- published: 06 Sep 2012
- views: 115772
- author: Teppana Lewis
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- Risto Penttilä
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- Sentenced
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- Ville Ritola
- Väinö Linna
- Wäinö Aaltonen
- Zachris Topelius
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- Finland - Monty Python
- Finland - Cult Of Luna
- Finland - Lillasyster
Chorus: Finland, Finland, Finland.
The country where I want to be,
Pony trekking or camping,
Or just watching TV.
Finland, Finland, Finland,
It's the country for me.
Verse: You're so near to Russia,
So far from Japan.
Quite a long way from Ca
iro,
Lots of miles from Vietnam.
Chorus: Finland, Finland, Finland.
The country where I want to be,
Eating breakfast or dinner,
Or snack lunch in the hall.
Finland, Finland, Finland,
Finland has it all.
Verse: You're so sadly neglected,
And o
ften ignored,
A poor second to Belgium,
When going abroad.
Chorus: Finland, Finland, Finland.
The country where I quite want to be,
Your mountains so lofty,
Your treetops so tall.
Finland, Finland, Finland,
Finland has it all.
Repeat: Finland, Finland, Finland.
The country where I quite want to be,
Your mountains so lofty,
Your treetops so tall.
Finland, Finland, Finland,
Finland has it all.
These things moved me when I turned my back.
Now I return with open hands.
I found light that lead me to the shrine where children sang and pilgrims mourned.
I was lost but not alone.
From a distance they come alive.
Sleepwalking across the plains.
No answers were found here.
Seeking shelter in her embrace.
Down on sore knees.
Erase and begin.
Min röst är slut
Händerna är kalla
Kroppen skriker
Men jag kommer palla
Jag är trött
Som en liten hund
Hånad och slagen
Och för en sekund
Trodde jag att
Ingenting
Kunde få mig
Att stå still
Men nu ser jag vad du vill
Och du vill inte vad jag vill
Jag andas tungt
Ingenting är längre lätt och skönt
Energin är stängd
Allt du var är jag nu
Smutsig och använd
Som ett gammalt skjul
Men nu ser jag
Något ljust
Något snabbt
Och diffust
Är det du som kommer hit
För att säga att allt är slut?
När kommer steget jag väntar på?
När kommer allt, som är allt för få?
När kommer allt detta vara över?
När kommer du ger mig allt jag vill veta av?
När jag ser mig om
Om du tittar lite närmare
Kommer du se vad jag ser
Då kommer du att se
Att du ser samma sak som jag ser
Om du tittar lite närmare
Send this Playlist by SMS
Anthony Bourdain, Finland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:25
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
Anthony Bourdain visit Finland.
http://wn.com/Anthony_Bourdain,_Finland
Robert Kubica testing - WRC Rally Finland 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Updated: 12 Aug 2013
Former F1-driver Robert Kubica testing his Citroen DS3 RRC for the WRC Rally Finland 2013.
http://wn.com/Robert_Kubica_testing_WRC_Rally_Finland_2013
Former F1-driver Robert Kubica testing his Citroen DS3 RRC for the WRC Rally Finland 2013.
- published: 27 Jul 2013
- views: 19628
- author: amjayes2
Visit Finland - 5 Things You Will Love & Hate About Finland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
http://www.woltersworld.com Finland/Suomi the land of Santa Claus, Sauna and amazing nature. A fun place to visit if you are heading to Helsinki, Turku or La...
http://wn.com/Visit_Finland_5_Things_You_Will_Love_Hate_About_Finland
http://www.woltersworld.com Finland/Suomi the land of Santa Claus, Sauna and amazing nature. A fun place to visit if you are heading to Helsinki, Turku or La...
- published: 09 Jul 2013
- views: 10600
- author: woltersworld
Finland's Revolutionary Education System
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
"Finland's educational system. Fascinating thing about three decades ago Finland has an educational system that is doing terribly and they look around and th...
http://wn.com/Finland's_Revolutionary_Education_System
"Finland's educational system. Fascinating thing about three decades ago Finland has an educational system that is doing terribly and they look around and th...
- published: 18 Mar 2012
- views: 501751
- author: The Young Turks
Fascination Finland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:32
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
Finland is a land of a thousand lakes and eternal forests, a land of log cabins and Orthodox churches. It is full of picturesque, natural beauty, unique cult...
http://wn.com/Fascination_Finland
Finland is a land of a thousand lakes and eternal forests, a land of log cabins and Orthodox churches. It is full of picturesque, natural beauty, unique cult...
- published: 27 Aug 2012
- views: 16722
- author: sjentertainmenttv
Immigrants in Finland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:13
- Updated: 30 Jul 2013
Opinions of Finns and Immigrants, filmed and edited by John Nasir for Miratalo Vaasa Finland.
http://wn.com/Immigrants_in_Finland
Opinions of Finns and Immigrants, filmed and edited by John Nasir for Miratalo Vaasa Finland.
- published: 21 Mar 2012
- views: 64835
- author: John Nasir
Craig Ferguson 2012 06 12 Finland Special Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 26 Jul 2013
Finland has returned to the top of the list of the world's least-corrupt countries.
http://wn.com/Craig_Ferguson_2012_06_12_Finland_Special_Part_1
Finland has returned to the top of the list of the world's least-corrupt countries.
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 31249
- author: kimmo a
Finland - Land of the Midnight Sun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Updated: 09 Aug 2013
With stark differences between seasons, Finns are used to contrasts: the dark Arctic winters have their counterpart in one of the most iconic of Finnish natu...
http://wn.com/Finland_Land_of_the_Midnight_Sun
With stark differences between seasons, Finns are used to contrasts: the dark Arctic winters have their counterpart in one of the most iconic of Finnish natu...
- published: 04 Mar 2013
- views: 151677
- author: VisitFinland
Mads Ostberg - Test Finland 2013 - Fiesta WRC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 04 Aug 2013
http://wn.com/Mads_Ostberg_Test_Finland_2013_Fiesta_WRC
Bizarre foods - Finland part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:00
- Updated: 05 Aug 2013
http://wn.com/Bizarre_foods_Finland_part_1
Finland's education success
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:56
- Updated: 09 Aug 2013
When it comes to international results, Finland's schools score consistently at the top. However, pupils study the fewest number of class hours in the develo...
http://wn.com/Finland's_education_success
When it comes to international results, Finland's schools score consistently at the top. However, pupils study the fewest number of class hours in the develo...
- published: 11 Apr 2010
- views: 157462
- author: theworldvideos1
Anthony Bourdain - No Reservations 2012 Suomi Finland Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:09
- Updated: 03 Aug 2013
http://wn.com/Anthony_Bourdain_No_Reservations_2012_Suomi_Finland_Part_1
El Sistema Educativo Finlandés - Subtitulado
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:26
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
The Finland Phenomenon: Inside the World's Most Surprising School System (El fenómeno finlandés: El sistema escolar más asombroso del mundo). Es un documenta...
http://wn.com/El_Sistema_Educativo_Finlandés_Subtitulado
The Finland Phenomenon: Inside the World's Most Surprising School System (El fenómeno finlandés: El sistema escolar más asombroso del mundo). Es un documenta...
- published: 23 Sep 2012
- views: 375876
- author: Juan Pardo
Graduation Customs in Finland (Kuopio)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:46
- Updated: 29 May 2013
Looking at how graduation from high school happens in Finland, specifically in the city of Kuopio.
http://wn.com/Graduation_Customs_in_Finland_Kuopio
Looking at how graduation from high school happens in Finland, specifically in the city of Kuopio.
- published: 17 Mar 2013
- views: 1665
- author: hca calgary
Meanwhile in Finland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
Please like Ekku's Facebook Page @ http://www.facebook.com/pages/Getting-Ekku-to-the-Conan-OBrien-Show/475850199124439.
http://wn.com/Meanwhile_in_Finland
Please like Ekku's Facebook Page @ http://www.facebook.com/pages/Getting-Ekku-to-the-Conan-OBrien-Show/475850199124439.
- published: 11 Dec 2012
- views: 354612
- author: Ekmeri
Finland race: Mika Hakkinen teaches Captain Slow to drive - Top Gear - BBC Autos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
Mika Hâˆkkinen trains Top Gear's very own Captain Slow, James May, how to drive at high speeds on a loose surface in Finland. Brilliant Formula One celebrity...
http://wn.com/Finland_race_Mika_Hakkinen_teaches_Captain_Slow_to_drive_Top_Gear_BBC_Autos
Mika Hâˆkkinen trains Top Gear's very own Captain Slow, James May, how to drive at high speeds on a loose surface in Finland. Brilliant Formula One celebrity...
- published: 26 May 2009
- views: 1406653
- author: TopGear
Why Education in Finland Works
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:53
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
AFT President Randi Weingarten visits schools in Finland to learn how they have ascended to the top in student achievement.
http://wn.com/Why_Education_in_Finland_Works
AFT President Randi Weingarten visits schools in Finland to learn how they have ascended to the top in student achievement.
- published: 18 Mar 2011
- views: 113487
- author: AFTHQ
Finnish Lessons: What the World Can Learn from Educational Change in Finland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 88:00
- Updated: 11 Aug 2013
What can the world learn from educational change in Finland? Pasi Sahlberg, director general of the Centre for International Mobility and Cooperation, discus...
http://wn.com/Finnish_Lessons_What_the_World_Can_Learn_from_Educational_Change_in_Finland
What can the world learn from educational change in Finland? Pasi Sahlberg, director general of the Centre for International Mobility and Cooperation, discus...
- published: 02 May 2013
- views: 2214
- author: HarvardEducation
Finland: Maintaining a Strongly Supportive School System
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:53
- Updated: 11 Aug 2013
Schools in Finland are closely integrated into local communities. Teachers are committed to their students' success and Finland regularly achieves high score...
http://wn.com/Finland_Maintaining_a_Strongly_Supportive_School_System
Schools in Finland are closely integrated into local communities. Teachers are committed to their students' success and Finland regularly achieves high score...
- published: 27 Jan 2011
- views: 18829
- author: Pearson Foundation
Drifting Bentleys on Ice in Finland with Rally Champions! - The J-Turn Episode 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:44
- Updated: 12 Aug 2013
On this week's episode of the J-Turn, Jessi Lang travels to Finland to experience Bentley's Power on Ice event -- an exotic excursion in which drivers meet w...
http://wn.com/Drifting_Bentleys_on_Ice_in_Finland_with_Rally_Champions!_The_J-Turn_Episode_4
On this week's episode of the J-Turn, Jessi Lang travels to Finland to experience Bentley's Power on Ice event -- an exotic excursion in which drivers meet w...
- published: 12 Mar 2013
- views: 117387
- author: MotorTrend
Visit Finland - Summer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 01 Aug 2013
Hi guys, Last summer we were hanging around in a place called Finland. Our trip to this land of lakes and forests was quite an experience. Here's a short fil...
http://wn.com/Visit_Finland_Summer
Hi guys, Last summer we were hanging around in a place called Finland. Our trip to this land of lakes and forests was quite an experience. Here's a short fil...
- published: 07 Jun 2010
- views: 54999
- author: VisitFinland
Helsinki, Finland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:21
- Updated: 30 Jul 2013
Recorded August 6, 2011: My short visit to Helsinki, Finland includes stops at the Jean Sibelius Monument, the Rock Church and Senate Square. From: http://ti...
http://wn.com/Helsinki,_Finland
Recorded August 6, 2011: My short visit to Helsinki, Finland includes stops at the Jean Sibelius Monument, the Rock Church and Senate Square. From: http://ti...
- published: 24 Sep 2011
- views: 39797
- author: hoosiertim
Krista Siegfrids - Marry Me (Finland) - LIVE - 2013 Semi-Final (2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Finland: Krista Siegfrids - Marry Me live at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Semi-Final (2)
http://wn.com/Krista_Siegfrids_Marry_Me_Finland_LIVE_2013_Semi-Final_2
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Finland: Krista Siegfrids - Marry Me live at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Semi-Final (2)
- published: 16 May 2013
- views: 601342
- author: Eurovision Song Contest
photo: Creative Commons / PH1 (NAO) Chris Desmond, USN
14 Aug 2013
NEW DELHI -- Indian naval divers on Wednesday afternoon opened the main hatchway of a stricken, Russian-made Indian submarine that caught fire, blew up and sank at dock earlier in the day in one of the worst naval accidents in Indian history. But visibility for the divers within the sunken boat was almost zero, and rescue and recovery operations for the 18 missing crew members was expected to take time ... Adm. D. K ... Defense Minister A. K ... ....(size: 7.6Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammed Abu Zeid
15 Aug 2013
Members of the Muslim Brotherhood and supporters of ousted Egyptian President Mohamed Mursi flee from tear gas and rubber bullets fired by riot police during clashes in Cairo. Photo. Reuters. TV cameraman shot dead The world is watching 'Serious blow' to peace efforts. Nasr City, Cairo ... "Does this look like democracy to you?" Mohamed Kamel asked as he treated scores of wounded in a field hospital ... Photo. AP ... Photo. AP ... Photo. AP ... Photo ... ....(size: 9.4Kb)
photo: AP / Charles Dharapak
15 Aug 2013
The US has cancelled a biennial military exercise with Egypt after the Egyptian government's deadly crackdown on protesters in Cairo this week ... 123 Source.. Al Jazeera. ....(size: 0.9Kb)
photo: AP / Kin Cheung
16 Aug 2013
VOA News. A prominent U.S. newspaper says it has obtained a National Security Agency internal audit and other top secret documents, showing that the agency "has broken privacy rules or overstepped its legal authority, thousands of times" each year since Congress granted the agency broad new powers in 2008 ... e-mails and telephone calls ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
photo: AP / Rafiq Maqbool
14 Aug 2013
NEW DELHI – Approximately 18 sailors were feared trapped inside a conventional Indian submarine berthed off Mumbai after an explosion and fire early Wednesday, the navy reported, as divers worked the waters around the damaged ship trying to craft a rescue. The explosion erupted shortly after midnight leaving the diesel- and electric-powered submarine mostly submerged at the dock, the navy said in a statement ... ALSO. ... 0 ... ... ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
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Business Wire
16 Aug 2013
DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Research and Markets (http.//www.researchandmarkets.com/research/v2xrv7/bricks_and_blocks) has announced the addition of the "Bricks and Blocks in Finland to 2016 ... “Bricks and Blocks in Finland to 2016 ... This report is the result of extensive market research covering the bricks and blocks market in Finland ... 'Bricks and Blocks in Finland to 2016 ... - Overview of the bricks and blocks market in Finland ....(size: 4.1Kb)
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noodls
16 Aug 2013
Finland and Estonia will be conducting an Open Skies observation flight in Russia from 19 to 23 August 2013 ... Finland signed the agreement in February 2003 ... /en puolustusvoimat.fi/puolustusvoimat.fi en/defence forces/news/news/finland and estonia to conduct ......(size: 1.3Kb)
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noodls
16 Aug 2013
and foreign currency sovereign credit ratings of The Republic of Finland (hereinafter referred to as. "Finland") as AAA, and each with a negative outlook ... However, the high solvency will be maintained owing to Finland's strong potential for rapid economic ... The main reasons why Dagong maintains the sovereign credit ratings of Finland are as follows. ... Finland's ... Therefore, Finland's average annual economic growth rate is expected to be....(size: 5.4Kb)
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The Independent
16 Aug 2013
Just when you thought Gangnam Style could not get any bigger, the K-pop hit has crossed over to the animal kingdom. A small bear cub has been photographed doing Psy's famous moves in Finland ... Sisson said ... The dance moves imitate riding a horse which the bear seems to have copied ... A bear cub dances in Finland....(size: 1.6Kb)
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Sky Sports
16 Aug 2013
. Last Match. Sat 10 Aug, Friendly Match. Celtic 1-0 Liverpool. Match Report. Next. Sat 17 Aug, Scottish Premiership ... Match Area ... Celtic hoping to sign Finland striker Teemu Pukki from Schalke ... Finland striker a target for Celtic ... He watched the Finland international in action when they beat Slovenia 2-0 in midweek but Celtic's initial bid for Pukki was rejected and the German side are believed to be holding out for a fee of £2.5m ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
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CNTV
16 Aug 2013
16 (Xinhua) -- The number of zero-income families has doubled in the past decade in Finland, a Nordic country long featured by its attractive welfare ... However, there were only some 8,000 such households in 2003, Yle quoted a report published recently by Kela, the social insurance institution of Finland, as saying ... Long-term indigence is a growing phenomenon in Finland....(size: 5.9Kb)
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noodls
16 Aug 2013
LUT initiated the process of building Finland's largest solar power plant just under a year ago. After completion of the construction work now underway, 50 kW of the planned 220 kilowatt plant will still remain to be built ... project from its design stages, and University properties of Finland Ltd., which owns the university's buildings....(size: 3.9Kb)
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StreetInsider
16 Aug 2013
HELSINKI, FINLAND -- (Marketwired) -- 08/16/13 -- The Taivalkoski unit of Oulu Vocational College (OSAO) has invested in a fully automated, track-mounted Metso Lokotrack crushing plant ... OSAO is the first educational institution in Finland to provide a fully automated, mobile crushing plant for its students ... The need for this training program arose some five years ago, as the effects of the mining boom in Finland really began to show....(size: 6.2Kb)
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noodls
16 Aug 2013
(Source. USAV - USA Volleyball). By B.J. Evans . Aug 15, 2013, 10.30 PM ET. B.J. Hoeptner Evans, Manager, Communications, Phone. (719) 228-6800, E-Mail. bj.evans@usav.org. USAV Facebook - @USA_Volleyball. COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. (Aug. 15, 2013) - The U.S ... 16-18 ... The United States is the No ... The U.S ... will open in Pool A along with China, Finland and a club team of young players from Moscow ... 16. It will play Finland on Aug ... 18 ... Finland vs ... Finland ... Finland....(size: 3.9Kb)
photo: AP / K.M.Chaudary
16 Aug 2013
First Time ever Bollywood actress Veena Malik shows her love interest in art and she has gone to London to collaborate with Finland best known visual artist Vesa Kivinen. The beautiful actress has allowed her body to be used as a canvas for an artistic collaboration between herself and the Finland artist Kivinen....(size: 1.5Kb)
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NZ Herald
16 Aug 2013
Austrian-born Kilian Albrecht for Bulgaria; Ana Jelusic of Croatia; Tanja Poutiainen of Finland; and Sarka Zahrobska of the Czech Republic ... Beckie Scott and ice hockey player Saku Koivu of Finland....(size: 1.0Kb)
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The Washington Post
16 Aug 2013
Austrian-born Kilian Albrecht for Bulgaria; Ana Jelusic of Croatia; Tanja Poutiainen of Finland; and Sarka Zahrobska of the Czech Republic ... skier Beckie Scott and ice hockey player Saku Koivu of Finland....(size: 1.1Kb)
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CBC
16 Aug 2013
... Tanja Poutiainen of Finland; and Sarka Zahrobska of the Czech Republic ... The two winners will replace Canadian cross-country skier Beckie Scott and ice hockey player Saku Koivu of Finland....(size: 1.0Kb)
This article is about the country in Northern Europe. For other uses, see Finland (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 65°N 27°E / 65°N 027°E / 65; 027
Republic of Finland
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| Anthem: Maamme (Finnish) Vårt land (Swedish) "Our Land" |
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![Location of Finland (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) — [Legend]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130816191307/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Finland.svg) Location of Finland (dark green)
– in Europe (green & dark grey) |
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Helsinki 60°10′N 024°56′E / 60.167°N 24.933°E / 60.167; 24.933 |
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| Official language(s) | Finnish Swedish |
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| Recognised regional languages | Saami | |||||
| Ethnic groups (2011) | Finns 90.0% Swedes 5.4% Russians 1.1% Estonians 0.6% Romani 0.1% Sami 0.1% |
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| Demonym | Finns, Finnish | |||||
| Government | Parliamentary republic[1] | |||||
| - | President | Sauli Niinistö | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Jyrki Katainen (NCP) | ||||
| - | Speaker of the Parliament | Eero Heinäluoma (SDP) | ||||
| Legislature | Eduskunta | |||||
| Independence | ||||||
| - | Autonomy within Russia |
29 March 1809 | ||||
| - | Declared from Soviet Russia |
6 December 1917 | ||||
| - | First recognized by Soviet Russia |
4 January 1918 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 338,424 km2 (64th) 130,596 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 10 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2012 estimate | 5,404,956[2] (112th) | ||||
| - | 2000 census | 5,180,000 | ||||
| - | Density | 16/km2 (201st) 41/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $195.723 billion[3] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $36,236[3] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $266.553 billion[3] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $49,349[3] | ||||
| Gini (2000) | 26.9 (low) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.882[4] (very high) (22nd) |
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| Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) |
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| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||||
| Date formats | d.m.yyyy | |||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | FI | |||||
| Internet TLD | .fi, .ax ¹ | |||||
| Calling code | 358 | |||||
| 1 | The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. The .ax domain is reserved for the autonomous province of Åland Islands | |||||
Finland 
i/ˈfɪnlənd/ (
Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland (help·info)), officially the Republic of Finland,[5] is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region.[6] It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 336 municipalities,[7][8] and an autonomous region of the Åland Islands. About one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area, which consists of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lahti and Kuopio.
Finland was a part of Sweden from the 12th to 19th century, and from 1809 to 1917 was an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. The Finnish Declaration of Independence from Russia in 1917 was followed by a civil war in which the red side was defeated with German support. Finland fought World War II as essentially three separate conflicts: the Winter War (1939–40), the Continuation War (1941–44), and the Lapland War (1944–45). Finland joined the United Nations in 1955, the OECD in 1969, the European Union in 1995, and the eurozone at its inception in 1999.
Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialisation, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. Thereafter, economic development was rapid. Finland built an extensive welfare state and balanced between the East and the West in global economics and politics. With the best educational system in Europe,[9][10] Finland has recently ranked as one of the world's most peaceful, competitive and livable countries.[11][12][13][14]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Finland[link]
Among the first documents to mention Finland are three rune-stones. There are two in the Swedish province Uppland, with the inscriptions finlonti (U 582) and one in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea, with the inscription finlandi (G 319), the latter dating from the 13th century.[15]
Suomi[link]
The name Suomi (Finnish for "Finland") has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a cognate is the Proto-Baltic word *zeme, meaning "land". In addition to the close relatives of Finnish (the Finnic languages), this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian. Alternatively, the Indo-European word *gʰm-on "man" (cf. Gothic guma, Latin homo) has been suggested, being borrowed as *ćoma. The word originally referred only to the province of Finland Proper, and later to the northern coast of Gulf of Finland, with northern lands such as Ostrobothnia still being excluded as late as the 18th century. Earlier theories suggested derivation from suomaa (fen land) or suoniemi (fen cape), and parallels between saame (Sami, a non-Finnish people in Finland) and Häme (a Finnish people and a province) were drawn, but these theories are now considered outdated.[16]
History[link]
Main article: History of Finland
Prehistory[link]
Main article: History of Finland#Prehistory
According to archaeological evidence, the area now comprising Finland was settled at the latest around 8500 BCE during the Stone Age as the ice sheet of the last ice age receded. The artifacts the first settlers left behind present characteristics that are shared with those found in Estonia, Russia and Norway.[17] The earliest people were hunter-gatherers, using stone tools.[18] The first pottery appeared in 5200 BCE when the Comb Ceramic culture was introduced.[19] The arrival of the Corded Ware culture in southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BCE may have coincided with the start of agriculture.[20] Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy.
The Bronze Age (1500–500 BCE) and Iron Age (500 BCE–1200 CE) were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions. There is no consensus on when Uralic languages and Indo-European languages were first spoken in the area of contemporary Finland. During the 1st millennium AD early Finnish was spoken at least in agricultural settlements of Southern Finland, whereas Sámi-speaking populations occupied most parts of the country.[citation needed]
Swedish era[link]
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Swedish kings established their rule in the Northern Crusades from the 12th century until 1249.[21] The area of present-day Finland became a fully consolidated part of the Swedish kingdom. Swedish-speaking settlers arrived at the coastal regions during the medieval time. Swedish became the dominant language of the nobility, administration and education; Finnish was chiefly a language for the peasantry, clergy and local courts in predominantly Finnish-speaking areas.
During the Protestant Reformation, the Finns gradually converted to Lutheranism.[22] In the 16th century, Mikael Agricola published the first written works in Finnish. The first university in Finland, The Royal Academy of Turku, was established in 1640. Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696–97, during which about one-third of the Finnish population died.[23] In the 18th century, wars between Sweden and Russia led to the occupation of Finland twice by Russian forces, wars known to the Finns as the Greater Wrath (1714–21) and the Lesser Wrath (1742–43).[23] By this time Finland was the predominant term for the whole area from the Gulf of Bothnia to the Russian border.
Russian Empire era[link]
Main article: Grand Duchy of Finland
See also: Finland's language strife and Russification of Finland
On 29 March 1809, having been taken over by the armies of Alexander I of Russia in the Finnish War, Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917. In 1811 Alexander I incorporated Russian Vyborg province into the Grand Duchy of Finland. During the Russian era, the Finnish language began to gain recognition. From the 1860s onwards, a strong Finnish nationalist movement known as the Fennoman movement grew. Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland's national epic—the Kalevala—in 1835, and the Finnish language's achieving equal legal status with Swedish in 1892.
The Finnish famine of 1866–68 killed 15% of the population, making it one of the worst famines in European history. The famine led the Russian Empire to ease financial regulations, and investment rose in following decades. Economic and political development was rapid.[24] The GDP per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain.[24]
In 1906, universal suffrage was adopted in the Grand Duchy of Finland. However, the relationship between the Grand Duchy and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government made moves to restrict Finnish autonomy. For example, the universal suffrage was, in practice, virtually meaningless, since the tsar did not have to approve any of the laws adopted by the Finnish parliament. Desire for independence gained ground, first among radical liberals[25] and socialists.
Civil war and early independence[link]
Main articles: Finnish Declaration of Independence and Finnish Civil War
After the 1917 February Revolution, the position of Finland as part of the Russian Empire was questioned, mainly by Social Democrats. Since the head of state was the Czar of Russia, it was not clear who the chief executive of Finland was after the revolution. The parliament, controlled by social democrats, passed the so called Power Act[26] to give the highest authority to parliament. This was rejected by the Russian Provisional Government and by the right-wing parties in Finland. The Provisional Government dissolved the parliament by force, which the social democrats considered illegal, since the right to do so had been stripped from the Russians by the Power Act.[citation needed]
New elections were conducted, in which right-wing parties won a slim majority. Some social democrats refused to accept the result and still claimed that the dissolution of the parliament (and thus the ensuing elections) were extralegal. The two nearly equally powerful political blocs, the right-wing parties and the social democratic party, were highly antagonized.[citation needed]
The October Revolution in Russia changed the game anew. Suddenly, the right-wing parties in Finland started to reconsider their decision to block the transfer of highest executive power from the Russian government to Finland, as radical communists took power in Russia. Rather than acknowledge the authority of the Power Law of a few months earlier, the right-wing government declared independence on 6 December 1917.
On 27 January 1918, the official opening shots of the war were fired in two simultaneous events. The government started to disarm the Russian forces in Pohjanmaa, and the Social Democratic Party staged a coup.[not in citation given] The latter succeeded in controlling southern Finland and Helsinki, but the white government continued in exile from Vaasa. This sparked the brief but bitter civil war. The Whites, who were supported by Imperial Germany, prevailed over the Reds.[27] After the war, tens of thousands of Reds and suspected sympathizers were interned in camps, where thousands died by execution or from malnutrition and disease. Deep social and political enmity was sown between the Reds and Whites and would last until the Winter War and beyond. The civil war and activist expeditions to the Soviet Union strained Eastern relations.
After a brief flirtation with monarchy, Finland became a presidential republic, with Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg elected as its first president in 1919. The Finnish–Russian border was determined by the Treaty of Tartu in 1920, largely following the historic border but granting Pechenga (Finnish: Petsamo) and its Barents Sea harbour to Finland. Finnish democracy did not see any Soviet coup attempts and survived the anti-Communist Lapua Movement. The relationship between Finland and the Soviet Union was tense. Germany's relations with democratic Finland cooled also after the Nazis' rise to power.[citation needed] Military was trained in France instead, and relations to Western Europe and Sweden were strengthened.
In 1917 the population was 3 million. Credit-based land reform was enacted after the civil war, increasing the proportion of capital-owning population.[24] About 70% of workers were occupied in agriculture and 10% in industry.[28] The largest export markets were the United Kingdom and Germany.
World War II[link]
Main article: Military history of Finland during World War II
During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice: in the Winter War of 1939–40 after the Soviet Union had attacked Finland; and in the Continuation War of 1941–44, following Operation Barbarossa, in which Germany invaded the Soviet Union. For 872 days, the German army besieged Leningrad, the USSR's second largest city.[29] The siege of Leningrad resulted in the deaths of some one million of the city's inhabitants.[30] Finnish troops controlled some of the areas around the city but refused to attack or let Germans use those areas for attack; whether they should be said to have helped in the siege or refused to help is controversial. After fighting a major Soviet offensive in June/July 1944 to a standstill, Finland reached an armistice with the Soviet Union. This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944–45, when Finland forced the Germans out of northern Finland.
The treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included Finnish obligations, restraints and reparations—as well as further Finnish territorial concessions begun in the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940. As a result of the two wars, Finland was forced to cede most of Finnish Karelia, Salla and Petsamo, which amounted to ten percent of its land area and twenty percent of its industrial capacity, including the ports of Vyborg (Viipuri) and ice-free Liinakhamari (Liinahamari). Almost the whole population, some 400,000 persons, fled these areas. Finland was never occupied by Soviet forces and retained its independence, however at a loss of about 93 000 soldiers killed, by proportion the third-highest loss rate in World War II.[citation needed]
Finland rejected Marshall aid, in apparent deference to Soviet desires. However, the United States provided secret development aid and helped the still non-communist Social Democratic Party in hopes of preserving Finland's independence.[31] Establishing trade with the Western powers, such as the United Kingdom, and the reparations to the Soviet Union caused Finland to transform itself from a primarily agrarian economy to an industrialised one. For example, the Valmet corporation was founded to create materials for war reparations. Even after the reparations had been paid off, Finland—poor in certain resources necessary for an industrialized nation (such as iron and oil)—continued to trade with the Soviet Union in the framework of bilateral trade.[citation needed]
Cold War[link]
In 1950 half of the Finnish workers were occupied in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas.[32] The new jobs in manufacturing, services and trade quickly attracted people to the towns. The average number of births per woman declined from a baby boom peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973.[32] When baby-boomers entered the workforce, the economy did not generate jobs fast enough, and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden, with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970.[32] The 1952 Summer Olympics brought international visitors. Finland took part in trade liberalization in the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
Officially claiming to be neutral, Finland lay in the grey zone between the Western countries and the Soviet Union. The YYA Treaty (Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance) gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics. This was extensively exploited by president Urho Kekkonen against his opponents. He maintained an effective monopoly on Soviet relations from 1956 on, which was crucial for his continued popularity. In politics, there was a tendency of avoiding any policies and statements that could be interpreted as anti-Soviet. This phenomenon was given the name "Finlandization" by the German press.
Despite close relations with the Soviet Union, Finland remained a Western European market economy. Various industries benefited from trade privileges with the Soviets, which explains the widespread support that pro-Soviet policies enjoyed among business interests in Finland. Economic growth was rapid in the postwar era, and by 1975 Finland's GDP per capita was the 15th highest in the world.[citation needed] In the 1970s and 1980s, Finland built one of the most extensive welfare states in the world. Finland also negotiated with the EEC (a predecessor of the European Union) a treaty that mostly abolished customs duties towards the EEC starting from 1977, although Finland did not fully join. In 1981, president Urho Kekkonen's failing health forced him to retire after holding office for 25 years.[citation needed]
Miscalculated macroeconomic decisions, a banking crisis, the collapse of its largest single trading partner (the Soviet Union) and a global economic downturn caused a deep recession in Finland in the early 1990s. The depression bottomed out in 1993, and Finland saw steady economic growth for more than ten years.[citation needed]
Recent history[link]
Like other Nordic countries, Finland has liberalized its economy since the late 1980s. Financial and product market regulation was loosened. Some state enterprises have been privatized and there have been some modest tax cuts. Finland joined the European Union in 1995, and the Eurozone in 1999.
The population is aging with the birth rate at 10.42 births per 1,000 population, or a fertility rate of 1.8.[32] With a median age of 41.6 years, Finland is one of the oldest countries;[33][dead link] half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old. Like most European countries, without further reforms or much higher immigration, Finland is expected to struggle with demographics, even though macroeconomic projections are healthier than in most other developed countries.
The Finnish markka was replaced by the euro in 2002. As a preparation for this date, the minting of the new euro coins started as early as 1999; this is why the first euro coins from Finland have the year 1999 on them, instead of 2002 like some of the other countries of the Eurozone. Three different designs (one for €2 coin, one for €1 coin and one for the other six coins) were selected for the Finnish coins. In 2007, in order to adopt the new common map like the rest of the Eurozone countries, Finland changed the common side of its coins.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Finland
See also: List of cities and towns in Finland, List of lakes in Finland, List of national parks of Finland, and Environmental issues in Finland
Lying between latitudes 59° and 71° N, and longitudes 20° and 32° E, Finland is one of the world's northernmost countries. Of world capitals, only Reykjavik lies more to the north than Helsinki. The distance from the southernmost—Hanko—to the northernmost point in the country—Nuorgam—is 1,160 kilometres (720 mi).
Finland is a country of thousands of lakes and islands—187,888 lakes (larger than 500 m2/0.12 acre) and 179,584 islands.[34] Its largest lake, Saimaa, is the fourth largest in Europe. The greatest number of islands are to be found in the southwest in the Turku archipelago. Further from the coast lies Ahvenanmaa or Åland (in Swedish) Islands.
Much of the geography of Finland is explained by the Ice Age. The glaciers were thicker and lasted longer in Fennoscandia compared to the rest of Europe. Their eroding effects have left the Finnish landscape mostly flat with few hills and fewer mountains. Its highest point, the Halti at 1,324 metres (4,344 ft), is found in the extreme north of Lapland at the border between Finland and Norway. The highest mountain whose peak is entirely in Finland is Ridnitsohkka at 1,316 m (4,318 ft), directly adjacent to Halti.
The retreating glaciers have left the land with morainic deposits in formations of eskers. These are ridges of stratified gravel and sand, running northwest to southeast, where the ancient edge of the glacier once lay. Among the biggest of these are the three Salpausselkä ridges that run across southern Finland.
Due to having been compressed under the enormous weight of the glaciers, terrain in Finland is rising due to the post-glacial rebound. The effect is strongest around the Gulf of Bothnia, where land steadily rises about 1 cm a year. As a result, the old sea bottom turns little by little into dry land: the surface area of the country is expanding by about 7 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi) annually.[35] In a sense, Finland is rising from the sea.[36]
Forest covers 86% of the country's area,[37] the largest forested area in Europe. The forest consists of pine, spruce, birch and other species. Finland is the largest producer of wood in Europe and among the largest in the world.
The landscape is covered mostly (seventy-five percent of land area) by coniferous taiga forests and fens, with little arable land. The most common type of rock is granite. It is a ubiquitous part of the scenery, visible wherever there is no soil cover. Moraine or till is the most common type of soil, covered by a thin layer of humus of biological origin. Podzol profile development is seen in most forest soils except where drainage is poor. Gleysols and peat bogs occupy poorly drained areas.
Biodiversity[link]
Main article: Fauna of Finland
Phytogeographically, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Sarmatic mixed forests and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands.
Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna. There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over seventy fish species and eleven reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighboring countries thousands of years ago.[citation needed] Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear (the national animal), gray wolf, wolverine and elk (moose). Three of the more striking birds are the Whooper Swan, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland; the Capercaillie, a large, black-plumaged member of the grouse family; and the European Eagle-owl. The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation.[38] The most common breeding birds are the willow warbler, chaffinch and redwing.[39] Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the northern pike, perch and others are plentiful. Atlantic salmon remains the favourite of fly rod enthusiasts.
The endangered Saimaa Ringed Seal, one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 300 seals today. It has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.[40]
Climate[link]
See also: Climate of Finland
Finland has a humid and cool semi-continental climate, characterized by warm summers and freezing winters. The climate type in southern Finland is north temperate climate. Winters of southern Finland (average day time temperature is below 0 °C/32 °F) are usually 4 months long, and the snow typically covers the land from middle of December to early April. In the southern coast, it can melt many times during early winter, and then come again. The coldest winter days of southern Finland are usually under −20 °C (−4 °F), and the warmest days of July and August can be as high as 35 °C (95 °F).[41] Arctic tundra proper is not found in Finland; Finland lies almost exactly on the taiga belt, being covered in boreal forest.[42] Alpine tundra can be found in the mountainous Lapland, and oak grows in the southernmost islands and coast.
Climatic summers of the southern Finland last 4 months (from mid May to mid September). In northern Finland, particularly in Lapland, a subarctic climate dominates, characterized by cold—occasionally severe—winters and relatively warm, short summers. Winters in north Finland are nearly 7 months long, and snow covers the lands almost 6 months, from October to early May. Summers in the north are quite short, only two to three months.[citation needed]
The main factor influencing Finland's climate is the country's geographical position between the 60th and 70th northern parallels in the Eurasian continent's coastal zone, which shows characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate, depending on the direction of air flow. Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream, which explains the unusually warm climate considering the absolute latitude.[41]
The Finnish climate is suitable for grain farming in the southernmost regions but not farther north.[43]
A quarter of Finland's territory lies within the Arctic Circle and the midnight sun can be experienced for more days the farther north one travels. At Finland's northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer, and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.
Administrative divisions[link]
Main articles: Administrative divisions of Finland, Regions of Finland, Sub-regions of Finland, Municipalities of Finland, and Historical provinces of Finland
The fundamental administrative divisions of the country are the municipalities, which may also call themselves towns or cities. They account for half of public spending. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state subsidies, and other revenue. There are 336 municipalities,[7][8] and most have fewer than 6,000 residents. People often identify with their municipality.
In addition to municipalities, two intermediate levels are defined. Municipalities co-operate in seventy sub-regions and nineteen regions. These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers. The autonomous province of Åland has a permanent democratically elected regional council. In the Kainuu region, there is a pilot project underway with regional elections. Sami people have a semi-autonomous Sami Domicile Area in Lapland for issues on language and culture.
In the following chart, the number of inhabitants includes those living in the entire municipality (kunta/kommun), not just in the built-up area. The land area is given in km², and the density in inhabitants per km² (land area). The figures are as of 31 January 2012. The capital region — comprising Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen — forms a continuous conurbation of one million people. However, common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities, e.g. in Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council.
Thin borders refer to municipalities and thicker ones to regions.
| City | Population[44] | Land area[45] | Density |
|---|---|---|---|
| Helsinki | 596,233 | 213.75 | 2,789.39 |
| Espoo | 252,730 | 312.26 | 809.36 |
| Tampere | 215,315 | 525.03 | 410.1 |
| Vantaa | 203,177 | 238.37 | 852.36 |
| Turku | 178,784 | 245.67 | 727.74 |
| Oulu | 143,988 | 1,410.17 | 102.11 |
| Jyväskylä | 131,997 | 1,170.99 | 112.72 |
| Lahti | 102,358 | 135.05 | 757.93 |
| Kuopio | 97,552 | 1,597.39 | 61.07 |
| Kouvola | 87,592 | 2,558.24 | 34.24 |
| Pori | 83,192 | 834.06 | 99.74 |
| Joensuu | 73,871 | 2,381.76 | 31.02 |
| Lappeenranta | 72,156 | 1,433.36 | 50.34 |
| Hämeenlinna | 67,280 | 1,785.76 | 37.68 |
| Rovaniemi | 60,707 | 7,581.97 | 8.01 |
Further information: List of Finnish municipalities, List of Finnish municipalities by population, List of Finnish municipalities by area, and Former municipalities of Finland
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of Finland
See also: List of political parties in Finland and Human rights in Finland
The constitution[link]
The Constitution of Finland defines the political system. Finland is a parliamentary democracy, and the prime minister is country's most powerful politician. The constitution in its current form came into force on 1 March 2000, and was amended on 1 March 2012. Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary, municipal, and presidential elections, and in European Union elections.
The president[link]
According to the Constitution, the President of Finland is the head of state. Finland was formerly considered a semi-presidential parliamentary system, but under the 2000 constitution, and even further under its 2012 amendment, the presidency became largely a ceremonial, non-executive position.[1] The position still does entail some powers, including responsibility for foreign policy (excluding affairs related to the European Union) in cooperation with the cabinet, being the head of the armed forces, some decree powers, and some appointive powers. Direct, one- or two-stage elections are used to elect the president for a term of six years and for a maximum of two consecutive terms. The current president is Sauli Niinistö (National Coalition Party); he took office on 1 March 2012.
The parliament[link]
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The 200-member unicameral Parliament of Finland exercises supreme legislative authority. It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws, dismiss the cabinet, and override presidential vetoes. Its acts are not subject to judicial review; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament's constitutional law committee. The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional D'Hondt method within a number of multi-seat constituencies. Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation. The speaker is currently Eero Heinäluoma (Social Democrats).[46]
Since universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, the parliament has been dominated by the Centre Party (former Agrarian Union), the National Coalition Party (conservatives) and the Social Democrats. These parties have enjoyed approximately equal support, and their combined vote has totalled about 65–80% of all votes. Their lowest common total of MPs, 121, was reached in the 2011 elections. For a few decades after 1944, the Communists were a strong fourth party. Due to the electoral system of proportional representation, and the relative reluctance of voters to switch their support between parties, the relative strengths of the parties have commonly varied only slightly from one election to another. However, there have been some long-term trends, such as the rise and fall of the Communists during the Cold War; the steady decline into insignificance of the Liberal party and its predecessors from 1906 to about 1980; and the rise of the Green party and its predecessor since 1983. In the 2011 elections, the True Finns achieved exceptional success, increasing its representation from 5 to 39 seats, and thus surpassing the Centre Party.[47]
The autonomous province of Åland, which forms a federacy with Finland, elects one member to the parliament, who traditionally joins the parliamentary group of the Swedish People's Party of Finland. (The province also holds elections for its own permanent regional council, and in the 2011 elections, Åland Centre was the largest party.)
The parliament can be dissolved by a recommendation of the prime minister endorsed by the president. This procedure has never been used, although the parliament was dissolved several times under the pre-2000 constitution, when this action was the sole prerogative of the president.
After the parliamentary elections on 17 April 2011, the seats were divided among eight parties as follows:
| Party | Seats | Net gain/loss | % of seats | % of votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Coalition Party | 44 | -6  |
22.0 | 20.4 |
| Social Democratic Party | 42 | -3 |
21.0 | 19.1 |
| True Finns | 39 | +34 |
19.5 | 19.1 |
| Centre Party | 35 | -16 |
17.5 | 15.8 |
| Left Alliance | 14 | -2 |
7.0 | 8.1 |
| Green League | 10 | -5 |
5.0 | 7.3 |
| Swedish People's Party | 9 | 0  |
4.5 | 4.3 |
| Christian Democrats | 6 | -1 |
3.0 | 4.0 |
| Others | 1* | 0 |
0.5 | 0.4 |
| * Province of Åland's representative. | ||||
The Cabinet[link]
After parliamentary elections, the parties negotiate among themselves on forming a new cabinet (the Finnish Council of State), which then has to be approved by a simple majority vote in the parliament. The cabinet can be dismissed by a parliamentary vote of no confidence, although this rarely happens (the last time in 1957), as the parties represented in the cabinet usually make up a majority in the parliament.[48]
The cabinet exercises most executive powers, and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on. It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland, and consists of him or her, of other ministers, and of the Chancellor of Justice. The current prime minister is Jyrki Katainen (National Coalition Party). Each minister heads his or her ministry, or, in some cases, has responsibility for a subset of a ministry's policy. After the prime minister, the most powerful minister is the minister of finance.
As no one party ever dominates the parliament, Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions. As a rule, the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest.
Law[link]
Main article: Judicial system of Finland
The judicial system of Finland is a civil law system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Finnish law is codified and based on Swedish law and in a wider sense, civil law or Roman law. The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts (käräjäoikeus, tingsrätt), regional appellate courts (hovioikeus, hovrätt), and the Supreme Court (korkein oikeus, högsta domstolen). The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts (hallinto-oikeus, förvaltningsdomstol) and the Supreme Administrative Court (korkein hallinto-oikeus, högsta förvaltningsdomstolen). In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. There is also a High Court of Impeachment for criminal charges against certain high-ranking officeholders.
Around 92% of residents have confidence in Finland's security institutions.[49] The overall crime rate of Finland is not high in the EU context. Some crime types are above average, notably the highest homicide rate in Western Europe.[50] A day fine system is in effect and also applied to offenses such as speeding.
Finland has successfully fought against government corruption, which was more common in the 1970s and 1980s.[51][verification needed] For instance, economic reforms and EU membership introduced stricter requirements for open bidding and many public monopolies were abolished.[51][dubious – discuss] Today, Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe. Also, Finland's public records are among the world's most transparent.[verification needed]
In 2008, Transparency International criticized the lack of transparency of the system of Finnish political finance.[52] According to GRECO in 2007 corruption should be taken into account in the Finnish system of election funds better.[53] A scandal revolving around campaign finance of the 2007 parliamentary elections broke out in spring 2008. Nine Ministers of Government submitted incomplete funding reports and even more of the Members of Parliament. The law includes no punishment of false funds reports of the elected politicians.
Foreign relations[link]
Main article: Foreign relations of Finland
According to the 2012 constitution, the president (currently Sauli Niinistö) leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government, except that the president has no role in EU affairs.[54]
In 2008, president Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[55] Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy.[56] This was reversed in the 2000s, when Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defence.[56]
Social security[link]
Main article: Social security in Finland
Finland has one of the world's most extensive welfare systems, one that guarantees decent living conditions for all residents, Finns and non-citizens. Since the 80s then social security has been cut back, but still the system is one of the most comprehensive in the world.[citation needed] Created almost entirely during the first three decades after World War II, the social security system was an outgrowth of the traditional Nordic belief that the state was not inherently hostile to the well-being of its citizens, but could intervene benevolently on their behalf. According to some social historians, the basis of this belief was a relatively benign history that had allowed the gradual emergence of a free and independent peasantry in the Nordic countries and had curtailed the dominance of the nobility and the subsequent formation of a powerful right wing. Finland's history has been harsher than the histories of the other Nordic countries, but not harsh enough to bar the country from following their path of social development.[57]
Armed forces[link]
Main articles: Finnish Defence Forces and Military history of Finland
See also: List of wars involving Finland
The Finnish Defence Forces consist of a cadre of professional soldiers (mainly officers and technical personnel), currently serving conscripts, and a large reserve. The standard readiness strength is 34,700 people in uniform, of which 25% are professional soldiers. A universal male conscription is in place, under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of civilian (non-armed) service.
Alternative non-military service for men is possible, as is voluntary military service for women (currently approximately 500 annually)[58] are possible. Finland is the only non-NATO EU country bordering Russia. Finland's official policy states that the 350,000 reservists, armed mostly with ground weaponry, are a sufficient deterrent.[citation needed]
The armed forces favour partnerships with Western institutions such as NATO, WEU and the EU, but are careful to avoid politics.[59] Finland's defence budget equals about €2 billion or about 1.4–1.6% of the GDP. Finnish defence expenditure is around the sixth highest in the EU.[60]
Voluntary post-conscription overseas peacekeeping service is popular, and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO and EU peacekeeping missions. Residents claim around 80% homeland defence willingness, one of the highest rates in Europe.[61]
The armed forces are under the command of the Chief of Defence (currently General Ari Puheloinen), who is directly subordinate to the president in matters related to military command. The branches of the military are the army, the navy and the air force. The border guard is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Finland
See also: List of companies of Finland and Helsinki Stock Exchange
Finland has a highly industrialized mixed economy with a per capita output equal to that of other European economies such as France, Germany, Belgium or the UK. The largest sector of the economy is services at 66%, followed by manufacturing and refining at 31%. Primary production is 2.9%.[62] With respect to foreign trade, the key economic sector is manufacturing. The largest industries[63] are electronics (22%), machinery, vehicles and other engineered metal products (21.1%), forest industry (13%) and chemicals (11%).
Finland has timber and several mineral and freshwater resources. Forestry, paper factories, and the agricultural sector (on which taxpayers spend around 3 billion euros annually) are politically sensitive to rural residents. The Greater Helsinki area generates around a third of GDP. In a 2004 OECD comparison, high-technology manufacturing in Finland ranked second largest after Ireland. Knowledge-intensive services have also ranked the smallest and slow-growth sectors—especially agriculture and low-technology manufacturing—second largest after Ireland.[64] Overall short-term outlook was good, and GDP growth has been above many EU peers.
Finland is highly integrated in the global economy, and international trade is a third of GDP. The European Union makes 60% of the total trade.[citation needed] The largest trade flows are with Germany, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, Netherlands and China. Trade policy is managed by the European Union, where Finland has traditionally been among the free trade supporters, except for agriculture. Finland is the only Nordic country to have joined the Eurozone.
Finland's climate and soils make growing crops a particular challenge. The country lies between latitudes 60°N and 70°N, and has severe winters and relatively short growing seasons that are sometimes interrupted by frosts. However, because the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current moderate the climate, Finland contains half of the world's arable land north of 60° north latitude. Annual precipitation is usually sufficient, but it occurs almost exclusively during the winter months, making summer droughts a constant threat. In response to the climate, farmers have relied on quick-ripening and frost-resistant varieties of crops, and they have cultivated south-facing slopes as well as richer bottomlands to ensure production even in years with summer frosts. Most farmland had originally been either forest or swamp, and the soil had usually required treatment with lime and years of cultivation to neutralize excess acid and to develop fertility. Irrigation was generally not necessary, but drainage systems were often needed to remove excess water. Finland's agriculture was efficient and productive—at least when compared with farming in other European countries.[57]
Forests play a key role in the country's economy, making it one of the world's leading wood producers and providing raw materials at competitive prices for the crucial wood-processing industries. As in agriculture, the government has long played a leading role in forestry, regulating tree cutting, sponsoring technical improvements, and establishing long-term plans to ensure that the country's forests continue to supply the wood-processing industries. To maintain the country's comparative advantage in forest products, Finnish authorities moved to raise lumber output toward the country's ecological limits. In 1984 the government published the Forest 2000 plan, drawn up by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The plan aimed at increasing forest harvests by about 3 percent per year, while conserving forestland for recreation and other uses.[57]
Private sector employees amount to 1.8 million, out of which around a third with tertiary education. The average cost of a private sector employee per hour was 25.1 euros in 2004.[65] As of 2008 average purchasing power-adjusted income levels are similar to those of Italy, Sweden, Germany and France.[66] In 2006, 62% of the workforce worked for enterprises with less than 250 employees and they accounted for 49% of total business turnover and had the strongest rate of growth.[67] The female employment rate is high. Gender segregation between male-dominated professions and female-dominated professions is higher than in the US.[68] The proportion of part-time workers was one of the lowest in OECD in 1999.[68]
Employment rate 68% and unemployment rate was 6.8% in early 2008.[69] 18% of residents are outside job market at the age of 50 and less than a third working at the age of 61.[70] Unfunded pensions and other promises such as health insurances are a dominant future liability, though Finland is much better prepared than countries such as France or Germany.[71] Directly held public debt has been reduced to around 32% of GDP in 2007.[72] In 2007, the average household savings rate was −3.8 and household debt 101% of annual disposable income, a typical level in Europe.[73] Home ownership rate is 60%.
As of 2006, 2.4 million households reside in Finland. The average size is 2.1 persons; 40% of households consist of a single person, 32% two persons and 28% three or more persons. Residential buildings total 1.2 million and the average residential space is 38 m2 per person. The average residential property without land costs 1,187 euro per sq metre and residential land 8.6 euro per sq metre. 74% of households had a car. There are 2.5 million cars and 0.4 million other vehicles.[74]
Around 92% have a mobile phone and 83.5% (2009) Internet connection at home. The average total household consumption was 20,000 euro, out of which housing consisted of about 5500 euro, transport about 3000 euro, food and beverages excluding alcoholic at around 2500 euro, recreation and culture at around 2000 euro.[75] Purchasing power-adjusted average household consumption is about the same level as it is in Germany, Sweden and Italy.[66] According to Invest in Finland, private consumption grew by 3% in 2006 and consumer trends included durables, high quality products, and spending on well-being.[76]
Energy[link]
See also: Nordic energy market and Nuclear power in Finland
Anyone can enter the free and largely privately owned financial and physical Nordic energy markets traded in NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe and Nord Pool Spot exchanges, which have provided competitive prices compared to other EU countries. As of 2007, Finland has roughly the lowest industrial electricity prices in the EU-15 (equal to France).[78]
In 2006, the energy market was around 90 terawatt hours and the peak demand around 15 gigawatts in winter. This means that the energy consumption per capita is around 7.2 tons of oil equivalent per year. Industry and construction consumed 51% of total consumption, a relatively high figure reflecting Finland's industries.[79][80] Finland's hydrocarbon resources are limited to peat and wood.[citation needed] About 10–15% of the electricity is produced by hydropower,[81] which is little compared to more mountainous Sweden or Norway. In 2008, renewable energy forms (mainly hydropower and various forms of wood energy) made high 30.5% compared to the EU average 10.3% in final energy consumption.[82]
Finland has four privately owned nuclear reactors producing 18% of the country's energy,[83] one research reactor at the Otaniemi campus, and the fifth AREVA-Siemens-built reactor—the world's largest at 1600 MWe and a focal point of Europe's nuclear industry—is currently scheduled to be operational by 2014.[77] A varying amount (5–17%) of electricity has been imported from Russia (at around 3 gigawatt power line capacity), Sweden and Norway.
Finland negotiated itself expensive Kyoto and EU emission terms. They might be causing an increase in energy prices, amplified by the aging and soon decommissioned production capacity.[84] Energy companies are about to increase nuclear power production, as in July 2010 the Finnish parliament granted permits for additional two new reactors.
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Finland
The extensive road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. The annual road network expenditure of around 1 billion euro is paid with vehicle and fuel taxes which amount to around 1.5 billion euro and 1 billion euro.
The main international passenger gateway is Helsinki-Vantaa Airport with over 13 million passengers in 2008. Oulu Airport is the second largest and around 25 airports have scheduled passenger services.[85] The Helsinki-Vantaa based Finnair, Blue1 and Finncomm Airlines sell air services both domestically and internationally. Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle routes between Western Europe and the Far East.
Despite low population density, the Government spends annually around 350 million euro[citation needed] in maintaining 5,865 kilometres (3,644 mi) railway tracks. Rail transport is handled by state owned VR Group, which has 5% passenger market share (out of which 80% are urban trips in Greater Helsinki) and 25% cargo market share.[86] Since 12 December 2010 Karelian Trains, a joint venture between Russian Railways and VR (Finnish Railways), has been running Alstom Pendolino operated high-speed services between Saint Petersburg's Finlyandsky and Helsinki's Central railway stations. These services are branded as "Allegro" trains. Journey from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg takes only three and a half hours.
The majority of international cargo utilizes ports. Port logistics prices are low. Vuosaari Harbour in Helsinki is the largest container port after completion in 2008 and others include Kotka, Hamina, Hanko, Pori, Rauma, Oulu. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn and Stockholm. The Helsinki–Tallinn route, one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world[citation needed], has also been served by a helicopter line.
Industry[link]
Main article: Economy of Finland
Finland was rapidly industrialized after the Second World War, achieving GDP per capita levels equal to that of Japan or the UK in the beginning of 1970s. Initially, most development was based on two broad groups of export-led industries, the "metal industry" (metalliteollisuus) and "forest industry" (metsäteollisuus). The "metal industry" includes shipbuilding, metalworking, the car industry, engineered products such as motors and electronics, and production of metals (steel, copper and chromium). The world's biggest cruise ships are built in Finnish shipyards. The "forest industry" (metsäteollisuus) includes forestry, timber, pulp and paper, and is a logical development based on Finland's extensive forest resources (77% of the area is covered by forest, most of it in renewable use). In the pulp and paper industry, many of the largest companies are based in Finland (Ahlstrom, M-real, UPM). However, the Finnish economy has diversified, with expansion into fields such as electronics (e.g. Nokia), metrology (Vaisala), transport fuels (Neste Oil), chemicals (Kemira), engineering consulting (Pöyry) and information technology (e.g. Rovio, known for Angry Birds), and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry. Likewise, the structure has changed, with the service sector growing, with manufacturing reducing in importance; agriculture is only a minor part. Despite this, production for export is still more prominent than in Western Europe, thus making Finland more vulnerable to global economic trends.
Based on the Economist Intelligence Unit report released in September 2011, Finland has clinched the second place after the United States on Benchmarking IT Industry Competitiveness 2011 which scored on 6 key indicators: overall business environment, technology infrastructure, human capital, legal framework, public support for industry development, and research and development landscape.[87]
Public policy[link]
See also: Nordic model
Finnish politicians have often emulated other Nordics and the Nordic model.[88] Nordics have been free-trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century, though in Finland immigration is relatively new. The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.[88]
Finland has top levels of economic freedom in many areas, although there is a heavy tax burden and inflexible job market.[clarification needed] Finland is ranked 16th (ninth in Europe) in the 2008 Index of Economic Freedom.[89] While the manufacturing sector is thriving, OECD points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements.[90]
IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007 ranked Finland 17th most competitive.[91] The World Economic Forum 2008 index ranked Finland the 6th most competitive.[92] In both indicators, Finland's performance was next to Germany, and significantly higher than most European countries. In the Business competitiveness index 2007–08 Finland ranked third in the world.
Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets. According to OECD, only four EU-15 countries have less regulated product markets (UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden) and only one has less regulated financial markets (Denmark). Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy, postal, and other markets in Europe.[88] The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries.[93] Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured.[89] Finland is rated the 6th least corrupted countries in Corruption perception index.[94] Finland is rated 13th in the Ease of Doing Business Index. It indicates exceptional ease to trade across borders (5th), enforce contracts (7th), and close a business (5th), and exceptional hardship to employ workers (127th) and pay taxes (83rd).[95]
Finnish law forces all workers to obey the national contracts that are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level. The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union. The unionization rate is high (70%), especially in the middle class (AKAVA—80%). A lack of a national agreement in an industry is considered an exception.[64][88]
Tourism[link]
Main article: Tourism in Finland
In 2005, Finnish tourism grossed over €6.7 billion with a five percent increase from the previous year. Much of the sudden growth can be attributed to the globalisation and modernisation of the country as well as a rise in positive publicity and awareness.[citation needed] There are many attractions in Finland which attracted over 4 million visitors in 2005.
The Finnish landscape is covered with thick pine forests, rolling hills and complemented with a labyrinth of lakes and inlets. Much of Finland is pristine and virgin as it contains 35 national parks from the Southern shores of the Gulf of Finland to the high fells of Lapland. It is also an urbanised region with many cultural events and activities.
Commercial cruises between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region, including Helsinki, Turku, Tallinn, Stockholm and Travemünde, play a significant role in the local tourism industry. Finland is regarded as the home of Saint Nicholas or Santa Claus, living in the northern Lapland region. Above the Arctic Circle, in midwinter, there is a polar night, a period when the sun does not rise for days or weeks, or even months, and correspondingly, midnight sun in the summer, with no sunset even at midnight. Lapland is so far north that the Aurora Borealis, fluorescence in the high atmosphere due to solar wind, is seen regularly in the fall, winter and spring.
Outdoor activities range from Nordic skiing, golf, fishing, yachting, lake cruises, hiking, kayaking among many others. At Finland's northernmost point, in the heart of summer, the Sun does not completely set for 73 consecutive days. Wildlife is abundant in Finland. Bird-watching is popular for those fond of avifauna, however hunting is also popular. Elk, reindeer and hare are all common game in Finland. Olavinlinna in Savonlinna hosts the annual Savonlinna Opera Festival.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Finland
| Population of Finland, 1750–2010 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| year | population | |||
| 1750 |
|
421,500 | ||
| 1760 |
|
491,100 | ||
| 1770 |
|
561,000 | ||
| 1780 |
|
663,900 | ||
| 1790 |
|
705,600 | ||
| 1800 |
|
832,700 | ||
| 1810 |
|
863,300 | ||
| 1820 |
|
1,177,500 | ||
| 1830 |
|
1,372,100 | ||
| 1840 |
|
1,445,600 | ||
| 1850 |
|
1,636,900 | ||
| 1860 |
|
1,746,700 | ||
| 1870 |
|
1,768,800 | ||
| 1880 |
|
2,060,800 | ||
| 1890 |
|
2,380,100 | ||
| 1900 |
|
2,655,900 | ||
| 1910 |
|
2,943,400 | ||
| 1920 |
|
3,147,600 | ||
| 1930 |
|
3,462,700 | ||
| 1940 |
|
3,695,617 | ||
| 1950 |
|
4,029,803 | ||
| 1960 |
|
4,446,222 | ||
| 1970 |
|
4,598,336 | ||
| 1980 |
|
4,787,778 | ||
| 1990 |
|
4,998,478 | ||
| 2000 |
|
5,181,115 | ||
| 2010 |
|
5,375,276 | ||
| sources[96][97] | ||||
The population of Finland is currently about 5,400,000. Finland has an average population density of 16 inhabitants per square kilometre.[6] This is the third-lowest population density of any European country, behind those of Norway and Iceland. Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, a phenomenon that became even more pronounced during 20th-century urbanisation. The largest cities in Finland are those of the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area—Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa. Other cities with population over 100.000 are Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä and Lahti.
The share of foreign citizens in Finland is 3.4%, among the lowest in the European Union.[98] Most of them are from Russia, Estonia and Sweden.[98] The children of foreigners are not automatically given Finnish citizenship. If they are born in Finland and cannot get citizenship of any other country, they become citizens.[99]
Languages[link]
Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south and in the autonomous region of Åland. The Sami language is an official language in northern Lapland. Also Finnish Romani and Finnish Sign Language are recognized in the constitution. The Nordic languages and Karelian are also specially treated in some contexts.
The native language of 90% of the population is Finnish,[100] which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic languages. The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin. Finnish is closely related to Karelian and Estonian and more remotely to the Sami languages and Hungarian.
Swedish is the native language of 5.4% of the population (Swedish-speaking Finns),[100]
To the north, in Lapland, are the Sami people, numbering around 7,000[101] and recognized as an indigenous people. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue.[102] There are three Sami languages that are spoken in Finland: Northern Sami, Inari Sami and Skolt Sami.[103] Finnish Romani is spoken by some 5,000–6,000 people,[104][not in citation given] who usually also speak Finnish. The Finnish Sign Language is used as a first language by 4,000–5,000 people.[105] Tatar language is spoken by a Finnish Tatar minority of about 800 people who moved to Finland mainly during the Russian rule from the 1870s until 1920's.[106] The right of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish-speaking Finns and Romani people) to cherish their culture and language is protected by the constitution.[107]
Immigrant languages include Russian (1.1%), Estonian (0.6%), Somali, English and Arabic (see Languages of Finland).[108]
The best known foreign languages are English (63%), German (18%), and French (3%). English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the third or fifth grade (at 9 or 11 years of age respectively) in the comprehensive school (in some schools other languages can be chosen instead). German, French and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the eighth grade (at 14 years of age; some schools may offer other options). A third foreign language may be studied in upper secondary school or university (at 16 years of age or over).
Norwegian and to some extent Danish are mutually intelligible with Swedish and are thus understood by a significant minority, although studied only a little in the schools.
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in Finland
| Year | Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland | Finnish Orthodox Church | Other | Not affiliated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 98.1% | 1.7% | 0.2% | n/a |
| 1950 | 95.1% | 1.7% | 0.4% | 2.8% |
| 1990 | 87.9% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 10.2% |
| 2000 | 85.1% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 12.7% |
| 2005 | 83.2% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 14.5% |
| 2006 | 82.6% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 15.1% |
| 2007 | 81.8% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 15.9% |
| 2008 | 80.7% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 16.9% |
| 2009 | 79.9% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 17.7% |
| 2010 | 78.2% | 1.1% | 1.4% | 19.2% |
| 2011 | 77.2%[110] | 1.1% | 1.5% | 20.1% |
Approximately 4.2 million (or 77.2%[111] at the end of 2011) adherents are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world, although its share of the country's population has declined in recent years (See table at right.)[109] The second largest group, accounting for 20.1%[112] of the population, has no religious affiliation. A small minority belong to the Finnish Orthodox Church (1.1%). Other Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church in Finland are significantly smaller, as are the Muslim, Jewish and other non-Christian communities (totaling 1.5%).
The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are national churches of Finland with special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools.[113]
In 2011, 77.9% of Finnish children were baptized and 83.0% were confirmed in 2011 at the age of 15,[111] and nearly all funerals are Christian. However, the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas ceremonies, weddings and funerals. The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 2 percent of its members attend church services weekly. The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two.[114] According to a 2005 Eurobarometer poll, 41% of Finnish citizens responded that "they believe there is a God"; 41% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and 16% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".[115]
Health[link]
Main article: Healthcare in Finland
Life expectancy is 82 years for women and 75 years for men.[116] There are 307 residents for each doctor.[117] About 18.9% of health care is funded directly by households and 76.6% by taxation.
A recent study by The Lancet medical journal found that Finland has the lowest stillbirth rate out of 193 countries, including UK, France and New Zealand.[118][119] In April 2012, Finland was ranked 2nd in Gross National Happiness in a report published by The Earth Institute.[120]
Society[link]
Finnish family life is centred on the nuclear family. Relations with the extended family are often rather distant, and Finnish people do not form politically significant clans, tribes or similar structures. According to UNICEF, Finland ranks fourth in the world in child well-being.[121]
After examining the position of women around the world, the Washington-based Population Crisis Committee reported in 1988 that Finland, slightly behind top-ranked Sweden and just ahead of the United States, was one of the best places in which a woman could live. The group reached this conclusion after examining the health, educational, economic, and legal conditions that affect women's lives. Finnish women were the first in Europe to gain the franchise, and by the 1980s they routinely constituted about one-third of the membership of the Eduskunta (parliament) and held several ministerial posts. In the 1980s, about 75 percent of adult women worked outside the home; they made up about 48 percent of the work force. Finnish women were as well educated as their male counterparts, and, in some cases, the number of women studying at the university level, for example, were slightly ahead of the number of men. In addition to an expanding welfare system, which since World War II had come to provide them with substantial assistance in the area of childbearing and child-rearing, women had made notable legislative gains that brought them closer to full equality with men.[57]
In a number of areas, however, the country's small feminist movement maintained that the circumstances in which Finnish women lived needed to be improved. Most striking was the disparity in wages. Although women made up just under half the work force and had a tradition of working outside the home, they earned only about two-thirds of the wages paid to men.[57]
The Equality Law that went into effect in 1987 committed the country to achieving full equality for women. In the late 1980s, there was a timetable listing specific goals to be achieved during the remainder of the twentieth century. The emphasis was to be equality for everyone, rather than protection for women. Efforts were undertaken not only to place women in occupations dominated by males, but also to bring males into fields traditionally believed to belong to the women's sphere, such as child care and elementary school teaching. Another aim was for women to occupy a more equal share of decision-making positions.[57]
In 1906, Finland was the first nation in the world to give full suffrage (the right to vote and to run for office) to all adult citizens, including women.[122] Finland has general elections every fourth year.
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Finland
Education and science[link]
Main article: Education in Finland
See also: List of universities in Finland
Most pre-tertiary education is arranged at municipal level. Even though many or most schools were started as private schools, today only around 3% students are enrolled in private schools (mostly Helsinki-based schools such as SYK), many times less than in Sweden and most other developed countries.[123] Pre-school education is rare compared to other EU countries. Formal education is usually started at the age of 7. The primary school takes normally 6 years, the lower secondary school 3 years, and most schools are managed by municipal officials.
The flexible curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and the Education Board. Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 16. After lower secondary school, graduates may either enter the workforce directly, or apply to trade schools or gymnasiums (upper secondary schools). Trade schools prepare for professions. Academically oriented gymnasiums have higher entrance requirements and specifically prepare for Abitur and tertiary education. Graduation from either formally qualifies for tertiary education.
In tertiary education, two mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found: the profession-oriented polytechnics and the research-oriented universities. Education is free and living expenses are to a large extent financed by the government through student benefits. There are 20 universities and 30 polytechnics in the country. Helsinki University is ranked 75th in the Top University Ranking of 2010.[124] The World Economic Forum ranks Finland's tertiary education #2 in the world.[125] Around 33% of residents have a tertiary degree, similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada (44%), United States (38%) and Japan(37%).[126] The proportion of foreign students is 3% of all tertiary enrolments, one of the lowest in OECD, while in advanced programs it is 7.3%, still below OECD average 16.5%.[127]
More than 30% of tertiary graduates are in science-related fields. Forest improvement, materials research, environmental sciences, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have had a significant impact.[128]
Finland had a long tradition of adult education, and by the 1980s nearly one million Finns were receiving some kind of instruction each year. Forty percent of them did so for professional reasons. Adult education appeared in a number of forms, such as secondary evening schools, civic and workers' institutes, study centres, vocational course centres, and folk high schools. Study centres allowed groups to follow study plans of their own making, with educational and financial assistance provided by the state. Folk high schools are a distinctly Nordic institution. Originating in Denmark in the nineteenth century, folk high schools became common throughout the region. Adults of all ages could stay at them for several weeks and take courses in subjects that ranged from handicrafts to economics.[57]
Finland is highly productive in scientific research. In 2005, Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the OECD countries.[129] In 2007, 1,801 patents were filed in Finland.[130]
Literature[link]
Main article: Finnish literature
Though Finnish written language could be said to exist since Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into Finnish in the sixteenth century as a result of the Protestant Reformation, few notable works of literature were written until the nineteenth century, which saw the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement. This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably Aleksis Kivi and Eino Leino. Many writers of the national awakening wrote in Swedish, such as the national poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg and Zachris Topelius.
After Finland became independent there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously Finnish speaking Mika Waltari and Swedish speaking Edith Södergran. Frans Eemil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939. The second World War prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by Väinö Linna. Besides Kalevala and Waltari Swedish speaking Tove Jansson is the most translated Finnish writer. Literature in modern Finland is in a healthy state. Popular modern writers include Arto Paasilinna, Ilkka Remes, Kari Hotakainen, Sofi Oksanen and Jari Tervo, while the best novel is annually awarded the prestigious Finlandia Prize.
Visual arts[link]
See also: List of Finnish architects
Finns have made major contributions to handicrafts and industrial design. Finland's best-known sculptor of the twentieth century was Wäinö Aaltonen, remembered for his monumental busts and sculptures. Finnish architecture is famous around the world. Among the top of the twentieth century Finnish architects to win international recognition are Eliel Saarinen (designer of the widely recognised Helsinki Central railway station and many other public works) and his son Eero Saarinen. Alvar Aalto, who helped bring functionalist architecture to Finland, is also famous for his work in furniture, textiles and glassware.
Television[link]
Finland's most internationally successful TV shows is backpacking travel documentary television series Madventures and the The Dudesons, a reality TV show about four childhood friends who perform stunts and play pranks on each other − similar to the American TV show Jackass.[citation needed]
Music[link]
Much of the music of Finland is influenced by traditional Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the Kalevala. Karelian culture is perceived as the purest expression of the Finnic myths and beliefs, less influenced by Germanic influence than the Nordic folk dance music that largely replaced the kalevaic tradition. Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival in recent decades, and has become a part of popular music.
The people of northern Finland, Sweden and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called Joik. The same word sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs, though this is technically incorrect.
The first Finnish opera was written by the German born composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852. Pacius also wrote the music to the poem Maamme/Vårt land (Our Country), Finland's national anthem. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo. He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician. In 1899 he composed Finlandia, which played its important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures and is a symbol of the nation.
Today, Finland has a very lively classical music scene. Finnish classical music has only existed for about a hundred years, and many of Finland's important composers are still alive, such as Magnus Lindberg, Kaija Saariaho, Aulis Sallinen and Einojuhani Rautavaara. The composers are accompanied with a large number of great conductors such as Esa-Pekka Salonen, Osmo Vänskä, Jukka-Pekka Saraste and Leif Segerstam. Some of the internationally acclaimed Finnish classical musicians are Karita Mattila, Soile Isokoski, Pekka Kuusisto, Olli Mustonen, and Linda Lampenius.
Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word Schlager, meaning hit) is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song. Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music; tango, a style of Argentine music, is also popular. The light music in Swedish speaking areas has more influences from Sweden. Modern Finnish popular music includes a number of prominent rock bands, jazz musicians, hip hop performers, and dance music acts.
During the early 1960s, first significant wave of Finnish rock groups emerged, playing instrumental rock inspired by groups such as The Shadows. Around 1964, Beatlemania arrived in Finland, resulting into further development of the local rock scene. During the late 1960s and 1970s Finnish rock musicians increasingly wrote their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish. During the decade some progressive rock groups, such as Tasavallan Presidentti and Wigwam, gained respect abroad but failed to make a commercial breakthrough outside Finland. This was also the fate of the rock and roll group Hurriganes. The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally acknowledged names including Terveet Kädet in 1980s. Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering 1980s glam rock act that left perhaps a deeper mark in the history of popular music than any other Finnish group, giving inspiration for Guns N' Roses.
Many Finnish metal bands have gained international recognition. HIM and Nightwish are some of Finland's most internationally known bands. HIM's 2005 "Dark Light" album went gold in the United States. Apocalyptica are an internationally famous Finnish group who are most renowned for mixing strings led classical music with classic heavy metal. Other well-known metal bands are Amorphis, Ensiferum, Kalmah, The Rasmus, Children of Bodom, Impaled Nazarene, Korpiklaani, Poets of the Fall, Sentenced, Sonata Arctica, Stratovarius and Waltari. Finland hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007, after hard rock/heavy metal band Lordi won the competition in 2006.
Cinema[link]
Main article: Cinema of Finland
See also: List of Finnish films
In film industry, notable directors include Aki Kaurismäki, Mauritz Stiller, Spede Pasanen and Hollywood film director and producer Renny Harlin.
Media and communications[link]
Due to Finland being one of the world's wealthiest countries and its emphasis on transparency and equal rights, so Finland's press is the most free in the world.[131]
Today there are 200 newspapers, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, and 67 commercial radio stations, with one nationwide, five national public service radio channels, and three digital radio channels.
Each year around twelve feature films are made, 12,000 book titles published and 12 million records sold.[132]
Sanoma publishes the newspaper Helsingin Sanomat (the circulation of 412,000[133] making it the largest newspaper), the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat, the commerce-oriented Taloussanomat, and the television channel Nelonen. The other major publisher Alma Media publishes over thirty magazines, including newspaper Aamulehti, tabloid Iltalehti and commerce-oriented Kauppalehti. Finns, along with other Nordic people and the Japanese, spend the most time in the world reading newspapers.
YLE, Finland's public broadcasting station, operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels in both national languages. YLE is funded through a mandatory license for television owners and fees for private broadcasters. All TV channels are broadcast digitally, both terrestrially and on cable. A commercial television channel, MTV3, and a commercial radio channel, Radio Nova, are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (Bonnier and Proventus Industrier).
Around 79 percent of the population use the Internet.[134] Finland had around 1.52 million broadband Internet connections by the end of June 2007 or around 287 per 1,000 inhabitants.[135] All Finnish schools and public libraries have Internet connections and computers. Most residents have a mobile phone. It's used mostly for contact and value-added services are rare.[136] In October 2009, Finland's Ministry of Transport and Communications committed to ensuring that every person in Finland will be able to access the internet at a minimum speed of one megabit-per-second beginning July 2010.[137]
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Finnish cuisine
Public holidays[link]
Main articles: Public holidays in Finland and Flag days in Finland
All official holidays in Finland are established by acts of parliament[citation needed]. The official holidays can be divided into Christian and secular holidays. The main Christian holidays are Christmas, New Year's Day, Epiphany, Easter, Ascension Day, Pentecost, Midsummer Day (St. John's Day) and All Saints Day. The secular holidays are May Day and the Independence Day, while New Year's Day and Midsummer also have a secular character. Christmas is the most extensively celebrated holiday: usually at least December 24 to 26 are holidays.
Sports[link]
Main article: Sport in Finland
Various sporting events are popular in Finland. Pesäpallo (a reminiscent of baseball) is the national sport of Finland, although the most popular sports in terms of spectator interest are ice hockey, athletics, cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Formula One.[138]
Finland first participated at the Olympic Games in 1908. At the time, Finland was still an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire and the Finns took great national pride especially in the three gold medals won by the original Flying Finn Hannes Kolehmainen at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Finland was one of the most successful countries at the Olympic Games before World War II. At the 1924 Summer Olympics, Finland, a nation of only 3.2 million people at the time, placed second in the medal count behind only to the USA. Perhaps most significantly, Finnish long-distance runners dominated the Olympics during the 1920s–30s. Paavo Nurmi won a total of nine Olympic gold medals between 1920 and 1928 and set 22 official world records between 1921 and 1931. Nurmi is often considered the greatest Finnish sportsman ever and one of the greatest athletes of all time.
.jpg)
For over 100 years, Finnish male and female athletes have consistently excelled at the javelin throw. The event has brought them nine Olympic gold medals, five world championships, five European championships and 24 world records.
In addition to Kolehmainen and Nurmi, some of Finland’s most internationally well-known and successful sportspeople are long-distance runners Ville Ritola and Lasse Virén; ski-jumpers Matti Nykänen and Janne Ahonen; cross-country skiers Veikko Hakulinen, Eero Mäntyranta, Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi and Mika Myllylä; rower Pertti Karppinen; gymnast Heikki Savolainen; ice hockey players Jari Kurri, Teemu Selänne, and Saku Koivu; football players Jari Litmanen and Sami Hyypiä; alpine skiers Kalle Palander and Tanja Poutiainen; Formula One world champions Keke Rosberg, Mika Häkkinen and Kimi Räikkönen; and four-time World Rally champions Juha Kankkunen and Tommi Mäkinen.
The 1952 Summer Olympics were held in Helsinki. Other notable sporting events held in Finland include the 1983 and 2005 World Championships in Athletics.
Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include floorball, Nordic walking, running, cycling and skiing.
See also[link]
The following list contains international comparisons of national performance. The list has a maximum of three years per survey. For a more complete list, see International rankings of Finland.
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Further reading[link]
- Chew, Allen F. The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War (ISBN 0-87013-167-2)
- Engle, Eloise and Paananen, Pauri,The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939–1940 (ISBN 0-8117-2433-6)
- Insight Guide: Finland (ISBN 981-4120-39-1)
- Jakobson, Max. Finland in the New Europe (ISBN 0-275-96372-1)
- Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko. A History of Finland (ISBN 0-88029-260-1)
- Klinge, Matti. Let Us Be Finns: Essays on History (ISBN 951-1-11180-9)
- Lavery, Jason. The History of Finland (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations), Greenwood Press 2006 (ISBN 0-313-32837-4) (ISSN 1096-2905)
- Lewis, Richard D. Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf (ISBN 1-931930-18-X)
- Lonely Planet: Finland (ISBN 1-74059-791-5)
- Mann, Chris. Hitler's Arctic War: The German Campaigns in Norway, Finland, and the USSR 1940–1945 (ISBN 0-312-31100-1)
- Rusama, Jaakko. Ecumenical Growth in Finland. (ISBN 951-693-239-8)
- Singleton, Fred. A Short History of Finland (ISBN 0-521-64701-0)
- Subrenat, Jean-Jacques. Listen, there's music from the forest; a brief presentation of the Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival (ISBN 952-92-0564-3)
- Swallow, Deborah. Culture Shock! Finland: A Guide to Customs and Etiquette (ISBN 1-55868-592-8)
- Trotter, William R.. A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940 (ISBN 1-56512-249-6)
References[link]
- ^ a b Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it's now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008), quotes Jaakko Nousiainen in "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government" in Scandinavian Political Studies 24 (2) p95–109 as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the president has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and does not have the power to dissolve the parliament under his or her own desire. Finland is actually represented by its prime minister, and not by its president, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitution reduced the powers of the president even further.
- ^ "VÄESTÖTIETOJÄRJESTELMÄ – REKISTERITILANNE – 29.02.2012" (in Finnish). Population Register Centre. http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=5953&site=3&id=0. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Finland". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=65&pr.y=7&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=172&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2010". United Nations. 2010. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf. Retrieved 5 November 2010. and "Human Development Index trends, 1980–2010". United Nations. 2010. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table2.pdf. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ "Republic of Finland", or "Suomen tasavalta" in Finnish, "Republiken Finland" in Swedish, and "Northern Sami: Suoma dásseváldi" in Sami, is the long protocol name, which is however not defined by law. Legislation only recognizes the short name.
- ^ a b "Population clock". Homepage. Population Register Centre. 14 October 2011. http://www.vaestorekisterikeskus.fi/default.aspx?site=4. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ a b "Kuusi kuntaa katoaa kartalta" (in Finnish). YLE Uutiset. Helsinki: Yleisradio Oy. 31 December 2010. http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/2010/12/kuusi_kuntaa_katoaa_kartalta_2257039.html. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
- ^ a b "Local Finland—Front page". Local Finland. Helsinki: The Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities. Archived from the original on 2010-02-01. http://www.webcitation.org/5nDuLwRH6. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ^ "Finland: World Audit Democracy Profile". WorldAudit.org. http://www.worldaudit.org/countries/finland.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
- ^ "Tertiary education graduation rates—Education: Key Tables from OECD". OECD iLibrary. 2010-06-14. DOI:10.1787/20755120-table1. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/tertiary-education-graduation-rates_20755120-table1. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ "The World's Best Countries. A Newsweek study of health, education, economy, and politics ranks the globe's top nations, Newsweek, Aug 2010". Newsweek.com. 2010-08-16. http://www.newsweek.com/feature/2010/the-world-s-best-countries.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "The Failed States Index 2008". Fundforpeace.org. http://www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=292&Itemid=452. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "The 2009 Legatum Prosperity Index". Prosperity.com. http://prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=FI. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ "Her er verdens mest konkurransedyktige land—Makro og politikk". E24.no. http://e24.no/makro-og-politikk/article3803493.ece. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ "National Archives Service, Finland (in English)". http://www.narc.fi/Arkistolaitos/eng/. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ http://www.kotikielenseura.fi/virittaja/hakemistot/jutut/1998_613.pdf
- ^ Herkules.oulu.fi. People, material, culture and environment in the north. Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Archaeological Conference, University of Oulu, 18–23 August 2004 Edited by Vesa-Pekka Herva Gummerus Kirjapaino
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- ^ Timothy Snyder (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books. p.173. ISBN 0-465-00239-0
- ^ Hidden help from across the Atlantic, Helsingin Sanomat
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- ^ "Finland." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
- ^ http://www.forest.fi/smyforest/foresteng.nsf/allbyid/BE3C5576C911F822C2256F3100418AFD?Opendocument
- ^ "Nutritional and genetic adaptation of galliform birds: implications for hand-rearing and restocking". Oulu University Library (2000). http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514259904/html/x288.html. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
- ^ "BirdLife Finland". BirdLife International (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12). http://www.birdlife.fi/lintuharrastus/faq-muut.shtml#pesimalinnut. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "SOS: Save our seals". this is Finland (Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland). http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=170517&contentlan=2&culture=en-US.
- ^ a b "Finland's climate". Finnish Meteorological Institute. http://www.fmi.fi/weather/climate.html.
- ^ http://www.oulu.fi/northnature/finnish/Suomi/luma1.html
- ^ Finland's Northern Conditions—Challenges and Opportunities for Agriculture (PDF), p. 4
- ^ "Population by municipality as of 31 January 2012" (in Finnish and Swedish). Population Information System. Population Register Center of Finland. http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=5919&site=3&id=0. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "Area by municipality as of 1 January 2011" (in Finnish and Swedish) (PDF). Land Survey of Finland. http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/sites/default/files/pinta-alat_2011_kunnannimenmukaan.xls. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
- ^ The parliament: Parliament Elected Speakers
- ^ The source for historical information on party support is the Finnish Wikipedia's article on the parliament
- ^ The Finnish Wikipedia's article on Motion of no confidence
- ^ Policing corruption, International Perspectives.
- ^ "The Burden of Crime in the EU. Research Report: A Comparative Analysis of the European Crime and Safety Survey (EU ICS) 2005" (PDF). http://www.gallup-europe.be/downloads/EUICS%20-%20The%20Burden%20of%20Crime%20in%20the%20EU.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ a b The History of Corruption in Central Government By Seppo Tiihonen, International Institute of Administrative Sciences
- ^ Vaalijohtaja: Vaalirahoituslain rikkominen melko yleistä YLE 15.5.2008
- ^ Evaluation Report on Finland on Incriminations, Theme I, s. 21, GRECO 3-7.12.2007
- ^ Finnish constitution, Section 93.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2008". The Nobel Foundation. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2008/. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
- ^ a b "Finland's foreign policy idea" ("Suomen ulkopolitiikan idea"), Risto Penttilä, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g Text from PD source: US Library of Congress: A Country Study: Finland, Library of Congress Call Number DL1012 .A74 1990.
- ^ Women's voluntary service (in Finnish)
- ^ Hägglund, Gustav. Leijona ja kyyhky.
- ^ Työvoimakustannukset puuttuvat puolustusmenoista, Statistics Finland (in Finnish): Eurostat ranking is sixth, but the third when conscription is accounted.
- ^ Jane's World Armies: Finland. For update: "Finland—Defence Industry (Finland), Defence Industry Country Overview: Summary"; full article by subscription.
- ^ "Finland in Figures—National Accounts". Statistics Finland. http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_kansantalous_en.html. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ "Finland in Figures—Manufacturing". Statistics Finland. http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_teollisuus_en.html. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ a b Finland Economy 2004, OECD
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- ^ a b "Suomalaisten tulot Euroopan keskitasoa. Hyvinvointipalvelut eivät paranna sijoitusta". Tilastokeskus.fi. http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/artikkelit/2008/art_2008-06-09_001.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Small enterprises grow faster than the big ones". Helsinkitimes.fi. 2008-04-11. http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/htimes/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=895:small-enterprises-grow-faster-than-the-big-ones&catid=33:general&Itemid=201. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ a b The Nordic Model of Welfare: A Historical Reappraisal, by Niels Finn Christiansen
- ^ Finland in Figures. "Statistics Finland: Labour Market". Tilastokeskus.fi. http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_tyoelama_en.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "OECD recommends Finland to do more to help older people stay in work". Oecd.org. 1970-01-01. http://www.oecd.org/document/9/0,3343,en_2649_34747_28023113_1_1_1_1,00.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Ikääntymisen taloudelliset vaikutukset ja niihin varautuminen" (PDF). http://www.vnk.fi/julkaisukansio/2007/j10-ikaantymisen-taloudelliset-vaikutukset/pdf/fi.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "CIA Factbook: Public Debt". Cia.gov. 2010-11-20. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2186rank.html. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ Taloussanomat.fi (Finnish)
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- ^ Households’ consumption. "Own-account worker households' consumption has grown most in 2001–2006". Tilastokeskus.fi. http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/til/ktutk/2006/ktutk_2006_2007-12-19_tie_001_en.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Retail growth best in Finland for five years", For updates:Invest in Finland website.
- ^ a b "Olkiluoto 3 nuke start-up delayed until 2014". YLE. 21 December 2011. http://yle.fi/uutiset/news/2011/12/olkiluoto_3_nuke_start-up_delayed_until_2014_3121722.html. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ Electricity prices—industrial users
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- ^ Energy consumption (2007-12-12). "Total energy consumption". Stat.fi. http://www.stat.fi/til/ekul/2006/ekul_2006_2007-12-12_tie_001_en.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Metsävastaa: Vattenkraft" (in (Swedish)). Metsavastaa.net. http://www.metsavastaa.net/vattenkraft. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ "Europe's Energy Portal". energy.eu. http://www.energy.eu/#renewable. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
- ^ "Energy Consumption in 2001" (PDF). Statistics Finland. http://tilastokeskus.fi/tk/yr/yeenergiakuviot_en.pdf. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "Päästökaupasta voi tulla miljardilasku teollisuudelle". Iltalehti.fi. 2008-12-03. http://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/200803127378774_uu.shtml. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Airport operations". Annual report 2008. Vantaa: Finavia. 2009-03-17. http://www.finavia.fi/files/finavia/vuosikertomukset_pdf/Finavia_vsk_2008_GB_LR.pdf. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ Transport and communications ministry—Rail. For year 2009 update: Finnish Railway Statistics 2010. For subsequent years when available: Finnish Railway Statistics.
- ^ "Singapore Tops IT Competitiveness in Asia Pacific, Ranks No. 3 Worldwide". 27 September 2011. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/seasia/singapore-tops-it-competitiveness-in-asia-pacific-ranks-no-3-worldwide/468002.
- ^ a b c d The Nordic Model by Torben M. Andersen, Bengt Holmström, Seppo Honkapohja, Sixten Korkman, Hans Tson Söderström, Juhana Vartiainen
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- ^ "Kilpailuvirasto.fi". Kilpailuvirasto.fi. 2005-10-17. http://www.kilpailuvirasto.fi/cgi-bin/suomi.cgi?sivu=uut/u-2005-3-1. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007". Imd.ch. http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/announcing.cfm. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
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- ^ "Finland economy". Heritage.org. http://www.heritage.org/index/country.cfm?id=Finland. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
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- ^ Economy Rankings, Doing Business Report 2008, World Bank
- ^ "Väkiluku sukupuolen mukaan 1750 - 2006 (Excel) (23.3.2007)". Statistics Finland. 2007-03-23. http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2006/vaerak_2006_2007-03-23_tau_001.xls. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ "Väestö kielen mukaan 1980–2011". Statistics Finland. 2012-03-16. http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2011/vaerak_2011_2012-03-16_tau_001_fi.html. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ a b "Population (Foreigners in Finland)". Statistics Finland. http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html#Foreigners. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
- ^ Syntymäpaikan perusteella lapsi saa Suomen kansalaisuuden silloin, kun lapsi syntyy Suomessa eikä voi saada minkään vieraan valtion kansalaisuutta. from http://www.migri.fi/netcomm/content.asp?path=8,2477,2549&language=FI
- ^ a b "Population according to language". Statistics Finland. http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2011/vaerak_2011_2012-03-16_tau_001_en.html. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ^ According to the Finnish Population Registry Centre and the Finnish Sami parliament, the Sami population living in Finland was 7,371 in 2003. See Regional division of Sami people in Finland by age in 2003[dead link] (in Finnish).
- ^ "The population of Finland in 2006". Statistics Finland. 2006-12-31. http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2006/vaerak_2006_2007-03-23_tie_001_en.html. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
- ^ Unofficial names for Finland in Sami languages are: Suopma (Northern Sami), Suomâ (Inari Sami) and Lää´ddjânnam (Skolt Sami). See Geonames.de
- ^ See Kalo Finnish Romani language
- ^ "Forskningscentralen för de inhemska språken—Teckenspråken i Finland" (in (Swedish)). http://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?l=sv&s=206.
- ^ "National Minorities of Finland, The Tatars". Forum.hunturk.net. http://forum.hunturk.net/national-minorities-of-finland-the-tatars-2491.html. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
- ^ "The Constitution of Finland, 17 § and 121 §" (PDF). FINLEX Data Bank. http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
- ^ "Language according to age and gender by region 2011". Stat.fi: Statistics – Population structure. Statistics Finland. 2011. http://pxweb2.stat.fi/database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/vaerak_en.asp. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
- ^ a b "Statistics Finland with adherence of the Finnish population by religious communities, 1900, 1950, 1990 and 2000–2009". http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
- ^ 77.2 percent of Finns belong to the Lutheran church evl.fi 10.2.2012
- ^ a b Church member statistics evl.fi
- ^ "Finland in Figures". Statistics Finland. http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html. Retrieved 2012-04-12.
- ^ By Salla Korpela (May 2005). "The Church in Finland today". Finland Promotion Board; Produced by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Department for Communications and Culture. http://finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=160099&nodeid=41800&culture=en-US. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2004". U.S. Department of State. 2004-09-15. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35453.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005—page 11" (PDF). http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
- ^ "Finland Life expectancy at birth—Demographics". Indexmundi.com. 2009-09-17. http://indexmundi.com/finland/life_expectancy_at_birth.html. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ "Health (2004)". Statistics Finland. http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_terveys_en.html. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "Stillbirths: Where? When? Why? How to make the data count?". The Lancet. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)62187-3/fulltext#article_upsell. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
- ^ Hope, Jenny (2011-04-14). "'National scandal' of 11 stillbirths a day means Britain has one of worst survival rates". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1376698/Britains-stillbirth-rate-National-scandal-11-day.html.
- ^ "World Happiness report". 2012. http://www.pakblog.net/2012/04/pakistan-ranked-85th-happiest-nation-in.html. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ "Child poverty in perspective: An overview of child weill-being in rich countries" (PDF). UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/13_02_07_nn_unicef.pdf. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
- ^ Finland was the first nation in the world to give all (adult) citizens full suffrage, in other words the right to vote and to run for office (in 1906). New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant all (adult) citizens the right to vote (in 1893), but women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature until 1919.
- ^ "Summary sheets on education systems in Europe". Eurydice.org. http://www.eurydice.org/ressources/Eurydice/pdf/047DN/047_NL_EN.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Top University Ranking of 2010: University of Helsinki". http://www.topuniversities.com/university/258/university-of-helsinki.
- ^ "The Global Competitiveness Report 2006–2007: Country Highlights". World Economic Forum. http://www.weforum.org/en/fp/gcr_2006-07_highlights/index.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "Tilastokeskus.fi". Tilastokeskus.fi. https://www.tilastokeskus.fi/artikkelit/2006/art_2006-07-06_001.html. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ Education at Glance 2007: Finland, OECD
- ^ Kari Sipilä, D.Sc.(Tech)h.c. "A country that innovates". Virtual Finland. Ministry for Foreign Affairs/Department for Communication and Culture/Unit for Promotion and Publications/Embassy and Consulates General of Finland in China. http://www.finland.cn/Public/default.aspx?contentid=99637.
- ^ "Scientific publication—Finnish science and technology Information Service" (in Finnish). Research.fi. 2007-11-15. http://www.research.fi/en/performance/scientific_publication. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ "Patents with numbers—Finnish science and technology Information Service" (in Finnish). Research.fi. 2009-12-08. http://www.research.fi/en/performance/patents/patents_with%20numbers. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ 2010 Freedom of the Press Survey Retrieved at 4 May 2011
- ^ "Media moves". ThisisFINLAND (Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland). http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=162833&contentlan=2&culture=en-US.
- ^ "Circulation Statistics". The Finnish Audit Bureau of Circulations (Levikintarkastus Oy). http://www.levikintarkastus.fi/english/statistics.php. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ "Internet used by 79 per cent of the population at the beginning of 2007". Statistics Finland. http://www.stat.fi/til/sutivi/2007/sutivi_2007_2007-09-28_tie_001_en.html. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
- ^ "Market Review 2/2007" (PDF). Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority (FICORA). 2007-08-31. http://www.ficora.fi/attachments/englanti/5ruZDB5VP/Files/CurrentFile/Market_review_2_2007.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
- ^ Information technology has become part of Finns' everyday life, Statistics Finland
- ^ "1Mb Broadband Access Becomes Legal Right". YLE. 2009-10-14. http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/news/2009/10/1mb_broadband_access_becomes_legal_right_1080940.html. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^ http://www.iltalehti.fi/urheilu/2012030115273355_ur.shtml
- ^ "Coming Soon". Foreign Policy. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4030. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ [1][dead link]
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- ^ [http://www.yale.edu/epi/files/2008EPI_Text.pdf "2008 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE"] (PDF). Yale University. http://www.yale.edu/epi/files/2008EPI_Text.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ http://www.yale.edu/epi/files/2006EPI_Report_Full.pdf
- ^ "Index of Economic Freedom: Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity | The Heritage Foundation". Heritage.org. http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/chapters/pdf/Index2008_ExecSum.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ a b "Index of Economic Freedom: Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity | The Heritage Foundation". Heritage.org. http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/downloads/2008PastScores.xls. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
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- ^ "State of the World’s Mothers - 2010". Save the Children. http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/SOWM-2010-INDEX-RANKINGS.PDF. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ "State of the World’s Mothers - 2003". Save the Children. http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/SOWMPDFFULLDOCUMENT2.PDF. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
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- ^ http://www.transparency.org/content/download/36589/575262
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External links[link]
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Government[link]
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- Finland Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members, CIA Publications
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Overviews and Data[link]
- Finland entry at The World Factbook
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Maps[link]
Geographic data related to Finland at OpenStreetMap- Wikimedia Atlas of Finland
Travel[link]
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Bourdain in June 2006 |
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| Born | Anthony Michael Bourdain (1956-06-25) June 25, 1956 (age 56) New York City |
|---|---|
| Cooking style | French |
| Education | Vassar College Culinary Institute of America |
| Spouse | Nancy Putkoski (1980s–2000s) Ottavia Busia (April 20, 2007–present) |
|
Television show(s)
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Anthony Michael "Tony" Bourdain (born June 25, 1956) is an American chef, author and television personality. He is well known for his 2000 book Kitchen Confidential: Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly, and is the host of Travel Channel's culinary and cultural adventure programs Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations and The Layover.
A 1978 graduate of the Culinary Institute of America and a veteran of numerous professional kitchens,[1] Bourdain is currently a chef-at-large, whose home base is Brasserie Les Halles, New York[2] where he was executive chef for many years.
Contents |
Early life and family[link]
Anthony Bourdain was born in New York City to Pierre (d.1987)[3] and Gladys Bourdain, and grew up in Leonia, New Jersey.[4] Bourdain has French ancestry on his father's side; his paternal grandfather emigrated from France to New York following World War I.[5] Bourdain's mother worked for the New York Times as a staff editor[6]. Bourdain was a student at Englewood School for Boys, graduating in 1973.[7] He attended Vassar College before dropping out after two years, and graduated from the Culinary Institute of America in 1978.
Bourdain married his high-school girlfriend, Nancy Putkoski, in the 1980s, remaining together for two decades before divorcing; Bourdain has cited the irrevocable changes that come from traveling widely as the cause of the split.[8] He currently lives with his second wife, Ottavia Busia. Together, they have a daughter, Ariane, born on April 9, 2007; the couple wed on April 20, 2007.[9] Busia has appeared in several episodes of No Reservations – notably the episode on Sardinia, her birthplace; the Tuscany episode, in which she plays a disgruntled Italian diner; the Rome episode, and the Naples episode.
Culinary training and career[link]
In Kitchen Confidential, Bourdain describes how his love of food was kindled in France when he tried his first oyster on an oyster fisherman's boat as a youth while on a family vacation. Later, while attending Vassar College, he worked in the seafood restaurants of Provincetown, Massachusetts, which sparked his decision to pursue cooking as a career. Bourdain graduated from the Culinary Institute of America in 1978, and went on to run various restaurant kitchens in New York City – including the Supper Club, One Fifth Avenue, and Sullivan's – culminating in the position of executive chef at Brasserie Les Halles beginning in 1998. Brasserie Les Halles is based in Manhattan, with additional locations in Miami and, at the time of Bourdain's tenure, Washington, D.C. and Tokyo, Japan.
Media career[link]
Writing[link]
Bourdain gained immediate popularity from his 2000 New York Times bestselling book Kitchen Confidential: Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly, an outgrowth of his now famous article in The New Yorker called "Don't Eat Before Reading This".[10] The book is a witty and rambunctious exposé of the hidden and darker side of the culinary world, and is a memoir of Bourdain's professional life as well.
Bourdain subsequently wrote two more New York Times bestselling nonfiction books: A Cook's Tour (2001), an exotic account of his food and travel exploits across the world, written in conjunction with his first television series; and The Nasty Bits (2006), another collection of exotic, provocative, and humorous anecdotes and essays mainly centered on food. Bourdain's additional books include Anthony Bourdain's Les Halles Cookbook; the culinary mysteries Bone in the Throat and Gone Bamboo; a hypothetical historical investigation, Typhoid Mary: An Urban Historical; and No Reservations: Around the World on an Empty Stomach. His latest book, Medium Raw: A Bloody Valentine to the World of Food and the People Who Cook, the sequel to Kitchen Confidential, was published in 2010.
Bourdain's articles and essays have appeared many places, including in The New Yorker, The New York Times, The Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Observer, Gourmet, Maxim, Esquire (UK), Scotland on Sunday, The Face, Food Arts, Limb by Limb, BlackBook, The Independent, Best Life, the Financial Times, and Town & Country. On the Internet, Bourdain's blog for Season 3 of Top Chef[11] was nominated for a Webby Award for best Blog – Cultural/Personal in 2008.[12]
Television[link]
The acclaim surrounding Bourdain's racy memoir, Kitchen Confidential, led to an offer by the Food Network to host his own food and world-travel show, A Cook's Tour, which premiered in January 2002. In July 2005, he premiered a new, somewhat similar television series, Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations, on the Travel Channel. As a further result of the immense popularity of Kitchen Confidential, the Fox sitcom Kitchen Confidential aired in 2005, in which the character "Jack Bourdain" is based loosely on the biography and persona of Anthony Bourdain.
In July 2006, Bourdain was in Beirut filming an episode of No Reservations when the Israel-Lebanon conflict broke out. Bourdain and his crew were evacuated with other American citizens on the morning of July 20 by the United States Marines.[13] Because of the unexpected conflict only a few hours of footage were available from the first restaurant on their agenda. Bourdain's producers compiled the Beirut footage into a No Reservations episode which aired on August 21, 2006. Uncharacteristically, the episode included footage of both Bourdain and his production staff, and included not only their initial attempts to film the episode, but also their firsthand encounters with Hezbollah supporters, their days of waiting for news with other expatriates in a Beirut hotel, and their eventual escape aided by a "cleaner" (unseen in the footage), whom Bourdain dubbed "Mr. Wolf" after the character portrayed by Harvey Keitel in the movie, Pulp Fiction. The episode was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2007.[14]
Bourdain has appeared five times as guest judge on Bravo's Top Chef reality cooking competition program: first in the November 2006 "Thanksgiving" episode of Season 2; and then again in June 2007 in the first episode of Season 3, judging the "exotic surf and turf" competition featuring ingredients including abalone, alligator, black chicken, geoduck and eel. His third appearance was also in Season 3, as an expert on air travel, judging the competitors' airplane meals. Bourdain also wrote weekly blog commentaries for many of the Season 3 episodes, filling in as a guest blogger while Top Chef judge Tom Colicchio was busy opening a new restaurant. Bourdain next appeared as a guest judge for the opening episode of Season 4, in which pairs of chefs competed head-to-head in the preparation of various classic dishes; and again in the Season 4 Restaurant Wars episode, temporarily taking the place of head judge Tom Colicchio, was at a charity event. He is also one of the main judges on the Top Chef All-Stars Season 8.
Bourdain appeared in an episode of TLC's reality show Miami Ink which aired August 28, 2006. Artist Chris Garver tattooed a skull on Bourdain's right shoulder. Bourdain, who noted it was his fourth tattoo, said that one reason for the skull was that he wished to balance the ouroboros tattoo he had done on his opposite shoulder in Malaysia while filming Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations.
Bourdain made a guest appearance on the August 6, 2007 New York City episode of Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern; Zimmern appeared as a guest on the New York City episode of Bourdain's No Reservations airing the same day. On October 20, 2008 Bourdain hosted a special, "At the Table with Anthony Bourdain," on the Travel Channel. Bourdain also has a brief cameo appearance in the 2008 movie Far Cry.[15]
In 2010, Bourdain appeared on Nick, Jr.'s Yo Gabba Gabba! as Dr. Tony. He is currently consulting and writing for the HBO series, Treme.[16][17]
Travel Channel announced in July 2011 that it would be adding a second one-hour ten-episode Bourdain show to be titled The Layover, premiering November 21, 2011.[18] The show's concept is that each episode features an exploration of a city that can be undertaken within an air travel layover of 24 to 48 hours.
Also in 2011, Bourdain voiced himself in a cameo on an episode of The Simpsons entitled "The Food Wife" in which Marge, Lisa, and Bart start a food blog called "The Three Mouthkateers" and Homer winds up in a meth lab.[19]
In May 2012, Bourdain announced that he would be leaving the Travel Channel to host a show for CNN focusing on other cuisines and cultures.[20]
Publishing[link]
Ecco Press, a division of HarperCollins, announced in September 2011 that Bourdain would have his own publishing line, which would include acquiring three to five titles per year that "reflect his remarkably eclectic tastes".[21] The first books that the imprint will publish, to be released in 2013, will include Spaghetti Junction: Riding Shotgun with an L.A. Chef by Roy Choi, Prophets of Smoked Meat by Daniel Vaughn, and Fight Shark by Mark Miller.[22] Bourdain has also announced plans to publish a book by Marilyn Hagerty.[23]
In describing the line, Bourdain said, "This will be a line of books for people with strong voices who are good at something – who speak with authority. Discern nothing from this initial list – other than a general affection for people who cook food and like food. The ability to kick people in the head is just as compelling to us – as long as that's coupled with an ability to vividly describe the experience. We are just as intent on crossing genres as we are enthusiastic about our first three authors. It only gets weirder from here."[24]
Public persona[link]
Because of Bourdain's liberal use of profanity and sexual references in his television show No Reservations, the network has placed viewer discretion advisories on each segment of each episode. In recent seasons, the advisories include animation that is related in some way to the episode.
Known for consuming exotic ethnic dishes, Bourdain is famous for eating sheep testicles in Morocco, ant eggs in Puebla, Mexico, a raw seal eyeball as part of a traditional Inuit seal hunt, and a whole cobra – beating heart, blood, bile, and meat – in Vietnam. According to Bourdain, the most disgusting thing he has ever eaten is a Chicken McNugget,[25] though he has also declared that the unwashed warthog rectum he ate in Namibia[26] and the fermented shark he ate in Iceland[27] are among "the worst meals of [his] life."
He has been known for being an unrepentant drinker and smoker. In a nod to Bourdain's (at the time) two-pack-a-day cigarette habit, renowned chef Thomas Keller once served him a 20-course tasting menu which included a mid-meal "coffee and cigarette": a coffee custard infused with tobacco, together with a foie gras mousse.[28] Bourdain stopped cigarette smoking in the summer of 2007 because of the birth of his daughter.[29] He is also a former user of cocaine, heroin, and LSD. In Kitchen Confidential he writes of his experience in a trendy SoHo restaurant in 1981: "We were high all the time, sneaking off to the walk-in refrigerator at every opportunity to 'conceptualize.' Hardly a decision was made without drugs. Cannabis, methaqualone, cocaine, LSD, psilocybin mushrooms soaked in honey and used to sweeten tea, secobarbital, tuinal, amphetamine, codeine and, increasingly, heroin, which we'd send a Spanish-speaking busboy over to Alphabet City to get."[30] In the same book, Bourdain frankly describes his former addiction, including how he once resorted to selling his record collection on the street in order to raise enough money to purchase drugs.
Bourdain is also noted for his put-downs of celebrity chefs, such as Paula Deen, Bobby Flay, Sandra Lee, and Rachael Ray, and appears to be irritated by both the overt commercialism of the celebrity cooking industry and its lack of culinary authenticity. He has voiced a "serious disdain for food demigods like Alan Richman, Alice Waters, and Alain Ducasse."[31] Bourdain has recognized the irony of his transformation into a celebrity chef and has, to some extent, begun to qualify his insults. He has been consistently outspoken in his praise for chefs he admires, particularly Thomas Keller, Gordon Ramsay, Eric Ripert, Ferran Adrià, Fergus Henderson, Marco Pierre White, and Mario Batali.[32] Bourdain has also spoken very highly of Julia Child, saying that she "influenced the way I grew up and my entire value system."[33]
Bourdain is also known for his sarcastic comments about vegan and vegetarian activists, saying that their lifestyle is rude to the inhabitants of many countries he visits. Bourdain says he considers vegetarianism, except in the case of religious strictures as in India, a "First World luxury."[34] He has clarified that he believes Americans eat too much meat, and admires vegetarians who allow themselves to put aside their vegetarianism when they travel in order to be respectful of their hosts.[35]
Bourdain's taste in music is also a matter of public record. His book, The Nasty Bits, is dedicated to "Joey, Johnny, and Dee Dee" of the Ramones. Bourdain has declared fond appreciation for their music, as well that of other early punk bands such as The Stooges, Dead Boys, Television, The New York Dolls, and The Voidoids. Additionally, Bourdain writes in Kitchen Confidential that the playing of music by Billy Joel in his kitchen was grounds for immediate firing (coincidentally, Joel is a fan of his and has subsequently visited the restaurant[36]). In the 2006 No Reservations episode in Sweden, Bourdain proclaimed that his all-time favorite album (his "desert island disc") is the groundbreaking punk record Fun House by The Stooges; he also made it clear that he despises the Swedish pop group ABBA. On his 2007 No Reservations Holiday Special episode, the rock band Queens of the Stone Age were the featured dinner guests, adding food-inspired holiday songs to the episode's soundtrack.
Interests and advocacy[link]
Bourdain is an advocate for communicating the value and tastiness of traditional or "peasant" foods, including specifically all of the varietal bits and unused animal parts not usually eaten by affluent 21st-century US citizens.[37] Bourdain has also consistently noted and championed the high quality and deliciousness of freshly prepared street food in other countries – especially developing countries – as compared to fast food chains in the U.S.[38]
Bourdain often acknowledges and champions the industrious Spanish-speaking immigrants – often from Mexico or Ecuador – who make up a majority of the chefs and cooks in many U.S. restaurants, including upscale restaurants, regardless of cuisine.[39][40] Bourdain considers them to be talented chefs and invaluable cooks, underpaid and unrecognized even though they have become the backbone of the U.S. restaurant industry.[41][42]
Awards and nominations[link]
Bourdain was named Food Writer of the Year in 2001 by Bon Appétit magazine for Kitchen Confidential.[43]
A Cook's Tour was named Food Book of the Year in 2002 by the British Guild of Food Writers.[44]
The Beirut episode of Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations, which documented the experiences of Bourdain and his crew during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Programming in 2007.[14]
Bourdain's blog for the reality competition show Top Chef[11] was nominated for a Webby Award for best Blog – Culture / Personal in 2008.[12]
In 2008, Bourdain was inducted into the James Beard Foundation’s Who’s Who of Food and Beverage in America.
In 2009 and 2011, Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations won a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming.
In 2010, Anthony Bourdain was nominated for a Creative Arts Emmy for non-fiction writing.
In 2010, Anthony Bourdain was awarded an Honorary CLIO Awards, which is given to individuals who are changing the world by encouraging people to think differently.
Bibliography[link]
- Nonfiction
- Bourdain, Anthony (2000). Kitchen Confidential. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-082-X.
- Bourdain, Anthony (2001). A Cook's Tour. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-140-0.
- Bourdain, Anthony (2001). Typhoid Mary: An Urban Historical. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/1-58234-133-9|1-58234-133-9]].
- Bourdain, Anthony (2004). Anthony Bourdain's Les Halles Cookbook. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-58234-180-4.
- Bourdain, Anthony (2006). The Nasty Bits. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-59691-360-8.
- Bourdain, Anthony (2007). No Reservations. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-59691-447-6.
- Bourdain, Anthony (2010). Medium Raw: A Bloody Valentine to the World of Food and the People Who Cook. Ecco/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-171894-7.
- Fiction
- Bourdain, Anthony (1995). Bone in the Throat. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 0-679-43552-2.
- Bourdain, Anthony (1997). Gone Bamboo. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 0-679-44880-2.
- Bourdain, Anthony (2001). Bobby Gold. Edinburgh: Canongate Crime. ISBN 1-84195-145-5.
References[link]
- ^ Bourdain's biography on TravelChannel.com
- ^ "Les Halles Homepage". Brasserie Les Halles. http://www.leshalles.net/. Retrieved June 18, 2007.
- ^ "PIERRE BOURDAIN". The New York Times. April 30, 1987. http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/30/obituaries/pierre-bourdain.html.
- ^ Mack, Patricia. "THE COOK, THE THIEF...", The Record (Bergen County), October 25, 2000. Accessed March 30, 2011. "Anthony Bourdain, the Leonia native with the French-sounding name, took a leave from his job as executive chef at Brasserie Les Halles in New York City."
- ^ Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations, episode 5.4: "Uruguay"; July 28, 2008
- ^ "My Oscar Picks: Anthony Bourdain". New York Times. http://carpetbagger.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/03/my-oscar-picks-anthony-bourdain/. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
- ^ "Anthony Bourdain". Nndb.com. http://www.nndb.com/people/783/000028699/. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ The Observer (April 30, 2006). "Regrets? He's had a few ...". The Guardian (London). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,1761844,00.html. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
- ^ Lindsay Soll (May 11, 2007). "Monitor". Celebrity Baby Blog. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20037733,00.html.
- ^ Secret Ingredients: The New Yorker Book of Food and Drink – full text
- ^ a b Anthony's Blog: Read Anthony Bourdain's Online Blog – Top Chef TV Show – Official Bravo TV Site[dead link]
- ^ a b "Webby Nominees". Webbyawards.com. http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php?season=12#webby_entry_blog_culture. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ Anthony Bourdain (July 23, 2006). Twelve Days of Conflict Between Israel and Hezbollah. Interview with Larry King. Larry King Live. CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0607/23/lkl.01.html. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
- ^ a b Nominees for the News & Documentary Emmy Awards In 32 Categories Announced By NATAS (PDF), p. 21. Emmys.tv, July 17, 2007. Press release. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
- ^ Far Cry (2008)
- ^ Ram, Archana (February 17, 2011). "Anthony Bourdain dishes on writing for 'Treme' | Inside TV | EW.com". Entertainment Weekly. http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/03/01/anthony-bourdain-dishes-on-writing-for-treme/. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ Peter Kramer / Associated Press. "Today in 'Treme': Anthony Bourdain is writing restaurant scenes for season two". NOLA.com. http://www.nola.com/treme-hbo/index.ssf/2011/02/today_in_treme_anthony_bourdai.html. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ "Coming Soon: The Layover". travelchannel.com. http://www.travelchannel.com/TV_Shows/Anthony_Bourdain/Special_Features/Coming_November_21_The_Layover. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
- ^ Gunnison, Elizabeth. "14 In Which Marge Simpson Becomes a Food Blogger". Esquire. http://www.esquire.com/blogs/food-for-men/simpsons-food-wife-6560087. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
- ^ http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/z-on-tv-blog/bal-anthony-bourdain-to-cnn-20120529,0,2460257.story
- ^ "Anthony Bourdain Adds 'Book Publisher' To Resume". Huffington Post. September 12, 2011. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/12/anthony-bourdain-book-publisher_n_958866.html. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ Satran, Joe (February 22, 2012). "Imprint Announces First Titles, Authors". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/22/anthony-bourdains-ecco_n_1294908.html. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57411703/bourdain-to-work-with-viral-olive-garden-reviewer/
- ^ Forbes, Paula. "The Lineup For Anthony Bourdain's Ecco Imprint: Roy Choi, Texas Barbecue, Kickboxing". Eater. http://eater.com/archives/2012/02/22/bourdains-ecco-books-roy-choi-texas-bbq-more.php. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ O'Neal, Sean (January 8, 2008). "Anthony Bourdain". The A.V. Club. http://www.avclub.com/content/feature/anthony_bourdain. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations, episode 3.4: "Namibia"; January 22, 2007
- ^ Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations, episode 1.2: "Iceland"; August 1, 2005
- ^ Bourdain, Anthony (2001). A Cook's Tour. New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 248–9. ISBN 1-58234-140-0.
- ^ Hudak, Joseph (January 7, 2008). "Anthony Bourdain Speaks His Mind with No Reservations". TV Guide. http://www.tvguide.com/news/anthony-bourdain-reservations/080107-02. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
- ^ Bourdain, Anthony (2000). Kitchen Confidential. New York: Bloomsbury. p. 123. ISBN 1-58234-082-X.
- ^ Jeffrey, Clara, The Omnivore's Agenda: An Interview with Anthony Bourdain, Mother Jones (November/December 2010)
- ^ The Serious Eats Team (March 2, 2007). "Meet & Eat: Anthony Bourdain". Serious Eats. http://www.seriouseats.com/2007/03/qa-anthony-bourdain.html. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
- ^ Squires, Kathleen (August 3, 2009). "Dish from the Julie & Julia Premiere". Zagat.com. http://www.zagat.com/Blog/Detail.aspx?SNP=NC&SCID=35&BLGID=22666.
- ^ AtGoogleTalks. "Authors@Google". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfyxJifcAX8. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ Jeffrey, Clara, The Omnivore's Agenda: An Interview with Anthony Bourdain, Mother Jones (November/December 2010)
- ^ "Sound Opinions". American Public Media. June 26, 2009. http://soundopinions.org/shownotes/2009/062609/shownotes.html.
- ^ Bourdain, Anthony (2006). The Nasty Bits. New York: Bloomsbury.
- ^ Bourdain, Anthony (2001). A Cook's Tour. New York: Bloomsbury.
- ^ Bourdain, Anthony (2000). Kitchen Confidential. New York: Bloomsbury.
- ^ Master chef Douglas Rodriguez, on the July 8, 2009 episode of Top Chef Masters, stated that 60% of restaurant kitchen workers in the U.S. are Latinos.
- ^ Bourdain, Anthony (2001). A Cook's Tour. New York: Bloomsbury, pp. 200–217.
- ^ Bourdain, Anthony (2006). The Nasty Bits. New York: Bloomsbury, pp. 42–46.
- ^ "''Bon Appetit'' names award winners". Findarticles.com. September 24, 2001. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_39_35/ai_78804595. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ "Guild Of Food Writers". Gfw.co.uk. http://www.gfw.co.uk/awards/?sub=17#contentrow5. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
Sources[link]
- Bourdain, Anthony. Kitchen Confidential: Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly, Updated ed., New York: Harper Perennial (January 9, 2007).
- Bourdain's biography on TravelChannel.com
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Anthony Bourdain |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anthony Bourdain |
- Anthony Bourdain official Travel Channel website
- Anthony Bourdain at the Internet Movie Database
- Anthony Bourdain at the Chef and Restaurant Database
- One-hour video interview from Authors@Google (2007)
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||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bourdain, Anthony |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Chef and food writer |
| Date of birth | June 25, 1956 |
| Place of birth | New York City, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Anthony_Bourdain
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Bourdain
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Robert Kubica at the 2010 Malaysian Grand Prix |
|
| Born | (1984-12-07) 7 December 1984 (age 27) |
|---|---|
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality |  Polish |
| Active years | 2006–2010 |
| Teams | BMW Sauber, Renault |
| Races | 76 |
| Championships | 0 |
| Wins | 1 |
| Podiums | 12 |
| Career points | 273 |
| Pole positions | 1 |
| Fastest laps | 1 |
| First race | 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix |
| First win | 2008 Canadian Grand Prix |
| Last win | 2008 Canadian Grand Prix |
| Last race | 2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix |
Robert Józef Kubica (Polish pronunciation: [ˈrɔbɛrt kuˈbit͡sa] (
listen); born 7 December 1984 in Kraków, Poland) is the first Polish racing driver to compete in Formula One. Between 2006 and 2009 he drove for the BMW Sauber F1 team, promoted from test driver to race driver during 2006. In June 2008, Kubica took his maiden F1 victory in the Canadian Grand Prix, becoming the 99th driver to win a World Championship race.
On 6 February 2011, Kubica was seriously injured in a crash at the Ronde di Andora rally, in which his forearm was partially severed.[1] He was taking part in the rally for personal enjoyment.[2] The Renault driver told Italian newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport in a bedside interview that he could feel the fingers in his right hand, and is determined to make a swift return to Formula One in 2011.[3][4] Kubica had to miss the whole 2011 season, and although he is expected to fully recover from his injuries, his future in Formula One racing for the long term remained unclear. In November 2011, Kubica confirmed that he would not be ready for the start of the 2012 season.[1][5]
Contents |
Career[link]
Pre-Formula One[link]
Karting[link]
Kubica developed his love for all kinds of cars at the young age of four when he spotted a small off-road vehicle, powered by a 4 bhp (3.0 kW) petrol engine. After long talks with his parents, his father, Artur, bought him the car and young Kubica spent long hours driving around plastic bottles. When he got older it became apparent that he needed better equipment, so his father bought him a go-kart. However, Kubica was too young to start racing in the Polish Karting Championship as he was under the age of ten. When he entered the championship, he won six titles in three years. After his third season, Kubica decided to switch to a more competitive league in Italy. In 1998 Kubica became the first foreigner to win the International Italian Junior Karting Championship.
Kubica also scored second place in the European Junior Karting Championship and won the Junior Monaco Kart Cup held on part of the Formula One Grand Prix track. A year later, he defended his title in Italy and also competed in the International German Karting Championship. He also won the Monaco Kart Cup for the second time in a row, as well as the Margutti Trophy and Elf Masters races. In 2000, his last season in karting, Kubica scored fourth places in both the European and World Championships.
Junior formulae[link]
Kubica started his professional career in 2000, as a test driver for a Formula Renault 2000 car. During his first professional season in Formula Renault, Kubica scored his maiden pole position and also became a member of Renault's driver development programme. In 2002 Kubica won four races and scored a second place in the Italian Formula Renault 2000. He was also seventh in the Formula Renault Eurocup. At the end of the year he took part in a Brazilian Formula Renault 2000 race held at the Interlagos circuit. This one-off appearance resulted in a dominant win.
After Formula Renault, Kubica moved to the Formula Three Euro Series. However, his move was delayed by a road accident which left him with a broken arm, and titanium screws holding it together. At his delayed debut at Norisring, Kubica, driving with a plastic brace and 18 titanium bolts in his arm, won the race. He finished the season in 12th place. At the end of the year, Kubica won a street race in Sardinia and came fifth in races held in Macau and Korea. He ended his second season in the Formula 3 Euro Series, spent with the factory Mercedes team, in 7th position. In November 2004, he scored pole position in the Macau F3 Grand Prix, where he broke the lap record, but finished second in the race.
In 2005 he won the World Series by Renault championship with the Epsilon Euskadi team, earning Formula One tests with Renault.
Formula One (2006–present)[link]
BMW Sauber (2006–2009)[link]
2006[link]
In 2006, Kubica became the official reserve driver for the BMW Sauber Formula One team.[6] His results in both Friday testing and private test sessions, along with the words of BMW Sauber team principal Mario Theissen, led to speculation that he would become Poland's first ever Formula One racing driver in 2007. In August 2006, Kubica's teammate, Jacques Villeneuve, complained about headaches after his accident during the German Grand Prix; he was deemed unfit to race by the team, against his own belief, and Kubica was chosen by the team management to replace him at the Hungarian Grand Prix.[7] Kubica qualified ninth, beating his more experienced teammate Nick Heidfeld. In the race, he finished in seventh place, but was disqualified after the race for having an underweight car.[8] Villeneuve decided to leave the BMW Sauber team soon after the race,[9] and Kubica's position in the team for the remainder of the season was confirmed by BMW.[10]
Kubica had a more disappointing race at the Turkish Grand Prix, finishing in 12th place after a mistake in tyre choice. Heidfeld, who was delayed in a first-corner accident, placed behind Kubica. In his third race, the Italian Grand Prix, Kubica finished in third position, and became the first Polish driver to appear on a Formula One podium, as well as the first Polish driver to lead a Grand Prix. He was the first driver since Alexander Wurz in 1997 to finish on the podium within his first three Formula One starts.
In China, he finished 13th, again after a mistake in tyre choice. After going off track at the first turn of the race, he moved from 17th position to fifth, before pitting. He was the first to change from intermediate tyres to dry tyres after the wet track started to dry. This decision was made too early: a very slow next lap in extremely wet and slippery conditions and another pit stop to change back to intermediates cost him his place in the points.
2007[link]
File:Kubica crash.jpg
Kubica's violent crash at the 2007 Canadian Grand Prix
Kubica performed well during the 2007 season, finishing consistently in point scoring positions. At the Canadian Grand Prix Kubica had a serious crash approaching the hairpin on lap 27, in which his car made contact with Jarno Trulli's Toyota, and hit a hump in the grass which lifted the car's nose into the air and left him unable to brake or steer. The car then hit the concrete retaining wall and rolled as it came back across the track, striking the opposite wall on the outside of the hairpin and coming to rest on its side.[11] The speed measured when his car clipped the barrier was 300.13 km/h (186.49 mph), at a 75-degree angle, subjecting Kubica to an average deceleration of 28 g. After data from the onboard accident data recorder had been analysed it was found that he had been subjected to a peak G-force of 75 G.[12] Under safety car conditions, Kubica was removed from the car and taken to the circuit's medical centre, where he was announced to be "stable", although no information regarding potential injuries was known at this time. Shortly afterwards, his manager Daniele Morelli said Kubica was conscious and talking.[13] It was initially reported that Kubica could have a broken leg.[14] However, Mario Theissen later confirmed that he was not seriously injured.[15][16] Further reports from late evening on race day, directly from the hospital, confirmed that Kubica had suffered a light concussion alongside a sprained ankle. After being kept in overnight for observation, Kubica left hospital the following day.[17] On 14 June it was announced that as a precaution, Kubica would not race at the United States Grand Prix and would be replaced by test driver Sebastian Vettel.[18] After missing Indianapolis, he returned for the French Grand Prix where he qualified and finished in fourth place, receiving ITV broadcaster Martin Brundle's driver of the day award. He then went on to finish fourth again at the British Grand Prix.
2008[link]
Kubica's retention as race driver for 2008 was confirmed on 21 August 2007.[19] Over the first half of the season, Kubica qualified and finished strongly, including his and BMW Sauber's first pole position at the Bahrain Grand Prix and second place finishes at the Malaysian and Monaco Grands Prix.
On 8 June 2008 at the Canadian Grand Prix, Kubica achieved his first Formula 1 victory. He started second on the grid and passed race leader Lewis Hamilton in the first round of pitstops after the BMW Sauber pit crew completed a faster pitstop. On leaving the pits, Kubica and Kimi Räikkönen's Ferrari halted at the pit lane exit, waiting for the red pit exit light to change. Hamilton, running immediately behind them, missed the light and crashed into Räikkönen's Ferrari, eliminating both cars from the race. Kubica rejoined the race well positioned for the eventual victory. He passed Heidfeld's sister BMW Sauber, running one refuelling stop to Kubica's two stop strategy, and gained the necessary 24 seconds over Heidfeld to ensure that he maintained the lead after his second stop 22 laps later. The BMW Saubers remained first and second to the end of the race.[20] Kubica later joked that he should thank Hamilton for electing to crash into Räikkönen instead of him.[21] The win gave Kubica the lead in the drivers' championship.
BMW Sauber's results were weaker over the second half of the season. At the French Grand Prix at Magny-Cours, Kubica finished 5th, reporting that this was a lost race, complaining about aerodynamic problems with the car.[citation needed] Kubica's strongest result of the latter part of the year was in Japan where he qualified sixth. At the start, several drivers braked too late for the first corner. Kubica took an inside line overtaking several cars and emerged in the lead. He led for 16 laps, but lost his lead to Fernando Alonso at the first round of pit stops. Kubica finished second after defending his position towards the end of the race against Räikkönen in a faster Ferrari (his fastest race lap was 0.6 seconds quicker than the Pole's)[22][23] Apart from that, Kubica achieved podiums in the Street race in Valencia and in the rain affected race at Monza. Kubica finished the year fourth in the drivers' championship.
2009[link]
At the 2009 season opener in Melbourne, Kubica managed to qualify fourth on the grid. During the race, he was in third place and closing the gap to the front two cars before making contact with Sebastian Vettel while trying to overtake him. After the incident, Kubica continued briefly, but crashed into a wall at the next corner because his front wing had become stuck under the car.[24] Vettel was later deemed responsible for the accident, and given a 10-place penalty on the grid for the next race in Malaysia.[25]
BMW motorsport director, Mario Theissen, claimed that Kubica would have won the race ahead of Jenson Button had it not been for Vettel.[26]
At the Malaysian Grand Prix, Kubica qualified in eighth place, but was promoted to sixth following Vettel's ten-place grid penalty for causing the crash in Australia, and Rubens Barrichello's five-place grid drop for changing his gearbox. However, he retired very early in the race with engine problems. The next two races, the Chinese Grand Prix and the Bahrain Grand Prix were disappointing for the BMW Sauber team as both Kubica and his teammate Heidfeld finished outside the points with a non-competitive car. For the next race in Barcelona, BMW Sauber prepared a modified version of the F1.09. The car proved more competitive but a mistake in fitting the tyres to Kubica's car during Q3 meant he could only qualify in 10th position. In the race, after a bad start (due to a clutch issue)[27] he finished once more out of the points. Kubica suffered from an engine failure during second practice in Monaco, and retired from the Grand Prix due to a brake issue. At the Turkish Grand Prix, the team introduced the double diffuser. The car's performance improved and Kubica managed to score his first points of the season with a 7th place. In the next 3 races both BMW Sauber drivers finished outside the points again, but during the European and Belgian Grands Prix again proved to be competitive, scoring 8th and 4th positions respectively. In Italy, Kubica suffered engine trouble in qualifying and then retired from the race due to an oil leak. At the Singapore Grand Prix, Kubica finished 8th, defending his position from Kazuki Nakajima and Räikkönen in the last laps. He later stated it was "the most difficult point I have ever scored".[28][29] At the Brazilian Grand Prix, Kubica scored his first podium of the season despite engine temperature problems by finishing in 2nd place, 7.6 seconds behind winner Mark Webber. The podium was BMW's second of the season.
On 29 July 2009, BMW announced that they would leave Formula One at the end of 2009, which made Kubica a free agent for the 2010 season.[30][31] For the 2010 season, it was announced that he had signed for Renault F1, the team he tested for during his junior career.[32]
Renault (2010–2011)[link]
2010[link]
Kubica moved to the Renault team for 2010. His position was briefly put in doubt, however, by the team evaluating its future in the sport following the 2009 season in the wake of the "Crashgate" scandal and the parent company's financial problems. This resulted in a Luxembourg-based investment firm, Genii Capital, taking a 75% stake in the team; Renault retaining the remaining 25%.[33] Eric Boullier was also appointed as the new team manager. Kubica said he might not stay with Renault, as his contract was only valid if the parent company had a controlling stake in the team, but he then decided to remain with them.[34][35] On 31 January 2010, it was announced that Vitaly Petrov was to be Kubica's team-mate.
It was reported in Autosport that Ferrari driver Felipe Massa had until the 2010 British Grand Prix to prove the Maranello outfit that he is worth hanging onto or Kubica could take his seat in 2011.[36] However Ferrari re-signed Massa for 2011, leaving Kubica without a seat at the Italian team.
On 7 July 2010, it was confirmed that Kubica had extended his contract with Renault to 2012.[37]
At the opening race of the 2010 season in Bahrain, Kubica was tagged by Adrian Sutil and spun on the opening lap but recovered to 11th. At the next race in Australia, he finished second after starting in ninth position. Fourth in Malaysia and fifth in China left him in seventh place in the drivers' championship, 20 points behind championship leader Jenson Button. Kubica felt that had there not been a second safety car period in China he could have finished on the podium. In Spain he finished eighth, but followed this up with another podium in Monaco, holding third throughout after losing second at the start to Sebastian Vettel. At the Turkish Grand Prix, he was held up behind Nico Rosberg for the second time in the season after Malaysia, and finished sixth.
In Canada, Kubica finished seventh after an eventful race and problems with tyre degradation which made his race difficult,[38] but did set the first fastest lap of his career in the race's closing stages. He added a fifth in Valencia and seventh in Germany before taking his third podium of the season in Belgium. He was competitive throughout the weekend, qualifying third, and only a bungled pitstop cost him second to Mark Webber. In Singapore, he qualified eighth in front of Schumacher. During the late stages of the race, he was forced to pit from sixth place due to a puncture. He was released from the pits to twelfth place, but with the help from superior grip and a series of overtaking moves—his move against Sutil was favourably compared to the incident between Webber and Hamilton—was able to claim seventh place, ultimately gaining a place from his qualifying result. In Suzuka, he managed to trail the Red Bulls throughout the weekend and translated it into a strong third place in qualifying. However, despite getting a good start and overtaking Webber at the start of the race, but would retire during the safety car period after losing one of his rear tyres.
Formula One journalist Mark Hughes remarked that Kubica is currently "arguably the best driver", considering the season so far. He emphasised Kubica's strong showing in tracks where Hughes believes that the differences in driver skills are able to overwhelm the differences in the capability of the cars; namely, Monaco, Spa and Suzuka.[39] Kubica managed to finish on the podium behind the Red Bulls except in Suzuka where he was strong throughout the weekend nevertheless, despite retiring from the race through no fault of his own.
2011[link]
Kubica was retained by Renault – rebranded as Lotus Renault GP through Lotus Cars sponsorship – into the 2011 season, again partnered by Vitaly Petrov.[40] He tested the team's new car, the Renault R31, for the first time in Valencia on 2 February.[40] On the last day of testing in Valencia he set the fastest time of the session.[41]
On 6 February 2011, Kubica was injured in a crash on the first stage of the Ronde di Andora rally. He was driving a Super 2000-specification Škoda Fabia,[42] in Testico when his car left the road at high speed and hit a crash barrier,[43] near the church of San Sebastiano.[44][45] Kubica was trapped in the car for more than an hour before rescue workers were able to extricate him.[46] He was flown by helicopter to Santa Corona Hospital in Pietra Ligure[47] near Savona, where it was confirmed that he had suffered partial amputation of his forearm, compound fractures to his right elbow, shoulder and leg, as well as significant loss of blood.[46][48][49] The severity of his injuries was the result of the crash barrier penetrating the car's cockpit, and hitting Kubica, while leaving his co-driver unscathed. Kubica underwent a seven hour operation by seven doctors split into two teams, without complications.[46] Two more lengthy operations to repair fractures to his leg, shoulder and arm were performed successfully a few days later.[50][51] The condition of his hand was not clear for some time and as a result he missed the 2011 season.[52][53][54] As he was unable to start the season, Lotus Renault signed Nick Heidfeld as his replacement on 16 February, while Kubica still remained signed with the team for the 2011 season.[55] Bruno Senna replaced Heidfeld later in the season, at the Belgian Grand Prix. Kubica was released from hospital to begin his rehabilitation on 24 April 2011.[56] In November 2011 it was announced that Kubica would not be ready for the beginning of the 2012 season, forcing Renault to begin the season with two other drivers, Kimi Räikkönen and Romain Grosjean.[57]
His recovery was dealt another setback after he re-broke his right leg, when he reportedly slipped on ice near his home in Italy, on 11 January 2012.[58]
Racing record[link]
Career summary[link]
| Season | Series | Team | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Podiums | Points | Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup | RC Motorsport | 10 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 46 | 14th |
| Formula Renault 2000 Italy | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 27 | 13th | ||
| 2002 | Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup | RC Motorsport | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 80 | 7th |
| Formula Renault 2000 Italy | 10 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 188 | 2nd | ||
| Formula Renault 2000 Brazil | RS2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | NC† | |
| 2003 | Formula Three Euroseries | Prema Powerteam | 13 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 31 | 12th |
| British Formula Three | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | NC† | ||
| Masters of Formula Three | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 33rd | ||
| Macau Grand Prix | Target Racing[59] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | NC | |
| F3 Korea Super Prix | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 6th | ||
| 2004 | Formula Three Euroseries | Mücke Motorsport | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 53 | 7th |
| Macau Grand Prix | Manor Motorsport | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 2nd | |
| 2005 | Formula Renault 3.5 Series | Epsilon Euskadi | 17 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 11 | 154 | 1st |
| Macau Grand Prix | Carlin Motorsport | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 2nd | |
| Formula One | Renault F1 Team | Test driver | |||||||
| 2006 | Formula One | BMW Sauber F1 Team | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 16th |
| 2007 | Formula One | BMW Sauber F1 Team | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 6th |
| 2008 | Formula One | BMW Sauber F1 Team | 18 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 75 | 4th |
| 2009 | Formula One | BMW Sauber F1 Team | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 14th |
| 2010 | Formula One | Renault F1 Team | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 136 | 8th |
† As Kubica was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.
Complete Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
| Year | Entrant | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | DC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | RC Motorsport | MOZ Ret |
BRN Ret |
MAG 15 |
SIL 21 |
ZOL Ret |
HUN 6 |
SPI Ret |
NÜR 12 |
JAR 6 |
EST 2 |
14th | 46 |
| 2002 | RC Motorsport | MAG 2 |
SIL 4 |
JAR 13 |
AND 3 |
OSC 10 |
SPA Ret |
IMO 27 |
DON | EST 4 |
7th | 80 |
Complete Formula Three Euroseries results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | DC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | Prema Powerteam | Dallara F303/022 | Spiess-Opel | HOC1 1 |
HOC1 2 |
ADR 1 |
ADR 2 |
PAU 1 |
PAU 2 |
NOR 1 1 |
NOR 2 2 |
LMS 1 27 |
LMS 2 7 |
NÜR 1 9 |
NÜR 2 6 |
A1R 1 11 |
A1R 2 Ret |
ZAN 1 7 |
ZAN 2 24 |
HOC2 1 24 |
HOC2 2 10 |
MAG 1 4 |
MAG 2 8 |
12th | 31 |
| 2004 | Mücke Motorsport | Dallara F302/032 | HWA-Mercedes | HOC1 1 6 |
HOC1 2 7 |
EST 1 9 |
EST 2 23 |
ADR 1 17 |
ADR 1 Ret |
PAU 1 3 |
PAU 2 2 |
NOR 1 19 |
NOR 1 4 |
MAG 1 9 |
MAG 2 5 |
NÜR 1 5 |
NÜR 2 2 |
ZAN 1 8 |
ZAN 2 5 |
BRN 1 10 |
BRN 2 8 |
HOC2 1 4 |
HOC2 2 7 |
7th | 53 |
Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | DC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | Epsilon Euskadi | ZOL 1 3 |
ZOL 2 1 |
MON 1 5 |
VAL 1 2 |
VAL 2 16 |
LMS 1 3 |
LMS 2 2 |
BIL 1 1 |
BIL 2 8 |
OSC 1 1 |
OSC 2 1 |
DON 1 3 |
DON 2 6 |
EST 1 2 |
EST 2 3 |
MNZ 1 Ret |
MNZ 2 Ret |
1st | 154 |
Complete Formula One results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | WDC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | BMW Sauber F1 Team | BMW Sauber F1.06 | BMW P86 2.4 V8 | BHR TD |
MAL TD |
AUS TD |
SMR TD |
EUR TD |
ESP TD |
MON TD |
GBR TD |
CAN TD |
USA TD |
FRA TD |
GER TD |
HUN DSQ |
TUR 12 |
ITA 3 |
CHN 13 |
JPN 9 |
BRA 9 |
16th | 6 | |
| 2007 | BMW Sauber F1 Team | BMW Sauber F1.07 | BMW P86/7 2.4 V8 | AUS Ret |
MAL 18 |
BHR 6 |
ESP 4 |
MON 5 |
CAN Ret |
USA | FRA 4 |
GBR 4 |
EUR 7 |
HUN 5 |
TUR 8 |
ITA 5 |
BEL 9 |
JPN 7 |
CHN Ret |
BRA 5 |
6th | 39 | ||
| 2008 | BMW Sauber F1 Team | BMW Sauber F1.08 | BMW P86/8 2.4 V8 | AUS Ret |
MAL 2 |
BHR 3 |
ESP 4 |
TUR 4 |
MON 2 |
CAN 1 |
FRA 5 |
GBR Ret |
GER 7 |
HUN 8 |
EUR 3 |
BEL 6 |
ITA 3 |
SIN 11 |
JPN 2 |
CHN 6 |
BRA 11 |
4th | 75 | |
| 2009 | BMW Sauber F1 Team | BMW Sauber F1.09 | BMW P86/9 2.4 V8 | AUS 14 |
MAL Ret |
CHN 13 |
BHR 18 |
ESP 11 |
MON Ret |
TUR 7 |
GBR 13 |
GER 14 |
HUN 13 |
EUR 8 |
BEL 4 |
ITA Ret |
SIN 8 |
JPN 9 |
BRA 2 |
ABU 10 |
14th | 17 | ||
| 2010 | Renault F1 Team | Renault R30 | Renault RS27-2010 2.4 V8 | BHR 11 |
AUS 2 |
MAL 4 |
CHN 5 |
ESP 8 |
MON 3 |
TUR 6 |
CAN 7 |
EUR 5 |
GBR Ret |
GER 7 |
HUN Ret |
BEL 3 |
ITA 8 |
SIN 7 |
JPN Ret |
KOR 5 |
BRA 9 |
ABU 5 |
8th | 136 |
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b "Robert Kubica to miss start of 2012 season". BBC Sport (BBC). 23 November 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/formula_one/15853406.stm. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- ^ "Kubica undergoes emergency surgery after rally crash in Italy". CNN (Turner Broadcasting System). 6 February 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/motorsport/02/06/f1.crash/index.html. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ "F1 ace Kubica 'much better' after rally crash in Italy". CNN (Turner Broadcasting System). 7 February 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/motorsport/02/07/motorsport.f1.crash.kubica/index.html?iref=NS1. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ "Formula 1 driver Kubica targets quick return". The Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Media). 11 February 2011. http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/formula-1-driver-kubica-targets-quick-return-20110212-1aqv9.html?iref=NS1. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ Cary, Tom (23 November 2011). "Kubica confirms he is not ready to return to F1". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/8908825/Robert-Kubica-confirms-he-is-not-ready-to-return-to-F1-despite-encouraging-progress-after-near-fatal-accident.html. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- ^ BMW snaps up Kubica ITV-F1.com. Reported on site 22 December 2005, 01:33
- ^ "Villeneuve feels let down by BMW". GPUpdate.net. 7 August 2006. http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1-news/126870/villeneuve-feels-let-down-by-bmw/. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ^ Kubica disqualified, Schumacher scores Formula1.com. Retrieved Unknown
- ^ Villeneuve parts company with BMW news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved Unknown
- ^ "Kubica to finish season with BMW". GPUpdate.net. 10 August 2006. http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1-news/127106/kubica-to-finish-season-with-bmw/. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ^ "Reaction: Toyota, Red Bull and Honda". sportinglife.com. 2007-06-10. http://www.sportinglife.com/formula1/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=formula1/07/06/10/manual_223115.html. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
- ^ "Kubica's crash data disclosed". autosport.com. 2007-06-20. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/59988. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
- ^ Benson, Andrew; Orlovac, Mark (2007-06-10). "Canadian Grand Prix". news.bbc.co.uk. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6738963.stm. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
- ^ "UPDATE: Kubica has broken leg". crash.net. 2007-06-10. http://www.crash.net/news_view~cid~1~id~149373.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
- ^ "Unhurt Kubica to leave hospital on Monday". homeofsport.com. 2007-06-10. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929101307/http://www.homeofsport.com/f1/news/item.aspx?id=19326. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
- ^ "Kubica 'feels ready for US race'". BBC Sport (BBC). 13 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6747525.stm. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ "Kubica leaves hospital after crash in Montreal". iht.com. 2007-06-11. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/06/11/sports/NA-SPT-CAR-F1-Kubica-Injury.php. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
- ^ "Vettel to replace Kubica at Indianapolis". autosport.com. 2007-06-14. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/59765. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
- ^ "Heidfeld and Kubica stay at BMW". news.bbc.co.uk. 2007-08-21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6956299.stm. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
- ^ "Kubica targets F1 title after win". BBC News. 2008-06-08. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7443153.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Tremayne, David (2008-06-09). "Kubica celebrates first win as Hamilton rues pit-stop shunt". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/kubica-celebrates-first-win-as-hamilton-rues-pitstop-shunt-842880.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "2008 Formula 1 Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix – Fastest Laps". www.formula1.com. http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2008/802/6574/fastest_laps.html. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (2008-10-12). "Japanese Grand Prix". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7665745.stm. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ "Australian GP – Sunday – Team quotes". grandprix.com. 29 March 2009. http://www.grandprix.com/race/r804sunquotes.html. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
- ^ Elizalde, Pablo (2009-03-29). "Vettel gets grid penalty for Malaysia". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/74059. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
- ^ "Vettel gets 10-place grid penalty". BBC Sport (BBC). 2009-03-29. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7970668.stm. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
- ^ "Spanish Grand Prix – selected driver quotes". formula1.com (Formula One Administration). 2009-05-10. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/5/9340.html. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Elizalde, Pablo (2009-09-27). "Kubica: The most difficult point ever". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/78976. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Beer, Matt (2009-10-07). "Kubica joins Renault for 2010". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79319. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Noble, Jonathan (2009-07-29). "BMW will quit F1 at the end of 2009". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/77400. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Elizalde, Pablo; Lostia, Michele (2009-07-30). "Manager says Kubica now on the market". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/77430. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Strang, Simon (2009-08-20). "Kubica "open-minded" on 2010 options". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/77795. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (2009-12-10). "Deal struck to keep Renault in F1". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8407138.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (2009-12-16). "Kubica may not stay with Renault". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8416180.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (2010-01-04). "Kubica to stay with Renault team". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8439373.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Straw, Edd (2010-04-08). "Massa fights for Ferrari future". Autosport (Haymarket Publications) 200 (2): pp. 10–11.
- ^ Collantine, Keith (2010-07-07). "Kubica extends Renault deal to 2012". F1 Fanatic (Keith Collantine). http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/07/07/robert-kubica-signs-for-two-more-years-with-renault/. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
- ^ Noble, Jonathan (2010-06-14). "Kubica eyes step forward in Valencia". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84508. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
- ^ Hughes, Mark (2010-10-12). "Why Robert Kubica is arguably the best driver in F1". BBC Sport (BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/9080455.stm. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
- ^ a b "Petrov to sample new Renault first". crash.net (Crash Media Group). 26 January 2011. http://www.crash.net/f1/news/166115/1/petrov_to_sample_new_renault_first.html. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
- ^ "Renault's Kubica leads field as test ends". Formula1.com (Formula One Administration). 3 February 2011. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/2/11707.html. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ Beer, Matt; Noble, Jonathan (6 February 2011). "Kubica hospitalised after rally crash". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89309. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ "Andava veloce ma ero convinto non sbandasse" (in Italian). La Stampa (Editrice La Stampa). 10 February 2011. http://archivio.lastampa.it/LaStampaArchivio/main/History/tmpl_viewObj.jsp?objid=11020899. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ^ "Testico Gli Abitanti: Come ex voto potrebbe riparare il tetto della Chiesa "San Sebastiano l'ha salvato"" (in Italian). La Stampa (Editrice La Stampa). 10 February 2011. http://archivio.lastampa.it/LaStampaArchivio/main/History/tmpl_viewObj.jsp?objid=11020908. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ^ "Una sequenza di sei curve pericolose" (in Italian). La Stampa (Editrice La Stampa). 8 February 2011. http://archivio.lastampa.it/LaStampaArchivio/main/History/tmpl_viewObj.jsp?objid=11015773. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ^ a b c Strang, Simon; Lostia, Michele (7 February 2011). "Kubica to undergo second surgery". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89323. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ "Pietra Ligure il pilota migliora dopo il lungo intervento di Venerdi' Riabilitazione al simulatore del S. Corona Lo staff di Kubica ha visionato e "promosso" il sistema robotico di Unita' spinale" (in Italian). La Stampa (Editrice La Stampa). 13 February 2011. http://archivio.lastampa.it/LaStampaArchivio/main/History/tmpl_viewObj.jsp?objid=11027366. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ^ "Formula 1 driver Robert Kubica injured in rally crash". BBC Sport (BBC). 6 February 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/9388940.stm. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ Noble, Jonathan (6 February 2011). "Kubica suffers multiple fractures". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89312. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ Elizalde, Pablo (17 February 2011). "Kubica undergoes final surgery". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89514. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
- ^ Lostia, Michele; Beer, Matt (12 February 2011). "Kubica requires one more operation". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89439. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
- ^ "Robert Kubica faces elbow surgery as fears grow he may lose use of hand". Metro (Associated Newspapers). 14 February 2011. http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/855520-robert-kubica-faces-elbow-surgery-as-fears-grow-he-may-lose-use-of-hand. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
- ^ Noble, Jonathan; Lostia, Michele (6 February 2011). "Kubica could be sidelined for 2011". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89315. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ Noble, Jonathan (7 February 2011). "Kubica's condition is 'stable but serious'". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89316. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ "Renault confirm Heidfeld as Kubica stand-in". formula1.com (Formula One Administration). 16 February 2011. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/2/11750.html. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
- ^ "Kubica discharged from Italian hospital". formula1.com (Formula One Administration). 24 April 2011. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/4/11965.html. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (11 January 2012). "Robert Kubica breaks right leg in accident". BBC Sport (BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/formula_one/16521193.stm. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ "Robert Kubica breaks right leg in accident". BBC News. 11 January 2012. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/formula_one/16521193.stm. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ "2003 Macau Formula 3 Grand Prix Entry List". macau.grandprix.gov.mo. Macau Grand Prix. http://www.macau.grandprix.gov.mo/mgpc/public_html/gp50/en/index.php?cat=entry&race=MGP.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
References[link]
All Formula One race and championship results are taken from:
- Official Formula 1 Website. Archive: Results for 2006 – Present seasons Formula1.com. Retrieved 22 August 2006
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Robert Kubica |
- Robert Kubica f1.com
- Official web site
- Career details
- Kubica statistics in Formula One
- Robert Kubica at the Internet Movie Database
- Pictures of his rally car after the 2011 crash
| Sporting positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Heikki Kovalainen |
World Series by Renault Champion 2005 |
Succeeded by Alx Danielsson |
| Awards | ||
| Preceded by Felipe Massa |
Lorenzo Bandini Trophy 2008 |
Succeeded by Sebastian Vettel |
| Preceded by Adam Małysz |
Polish Sportspersonality of the Year 2008 |
Succeeded by Justyna Kowalczyk |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Kubica, Robert |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Polish Formula One driver |
| Date of birth | 7 December 1984 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Robert_Kubica
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kubica
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the hockey player, see Craig Ferguson (ice hockey).
| Craig Ferguson | |
|---|---|
 Performing stand-up in New York City, 2007 |
|
| Born | (1962-05-17) May 17, 1962 (age 50) Glasgow, Scotland |
| Medium | Stand-up, television, film, music, books |
| Nationality | Scotland; United States |
| Years active | 1980–present |
| Genres | Observational comedy, satire/political satire/news satire |
| Subject(s) | Everyday life, popular culture, self-deprecation, politics |
| Spouse | Anne Hogarth (1983–86) (divorced) Sascha Corwin (1998–2004) (divorced) 1 child Megan Wallace-Cunningham (2008–present) 1 child |
| Notable works and roles | Host of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson Nigel Wick on The Drew Carey Show Glaswegian in One Foot in the Grave Gobber in How to Train Your Dragon |
| Website | The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson |
Craig Ferguson (born 17 May 1962[1]) is a Scottish-American television host, stand-up comedian, writer, actor, director, author, and producer. He is the host of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, an Emmy Award-nominated, Peabody Award-winning late-night talk show that airs on CBS. In addition to hosting that program and performing stand-up comedy, Ferguson has written two books: Between the Bridge and the River, a novel, and American on Purpose, a memoir. He became a citizen of the United States in 2008.[2]
Before his career as a late-night television host, Ferguson was best known in the United States for his role as the office boss, Nigel Wick, on The Drew Carey Show from 1996 to 2003. He also wrote and starred in three films, directing one of them.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Ferguson was born in the Stobhill Hospital in the Springburn district of Glasgow, Scotland to Robert and Janet Ferguson, and raised in nearby Cumbernauld, growing up "chubby and bullied".[3][4] When he was six months old, he and his family moved from their Springburn apartment to a council house in Cumbernauld. They lived there as Glasgow was re-housing many people following damage to the city from World War II.[4] Ferguson attended Muirfield Primary School and Cumbernauld High School.[5] At age sixteen, Ferguson dropped out of Cumbernauld High School and began an apprenticeship to be an electronics technician at a local factory of American company Burroughs Corporation.[6]
His first visit to the United States was as a teenager to visit an uncle who lived on Long Island, near New York City.[7] When he moved to New York City in 1983, he worked in construction in Harlem.[8][9] Ferguson later became a bouncer at a nightclub, Save the Robots.[10]
Career[link]
British career[link]
Ferguson's experience in entertainment began as a drummer in a rock band called Exposure. He then joined a punk band called The Bastards from Hell.[11] The band, later renamed "Dreamboys", and fronted by vocalist Peter Capaldi, performed regularly in Glasgow from 1980 to 1982.[12] Ferguson credits Capaldi for inspiring him to try comedy.[3]
After a nerve-wrecking, knee-knocking first appearance, he decided to create a character that was a "parody of all the über-patriotic native folk singers who seemed to infect every public performance in Scotland."[3] The character, "Bing Hitler" (actually coined by Capaldi as Ferguson started with the monogram of "Nico Fulton" but admittedly later stole the name for his "own nefarious ends"),[12] premiered in Glasgow, and subsequently became a hit at the 1986 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. A recording of his stage act as Bing Hitler was made at Glasgow's Tron Theatre and released in the 1980s;[13] a Bing Hitler monologue ("A Lecture for Burns Night") appears on the compilation cassette Honey at the Core.
Ferguson's first television appearance was as Confidence on BBC sitcom Red Dwarf during the episode "Confidence and Paranoia".
Ferguson made his starring television debut in The Craig Ferguson Show, a one-off comedy pilot for Granada Television, which co-starred Paul Whitehouse and Helen Atkinson-Wood.[14] This was broadcast throughout the UK on 4 March 1990, but was not made into a full series.
He has also found success in musical theatre. Beginning in 1991, he appeared on stage as Brad Majors in the London production of The Rocky Horror Show, alongside Anthony Head, who was playing Dr. Frank-N-Furter at the time.[citation needed] In 1994, Ferguson played Father MacLean in the highly controversial production of Bad Boy Johnny and the Prophets of Doom at the Union Chapel in London. The same year, he appeared again at the Edinburgh Fringe, as Oscar Madison in The Odd Couple, opposite Gerard Kelly as Felix and Kate Anthony as Gwendolin Pidgeon, who is now much better known as Aunty Pam in Coronation Street; the play, which was relocated to 1990s Glasgow, later toured Scotland.[15]
After enjoying success at the Edinburgh Festival, Ferguson appeared on Red Dwarf, STV's Hogmanay Show,[16] his own show 2000 Not Out, and the 1993 One Foot in the Grave Christmas special One Foot in the Algarve.
In 1993, Ferguson presented his own series on Scottish archaeology for Scottish Television entitled Dirt Detective.[17] He travelled throughout the country examining archaeological history, including Skara Brae and Paisley Abbey.
U.S. career[link]
After cancellation of his show The Ferguson Theory, Ferguson moved to Los Angeles in 1994. His first U.S. role was as baker Logan McDonough on the short-lived 1995 ABC comedy Maybe This Time, which starred Betty White and Marie Osmond.
His breakthrough in the U.S. came when he was cast on The Drew Carey Show as the title character's boss, Mr. Wick, a role that he played from 1996 to 2003. He played the role with an over-the-top posh English accent "to make up for generations of English actors doing crap Scottish accents." In his comedy special "A Wee Bit O' Revolution", he specifically called out James Doohan's portrayal of Montgomery Scott on Star Trek as the foundation of his "revenge". (At the end of one episode, though, Ferguson broke the fourth wall and began talking to the audience at home in his regular Scottish accent.) His character was memorable for his unique methods of laying employees off, almost always "firing Johnson", the most common last name of the to-be-fired workers.[18] Even after leaving the show in 2003, he remained a recurring character on the series for the last two seasons, and was part of the 2-part series finale in 2004.
During production of The Drew Carey Show, Ferguson devoted his off-time as a cast member to writing, working in his trailer on set in-between shooting his scenes. He wrote and starred in three films: The Big Tease, Saving Grace, and I'll Be There, which he also directed and for which he won the Audience Award for Best Film at the Aspen, Dallas and Valencia film festivals. He was named Best New Director at the Napa Valley Film Festival. These were among other scripts that, "... in the great tradition of the movie business, about half a dozen that I got paid a fortune for but never got made."[19] His other acting credits in films include Niagara Motel, Lenny the Wonder Dog, Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, Chain of Fools, Born Romantic, The Ugly Truth, How to Train Your Dragon, Kick-Ass and Winnie the Pooh.
Ferguson has been touring the United States and Canada with a stand-up comedy show, and performed at Carnegie Hall on 23 October 2010.
[edit] The Late Late Show
Main article: The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson
In December 2004, it was announced that Ferguson would be the successor to Craig Kilborn on CBS's The Late Late Show. His first show as the regular host aired on 3 January 2005. By May 2008, Ben Alba, an American television historian and an authority on U.S. talk shows, said Ferguson "has already made his mark, taking the TV monologue to new levels with an underlying story. But he is only just starting ... He is making up his own rules: It's the immigrant experience."[18]
The Late Late Show averaged 2.0 million viewers in its 2007 season, compared with 2.5 million for Late Night with Conan O'Brien.[20] In April 2008, The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson beat Late Night with Conan O'Brien for weekly ratings (1.88 million to 1.77 million) for the first time since the two shows went head-to-head with their respective hosts.[21]
By the end of 2009, Craig Ferguson topped Jimmy Fallon in the ratings with Ferguson getting a 1.8 rating/6 share and Fallon receiving a 1.6 rating/6 share.[22]
Ferguson's success on the show has led at least one "television insider" to say he is the heir apparent to take over David Letterman's role as host of The Late Show.[18]
Television and appearances[link]
Craig Ferguson has made guest appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Show with David Letterman, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Rachael Ray, Countdown with Keith Olbermann, The Howard Stern Show, The Daily Show, The View, Loveline, Real Time with Bill Maher, The Soup, The Talk and The Dennis Miller Show. He also co-hosted Live with Regis & Kelly with Kelly Ripa.
On 4 January 2009 Ferguson was a celebrity player on Million Dollar Password.
In 2009, Ferguson made a cameo live-action appearance in the episode "We Love You, Conrad" on Family Guy. Ferguson hosted the 32nd annual People's Choice Awards on 10 January 2006.[23] TV Guide magazine printed a "Cheers" (Cheers and Jeers section) for appearing on his own show that same evening.[citation needed] From 2007 to 2010, Ferguson hosted the Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular on 4 July, broadcast nationally by CBS. Ferguson was the featured entertainer at the 26 April 2008 White House Correspondents' Association dinner in Washington, DC.[24]
Ferguson co-presented the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama with Brooke Shields in 2008. He has done voice work in cartoons, including being the voice of Barry's evil alter-ego in the "With Friends Like Steve's" episode of American Dad; in Freakazoid! as Roddy MacStew, Freakazoid's mentor; and on Buzz Lightyear of Star Command as the robot vampire NOS-4-A2. Most recently, he was the voice of Susan the boil on Futurama, which was a parody of Scottish singer Susan Boyle. He makes stand-up appearances in Las Vegas and New York City. He headlined in the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal and in October 2008 Ferguson taped his stand up show in Boston for a Comedy Central special entitled A Wee Bit o' Revolution, which aired on 22 March 2009.
British television comedy drama Doc Martin was based on a character from Ferguson's film Saving Grace – with Ferguson getting writing credits for 12 episodes.[25] On 6 November 2009 Ferguson appeared as himself in a SpongeBob SquarePants special titled SpongeBob's Truth or Square.[26] He hosted Discovery Channel's 23rd season of Shark Week in 2010. Ferguson briefly appeared in Toby Keith's "Red Solo Cup" music video released on 10 October 2011. [27]
Literature[link]
Ferguson's novel Between the Bridge and the River was published on 10 April 2006. Ferguson appeared at the Los Angeles Festival of Books, as well as other author literary events. "This book could scare them", Ferguson said. "The sex, the violence, the dream sequences and the iconoclasm. I think a lot of people are uncomfortable with that. I understand that. It was very uncomfortable to write some of it."[28] Publishers Weekly called it "a tour de force of cynical humor and poignant reverie, a caustic yet ebullient picaresque that approaches the sacred by way of the profane."[citation needed] His novel Between the Bridge and the River is dedicated to his son and to his grandfather, Adam. Ferguson revealed in an interview that he is writing a sequel to the book, to be titled "The Sphynx of the Mississippi".[29] He also stated in a 2006 interview with David Letterman that he intends for the book to be the first in a trilogy.[30]
Ferguson signed a deal with HarperCollins to publish his memoirs.[31] The book, entitled American on Purpose: The Improbable Adventures of an Unlikely Patriot, focuses on "how and why [he] became an American" and covers his years as a punk rocker, dancer, bouncer and construction worker as well as the rise of his career in Hollywood as an actor and comic. It went on sale 22 September 2009 in the United States.[32][33] On 1 December 2010 the audiobook version was nominated for a Best Spoken Word Album Grammy.[34]
In July 2009, Jackie Collins was a guest on The Late Late Show to promote her new book Married Lovers. Collins said that a character in her book, Don Verona, was based on Ferguson because she was such a fan of him and his show.[35]
Personal life[link]
As mentioned on The Late Late Show on 3 August 2009, Ferguson holds an FAA Private Pilot's License issued 31 July 2009.[36] Ferguson announced on the 8 April 2011 broadcast that he is pursuing an instrument rating.
Ferguson is a fan of Scottish football team Partick Thistle F.C.[12] as well as the British television show Doctor Who. He has three tattoos: his latest, the Join, or Die political cartoon on his right forearm;[37][38] a Ferguson family crest with the Latin motto Dulcius ex asperis ("Sweeter out of [or from] difficulty") on his upper right arm in honour of his father;[39] and the Ingram family crest on his upper left arm in honour of his mother. He has often stated that his Join, or Die tattoo is to signal his patriotism.[37]
Family[link]
In an episode of The Late Late Show that aired 8 December 2008, a somber Ferguson talked about his mother, Janet (3 August 1933 – 1 December 2008). He ended the program by playing her favourite song, "Rivers of Babylon" by Boney M.[40]
Ferguson has two sisters (one older and one younger) and one older brother.[41] His elder sister's name is Janice and his brother's name is Scott. His younger sister, Lynn Ferguson Tweddle, is also a successful comedienne, presenter, and actress, perhaps most widely known as the voice of Mac in the 2000 stop-motion animation film Chicken Run. She is currently a writer on The Late Late Show.
Ferguson has married three times and divorced twice as a result of what he describes as "relationship issues". His first marriage was to Anne Hogarth from 1983 to 1986, during which time they lived in New York. From his second marriage (to Sascha Corwin, founder and proprietor of Los Angeles' SpySchool), he has one son, Milo Hamish Ferguson, born in 2001. He and Corwin share custody of Milo, and live near each other in Los Angeles. On 21 December 2008, Ferguson married art dealer Megan Wallace-Cunningham in a private ceremony on her family's farm in Chester, Vermont.[42] Ferguson announced 14 July 2010 on Twitter that they were expecting a child. He wrote: "Holy crackers! Mrs F is pregnant. How did that happen? ... oh yeah I know how. Another Ferguson arrives in 2011. The world trembles."[43] The child, a boy named Liam James, was born 31 January 2011.[44]
Alcoholism[link]
A recovering alcoholic, Ferguson has been sober since 18 February 1992.[45] Because of this, he declared he wouldn't mock Britney Spears' much-publicized alcohol problems in 2007.[46] He said he had considered committing suicide on Christmas Day 1991, but when offered a drink by a friend for celebrating the holiday, he was distracted from jumping off Tower Bridge in London as he had planned.[3]
Citizenship[link]
Holding dual citizenship, Ferguson is both a naturalized citizen of the United States and a British citizen.
During 2007, Ferguson, who at the time held only British citizenship, used The Late Late Show as a forum for seeking honorary citizenship from every state in the U.S. He has received honorary citizenship from Nebraska, Arkansas, Virginia, Montana, North Dakota, New Jersey, Tennessee, South Carolina, South Dakota, Nevada, Alaska, Texas, Wyoming, Pennsylvania and Indiana, and was "commissioned" as an admiral in the tongue-in-cheek Nebraska Navy.[47] Governors Jon Corzine (New Jersey), John Hoeven (North Dakota), Mark Sanford (South Carolina), Mike Rounds (South Dakota), Rick Perry (Texas), Sarah Palin (Alaska) and Jim Gibbons (Nevada) sent letters to him that made him an honorary citizen of their respective states. He received similar honors from various towns and cities, including Ozark, Arkansas; Hazard, Kentucky; and Greensburg, Pennsylvania.
Ferguson became an American citizen on 1 February 2008[2] and broadcast the taking of his citizenship test as well as his swearing in on The Late Late Show.
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | The Bogie Man | ||
| 1998 | Modern Vampires | Richard | |
| 1999 | The Big Tease | Crawford Mackenzie | Writer |
| 2000 | Chain of Fools | Melander Stevens | |
| 2000 | Born Romantic | Frankie | |
| 2000 | Saving Grace | Matthew Stewart | Writer |
| 2002 | Life Without Dick | Jared O'Reilly | |
| 2002 | Prendimi l'anima (The Soul Keeper) | Richard Fraser | |
| 2003 | I'll Be There | Paul Kerr | Director, Writer |
| 2004 | Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events | Person of Indeterminate Gender | |
| 2004 | Lenny the Wonder Dog | Dr. Wagner | |
| 2005 | Vampire Bats | Fisherman | |
| 2006 | Niagara Motel | Phillie | |
| 2007 | Trust Me | Ted Truman | |
| 2008 | Craig Ferguson: A Wee Bit O' Revolution | ||
| 2009 | The Ugly Truth | Himself | |
| 2010 | The Hero of Color City | ||
| 2010 | How to Train Your Dragon | Gobber | Voice only |
| 2010 | Kick-Ass | Himself | |
| 2011 | Winnie the Pooh | Owl | Voice only |
| 2011 | Totally Framed | Jeffrey Stewart | |
| 2012 | Brave | Lord Macintosh | Voice only |
| 2012 | My Fair Lady | David | Post-production |
| 2014 | How to Train Your Dragon 2 | Gobber | Voice only |
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1988 | Red Dwarf | Confidence | Episode: Confidence and Paranoia |
| 1989 | The Big Gig | Himself | Regular Comic |
| 1993 | One Foot in the Grave | Glaswegian beach bully | Christmas Special "One foot in the Algarve" |
| 1994 | The Dirt Detective: A History of Scotland | Travel documentary series | Host |
| 1994 | The Ferguson Theory | Himself | Host |
| 1995–1996 | Maybe This Time | Logan McDonough | 18 episodes |
| 1995–1997 | Freakazoid! | Roddy MacStew | 7 episodes |
| 1996–2004 | The Drew Carey Show | Nigel Wick | 170 episodes |
| 2000 | Buzz Lightyear of Star Command | NOS 4 A2 | Voice only, 5 episodes |
| 2005 | Life as We Know It | Oliver Davies | 1 episode |
| 2005–present | The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson | Himself | Host |
| 2006 | American Dad! | Evil Barry | Voice only, Episode: With Friends Like Steve's |
| 2009 | Family Guy | Himself | Episode: We Love You, Conrad |
| 2009 | SpongeBob's Truth or Square | Himself | TV movie |
| 2010 | Futurama | Susan Boil | Episode: Attack of the Killer App |
| 2010 | Shark Week | Himself | Host |
| 2010 | Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon | Gobber | Voice only, TV short film |
Bibliography[link]
- Between the Bridge and the River. Chronicle Books. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8118-5375-0.
- American on Purpose: The Improbable Adventures of an Unlikely Patriot. HarperCollins. 2009. ISBN 978-0-06-171954-7.
Comedy specials[link]
- A Wee Bit o' Revolution. Comedy Central. 2009.
- Does This Need to Be Said? EPIX, Comedy Central. 2011.
Discography[link]
- Live At The Tron (as Bing Hitler). Jammy Records. 1986. Catalogue number JRLP 861.
References[link]
- ^ Tennant, Thomas. "Bio Brief: Craig Ferguson". About.com. http://talkshows.about.com/od/craigferguson/p/BioCraig.htm. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Craig Ferguson passes citizenship test". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-01-28-craig-ferguson_N.htm. Retrieved 7 April 2007.
- ^ a b c d Andy Borowitz (1 October 2009). "The Scotsman". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/books/review/Borowitz-t.html. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
- ^ a b Ferguson, American on Purpose, p. 14.
- ^ Ferguson, American on Purpose, p. 31.
- ^ Ferguson, American on Purpose, pp. 66-68.
- ^ "Craig Ferguson Eulogizes his Father". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJWlNPq0ftM. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
- ^ Tucker, Ken (October 12, 2007), "Great Scot", Entertainment Weekly (958), http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20144925,00.html
- ^ Ferguson, American on Purpose, p. 110.
- ^ Ferguson, American on Purpose, pp. 112-113.
- ^ "Craig Ferguson". NNDB. Soylent Communications. http://www.nndb.com/people/262/000087998/. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
- ^ a b c Ferguson, Craig (September 2009). American on Purpose: The Improbable Adventures of an Unlikely Patriot. ISBN 0-06-171954-4.
- ^ "Live At The Tron Discogs entry". http://www.discogs.com/Bing-Hitler-Live-At-The-Tron/release/2150881. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
- ^ "The Craig Ferguson Show: listing at imdb". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0398895. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
- ^ Carter, Bill (29 September 2009). "Late Night Transplant Looks Back At His Path". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/29/arts/television/29fergus.html. Retrieved 6 November 2009. "We did it exactly the same except for soccer references instead of baseball, and we brought down the house every night."
- ^ "Craig Ferguson stand-up comedy clip". Scotland on TV. SMG Productions. http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=Culture%20On%20Stage&vxClipId=1380_SMG1264&vxBitrate=300. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
- ^ "Craig Ferguson in Dirt Detective". Scotland on TV. SMG Productions. http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=History%20Archaeology&vxClipId=1380_SMG124&vxBitrate=300. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
- ^ a b c Craig Ferguson 'may be next Letterman'. The Sunday Times.
- ^ Conversations with Michael Eisner
- ^ "Jay and Conan Rule The Late-Night Week, Stretching Their Year-Ago Leads". NBC Universal. http://nbcumv.com/entertainment/release_detail.nbc/entertainment-20070510000000-jayandconanrulet.html. Retrieved 18 May 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Ferguson beats Conan in ratings for 1st time". cnn.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080512225331/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/TV/04/11/tv.fergusons.first.ap/. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
- ^ broadcastingcable.com
- ^ "Ferguson to host U.S. "People's Choice Awards" show". The America's Intelligence Wire. 26 October 2005. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9810530_ITM. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
- ^ "Bush pokes fun at his successors". BBC News. 27 April 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7369510.stm. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
- ^ "Craig Ferguson (I)". http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0272401/. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ^ "SpongeBob and Sandy to Tie the Knot". http://www.onewed.com/news/2009/10/14/spongebob-squarepants-tie-knot.
- ^ "Toby Releases Star-Studded “Stupid,” “Perfect” Song". http://www.countryweekly.com/news/toby-releases-star-studded-stupid-perfect-song. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ Steinberg, Jacques (4 April 2006). "From Craig Ferguson, a Novel Born of Literary Rambles". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/04/arts/04ferg.html. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
- ^ http://www.chroniclebooks.com/Chronicle/excerpt/0811853756a.html
- ^ "Letterman interviews Ferguson about Novel, 2006". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQA-W4htXaY.
- ^ "Craig Ferguson set to pen memoirs." Variety. May 2008.
- ^ "American on Purpose: Book Description". http://www.harpercollins.com/books/9780061719547/American_on_Purpose/index.aspx. Retrieved 2009.
- ^ http://www.amazon.com/dp/0061719544
- ^ http://www.grammy.com/nominees?year=2010&genre=32. Retrieved on 2010-12-2.
- ^ "Episode dated 21 July 2009". The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. 21 July 2009. CBS.
- ^ "FAA Airmen Certification Database". Federal Aviation Administration. https://amsrvs.registry.faa.gov/airmeninquiry/Detail.aspx?uniqid=A4806608&certNum=1. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Episode dated 22 September 2009". The View. 22 September 2009. ABC.
- ^ "The Rallying Cry of the Robot Skeleton Army". tweetphoto. 11 February 2010. http://tweetphoto.com/10992555.
- ^ American on Purpose, p. 259
- ^ "Episode dated 8 December 2008". The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. 8 December 2008.
- ^ "Craig Ferguson Biography". Yahoo!. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800019502/bio. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
- ^ "Craig Ferguson Biography". http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28521674/?GT1=43001. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
- ^ http://twitter.com/CraigyFerg/status/18543480521
- ^ "It's a Boy for Craig Ferguson". http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20463119,00.html. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ "Craig Ferguson interview". CBS News. 20 February 2007. http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/20/tv/main2493280.shtml.
- ^ "Craig Ferguson Refuses To Do Spears Jokes". CBS News. 21 February 2007. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/21/earlyshow/leisure/celebspot/main2498408.shtml.
- ^ Stoddard, Martha (3 July 2007). "Nebraska honors 'Late Late Show' host Craig Ferguson". Omaha World-Herald. http://dev.libraryo.com/Article.aspx?num=165977636. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Craig Ferguson |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Craig Ferguson |
- Craig Ferguson at the Internet Movie Database
- Craig Ferguson on Twitter
- Craig Ferguson Interview on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos
- Craig Ferguson and Megan Wallace Cunningham
- The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson
| Media offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Craig Kilborn |
Host of The Late Late Show (CBS TV series) 2005–present |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ferguson, Craig |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Actor, stand-up comedian, writer and television host |
| Date of birth | 17 May 1962 |
| Place of birth | Glasgow, Scotland |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Craig_Ferguson
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Ferguson
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
