracted from his race car by Professor Sid Watkins and his medical team. Initial treatment took place by the side of the car, with Senna having a weak heartbeat and significant blood loss (approximately 4.5 liters). Because of Senna's poor neurological condition, Professor Watkins performed an on site tracheotomy and requested the immediate airlifting of Senna to Bologna's Maggiore Hospital, where he was declared dead hours later. Watkins later said that as soon as he saw Senna's fully dilated pupils, he knew that his brainstem was inactive and that he would not survive.[74]
It is believed that the right suspension frame was sent stabbing back into the cockpit, striking Senna on the right side of his helmet, forcing his head back against the headrest and causing fatal skull fractures and brain injury. A piece of the upright attached to the wheel partially penetrated his helmet causing trauma to his forehead. In addition, it appeared that a jagged piece of the upright assembly, most likely a tie rod, penetrated the Bell helmet visor, which was a new, thinner version, above his right eye. Senna also suffered a burst temporal artery.[75]
It was later revealed that, as medical staff examined Senna, a furled Austrian flag was found in his car—a flag that he had intended to raise in honour of Ratzenberger after the race.[76]
Photographs of Ayrton Senna after the accident were taken by Senna's friend and Autosprint's picture editor, Angelo Orsi. Out of respect, those photographs have never been sold to interested parties.
- Funeral
Senna's death was considered by many of his Brazilian fans to be a national tragedy, and the Brazilian government declared three days of national mourning. The Italian Air Force offered to fly the coffin back to Brazil, but the Senna family wished that it return home in a Brazilian plane. Contrary to airline policy and out of respect, Senna's coffin was allowed to be flown back to his home country not as cargo but in the passenger cabin of Varig's McDonnel-Douglas MD-11 commercial jetliner (registration PP-VOQ (cn 48435/478)), accompanied by his distraught younger brother, Leonardo, and close friends. The plane was escorted by fighter jets into São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, where it was met by São Paulo's mayor, Paulo Maluf, and state governor, Luís Antônio Fleury. The coffin was carried by soldiers from the Policia da Aeronautical to a fire engine, where eight cadets from the Military Police Academy mounted guard as it carried the coffin on the 20-mile journey into the city. Leading the motorcade were seventeen police motorbikes, and 2,500 policemen lined the route to keep the crowds at bay.[77]
An estimated three million people flocked to the streets of Senna's hometown of São Paulo to offer him their salute. This is widely accepted as the largest recorded gathering of mourners in modern times.[citation needed] Over 200,000 people filed past as his body lay in state at the Legislative Assembly building in Ibirapuera Park. After the public viewing, a 21-gun salute was fired by the 2nd Artillery Brigade and seven jets of the Brazilian Air Force flew in a diamond formation as the funeral procession made its way to Morumbi Cemetery. Many prominent motor racing figures attended Senna's state funeral, such as team managers Ken Tyrrell, Peter Collins, Ron Dennis, and Frank Williams, and driver Jackie Stewart. The pallbearers included drivers Gerhard Berger, Michele Alboreto, Alain Prost, Thierry Boutsen, Damon Hill, Rubens Barrichello, Roberto Moreno, Derek Warwick, Mauricio Gugelmin, Hans Stuck, Johnny Herbert, Pedro Lamy, Maurizio Sala, Raul Boesel, Emerson Fittipaldi, Wilson Fittipaldi, and Christian Fittipaldi. Neither Sid Watkins nor Jo Ramirez, the McLaren team coordinator, could bear to attend because they were so grief-stricken. Senna's family did not allow FOM president Bernie Ecclestone, a friend of Senna's, to attend the ceremony, after an altercation between Ecclestone and Senna's brother Leonardo at Imola regarding Ecclestone's misconstrued reaction to the news of Ayrton's death and the fact that the race had not been abandoned after his accident.[78] FIA President Max Mosley instead attended the funeral of Ratzenberger which took place on 7 May 1994, in Salzburg, Austria.[79] Mosley said in a press conference ten years later, "I went to his funeral because everyone went to Senna's. I thought it was important that somebody went to his."[80] Senna's grave bears the epitaph "Nada pode me separar do amor de Deus," which means "Nothing can separate me from the love of God" (a reference to Romans 8:38-39[81]).
A testament to the adulation he inspired among fans worldwide was the scene at the Tokyo headquarters of Honda where the McLaren cars were typically displayed after each race. Upon his death, so many floral tributes were received that it overwhelmed the large exhibition lobby.[82] This despite the fact Senna no longer drove for McLaren and that McLaren in the preceding seasons did not use Honda power. Senna had a special relationship with company founder Soichiro Honda[citation needed] and was beloved in Japan, where he achieved a near mythic status. For the next race at Monaco, the FIA decided to leave the first two grid positions empty and painted them with the colours of the Brazilian and the Austrian flags, to honour Senna and Ratzenberger.
- Trial
The cause of the accident has been identified as a steering column failure. Italian law demands that any unusual incident be investigated. Many court cases followed immediately afterwards and the judgment went on for years, with Williams being investigated for manslaughter. The last word from the Italian Court of Appeal was on 13 April 2007. In verdict no. 15050, the Court ruled thus: "It has been determined that the accident was caused by a steering column failure. This failure was caused by badly designed and badly executed modifications. The responsibility of this falls on Patrick Head, culpable of omitted control". Patrick Head was not arrested; in Italy the statute of limitation for manslaughter is 7 years and 6 months, and the final verdict was pronounced 13 years after the accident.[83] Despite Formula One regulations, the Williams-Renault team was allowed to extract Senna's black boxes from the wreck of his FW16 once it returned in the pitlane, only for them to be returned completely bereft of any telemetry, despite no external damage. Had Senna's death been declared immediately, under Italian Law, the wreckage would have had to have been immediately impounded and the race event suspended. Instead, the Imola Grand Prix proceeded, with drivers being advised of Senna's condition only at the end of the race.[citation needed]
Personal life[link]
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Senna was a devout Catholic, once saying "Just because I believe in God, just because I have faith in God, it doesn't mean that I'm immune. It doesn't mean that I'm immortal" (1989).[84] He often read the Bible on long flights from São Paulo to Europe.[85][86] In Senna, a documentary about his racing career that was released in 2010, Ayrton's sister, Viviane, revealed that following, first the accident of his friend Rubens Barrichello followed the next day by the death of Roland Ratzenberger during the San Marino Grand Prix of 1994, Senna had sought strength from the Bible. "Faced with a night of turmoil, of conflict, no one knew what his decision would be on Sunday morning, on race day ...'On that final morning, he woke and opened his bible and read a text,' explained Viviane 'that he would receive the greatest gift of all, which was God himself.'" [84]
As his profile rose, Senna expressed concern over the widespread poverty in Brazil. After his death it was discovered that he had quietly donated an extremely large portion of his personal fortune (estimated at around $400 million) to help poor children.[87] Shortly before his death, he created the framework for an organisation dedicated to Brazilian children, which later became Instituto Ayrton Senna.[88]
Senna, renowned for his intensity and almost mystic qualities, was often quoted using driving as a means for self-discovery and racing as a metaphor for life: "The harder I push, the more I find within myself. I am always looking for the next step, a different world to go into, areas where I have not been before. It's lonely driving a Grand Prix car, but very absorbing. I have experienced new sensations, and I want more. That is my excitement, my motivation."[89]
Towards the end of his career, Senna became increasingly preoccupied with the dangers of his profession. On the morning of his death he initiated the re-formation of the GPDA safety organisation, with which he had intended to work to improve the safety of his sport.
In the late 1980s, to take advantage of the close relationship Honda had formed with Senna, the Japanese company asked him to help fine-tune the Honda NSX's suspension setting during its final development stages. The tests were conducted at Suzuka Circuit with chief NSX engineer Shigeru Uehara and his engineering team present to gather Senna's direct input. Senna found the prototype NSX initially lacked chassis stiffness to the level he was accustomed to, so the final production version was further reinforced to his satisfaction.
Senna was also instrumental in bringing Audi cars into his native country, both as an import and manufacturing business. Audi entered Brazil in 1994 via Ayrton Senna's company, Senna Import, founded in 1993. Sales began in April that year, just a month before his untimely death. In 1999, Audi Senna was created as a joint venture of Audi with Senna Import.[90] Senna's personal car in 1994 was an Audi S4.[91]
Planning a retirement in 2000 with Ferrari,[citation needed] Senna exercised his strong entrepreneurial spirit in the early 1990s by developing his own logo, the double S, after his full surname, "Senna da Silva".[92] This logo is meant to represent an S chicane on a racing circuit. The Senna brand was on apparel, watches (TAG Heuer), bicycles (Carraro), and boats. TAG Heuer and Hublot have created limited edition watches to honor Senna, both during his lifetime and after his death.
Senna owned several properties, including an organic farm in Tatuí, Brazil, a beach house in Angra dos Reis, Brazil, an apartment in São Paulo, an apartment in Monaco, and a house in Algarve, Portugal.
Ayrton enjoyed a range of physical activities including running, waterskiing, jet skiing, and paddleboarding. He also had several hobbies, such as flying real and model planes and helicopters, boating, fishing and riding his favourite Ducati motorbikes. His private jet was a British Aerospace 125 (BAe HS125), and he also piloted his own helicopter between his residences in Brazil. He was left-handed.
His nickname from childhood was "Beco", and the Japanese Honda engineers would call him "Harry" because they had difficulty pronouncing "Ayrton".
Senna was close friends with McLaren teammate Gerhard Berger, and the two were always playing practical jokes on each other.[93] Berger is quoted as saying "He taught me a lot about our sport, I taught him to laugh." He calls their three seasons together (1990 to 1992) "the James Bond years" since, as biographer Tom Rubython notes, "money, success, and girls littered every corner of their lives."[94] In the documentary film The Right to Win, made in 2004 as a tribute to Senna, Frank Williams notably recalls that as good a driver as Senna was, ultimately "he was an even greater man outside of the car than he was in it."
Senna was married to Lilian de Vasconcelos Souza, whom he had known since childhood, from 1981 until 1982. The marriage ended due to the fact that Lilian was used to an easy life with servants in Brazil and could not handle the freezing cold of England and the comparatively spartan and isolated lifestyle that her husband's racing demanded. Senna, who did not have much of an income early in his racing career, insisted on supporting his wife with no help from his father out of a sense of pride.[citation needed] After his marriage to Vasconcelos ended, Senna dated several women including model Marjorie Andrade. He subsequently courted Adriane Yamin, daughter of an entrepreneur from São Paulo, who was 15 years old when they began the relationship in 1985 and often chaperoned by her mother during meetings with Senna. They were briefly engaged, but the relationship was broken off by Senna in late 1988.[95] Senna dated Brazilian TV star Xuxa from late 1988 until 1990. He then dated Christine Ferracciu, who lived with him at his homes in Monaco and Portugal, on and off between 1990 and 1991. By the time of his death, Senna had been dating Brazilian model Adriane Galisteu for a year and a half.[96]
Ayrton was the uncle of Formula One driver Bruno Senna (Viviane's son), of whom he said in 1993: "If you think I'm fast, just wait until you see my nephew Bruno."[97]
Legacy[link]
Many safety improvements were made in the sport following Senna's and Ratzenberger's deaths. These include improved crash barriers, redesigned tracks, higher crash safety standards (such as larger sills along the driver cockpit) and major cuts to engine power. Ironically, these knee-jerk measures resulted in further major crashes that year (e.g., at the Spanish Grand Prix). Also ironically, entry to the fatal Tamburello corner and other chicanes on the Imola circuit had been significantly altered for 1995. This was despite calls for action in 1989, after a serious high-speed crash that saw Senna's best friend, Gerhard Berger, suffering burns to his hand. No action took place after that crash because, following an inspection by Senna and Berger, they ended up siding with officials who had, for years, claimed that the wall could not be moved further back due to a river nearby.
Soon after his death in 1994, the Brazilian football World Cup winning team dedicated their win to the great racer in order to recognise his contributions to Formula 1.[98][99]
A few months before his death, Senna had discussed with his sister the foundation of a charitable organization, based on a desire to contribute to those less fortunate in a more organised and effective manner. After his death, Viviane Senna set up the Instituto Ayrton Senna in his honor, which has invested nearly US$80 million over the last twelve years in social programs and actions in partnership with schools, government, NGOs, and the private sector aimed at offering children and teenagers from low-income backgrounds the skills and opportunities they need to develop their full potential as persons, citizens and future professionals.[100] The foundation is officially advised by Bernie Ecclestone, Frank Williams, Alain Prost, and Gerhard Berger. The "Senninha" ("Little Senna") cartoon character, born in 1993/94, was another means by which Senna extended his role model status in favour of Brazilian children.
In his home country of Brazil, the main freeway from the international airport to São Paulo and a tunnel along route to the heart of the city is named in his honour. Also, one of the most important freeways of Rio de Janeiro is named after Senna ("Avenida Ayrton Senna"). The main road in Senna's Portuguese resort at Quinta do Lago, Algarve, was also dedicated to him, due to the fact that his villa there was very near (but not on) this road. A portion of the Interlagos circuit in São Paulo is named the "Senna Esses Chicane" in his honor. In the English town of Reading, Berkshire, where Senna lived for a short period of time, Ayrton Senna's name has been given to an avenue in the suburb of Tilehurst.[101]
In 2004, a book called Ayrton: The Hero Revealed (original title: Ayrton: O Herói Revelado[102]) was published in Brazil for the tenth anniversary of his passing. Senna remains a national hero in Brazil and his grave attracts more visitors than the graves of John F. Kennedy, Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley combined.[85]
In addition, to mark the tenth anniversary of Senna's death, on 21 April 2004, over 10,000 people attended a charity match in a football stadium near Imola. The game was organised by several devoted Italian and Canadian fans of Senna, bringing the 1994 FIFA World Cup winning team of Brazil (who dedicated their 1994 FIFA World Cup win to Senna) to face the "Nazionale Piloti", an exhibition team composed exclusively of top race car drivers. Senna had been a part of the latter in 1985. Michael Schumacher, Jarno Trulli, Rubens Barrichello, Fernando Alonso and many others faced the likes of Dunga, Careca, Taffarel and several of the team that won the World Cup in the United States ten years earlier. The match finished 5–5 and the money was donated to Instituto Ayrton Senna. Viviane Senna, the president of the institute, gave the initial kick. That same weekend, Bernie Ecclestone revealed that he still believed Senna was and remained the best F1 driver he had ever seen.[78]
Since his death, Senna has been the subject of songs by Italian singer-songwriter Lucio Dalla, Jazz pianist Kim Pensyl, Japanese jazz-fusion guitarist and T-square bandleader Masahiro Andoh (on songs such as "Faces" and subsequential revisions, like "The Face") and Chris Rea (on his song "Saudade"). The Spanish band, Delorean, released an extended play entitled Ayrton Senna in 2009.
Between 1996 and 1998, to pay tribute to Senna, the Italian motorcycle manufacturer Ducati produced special Senna editions of their 916 superbike. Ducati was at the time owned by Claudio Castiglioni, a personal friend of Senna who was an avid Ducati lover. In 2002, the MV Agusta F4 750 Senna motorbike was created, again by Castiglioni, now president of MV Agusta. The production was limited to 300 bikes, and all profits from sales went to the Ayrton Senna Foundation.[citation needed]
In 2009, it was announced that Senna's nephew Bruno would be making his Formula One debut in 2010.[103]
The former Formula One grand prix circuit in Adelaide, Australia, renamed its first chicane the "Senna Chicane" in honour of his memory. This track—which remains the site of Senna's last Formula One win—is still used for local V8 Supercars racing after the move of the F1 grand prix to Melbourne. There is also a street named after him in the Adelaide suburb of Wingfield. The Adelaide street circuit was said to be a favourite of Senna's, and he was reportedly unhappy about the upcoming shift of venue from Adelaide to Melbourne in 1996.[citation needed]
He has been voted the best driver of all time in various motorsport polls, including F1 Racing Magazine's 2004 poll and one involving current drivers as published by the German newspaper Bild am Sonntag in July 2010.[104] In 2009, a poll of 217 current and former Formula One drivers conducted by the British magazine Autosport named Senna as "the greatest Formula One driver who ever lived".[2][105]
On 25 July 2010, popular BBC motoring show, Top Gear paid an emotional tribute to Senna with British Formula One World Champion, Lewis Hamilton driving Senna's original MP4/4, with which he won the 1988 title.
A documentary film Senna was released in 2011 to great critical acclaim.
Helmet Design[link]
Senna's helmet design was yellow with a green stripe surrounding the upper visor and a blue stripe surrounding the lower visor (with 2 parallel white lines in each stripe). The helmet never had significant changes, minus the sponsors. His nephew Bruno, currently racing in Formula One, bears a modified version of his helmet design (a yellow helmet with a green and blue stripe), but the stripes are shaped after an S rather than being straight, under the chin area it has a green stripe and it has a blue rounded rectangle in the top area.
Complete Formula One results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
- ‡ Race was stopped with less than 75% of laps completed, half points awarded.
Formula One records[link]
Senna holds the following Formula One records:
| Record | |
|---|---|
| Most consecutive pole positions | 8 consecutive pole positions (1988 Spanish Grand Prix–1989 United States Grand Prix) |
| Most pole positions at the same Grand Prix | 8 pole positions at the San Marino Grand Prix (1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994)[N 1] |
| Most consecutive starts from front row | 24 (1988 German Grand Prix–1989 Australian Grand Prix) |
| Starts from front row in every race in one season | 16 out of 16 front row starts in 1989[N 2] |
| Most races leading the entire race | 19 |
| Youngest triple World Champion | 31 years, 227 days (1988, 1990, 1991) |
- Footnotes
- ^ Record shared with Michael Schumacher, who took 8 pole positions at the Japanese Grand Prix.
- ^ Record shared with Alain Prost (16 out of 16 in 1993) and Damon Hill (16 out of 16 in 1996).
References[link]
- ^ a b Up until 1990, not all points scored by a driver contributed to their final World Championship tally (see list of points scoring systems for more information). Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.
- ^ a b Straw, Edd (10 December 2009). "Drivers vote Senna the greatest ever". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80517. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
- ^ "Interview with Bernie Ecclestone.". The Independent (UK). 22 April 2004. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/senna-would-have-beaten-schumacher-in-equal-cars-560807.html. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "Alan Henry's Top 100 F1 Drivers". London: The Telegraph online.. 27 February 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2293034/Formula-One-Top-100-drivers.html. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ Rice, Simon (12 March 2010). "The Ten Best Formula One Drivers". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/the-ten-best-formula-one-drivers-1920034.html?action=gallery&ino=1.
- ^ "Best Formula 1 Driver Ever". Rankopedia. http://www.rankopedia.com/Best-Formula-1-driver-ever/Step1/7/.htm.
- ^ "The Best F1 Racing Drivers Post-1976". McCabism. http://mccabism.blogspot.com/2008/08/best-f1-racing-drivers-post-1976.html.
- ^ "Gafisa presta homenagem a Ayrton Senna: "morador ilustre a gente não esquece"". Senna.globo.com. http://senna.globo.com/institutoayrtonsenna/br/noticias_interna.asp?cod_Noticia=128. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Ayrton Senna: Racing in My Blood, Official Video Biography (Kultur Video, 1991).
- ^ "Ayrton Senna – Racing Career". MotorSports Etc. http://www.motorsportsetc.com/info/senna.htm.
- ^ Hilton 1999 pp. 38–40
- ^ Hilton (2005), pp. 9, 33–43, 154.
- ^ Hilton, Christopher, Ayrton Senna – The Complete Story (2004), pp. 99–116.
- ^ Hilton (2005), pp. 43–47, 154.
- ^ Greg Girard, Ian Lambot, and Philip Newsome, Macau Grand Prix: The Road To Success (Watermark Surrey, 1998).
- ^ a b "Senna Rembered". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/3605323.stm. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
- ^ Rubython, Tom, The Life of Senna (2004), p. 90
- ^ Hilton (2004), pp. 121–122.
- ^ Drackett, Phil (1985). Brabham : Story of a racing team. Arthur Barker. ISBN 0-213-16915-0. pp. 134–135
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 138.
- ^ Mark Hughes and Simon Arron, The Complete Book of Formula One (Motorbooks International, 2003), p. 310.
- ^ Hamilton, Maurice (1984)) Autocourse 1984–85 p.141 Hazleton publishing ISBN 0-905138-32-5
- ^ Hilton (2004), pp. 149–152.
- ^ "FIA World Endurance Championship 1984". wsrp.ic.cz. http://wsrp.ic.cz/wsc1984.html#4. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
- ^ "Senna – Porsche 956K – Nurburgring". The Nostalgia Forum at AtlasF1. http://forums.autosport.com/showthread.php?s=&threadid=50415. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 140.
- ^ Timothy Collings and Sarah Edworthy, The Formula One Years: A Season-by-Season Account of the World's Premier Motor Racing Championship from 1950 to the Present Day (Carlton Books, 2002), p. 208.
- ^ Hamilton, Maurice (ed.) (1985) Autocourse 1985 – 1986 Hazleton publishing pp.74 & 104 ISBN 0-905138-38-4
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 427
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 163
- ^ Hilton (2004), p. 170.
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 428
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 432
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 186
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 188
- ^ "Engines: Honda Motor Company," GP Encyclopedia, printed from www.grandprix.com on 2 June 2007.
- ^ a b "Ayrton Senna by Alain Prost". prostfan.com. http://www.prostfan.com/senna2.htm. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Hughes and Arron (2003), p. 340.
- ^ Bruce Jones, ed. 50 Years of the Formula One World Championship (Carlton, 1999). pp. 221–222.
- ^ Christopher Hilton, Ayrton Senna: The Whole Story (Haynes, 2004)
- ^ Jones, ed. (1999), pp. 227–228.
- ^ "F1 – Grandprix.com > Features > News Feature > McLaren versus Jean-Marie Balestre". Grandprix.com. 1 December 1989. http://www.grandprix.com/ft/ft00018.html. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 106–107.
- ^ Menard and Vassal(2003), p. 107.
- ^ "Senna blows his top at Suzuka," printed from www.autosport.com on May 30, 2007
- ^ Ernesto Rodrigues, Ayrton: The Hero Revealed (1994)
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 129–130.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 128–129.
- ^ Jones (1999), pp. 253, 257.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), pp. 244–247.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 129–132.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), p. 239, 250.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 132.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 130.
- ^ "Constructors: McLaren International", GP Encyclopedia, printed from www.grandprix.com on May 30, 2007.
- ^ a b "History of McLaren: Time Line – the 1990s." printed from www.mclaren.com on 30 May 2007.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 133.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), p. 250.
- ^ "Grand Prix Results: South African GP, 1993", GP Encyclopedia, printed from www.grandprix.com on 30 May 2007.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), p. 250
- ^ "1993 European Grand Prix". http://www.formula1.com. http://www.formula1.com/results/season/1993/86/. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 134.
- ^ Ian Thomsen, "Senna, Hill and Monaco: Roaring Through the Ghost of a Winner Past", International Herald Tribune, Monday, 24 May 1993; printed from http://www.iht.com on 28 May 2007.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 134–135.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), pp. 251–253.
- ^ "Ayrton Senna Suzuka 1993". www.ayrton-senna.com. http://www.ayrton-senna.com/senna/suzuka.html. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
- ^ Rubython (2004), p. 497
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 138.
- ^ "Senna retrospective". BBC News. 21 April 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/photo_galleries/3636399.stm. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "Interview with Ayrton Senna, 28 May 1994". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iErwQ9Y0q-Y.
- ^ Senna film (2010)
- ^ Hilton (2004), p. 341
- ^ "History of the F1 Safety Car". enterF1.com. 21 April 2009. http://www.enterf1.com/news/049-the-bite-point.asp. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
- ^ Calkin, Jessamy (20 May 2011). "Senna: The Driver Who Lit Up Formula One". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/8524259/Senna-the-driver-who-lit-up-Formula-One.html.
- ^ Hilton (1994), p. 386
- ^ Longer, Andrew (31 October 1994). "Ayrton Senna: The Last Hours". The Times. p. 30. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:UKNB:LTIB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0F9242ED73BC537B&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=63FF7C9CECF24CA8828B27BFD2B2546B. "Back at the track, in the shattered remains of Senna's car, they discovered a furled Austrian flag Senna had intended to dedicate his 42nd grand prix victory to Ratzenberger's memory."
- ^ Rubython (2004), p. 422
- ^ a b "'Senna would have beaten Schumacher in equal cars' – Motor Racing, Sport". The Independent (UK). 22 April 2004. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/senna-would-have-beaten-schumacher-in-equal-cars-560807.html. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ David Tremayne, Mark Skewis, Stuart Williams, Paul Fearnley (5 April 1994). "Track Topics". Motoring News (News Publications Ltd.).
- ^ "Max went to Roland's funeral". www.f1racing.net. 23 April 2004. http://www.f1racing.net/en/news.php?newsID=48657. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
- ^ Romans 8:38-39, NIV
- ^ "アイルトン・セナの去った夜" (in Japanese). http://www.honda.co.jp/collection-hall/episodes_old/motor/mp44/index.html.
- ^ Gazzetta dello Sport: Senna, Head Responsabile http://www.gazzetta.it/Motori/Formula1/Primo_Piano/2007/04_Aprile/13/senna.shtml
- ^ a b Pandey, Manish (1 August 2011). "Ayrton Senna: The Faith Of The Man Who Could Drive On Water". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/manish-pandey/ayrton-senna_b_909096.html.
- ^ a b Philip, Robert (17 October 2007). "Spirit of Ayrton Senna is Lewis Hamilton's spur". The Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2323502/Spirit-of-Ayrton-Senna-is-Lewis-Hamiltons-spur.html. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
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- ^ "The Official Formula 1 Website". Formula1.com. http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/45/. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ Widdows, Rob (2 February 2008). "Instituto Ayrton Senna: Gone but not forgotten". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/2750524/Instituto-Ayrton-Senna-Gone-but-not-forgotten.html. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), p. 238.
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- ^ Rubython (2004), p. 497
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- ^ Rubython, p. 267
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- ^ "World Cup history: 1994". Times LIVE. 7 June 2010. http://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/article437858.ece/World-Cup-history--1994. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
- ^ "FIFA World Cup USA '94 – Tournament Report" (PDF). FIFA. 17 March 2003. p. 23 (document page: 22). http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/08/62/wc_94_tr_part1_272.pdf. Retrieved 13 September 2010. "... while the proud and delighted Brazilians were unrolling a banner on the pitch dedicating their win to the late Formula 1 world champion Ayrton Senna, who died in Imola in May 1994 ...'"
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- ^ "Ayrton Senna Road, Tilehurst, Berkshire, RG41 4JQ" http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/s/2095008_ayrton_senna_a_legend_but_not_in_the_garden
- ^ written by Ernesto Rodrigues, Editora Objetiva
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- ^ "Formula 1's Greatest Drivers: 1. AYRTON SENNA". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). 10 December 2009. http://f1greatestdrivers.autosport.com/?driver=1. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ayrton Senna |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ayrton Senna |
- official Ayrton Senna website (Portuguese)
- Instituto Ayrton Senna
- SennaFiles - Ayrton Senna and Bruno Senna news, photos and videos
- Daily Telegraph obituary
- Formula One's Hall of Fame driver profile
- Autosport's greatest F1 driver in history
- ESPN F1 Senna profile
- biography of Ayrton Senna
- Ayrton Senna – Motor Racing Legend
- Senna: The Driver Who Lit Up Formula One
- interview with Professor Sid Watkins about Senna
- Ayrton Senna: The Faith of the Man Who Could Drive on Water
- Motor Racing: A Nation Weeps for Its Idol
- Ayrton Senna virtual memorial
- Ayrton Senna Rally Driving in Wales
- Ayrton Senna brand and charitable organization 10 years later
- Ayrton Senna photos
- Ayrton Senna career details
- Ayrton Senna statistics
- Ayrton Senna at the Internet Movie Database
- Ayrton Senna at the Notable Names Database
- Ayrton Senna's Super Monaco GP II at MobyGames
- Top Gear's tribute to Ayrton Senna
{{Navboxes |title=Ayrton Senna sporting positions | list1 =
| Sporting positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Roberto Moreno |
British Formula Ford Champion 1981 |
Succeeded by Julian Bailey |
| Preceded by Tommy Byrne |
British Formula Three Champion 1983 |
Succeeded by Johnny Dumfries |
| Preceded by Roberto Moreno |
Macau Grand Prix Winner 1983 |
Succeeded by John Nielsen |
| Preceded by Nelson Piquet |
Formula One World Champion 1988 |
Succeeded by Alain Prost |
| Preceded by Alain Prost |
Formula One World Champion 1990–1991 |
Succeeded by Nigel Mansell |
| Preceded by Roland Ratzenberger |
Formula One fatal accidents 1 May 1994 |
Succeeded by Last F1 fatality to date |
| Awards and achievements | ||
| Preceded by Nigel Mansell |
Autosport International Racing Driver Award 1988 |
Succeeded by Jean Alesi |
| Preceded by Jean Alesi |
Autosport International Racing Driver Award 1990–1991 |
Succeeded by Nigel Mansell |
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Senna, Ayrton |
| Alternative names | Senna, Ayrton, da Silva |
| Short description | Brazilian racing driver and triple Formula One world champion |
| Date of birth | 21 March 1960 |
| Place of birth | São Paulo, Brazil |
| Date of death | 1 May 1994 |
| Place of death | Imola, Italy |
http://wn.com/Ayrton_Senna
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrton_Senna
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
