Joseph Bramah

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Hydrolic and Pneumatic lift EEAST CHANDIGARH 35-C SCO 493-94.3gp

Order: Reorder
Duration: 1:35
Published: 04 Apr 2011
Uploaded: 05 Apr 2011
Author: singhdaljeet5

Hydraulics, application of fluid mechanics to engineering devices involving liquids, usually water or oil. Hydraulics deals with such problems as the flow of fluids through pipes or in open channels and the design of storage dams, pumps, and water turbines. With other devices it deals with the control or use of liquids, such as nozzles, valves, jets, and flow meters. Two of the most important applications of hydraulics are in the design of hydraulic actuators and hydraulic presses; these are based on Pascal's law, which states that the pressure exerted on a liquid is the same in all directions. Because force equals pressure multiplied by area, forces can be greatly amplified by having liquid enclosed between two movable pistons of different area. If, for instance, one piston has a unit area of 1 and the other a unit area of 10, a unit force of 1 applied to the smaller piston, corresponding to a pressure of 1 per unit area, will result in a force of 10 per unit area on the larger piston. This mechanical advantage can be used in such hydraulic actuators as the brake on a motorcar, where the relatively small force applied at the pedal is greatly multiplied to produce a large force at the brake shoe. The control flaps of aircraft are actuated by similar hydraulic systems. Hydraulic jacks and lifts are used for raising vehicles in service stations and for lifting heavy loads in the construction industry. Hydraulic presses, which were invented by the British engineer Joseph <b>...</b>

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Joseph Bramah

Name	Joseph Bramah
Birth date	13 April 1748
Birth place	Wentworth, Yorkshire
Death date
Death place	Pimlico
Nationality	English
Known for	hydraulic press

Joseph Bramah (13 April 1748 – 9 December 1814), born Stainborough Lane Farm, Wentworth, Yorkshire, England, was an inventor and locksmith. He is best known for having invented the hydraulic press. Along with William George Armstrong, he can be considered one of the two fathers of hydraulic engineering.

Early life

He was the second son in the family of three sons and two daughters of Joseph Bramma (note the different spelling of the surname), a farmer, and his wife, Mary Denton. He was educated at the local school in Silkstone and on leaving school he was apprenticed to a local carpenter. On completing his apprenticeship he moved to London, where he started work as a cabinet-maker. In 1783 he married Mary Lawton of Mapplewell, near Barnsley, and the couple set up home in London. They subsequently had a daughter and four sons. The couple first of all lived at 124 Piccadilly, but later moved to Eaton Street, Pimlico.

Improved water closet

His first successful invention whilst in London was an improved water closet. He found that the current model of water closet being installed in London houses had a tendency to freeze in cold weather. He designed a new model in which the usual slide valve was replaced by a hinged flap that sealed the bottom of the bowl. He obtained a patent for his design in 1778 and began making water closets at a workshop in Denmark Street, St Giles. The design was a success and production continued well into the 19th century.

His original water closets are still working in Osbourne House, Queen Victoria's home on the Isle of Wight.

Bramah Locks company

After attending some lectures on technical aspects of locks, Bramah, designed a lock of his own. He received a patent for his new lock in 1784. In the same year he started the Bramah Locks company at 124 Piccadilly, which is today based in Marylebone, London and Romford, Essex.

The locks produced by his company were famed for their resistance to lock picking and tampering, the company famously had a "Challenge Lock" which was displayed in the window of their London shop from 1790 mounted on a board containing the inscription:

The artist who can make an instrument that will pick or open this lock shall receive 200 guineas the moment it is produced. The challenge stood for over 67 years until, at the Great Exhibition of 1851 an American locksmith by the name of Alfred Charles Hobbs was able to open the lock and, following some argument about the circumstances under which he had opened it, was awarded the prize. Hobbs attempt required some 51 hours, spread over 16 days.

The Challenge Lock is in the Science Museum in London. An examination of the lock shows that it has been rebuilt since Hobbs picked it, originally it had 18 iron slides and 1 central spring. It was rebuilt to have 13 steel slides, each with its own spring.

Bramah received a second patent for a lock design in 1798.

Machine tools

Partly due to the precision requirements of his locks, Bramah spent much time developing machine tools to assist manufacturing processes. He relied heavily on the expertise of Henry Maudslay whom he employed in his workshop from the age of 18. Between them they created a number of innovative machines that made the production of Bramah's locks more efficient, and were applicable to other fields of manufacture.

Just before Bramah died, his workshops also employed Joseph Clement who among other things made several contributions in the field of lathe design.

Hydraulic press

Bramah's most important invention was the hydraulic press. The hydraulic press depends on Pascal's principle, that pressure throughout a closed system is constant. The press had two cylinders and pistons of different cross-sectional areas. If a force was exerted on the smaller piston, this would be translated into a larger force on the larger piston. The difference in the two forces would be proportional to the difference in area of the two pistons. In effect the cylinders act in a similar way that a lever is used to increase the force exerted. Bramah was granted a patent for his hydraulic press in 1795.

Bramah's hydraulic press had many industrial applications and still does today. At the time hydraulic engineering was an almost unknown science, and Bramah (with William George Armstrong) was one of the two pioneers in this field.

The hydraulic press is still known as the Bramah Press after its inventor.

Other inventions

Bramah was a very prolific inventor. Not all of his inventions were as important as his hydraulic press. They included: a beer engine (1797), a planing machine (1802), a paper-making machine (1805), a machine for automatically printing bank notes with sequential serial numbers (1806), and a fountain pen (1809). He also patented the first extrusion process for making lead pipes and also machinery for making gun stocks (Patent No. 2652). His greatest contribution to engineering was his insistency on quality control.He realised that for engines to succeed,they would have to be machined to a much better standard than hitherto. He taught Arthur Woolf to machine engines to a close tolerance, to enable high-pressure steam to be used in Cornish engines, vastly increasing their output. Woolf became the leading Cornish steam engineer. His designs were adopted by all the engine designers of the day, radically transforming the 15 HP engines of Watt et al of circa 1800, to 450 HP engines by 1835. Bramah can be viewed as a founding father in industrial quality control.

Death

One of Bramah's last inventions was a hydrostatic press capable of uprooting trees. This was put to work at Holt Forest in Hampshire. While superintending this work Bramah caught a cold, which developed into pneumonia. He died at Holt Forest on 9 December 1814. He was buried in the churchyard of St Mary's, Paddington.

In 2006 a pub in Barnsley town centre was opened named the Joseph Bramah in his memory.

Patents

; 1778 : Flushing toilet ; 21 August 1784 : Bramah Lock ; 9 May 1785 : Beer pump ; 1796 : Hydraulic press, First Pumper Fire Truck ; 1802 : Machinery for making gun stocks (Pat. No. 2652).

Notes

References

http://www.bramah.co.uk/default.asp?lnc=home2

http://hygra.com/locks/Bramah/

http://www.crypto.com/photos/misc/bramah/

http://www.pioneers.historians.co.uk/bramah.html

http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/Museum/locks/gazetteer/gazbra-bzz.htm

http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3236

Category:1748 births Category:1814 deaths Category:Locksmiths Category:English inventors Category:English engineers Category:Hydraulic engineers Category:Machine tool builders Category:People from Wentworth

This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.