A freshwater swamp in Florida

Belarus

A swamp is a wetland that is forested^[1]. Many swamps occur along large rivers, where they are critically dependent upon natural water level fluctuations^[2]. Other swamps occur on the shores of large lakes^[3]. Some swamps have hammocks, or dry-land protrusions, covered by aquatic vegetation, or vegetation that tolerates periodical inundation.^[4] The two main types of swamp are "true" or swamp forests and "transitional" or shrub swamps. The water of a swamp may be fresh water, brackish water or seawater. Some of the worlds largest swamps are found along major rivers such as the Amazon, the Mississippi, and the Congo^[5].

Geology[link]

Swamps are characterized by very slow-moving waters. They are usually associated with adjacent rivers or lakes. In some cases, rivers become swamps for a distance. Swamps are features of areas with very low topographic relief.

Draining[link]

Swamps were historically drained to provide additional land for agriculture, and to reduce the threat of diseases born by swamp insects and similar animals.^[6] Many swamps were also heavily logged, which also required construction of drainage ditches and canals. These contributed as well to drainage, and, along the coast, allowed salt water intrusion that converted swamps to marsh or open water.^[7] Large areas of swamp were therefore lost, or degraded. Louisiana provides a classic example of wetland loss from these combined factors.^[8] Europe has probably lost nearly half its wetlands.^[9] As another example, New Zealand has lost 90 percent of its wetlands over the past 150 years.^[10] It is now appreciated that swamps provide valuable ecological services including flood control, fish production, water purification, carbon storage, and wildlife habitat.^[11] In many parts of the world swamps are protected. In parts of Europe and North America, swamp restoration is becoming widespread^[12][13]. Often the simplest steps to restoring swamps are to plug drainage ditches and remove levees.^[14]

Famous examples[link]

The largest swamp in the world is the Amazon River floodplain, which is particularly significant for its large number of fish and tree species^[15][16][17].

Africa[link]

The Sudd and the Okavango Delta are Africa's best known marshland areas.

Asia[link]

The Vasyugan Swamp is a large swamp in the western Siberia area of the Russian Federation. This is one of the largest swamps in the world, covering an area larger than Switzerland. The Tigris-Euphrates river system is a large swamp and river system in southern Iraq, traditionally inhabited in part by the Marsh Arabs.

North America[link]

Swamp in southern Louisiana

Atchafalaya Swamp at the lower end of the Mississippi River is the largest swamp in the United States. It is an important example of southern cypress swamp^[18] but it has been greatly altered by logging, drainage and levee construction^[19]. Other famous swamps in the United States are the Everglades, Okefenokee Swamp, Barley Barber Swamp and the Great Dismal Swamp. The Okefenokee is located in extreme southeastern Georgia and extends slightly into northeastern Florida. The Great Dismal Swamp lies in extreme southeastern Virginia and extreme northeastern North Carolina. Both are National Wildlife Refuges. Another swamp area, Reelfoot Lake of extreme western Tennessee and Kentucky, was created by the New Madrid earthquake of 1812. Caddo Lake, the Great Dismal and Reelfoot are swamps that are centered at large lakes. Swamps are often called bayous in the southeastern United States, especially in the Gulf Coast region.

Land value and productivity[link]

Swamps and other wetlands have traditionally held a very low property value compared to fields, prairies, or woodlands. They have a reputation as being unproductive land that can't be easily utilized for human activities, other than perhaps hunting and trapping. Farmers for example typically drained swamps next to their fields so as to gain more land usable for planting crops.

Societies now generally understand that swamps are critically important in the processes of providing fresh water and oxygen to all life, and are often breeding grounds for a wide isolated variety of life. Indeed, floodplain swamps are extremely important in fish production^[20]. Government environmental agencies (such as the Department of Natural Resources in the United States) are taking steps to protect and preserve swamps and other wetlands. In Europe, major effort is being invested in the restoration of swamp forests along rivers^[21]

List of major swamps[link]

This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)

A small swamp in the Padstow, New South Wales.

Inside the Mangrove canopy, Salt Pan Creek, New South Wales

The worlds largest wetlands include significant areas of swamp, such as in the Amazon and Congo River basins^[22]. Further north, however, the largest wetlands are bogs.

Africa[link]

• Bangweulu Swamps, Zambia
• Okavango Swamp, Botswana
• Sudd, Sudan
• Niger Delta, Nigeria

Asia[link]

• Asmat Swamp, Indonesia
• Vasyugan Swamp, Russia
• Candaba Swamp in Apalit, Batangas, Candaba in Pampanga and Pulilan, Bulacan, Philippines
• Mangrove Swamp in Karachi, Pakistan

North America[link]

• Atchafalaya National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana, United States
• Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida, United States
• Barley Barber Swamp, Florida, United States
• Everglades, Florida, United States
• Great Black Swamp, Indiana/Ohio, United States
• Great Cypress Swamp, Maryland, United States, also known as Great Pocomoke Swamp
• Great Dismal Swamp, North Carolina/Virginia, United States
• Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, New Jersey, United States
• Green Swamp, Florida, United States
• Green Swamp, North Carolina, United States
• Honey Island Swamp, Louisiana, United States
• Hudson Bay Lowlands, Ontario, Canada
• Limberlost, Indiana, United States
• Louisiana swamplands, Louisiana, United States
• Mingo National Wildlife Refuge, Puxico, Missouri, United States
• Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia/Florida, United States
• Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee/Kentucky, United States
• Shu Swamp, New York, United States
• Congaree Swamp, South Carolina, United States

South America[link]

• Lahuen Ñadi, Chile
• Pantanal, Brazil
• Paraná Delta, Argentina

See also[link]

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Swamps

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2009)

James Wayne "Jim" Stafford (born January 16, 1944, Eloise, Florida) is an American comedian, musician, and singer-songwriter, prominent in the 1970s. Stafford is self-taught on guitar, fiddle, piano, banjo, organ and harmonica.

Stafford was raised in Winter Haven, Florida. In high school, he played in a band along with friends Bobby Braddock, Kent LaVoie (also known as Lobo) and Gram Parsons (of the Byrds).

Recording history[link]

Stafford's first chart hit was "Swamp Witch", produced by Lobo,^[1] which cracked the U.S. Top 40 in July 1973. By early 1974 he had charted his biggest hit, "Spiders and Snakes", which peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 that March. It sold over two million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in March 1974.^[1] Stafford continued to have moderate chart success through most of 1975.

Television work[link]

In 1967 and 1968, Stafford performed regularly and served as head writer/producer for the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour.

The Jim Stafford Show was a six-week summer variety series shown on ABC from July 30, 1975 (1975-07-30) to September 3, 1975 (1975-09-03). It featured Valerie Curtin, Richard Stahl, Deborah Allen, Cyndi Wood and Gallagher, and was co-produced by Tony Scotti. Stafford, Rod Warren, April Kelly, and Pat Proft were among the writers on the series.

Stafford appeared as well numerous times on music specials, variety shows, and talk shows. He was a frequent guest on the Tonight Show. He co-hosted Those Amazing Animals with Burgess Meredith and Priscilla Presley, and also hosted 56 episodes of Nashville on the Road.

In 1976, Stafford guest starred in two episodes of the TV show Gemini Man, which were later combined into a television movie titled "Riding with Death".

Songwriting[link]

Stafford contributed to several movie soundtracks, including The Fox and the Hound and Any Which Way You Can, in which Stafford appeared. His work has been covered by George Jones and Jerry Reed. His second classical guitar album, Somewhere in Time appeared in March 2002.

Live performances[link]

Stafford has operated and performed at The Jim Stafford Theatre in Branson, Missouri since the 1990s. His children accompany him on stage.

Other work[link]

Stafford hosted, co-wrote, and produced a nationally syndicated radio show, "Branson USA".^{[citation needed]}

Personal life[link]

In the late 1970s, Stafford was married briefly to singer-songwriter Bobbie Gentry and they have a son, Tyler. Stafford and his present wife/business partner Ann have two children, and live outside of Branson, on Table Rock Lake.

According to a Summer 2011 article in the Winter Haven News Chief paper, he has purchased a home^{[clarification needed]} in his home town of Winter Haven, Florida.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Singles[link]

References[link]

• Roland, Tom. (1998). "Jim Stafford." In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 500.

External links[link]

• Jim Stafford Theater
• Jim Stafford at the Internet Movie Database