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Send this Playlist by SMS
Mobilizace československé armády v roce 1938
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 29 Jun 2013
Na Mnichov 1938 nesmíme nikdy zapomenout!
http://wn.com/Mobilizace_československé_armády_v_roce_1938
Vincent Price - Service De Luxe 1938
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 84:07
- Updated: 14 Jul 2013
http://wn.com/Vincent_Price_Service_De_Luxe_1938
Daniel Landa 1938
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 21 Jul 2013
http://wn.com/Daniel_Landa_1938
NEW YORK THE WONDER CITY 1938
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:26
- Updated: 16 Jul 2013
FFC91 NEW YORK THE WONDER CITY 1938 www.MyFootage.com.
http://wn.com/NEW_YORK_THE_WONDER_CITY_1938
FFC91 NEW YORK THE WONDER CITY 1938 www.MyFootage.com.
- published: 11 Sep 2009
- views: 104901
- author: footagefile
Nudism in 1938.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:42
- Updated: 13 Jul 2013
This is a "road show" from 1938. There is no director credited. For a few years in the late thirties, "nudist colony" movies were quite popular on the "sexpl...
http://wn.com/Nudism_in_1938
This is a "road show" from 1938. There is no director credited. For a few years in the late thirties, "nudist colony" movies were quite popular on the "sexpl...
- published: 26 Mar 2013
- views: 231350
- author: Gilbert Keuten
Making Fashion (1938) - extract
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 17 Jun 2013
Norman Hartnell's 1938 Spring Collection is modelled here by a group of society ladies (one of whom looks alarmingly like Nadia from 2004's Big Brother) who ...
http://wn.com/Making_Fashion_1938_extract
Norman Hartnell's 1938 Spring Collection is modelled here by a group of society ladies (one of whom looks alarmingly like Nadia from 2004's Big Brother) who ...
- published: 07 Feb 2008
- views: 19758
- author: BFIfilms
Warszawska Niedziela - 1938 cały film
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:28
- Updated: 27 Jun 2013
Życie przedwojennej Warszawy w dzień świąteczny. Wszędzie mnóstwo spacerowiczów. Dzieci bawiące się w parkach oraz tłumne wycieczki mieszczuchów do Młocin w ...
http://wn.com/Warszawska_Niedziela_1938_cały_film
Życie przedwojennej Warszawy w dzień świąteczny. Wszędzie mnóstwo spacerowiczów. Dzieci bawiące się w parkach oraz tłumne wycieczki mieszczuchów do Młocin w ...
- published: 29 Mar 2013
- views: 12305
- author: Adrian Wołowski
Midnight Intruder (1938)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 67:29
- Updated: 19 Jul 2013
A former actor (Louis Hayward) poses as the son of a wealthy man and gets involved in a murder in which the real son is a suspect. film is in the public domain.
http://wn.com/Midnight_Intruder_1938
A former actor (Louis Hayward) poses as the son of a wealthy man and gets involved in a murder in which the real son is a suspect. film is in the public domain.
- published: 17 Apr 2012
- views: 16648
- author: WickedlyChels
Orson Welles - War Of The Worlds - Radio Broadcast 1938 - Complete Broadcast.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:03
- Updated: 23 Jul 2013
Orson Welles - War Of The Worlds - Radio Broadcast 1938 - Complete Broadcast. The War of the Worlds was an episode of the American radio drama anthology seri...
http://wn.com/Orson_Welles_War_Of_The_Worlds_Radio_Broadcast_1938_Complete_Broadcast
Orson Welles - War Of The Worlds - Radio Broadcast 1938 - Complete Broadcast. The War of the Worlds was an episode of the American radio drama anthology seri...
- published: 16 Dec 2010
- views: 307778
- author: David Webb
Algiers (1938) - Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 95:17
- Updated: 19 Jul 2013
Algiers is a 1938 American drama film directed by John Cromwell and starring Charles Boyer, Sigrid Gurie, and Hedy Lamarr. The Walter Wanger production was a...
http://wn.com/Algiers_1938_Full_Movie
Algiers is a 1938 American drama film directed by John Cromwell and starring Charles Boyer, Sigrid Gurie, and Hedy Lamarr. The Walter Wanger production was a...
- published: 13 Mar 2013
- views: 3232
- author: QuestarEntertainment
Československá armáda v roce 1938.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:10
- Updated: 21 Jul 2013
Toto video je součástí stránek o Čs.armádě a opevnění z let 1936-38. http://pevnosti.kvalitne.cz/ Velké dík patří uživateli mayhem,s jehož pomocí toto krátké...
http://wn.com/Československá_armáda_v_roce_1938
Toto video je součástí stránek o Čs.armádě a opevnění z let 1936-38. http://pevnosti.kvalitne.cz/ Velké dík patří uživateli mayhem,s jehož pomocí toto krátké...
- published: 01 Aug 2009
- views: 70340
- author: kuba1938
PYGMALION 1938 Full Movie Captioned
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 96:03
- Updated: 29 Jun 2013
http://wn.com/PYGMALION_1938_Full_Movie_Captioned
Young in Heart 1938 Douglas Fairbanks Vintage Public Domain Classic Comedy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 91:26
- Updated: 22 Jul 2013
http://wn.com/Young_in_Heart_1938_Douglas_Fairbanks_Vintage_Public_Domain_Classic_Comedy
Great New England Hurricane (1938)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:55
- Updated: 04 Jul 2013
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_New_England_hurricane The New England Hurricane of 1938 (or Great New England Hurrica...
http://wn.com/Great_New_England_Hurricane_1938
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_New_England_hurricane The New England Hurricane of 1938 (or Great New England Hurrica...
- published: 27 Aug 2011
- views: 24418
- author: AIRBOYD
1938 NAZI GERMANY - Trip to Nazi Germany & Adolph Hitler Speech in Color 3275
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:59
- Updated: 24 Jul 2013
In 1938 Theodore Andrica, the Nationalities Editor of the Cleveland Press and author of the "Around the World in Cleveland" column, paid a visit to Nazi Germ...
http://wn.com/1938_NAZI_GERMANY_Trip_to_Nazi_Germany_Adolph_Hitler_Speech_in_Color_3275
In 1938 Theodore Andrica, the Nationalities Editor of the Cleveland Press and author of the "Around the World in Cleveland" column, paid a visit to Nazi Germ...
- published: 21 Sep 2012
- views: 23285
- author: PeriscopeFilm
Hong Kong, Gateway To China, 1938
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:21
- Updated: 21 Jul 2013
A tour of Hong Kong in the 1930s. To purchase a clean DVD or digital download of this film for personal home use or educational use contact us at questions@a...
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong,_Gateway_To_China,_1938
A tour of Hong Kong in the 1930s. To purchase a clean DVD or digital download of this film for personal home use or educational use contact us at questions@a...
- published: 12 Nov 2008
- views: 436620
- author: travelfilmarchive
Time Travelers in 1928 and 1938 film caught talking on a cell phone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:14
- Updated: 22 Jul 2013
Time Traveler in 1938 film caught talking on a cell phone in 1938 comming out of a Dupont Factory in Massachusetts. Link to Chaplin movie the Circus 1928: ht...
http://wn.com/Time_Travelers_in_1928_and_1938_film_caught_talking_on_a_cell_phone
Time Traveler in 1938 film caught talking on a cell phone in 1938 comming out of a Dupont Factory in Massachusetts. Link to Chaplin movie the Circus 1928: ht...
- published: 01 Apr 2013
- views: 628193
- author: scoopview
Warsaw 1938 in Color Kolorowa Warszawa 1938 unikalny film!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 20 Jul 2013
http://facebook.com/WarszawaPrzedwojenna Part of the american archives viewing pre-war Warsaw. You'll see here Saxon Garden, Marszalkowska street Pilsudski S...
http://wn.com/Warsaw_1938_in_Color_Kolorowa_Warszawa_1938_unikalny_film!
http://facebook.com/WarszawaPrzedwojenna Part of the american archives viewing pre-war Warsaw. You'll see here Saxon Garden, Marszalkowska street Pilsudski S...
- published: 15 Apr 2012
- views: 263783
- author: Adrian Wołowski
Československé pevnosti a mobilizace 1938
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:39
- Updated: 16 Jul 2013
Originální dobové fotografie ze září 1938. Odhodlání armády a lidu k obraně vlasti...
http://wn.com/Československé_pevnosti_a_mobilizace_1938
Originální dobové fotografie ze září 1938. Odhodlání armády a lidu k obraně vlasti...
- published: 20 Jul 2011
- views: 20702
- author: SDH122
Window Cleaners on The Empire State Building - 1938
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Updated: 14 Jul 2013
Window Cleaners on The Empire State Building - 1938, from the British Pathe newsreel "Paneful Business" Playlist of our best archive clips on YouTube: http:/...
http://wn.com/Window_Cleaners_on_The_Empire_State_Building_1938
Window Cleaners on The Empire State Building - 1938, from the British Pathe newsreel "Paneful Business" Playlist of our best archive clips on YouTube: http:/...
- published: 11 Apr 2012
- views: 227962
- author: britishpathe
Den zrady - Mnichov 1938
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 07 Jul 2013
Toto video mapuje začátky sudetské krize a vyvrcholuje konferencí v Mnichově a následným záborem Sudet. Samozřejmě že ve videu jsou nějaké chyby, ale nikdo n...
http://wn.com/Den_zrady_Mnichov_1938
Toto video mapuje začátky sudetské krize a vyvrcholuje konferencí v Mnichově a následným záborem Sudet. Samozřejmě že ve videu jsou nějaké chyby, ale nikdo n...
- published: 02 Oct 2011
- views: 10523
- author: lahvac15
Odzyskanie Zaolzia - 1938
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:35
- Updated: 05 Jul 2013
Film ten chyba gdzieś był na YT, ale zamieszczam go, gdyż pewnym wydarzeniom należy nadać historyczny kontekst. Zajęcie Zaolzia przez WP w 1938 jest sprawą k...
http://wn.com/Odzyskanie_Zaolzia_1938
Film ten chyba gdzieś był na YT, ale zamieszczam go, gdyż pewnym wydarzeniom należy nadać historyczny kontekst. Zajęcie Zaolzia przez WP w 1938 jest sprawą k...
- published: 18 Aug 2009
- views: 39260
- author: Pathe1939
Time Traveller Caught In 1938 Film? 2013 1080p Available
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 18 Jul 2013
Bizarre black and white footage of a young female chatting into a wireless handset - said to have been filmed at a factory in the United States in the 30s Th...
http://wn.com/Time_Traveller_Caught_In_1938_Film?_2013_1080p_Available
Bizarre black and white footage of a young female chatting into a wireless handset - said to have been filmed at a factory in the United States in the 30s Th...
- published: 18 Apr 2013
- views: 73044
- author: StephenHannardADGUK
photo: AP / Bebeto Matthews
24 Jul 2013
The former congressman is indeed running for mayor, despite the sexting scandal in his past. But now, this week, the past has come back to haunt him in a big way. New reports are surfacing that he continued his "bad behavior" well after resigning from Congress; TheDirty.com has published what the claim are texts and nude, lewd photos sent to a woman he was in an online relationship with through 2012 ... Will They Ruin His Mayoral Chances?....(size: 5.5Kb)
photo: AP
24 Jul 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When it was all said and done, each person killed (murdered?) in Bhopal's Union Carbide's plant explosion was worth only three-thousand dollars. Every individual left maimed or incurably ill received a mere one-thousand dollars ... But like Bhopal, it will more than likely be very little ... Already, they have made thousands of dollars from selling t-shirts and hoodies with the words....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Abdulkareem Haruna
24 Jul 2013
Vigilante groups have formed in the northern Nigerian city of Maiduguri to fight the militant Islamist group Boko Haram, a move welcomed by the military as it battles to quell the insurgency, as the BBC's Will Ross reports. Military checkpoints have been a common sight in the northern Nigerian city of Maiduguri - the birthplace of the militant Islamist group Boko Haram - for several years ... 'Idiotic thieves' ... 'Guns in coffins' ... ....(size: 6.4Kb)
photo: AP / Bassem Tellawi
24 Jul 2013
The United States' highest ranking military officer has given the most explicit assessment yet of Washington's options to stem the bloody conflict in Syria. . But the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, General Martin Dempsey, warned that any military intervention would be costly and uncertain. And he said that once the US took action, deeper involvement would be hard to avoid ... ... . But he warned ... 655 Source.. Al Jazeera....(size: 2.7Kb)
photo: AP / Hussein Malla
23 Jul 2013
In October 1992, Cairo was struck by a devastating earthquake, in which nearly 600 people were killed and several thousand injured. Within hours, members of the Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamist groups were out on the streets, clearing the rubble and providing food, blankets and tents to the thousands who had lost their homes. The government of then-President Hosni Mubarak, meanwhile, was nowhere to be seen ... There are precedents....(size: 7.4Kb)
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Celebrity Café
25 Jul 2013
Obama will nominate JFK’s sole survivor as country’s ambassador to Japan. President Obama plans on nominating Caroline Kennedy, sole survivor of President John F. Kennedy, as U.S. ambassador to Japan, the White House said ... Grandfather Joseph P. Kennedy was ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 to 1940 and aunt Jean Smith was ambassador to Ireland from 1993 to 1998 ... Image ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
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Sacramento Bee
25 Jul 2013
WASHINGTON -- President Barack Obama on Wednesday announced he would nominate Caroline Kennedy, a close friend and key political ally, as the next U.S. ambassador to Japan. The daughter of President John F. Kennedy, the 55-year-old Kennedy is president of the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation ... Douglas Paal, an Asia specialist at Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and a former U.S ... ambassador to Great Britain from 1938 to 1940....(size: 2.6Kb)
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Reuters
25 Jul 2013
By David Alire Garcia and Adriana Barrera. MEXICO CITY, July 24 (Reuters) - Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto will present an energy reform to Congress in August that proposes changing the constitution to encourage major new private investment in the oil sector, a senior lawmaker said on Wednesday ... "I think concessions have many advantages ... Mexico nationalized its energy industry in 1938 and it remains a symbol of national pride ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
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The Irish Times
25 Jul 2013
There is a large yellow building that overlooks Ballinskelligs strand in Co Kerry, at an enviable location on the far end of the beach. It sits back from the strand at a height, the lawn ending in a drop that’s protected from erosion by a concrete wall at its base ... I have only one clear memory of her ... The large site was bought in 1938 for £50; the following year, when the house first opened, the dormitory accommodated 64 ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
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All About Jazz
25 Jul 2013
By MARK CORROTO, Mark Corroto. Senior Contributor since 1999 Mark misses his large dog Louie, but endeavors daily to find and listen to new and interesting sounds. Recent articles (1,017 total) Impressions Of Po Music Taking stock, a year half over 13 Pieces The Destructive Element Moment and the Message ... b.1942. drums ), a sextet formed with Driff Records partner Jorrit Dijkstra to cover the music of Steve Lacy Steve Lacy ... b.1974 ... b.1938....(size: 3.2Kb)
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Reuters
25 Jul 2013
The clause is inextricably linked to the birth of Pemex, a company that provides a third of the federal budget, and which has become firmly ingrained in the national psyche since its creation by President Lazaro Cardenas in 1938 ... PRIVATIZING RISK ... In 1938, Britain and the United States reacted with fury to Cardenas' expropriation of their companies and sought to cripple Pemex by closing down global markets to Mexican oil ... MOMENTUM ... ....(size: 9.9Kb)
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The Los Angeles Times
25 Jul 2013
WASHINGTON – President Obama on Wednesday announced he would nominate Caroline Kennedy, a close friend and key political ally, as the next U.S. ambassador to Japan. The daughter of President Kennedy, she is president of the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation ... The ambassadorship is a major diplomatic assignment, and her appointment comes at an important moment ... Kennedy's grandfather, Joseph P ... ambassador to Britain from 1938 to 1940 ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
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The News & Observer
25 Jul 2013
This year marks the 100th birthday of the T-shirt. Maybe. It’s clear the simple little garment has been around for many, many years and rose in popularity just as fashion was losing some of its starch. But no one knows exactly when the T-shirt as we know it was born. What we do know is that in 1913, the U.S ... In 1938, Sears sold what it called a “gob”-style tee (slang for Navy seaman) for 24 cents each ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
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Norway Today
25 Jul 2013
Bygdø Royal Farm is situated on the Bygdøy peninsula in Oslo. Vimeo. Bygdø Royal Farm is situated on the Bygdøy peninsula in Oslo. It is owned by the state and is at the King’s disposal. King Haakon VII and Queen Maud used to spend the summer there, and King Olav V followed the custom until his death in 1991 ... Queen Maud continued to develop the English landscape style during the period 1911-1938 ... . Source ... ....(size: 5.2Kb)
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Canberra Times
25 Jul 2013
Click to play video. Return to video Video settings. Please Log in to update your video settings. Video will begin in 5 seconds. Don't play Play now. More video Recommended. Click to play video. Liverpool outclasses Victory Click to play video. Boxer Emile Griffith dies in NY Click to play video ... Federer coming to Brisbane ... Emile Alphonse Griffith was born on February 3, 1938, one of eight children, on St Thomas in the Virgin Islands ... ....(size: 6.5Kb)
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The Gleaner
24 Jul 2013
Ms Beverly Hamilton, who died on July 17, 2013, spent her life as a freelance journalist, civil servant and a Garvey scholar ... No one else knew as much about this subject as she did ... Interviewed Garveyites ... Hamilton spent time with St William Grant who was a Garveyite and one of the outstanding leaders of the 1938 labour revolt and with Stennet Kerr Coombs who had been one of the editors of the Jamaica Labour Weekly in 1938 ... . ....(size: 3.6Kb)
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Swissinfo
24 Jul 2013
National . Corti drama. Recalling the first Eiger North Face rescue Key dates Nazi propaganda Hang on!. Not just a pretty north face comments Readers Recommend. Image Caption. ... Austrian climber Heinrich Harrer joined the Nazi Party in 1938, when Germany took control of Austria ... In 2002, Siegrist and colleague Michal Pitelka did a re-enactment of the 1938 expedition using period-style clothing and equipment ... Corti drama ... July 24, 1938 ... ....(size: 8.7Kb)
This article is about the year 1938.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1900s 1910s 1920s – 1930s – 1940s 1950s 1960s |
| Years: | 1935 1936 1937 – 1938 – 1939 1940 1941 |
| 1938 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1938 MCMXXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2691 |
| Armenian calendar | 1387 ԹՎ ՌՅՁԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6688 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 94–95 |
| Bengali calendar | 1345 |
| Berber calendar | 2888 |
| British Regnal year | 2 Geo. 6 – 3 Geo. 6 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2482 |
| Burmese calendar | 1300 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7446–7447 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁丑年十一月三十日 (4574/4634-11-30) — to —
戊寅年十一月初十日(4575/4635-11-10) |
| Coptic calendar | 1654–1655 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1930–1931 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5698–5699 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1994–1995 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1860–1861 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5039–5040 |
| Holocene calendar | 11938 |
| Iranian calendar | 1316–1317 |
| Islamic calendar | 1356–1357 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 13 (昭和13年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4271 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 27 民國27年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2481 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1938 |
Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1
- The new Constitution of Estonia enters into force, ending the Era of Silence and the authoritarian regime..
- Sir Alexander Cadogan succeeds Sir Robert Vansittart as permanent under-secretary at the British Foreign Office; Vansittart is "kicked upstairs" by being given the new and unimportant office of Chief Diplomatic Advisor to the Government.
- The Merrie Melodies cartoon short Daffy Duck and Egghead is released, being the first cartoon to give Daffy Duck his current name, as well as his second appearance.
- January 3 – The March of Dimes is established by Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
- January 12 – The German War Minister Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg marries Eva Gruhn in Berlin; Hermann Göring is best man at the wedding.
- January 16 – Two landmark live recordings are produced this day: the very first of Mahler's Ninth by the Vienna Philharmonic under Bruno Walter in the face of dire circumstance; and Benny Goodman and his orchestra become the first jazz musicians to headline a concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City.
- January 20 – King Farouk of Egypt marries Queen Farida Zulficar in Cairo.
- January 22 – Thornton Wilder's play Our Town is performed for the first time anywhere in Princeton, New Jersey. It premieres in New York City on February 4.
- January 25 – A brilliant aurora borealis described variously as "a curtain of fire" and a "huge blood-red beam of light" startles people across Europe and is visible as far south as Gibraltar.
- January 27
- The Niagara Bridge at Niagara Falls, New York collapses due to an ice jam.
- German War Minister Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg resigns, following the revelation that his new wife had previously posed for pornographic photos.
- January 28 – The first ski tow in America begins operation in Vermont.
February[link]
- February 4
- Adolf Hitler abolishes the War Ministry and creates the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces), giving him direct control of the German military. In addition, Hitler sacks political and military leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or policies. General Werner von Fritsch is forced to resign as Commander of Chief of the German Army following accusations of homosexuality, and replaced by General Walther von Brauchitsch. Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath is sacked and replaced by Joachim von Ribbentrop.
- Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first cel-animated feature in motion picture history, is released in the United States.
- February 6 – Black Sunday at Bondi Beach, Sydney, Australia: 300 swimmers are dragged out to sea in 3 freak waves; 80 lifesavers save all but 5.
- February 10 – Carol II of Romania takes dictatorial powers.
- February 12 – Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg of Austria meets Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden and, under threat of invasion, is forced to yield to German demands for greater Nazi participation in the Austrian government.
- February 14 – The British naval base at Singapore begins operations.
- February 20 – Sir Anthony Eden resigns as British Foreign Secretary following major disagreements with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain over the best policy to follow in regards to Italy, and is succeeded by Lord Halifax.
- February 24 – A nylon bristle toothbrush becomes the first commercial product to be made with nylon yarn.
March[link]
- March – Italian mathematician Ettore Majorana disappears.
- March 3
- The Santa Ana River in California spills over its banks during a rainy winter, killing 58 people in Orange County and causing trouble as far inland as Palm Springs.[1]
- Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.
- Sir Nevile Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany, presents a proposal to Hitler for an international consortium to rule much of Africa (in which Germany would be assigned a leading role) in exchange for a German promise never to resort to war to change her frontiers; Hitler rejects the British offer.
- March 12 – Anschluss: German troops occupy Austria; annexation is declared the following day.
- March 14 – French Premier Léon Blum reassures the Czechoslovak government that France will honor its treaty obligations to aid Czechoslovakia in event of German invasion.
- March 15 – Soviet Union announces officially that Nikholai Bukharin has been executed.
- March 17 – Poland presents an ultimatum to Lithuania, to establish normal diplomatic relations that were severed over the Vilnius Region.
- March 18
- Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned oil properties within its borders.
- General Werner von Fritsch is acquitted of charges of homosexuality at his court-martial.
April[link]
- April 10
- Édouard Daladier becomes prime minister of France. He appoints as Foreign Minister a leading advocate of the policy of appeasement, Georges Bonnet, effectively negating Blum's reassurances of March 14.
- In a result that astonished even Hitler, the Austrian electorate in a national referendum approved Anschluss by an overwhelming 99.73%.
- April 16 – London and Rome sign an agreement that sees Britain recognise Italian control of Ethiopia in return for an Italian pledge to withdraw all its troops from Spain at the conclusion of the civil war there.
- April 18 – First appearance of Superman. The date Action Comics #1 was published (June Cover) according to court documents released during the legal battle over the rights to Superman. DC Comics recognizes May 3, 1938 as the publishing date.
- April 24 – Konstantin Päts becomes president of Estonia.
- April 25 – Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins: The U.S. Supreme Court overturns a century of federal common law.
- April 28 – The towns of Dana, Enfield, Greenwich, and Prescott in Massachusetts are disincorporated to make way for the Quabbin Reservoir.
May[link]
- May 5
- The Vatican recognizes Franco's government in Spain.
- General Ludwig Beck, Chief of the German Army's General Staff, submits a memorandum to Hitler opposing Fall Grün (Case Green), the plan for a war with Czechoslovakia, under the grounds that Germany is ill-prepared for the world war likely to result from such an attack.
- May 9 – Kaarel Eenpalu becomes prime minister of Estonia.
- May 12 – U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull rejects Russia's offer of a joint defence pact to counter rise of Nazi Germany.
- May 14 – Chile withdraws from the League of Nations.
- May 17 – Information Please debuts on NBC Radio.
- May 20 – Czechoslovakia orders a partial mobilization of its armed forces along the German border.
- May 21 – Matsuo Toi kills 30 people in a village in Okayama, Japan, in the Tsuyama massacre, the world's worst spree killing by an individual until 1982.
- May 23 – Temporarily frustrated by the Czechoslovak mobilization and international diplomatic unity in the face of German demands over the Sudetenland, Hitler orders the Foreign Office to assure the Czechoslovaks that he has no demands on their territory. The world at large mistakenly believes the crisis is averted.
- May 25
- Spanish Civil War: Alicante, Spain is bombed, resulting in 313 deaths.
- The Soviet ambassador to the United States A.A. Troyanovsky declared that Moscow was ready to defend Czechoslovakia. This offer was ignored by Britain and the U.S.A.
- May 28 – In a conference at the Reichs Chancellery, Hitler declares his decision to destroy Czechoslovakia by military force, and orders the immediate mobilization of 96 Wehrmacht divisions.
- May 30 – Poland who had its eyes on the Teschen region of Czechoslovakia was reassured by Rumania that it would block any attempt by the Soviet Union to come to the aid of the Czechs in the event of a Polish invasion.
June[link]
- June 11 – Fire destroys 212 buildings in Ludza, Latvia.
- June 12–June 18 – The Roma and Sinti peoples in Germany and Austria are rounded up, beaten up and jailed.
- June 15 – László Bíró patents the ballpoint pen in Britain.
- June 19 – Italy beats Hungary 4–2 to win the 1938 World Cup.
- June 22 – Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis knocks out Max Schmeling in the first round of their rematch at Yankee Stadium in New York City.
- June 23
- The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the United States.
- Marineland opens near St. Augustine, Florida.
- June 24 – A 450-metric-ton (496-short-ton) meteorite explodes about 12 miles (19 km) above the earth near Chicora, Pennsylvania.
- June 25 – Dr. Douglas Hyde is elected the first President of Ireland.
File:Action Comics 1.jpg
Action Comics #1 (June 1938).
- June 30 – Action Comics #1 is published, which is the first publication featuring the comic book character Superman.
July[link]
- July – The Mauthausen concentration camp is built in Austria.
- July 3
- The steam locomotive Mallard sets the world speed record for steam by reaching 126 mph.
- The last reunion of the Blue and Gray commemorates the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
- July 5 – The Non-Intervention Committee reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign volunteers from the Spanish Civil War. The agreement is respected by most Republican foreign volunteers, notably by those from England and the United States, but is ignored by the governments of Germany and Italy.
- July 6 – The Evian Conference on Refugees is convened in France. No country in Europe is prepared to accept Jews fleeing persecution and the United States will only take 27,370. The prospect for European Jewry looks bleak.
- July 14 – Howard Hughes sets a new record by completing a 91 hour airplane flight around the world.
- July 18 – Wrong Way Corrigan takes off from New York, ostensibly heading for California. He lands in Ireland instead.
- July 22 – Britain rejected a proposal from its ambassador in Berlin, Nevile Henderson, for a four power summit on Czechoslovakia consisting of Britain, France, Germany and the U.S.S.R. London would under no circumstances accept the U.S.S.R. as a diplomatic partner.
- July 24 – First ascent of the Eiger north face.
- July 28 – A revolt against the Ioannis Metaxas dictatorship is put down in Chania, Greece.
- July 30 – The first ever issue of The Beano is published.
August[link]
- August – In the face of overwhelming Japanese military pressure, Chiang Kai-shek withdraws his government to Chungking.
- August 4 – Lord Runciman arrives in Prague to act as Neville Chamberlain's special envoy in the continuing Sudetenland disturbances.
- August 6 – The Looney Tunes animated short Porky & Daffy is released.
- August 10 – At a secret summit with his leading generals, Hitler attacks General Beck's arguments against Fall Grün, winning the majority of his senior officers over to his point of view.
- August 18
- The Thousand Islands Bridge, connecting the United States with Canada, is dedicated by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
- Colonel General Ludwig Beck, convinced that Hitler's decision to attack Czechoslovakia will lead to a general European war, resigns his position as Chief of the Army General Staff in protest.
- Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin arrives in London looking for British support for an anti-Nazi putsch, using the looming crisis over the Sudetenland as a pretext. His private mission is dismissed by Neville Chamberlain as unimportant (Chamberlain refers to von Kleist as a "Jacobite"), but he finds a sympathetic if powerless audience in Winston Churchill.
- August 22 – Civil Aeronautics Authority (independent agency).
- August 23 – Hitler, hosting a dinner on board the ocean liner Patria in Kiel Bay, tells the Regent of Hungary, Admiral Horthy, that action against Czechoslovakia is imminent and that "he who wants to sit at the table must at least help in the kitchen", a reference to Horthy's designs on Carpathian Ruthenia.
- August 27 General Beck leaves office as Chief of the General Staff; he is replaced by General Franz Halder.
- August 28 – Lord Runciman's mission to mitigate the Sudetenland crisis begins to break down. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain recalls the British Ambassador Nevile Henderson from Berlin, to instruct Henderson to set up a personal meeting between Chamberlain and Hitler.
- August 31 – Winston Churchill, still believing France and Britain mean to honor their promises to defend Czechoslovakia against Nazi aggression, suggests in a personal note to Neville Chamberlain that His Majesty's Government may want to set up a broad international alliance including the United States (specifically mentioning U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt as possibly receptive to the idea) and the Soviet Union.
September[link]
- September – The European crisis over German demands for annexation of the Sudeten borderland of [[Czecho] heats up.
- September 2 – Soviet Ambassador to Britain Ivan Maisky calls on Winston Churchill, to tell him that Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov has expressed to the French chargé d'affaires in Moscow that the Soviet Union is willing to fight over the territorial integrity of Czechoslovakia.
- September 4 – During the ceremony marking the unveiling of a plaque at Pointe de Grave, France celebrating Franco-American friendship, American Ambassador William Bullitt in a speech states, "France and the United States were united in war and peace", leading to much speculation in the press that if war did break out over Czechoslovakia, then the United States would join the war on the Allied side.
- September 5 – Czechoslovakian President Edvard Beneš invites mid-level representatives of the Sudeten Germans to the Hradcany palace, to tell them he will accept whatever demands they care to make, provided the Sudetenland remains part of the Republic of Czechoslovakia.
- September 6 – What eventually proves to be the last of the "Nuremberg Rallies" begins. It draws worldwide attention because it is widely assumed Hitler, in his closing remarks, will signal whether there will be peace with or war over Czechoslovakia.
- September 7 – The Times publishes a lead article which calls on Czechoslovakia to cede the Sudetenland to Germany.
- September 9 – U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt disallows the popular interpretation of Bullitt's speech at a press conference at the White House. Roosevelt states it is "100% wrong" the U.S. would join a "stop-Hitler bloc" under any circumstances, and makes it quite clear that in the event of German aggression against Czechoslovakia, the U.S. would remain neutral.
- September 10 – Hermann Göring, in a speech at Nuremberg, calls the Czechs a "miserable pygmy race" who are "harassing the human race." That same evening, Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia, makes a broadcast in which he appeals for calm.
- September 12 – Hitler makes his much-anticipated closing address at Nuremberg, in which he vehemently attacks the Czech people and President Beneš. American news commentator Hans von Kaltenborn begins his famous marathon of broadcast bulletins over the CBS Radio Network with a summation of Hitler's address.
- September 13 – The followers of Konrad Henlein begin an armed revolt against the Czechoslovak government in Sudetenland. Martial law is declared and after much bloodshed on both sides order is temporarily restored. Neville Chamberlain personally sends a telegram to Hitler urgently requesting that they both meet.
- September 15 – Neville Chamberlain arrives in Berchtesgaden to begin negotiations with Hitler over the Sudetenland.
- September 17 – Neville Chamberlain returns temporarily to London to confer with his cabinet. The Russian army masses along the Ukrainian frontier. Rumania agrees to allow Russian soldiers free passage across her territory to defend Czechoslovakia.
- September 18 – During a meeting between Neville Chamberlain and the recently elected Premier of France, Édouard Daladier, and Daladier's Foreign Minister, Georges Bonnet, it becomes apparent neither the English nor the French governments are prepared to go to war over the Sudetenland. The Soviet Union declares it will come to the defence of Czechoslovakia only if France honours her commitment to defend Czech independence.
- September 21
- In the early hours of the day, representatives of the French and British governments call on Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš to tell him France and Britain will not fight Hitler if he decides to annex the Sudetenland by force. Late in the afternoon the Czechoslovak government capitulates to the French and British demands.
- Winston Churchill warns of grave consequences to European security if Czechoslovakia is partitioned. The same day, Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov makes a similar statement in the League of Nations.
- The New England Hurricane of 1938 strikes Long Island and southern New England, killing over 300 along the Rhode Island shoreline and 600 altogether.
- Following the capitulation of the Czech government to Germany's demands both Poland and Hungary demand slices of Czech territory where their nationals reside.
- September 22
- Unable to survive the previous day's capitulation to the demands of the English and French governments, Czechoslovak premier Milan Hodža resigns. General Jan Syrovy takes his place.
- Neville Chamberlain arrives in the city of Bad Godesberg for another round of talks with Hitler over the Sudetenland crisis. Hitler raises his demands to include occupation of all German Sudeten territories by October 1. That night after a telephone conference, Chamberlain reverses himself and advises the Czechoslovaks to mobilize.
- Olsen and Johnson's musical comedy revue Hellzapoppin' begins its 3-year run on Broadway.
- September 23
- The Czechoslovak army mobilizes.
- As the Polish army masses along the Czech border the Soviet Union warns Poland if it crosses the Czech frontier Russia will regard the 1932 non-aggression pact between the two countries void.
- September 24
- Sir Eric Phipps, British Ambassador to France, reports to London, "all that is best in France is against war, almost at any price", being opposed only by a "small, but noisy and corrupt, war group". Phipps's report creates major doubts about the ability and/or willingness of France to go to war.
- At 1:30 AM, Adolf Hitler and Neville Chamberlain conclude their talks on the Sudetenland. Chamberlain agrees to take Hitler's demands, codified in the Godesberg Memorandum, personally to the Czech Government. The Czech Government rejects the demands, as does Chamberlain's own cabinet. The French Government also initially rejects the terms and orders a partial mobilizaton of the French army.
- September 26 – In a vitriolic speech at Berlin's Sportpalast, Hitler defies the world and implies war with Czechoslovakia will begin at any time.
- September 28 – As his self-imposed October 1 deadline for occupation of the Sudetenland approaches, Adolf Hitler invites Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edourd Deladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to one last conference in Munich. The Czechs themselves are not invited.
- September 29
- Colonel Graham Christie, assistant British military attaché in Berlin, is informed by Carl Friedrich Goerdeler that the mobilization of the Royal Navy has badly damaged the popularity of the Nazi regime, as the German public realizes that Fall Grün is likely to cause a world war.
- Munich Agreement: German, Italian, British and French leaders agree to German demands regarding annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government is largely excluded from the negotiations and is not a signatory to the agreement.
- The Republic of Hatay is declared in Syria
- September 30 – Neville Chamberlain returns to Britain from meeting with Adolf Hitler and declares "Peace for our time".
October[link]
- October – The Japanese Imperial Army largely overruns Canton.
- October 1 – German troops march into the Sudetenland. The Polish government gives the Czech government an ultimatum stating that Zaolzie region must be handed over within twenty-four hours. The Czechs have little choice but to comply. Polish forces occupy Zaolzie.
- October 2
- Tiberias massacre: Arabs murder 20 Jews.
- Disgusted with Neville Chamberlain's conduct at Munich, Duff Cooper resigns his post as First Lord of the Admiralty. With his resignation, formal debate begins in the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the Munich Agreement, but with Chamberlain at the peak of his popularity, there can be little doubt His Majesty's Government will receive a vote of confidence.
- October 4 – The Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War begin withdrawing their foreign volunteers from combat as agreed on July 5.
- October 5
- Edvard Beneš, president of Czechoslovakia, resigns.
- In Nazi Germany Jews’ passports were invalidated, and those who needed a passport for emigration purposes were given one marked with the letter J (Jude – Jew).[2]
- October 10 – The Blue Water Bridge opens, connecting Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario.
- October 16 – Winston Churchill, in a broadcast address to the United States, condemns the Munich Agreement as a defeat and calls upon America and western Europe to prepare for armed resistance against Hitler.
- October 18 – The German government expels 12,000 Polish Jews living in Germany; the Polish government accepts 4,000 and refuses admittance to the remaining 8,000, who are forced to live in the no-man's land on the German-Polish frontier.
- October 21 – In direct contravention of the recently signed Munich Agreement, Adolf Hitler circulates among his high command a secret memorandum stating that they should prepare for the "liquidation of the rest of Czechoslovakia" and the occupation of Memel.
- October 24
- The minimum wage is established by law in the United States.
- French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet carries out a major purge of the Qui d'Orsay, sacking or exiling a number of anti-appeasement officials such as Pierre Comert and René Massigli.
- At a "friendly luncheon" in Berchtesgaden, German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop tells Józef Lipski, the Polish ambassador to Germany, that the Free City of Danzig must return to Germany, that the Germans must be given extraterritorial rights in the Polish Corridor, and that Poland must sign the Anti-Comintern Pact.
- October 27
- October 30 – Orson Welles' radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds is broadcast, causing panic in various parts of the United States.
- October 31 – Great Depression: In an effort to try restore investor confidence, the New York Stock Exchange unveils a 15-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public.
November[link]
- November 1 – Horse Racing: Seabiscuit defeats War Admiral by four lengths in their famous match race at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland.
- November 2 – Arising from The Munich Agreement Hungary is "awarded" the Felvidek region of South Slovakia and Ruthenia.
- November 4 – At a public meeting in Epping, Winston Churchill narrowly survives an attempt by fellow Conservative and constituent Sir Colin Thornton-Kemsley to remove him from Parliament.
- November 7 Ernst vom Rath, the Third Secretary at the German Embassy in Paris, is assassinated by Herschel Grynszpan.
- November 9 – Holocaust – Kristallnacht: In Germany, the "night of broken glass" begins as Nazi activists and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair sees 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed, 267 synagogues burned, 91 Jews killed, and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).[4]
- November 10
- On the eve of Armistice Day, Kate Smith sings Irving Berlin's God Bless America for the first time on her weekly radio show.
- İsmet İnönü becomes the second president of Turkey.
- November 11 – Celal Bayar forms the new government of Turkey. (10 th government; Celal Bayar had served twice as a prime minister)
- November 12 – French Finance Minister Paul Reynaud brings into effect a series of laws aiming at improving French productivity (thus aiming to undo the economic weaknesses which led to Munich), and undoes most of the economic and social laws of the Popular Front.
- November 16
- The first reported "attack" of The Halifax Slasher mass hysteria incident.
- Britain formally recognised Italy's control of Ethiopia. In return Mussolini agreed to withdraw 10,000 troops from Spain.
- November 18 – Trade union members elect John L. Lewis as the first president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
- November 25 – French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet informs Léon Noël, the French Ambassador to Poland, that France should find an excuse for terminating the 1921 Franco-Polish alliance.
- November 30
- The Czechoslovak parliament elects Emil Hácha as the new president of Czechoslovakia.
- Benito Mussolini and his Foreign Minister Count Galeazzo Ciano order "spontaneous" demonstrations in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, demanding that France cede Tunisia, Nice, Corsica and French Somaliland to Italy. This begins an acute crisis in Franco-Italian relations that lasts until March 1939.
- Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, leader of the Romanian fascist Iron Guard, is murdered on the orders of King Carol II. Officially, Codreanu and the 13 other Iron Guard leaders are "shot while trying to escape".
- A general strike is called in France by the French Communist Party to protest the laws of November 12.
December[link]
- December – President Roosevelt agrees to loan $25 million to Chiang Kai-shek, cementing the Sino-American relationship and angering the Japanese government.
- December 1 – Slovakia granted the status of an autonomous state under the Catholic priest Fr. Joseph Tiso
- December 6 – German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop visits Paris, where he is allegedly informed by French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that France now recognizes all of Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of influence. Bonnet's alleged statement (Bonnet always denied making the remark) to Ribbentrop is a major factor in German policy in 1939.
- December 11
- Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary election: The opposition gains votes but not seats.
- Following elections in the Lithuanian city of Memel the Lithuanian Nazi party wins over 90% of the votes.
- December 13 – The Neuengamme concentration camp opens near Hamburg.
- December 16 – MGM releases its successful film version of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol. The film is originally intended to star Lionel Barrymore as Ebenezer Scrooge, but Barrymore, ill with arthritis, is replaced by Reginald Owen.
- December 23 – A coelacanth, a fish thought to have been extinct, is caught off the coast of South Africa near Chalumna River.
- December 27 – A massive avalanche of snow hits a construction worker dormitory site in Kurobe, Japan, killing 87.
- December 30 – The ballet Romeo and Juliet with music by Prokofiev receives its first full performance at the Mahen Theatre in Brno, Czechoslovakia.
Date unknown[link]
- Establishment of Majlis Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya by Khalifat-ul Masih II, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
- In West Java, Daeng Soetigna tunes the traditional angklung to play the diatonic scale.
- Adolf Hitler is Time magazine's "Man of the Year", as the most influential person of the year.
- The Walther P38 pistol is introduced in Germany.
- The first cartoon to feature a prototypical Bugs Bunny, Porky's Hare Hunt, is released.
- The Schomburgk's Deer becomes extinct by this date.
- Herbert E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell execute the Ives-Stilwell experiment, showing that ions radiate at frequencies affected by their motion.[5]
- Family plots produce 22% of all Soviet agricultural produce on only 4% of all cultivated land.
- Women are limited by law to a maximum of 10% of the better-paying jobs in industry and government in Italy.
Births[link]
January–February[link]
- January 1
- Robert Jankel, British coachbuilder (d. 2005)
- Frank Langella, American actor
- January 2
- Hans Herbjørnsrud, Norwegian author
- Ian Brady, British serial killer
- Goh Kun, Mayor of Seoul
- Dana Ulery, American computer scientist
- January 5 – King Juan Carlos I of Spain
- January 6 – Mario Rodríguez Cobos, Silo, Argentine author and spiritual guide
- January 7 – Roland Topor, French illustrator (d. 1997)
- January 8 – Bob Eubanks, American game show host
- January 10
- Donald Knuth, American mathematician and computer scientist
- Willie McCovey, American baseball player
- January 11 – Fischer Black, American economist (d. 1995)
- January 12
- Noel McNamara, Australian justice campaigner and commentator
- Lewis Fiander, Australian actor
- January 13 – Shivkumar Sharma, Indian musician
- January 14
- Jack Jones, American singer and actor
- Allen Toussaint, American musician & composer
- January 17 – John Bellairs, American writer (d. 1991)
- January 18 – Curt Flood, American baseball player (d. 1997)
- January 20 – Derek Dougan, Northern Irish footballer (d. 2007)
- January 21 – Wolfman Jack, American disc-jockey and actor (d. 1995)
- January 23 – Georg Baselitz, German painter and sculptor
- January 25
- Etta James, American singer (d. 2012)
- Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter, poet, actor (d. 1980)
- January 29 – Shuji Tsurumi, Men's artistic gymnastics
- January 30 – Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan
- January 31 – Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands
- February 1 – Sherman Hemsley, American comedian and actor
- February 2 – Max Alvis, American baseball player
- February 8 – Prentice Gautt, American football player
- February 11
- Bevan Congdon, New Zealand cricketer
- Simone de Oliveira, Portuguese actress and singer
- Manuel Noriega, Panamanian general and dictator
- February 12 – Judy Blume, American author
- February 13 – Oliver Reed, English actor (d. 1999)
- February 14 – Lee Chamberlin, African-American actress
- February 17 – Yvonne Romain, English actress
- February 18 – Istvan Szabo, Hungarian film director
- February 19 – René Muñoz, Cuban actor, screenwriter of telenovelas and the cinema of Mexico (d. 2000)
- February 24
- James Farentino, American actor (d. 2012)
- Phil Knight, American sportswear entrepreneur
- February 25 – Herb Elliott, Australian runner
- February 27 – Jake Thackray, English singer-songwriter (d. 2002)
March–April[link]
- March 2 – Ricardo Lagos Escobar, President of Chile
- March 4
- Don Perkins, American football player
- Paula Prentiss, American actress
- Angus MacLise, American musician, occultist and calligrapher; drummer for the Velvet Underground (d. 1979)
- March 7
- David Baltimore, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- Janet Guthrie, American race car driver
- March 8 – Bruno Pizzul, Italian sports journalist
- March 9 – Charles Siebert, American actor and director (Trapper John, M.D.)
- March 13 – Erma Franklin, American singer (d. 2002)
- March 14 – Eleanor Bron, British actress
- March 17
- Rudolf Nureyev, Russian-born dancer and choreographer (d. 1993)
- Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Edinburgh, Scotland
- March 18
- Shashi Kapoor, Indian actor, director, and producer
- Charley Pride, American baseball player and country musician
- March 19 – Joe Kapp, American football player and coach
- March 23 – Maynard Jackson, American mayor of Atlanta, Georgia (d. 2003)
- March 25 – Hoyt Axton, American country music singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1999)
- March 26 – Anthony James Leggett, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- March 31 – Joel Godard, American announcer
- April 1 – John Quade, American actor (d. 2009)
- April 2 – John Larsson, the 17th General of The Salvation Army
- April 3 – Jeff Barry, American record producer and songwriter
- April 4 – A. Bartlett Giamatti, American president of Yale University and baseball commissioner (d. 1989)
- April 7 – Freddie Hubbard, American jazz trumpeter
- April 8 – Kofi Annan, Ghanaian Secretary General of the United Nations, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- April 10
- Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian politician (d. 2010)
- Don Meredith, American football player and broadcaster (d. 2010)
- April 11
- Michael Deaver, Reagan Administration Deputy White House Chief of Staff (d. 2007)
- Kurt Moll, German bass
- April 12 – Roger Caron, Canadian author
- April 15 – Claudia Cardinale, Tunisian-born Italian actress
- April 17 – Kerry Wendell Thornley, American counterculture figure, writer, and co-founder of Discordianism
- April 20 – Tamási Eszter, Hungarian TV announcer and actress (d. 1991)
- April 22
- Talal Abu-Ghazaleh, Palestinian chairman of TAGorg
- Adam Raphael, English journalist and editor
- Issey Miyake, Japanese fashion designer
- April 26
- Duane Eddy, American musician
- Maurice Williams, American musician
- April 29
- Bernard Madoff, American fraudster
- Larry Niven, American author
May–June[link]
- May 2 – Paramount Chief Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho (d. 1996)
- May 10 – Henry Fambrough, American singer (The Spinners)
- May 12 – Luana Anders, American actress (d. 1996)
- May 17 – Jason Bernard, American actor (d. 1996)
- May 22 – Richard Benjamin, American actor
- May 26
- William Bolcom, American composer
- Teresa Stratas, Canadian operatic soprano
- Pauline Parker, New Zealand murderess
- May 28 – Jerry West, American basketball player and executive
- May 31
- Johnny PayCheck, American country singer (d. 2003)
- Peter Yarrow, American singer
- June 1 – Khawar Rizvi, Pakistani Poet and Scholar
- June 5 – Karin Balzer, German athlete
- June 6 – Prince Luís of Orléans-Braganza, pretender to the Brazilian throne
- June 7 – Goose Gonsoulin, American football player
- June 8 – Mack Vickery, American musician (d. 2004)
- June 12 – Tom Oliver, Australian actor
- June 15 – Billy Williams, American baseball player
- June 16 – James Bolam, British actor
- June 19
- Wahoo McDaniel, American football player and professional wrestler (d. 2002)
- Ian Smith, Australian actor
- June 21 – Ron Ely, American actor (Tarzan)
July–August[link]
- July 3 – Bolo Yeung, Hong Kong actor
- July 4 – Bill Withers, American singer and songwriter
- July 6
- Tony Lewis, English cricketer
- Luana Patten, American actress (d. 1996)
- July 8 – Justin Leiber, American philosopher and science fiction writer.
- July 10 – Tura Satana, Japanese-born American actress (d. 2011)
- July 12 – Wieger Mensonides, Dutch swimmer
- July 18 – Paul Verhoeven, Dutch film director
- July 19 – Jayant Narlikar, Indian astrophysicist
- July 20
- Natalie Wood, American actress (d. 1981)
- Diana Rigg, English actress
- Roger Hunt, English footballer
- July 23
- Juliet Anderson, American actress
- Bert Newton, Australian actor and television show host
- Ronny Cox, American actor
- July 24 – Eugene J. Martin, American painter, artist
- July 27 – Gary Gygax, American author and game designer (d. 2008)
- July 28
- Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru
- Luis Aragones, Spanish football player and manager
- July 29 – Peter Jennings, Canadian-born television news reporter (d. 2005)
- August 3 – Terry Wogan, Irish TV and radio broadcaster
- August 8
- Connie Stevens, American actress, singer and businesswoman
- Otto Rehhagel, German football player and manager
- August 9
- Ezola B. Foster, American U.S. Vice Presidential Candidate
- Rod Laver, Australian tennis player
- Leonid Kuchma, President of Ukraine
- August 15 – Janusz A. Zajdel, Polish writer (d. 1985)
- August 16 – Bill Masterton, Canadian hockey player (d. 1968)
- August 19 – Diana Muldaur, American actress
- August 20 – Alain Vivien, French politician
- August 21 – Kenny Rogers, American country singer
- August 22 – Paul Maguire, American football player
- August 24
- Halldór Blöndal, Icelandic politician
- David Freiberg, American musician (Quicksilver Messenger Service and Jefferson Starship)
- August 26 – Susan Harrison, American actress
- August 28
- Maurizio Costanzo, Italian television news reporter
- Paul Martin, Prime Minister of Canada
- August 29 – Robert Rubin, American banker who served as the 70th United States Secretary of the Treasury
- August 31 – Martin Bell, British journalist and politician
September–October[link]
- September 1 – Per Kirkeby, Danish artist
- September 2
- Clarence Felder, American actor
- Giuliano Gemma, Italian actor
- September 3 – Ryōji Noyori, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 6 – Dennis Oppenheim, American artist (d. 2011)
- September 8 – Kenichi Horie, Japanese adventurer
- September 10
- David Hamilton, British radio and TV personality
- Karl Lagerfeld, German fashion designer and photographer
- September 13
- John Smith, Scottish politician (d. 1994)
- Angus Alan Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 15th Duke of Hamilton and 12th Duke of Brandon (d. 2010)
- September 18 – Poornachandra Tejaswi, Kannada writer (d. 2007)
- September 22 – Gene Mingo, American football player
- September 23 – Tom Lester, American actor and evangelist
- September 25 – Jonathan Motzfeldt, Prime Minister of Greenland (d. 2010)
- September 28 – Ben E. King, American singer
- September 29 – Wim Kok, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1994 until 2002
- October 3 – Eddie Cochran, American rock 'n' roll singer (d. 1960)
- October 4 – Kurt Wüthrich, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- October 9 – Heinz Fischer, Austrian politician
- October 14
- Farah Diba, Empress of Iran
- Ron Lancaster, Canadian Football League quarterback and coach
- October 15 – Fela Kuti, Nigerian musician and activist (d. 1997)
- October 16
- Carl Gunter Jr, Louisiana State Representative (d. 1999)
- Nico, German-American singer (d. 1988)
- October 17 – Evel Knievel, American motorcycle daredevil (d. 2007)
- October 18 – Dawn Wells, American actress
- October 20 – Iain Macmillan, Abbey Road photographer (d. 2006)
- October 22 – Christopher Lloyd, American actor
- October 23 – H. John Heinz III, U.S. Senator (d. 1991)
- October 28 – Anne Perry, English-born novelist
- October 29
- Ralph Bakshi, Israeli cartoonist, film director, and video producer
- Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia
November–December[link]
- November 2
- Pat Buchanan, American right-wing political operative, journalist, pundit and one-time presidential candidate
- David Lane, American white nationalist (d. 2007)
- November 5
- Joe Dassin, French singer (d. 1980)
- Enéas Carneiro, Brazilian politician (d. 2007)
- November 6
- Mack Jones, American baseball player (d. 2004)
- Branko Mikasinovich, Serbian-American slavist, journalist
- November 10 – Michael Schultz, American film director and producer
- November 12 – Benjamin Mkapa, Tanzanian president
- November 13 – Jean Seberg, American actress (d. 1979)
- November 16 – Robert Nozick, American philosopher (d. 2002)
- November 17 – Gordon Lightfoot, Canadian folk singer
- November 19 – Ted Turner, American entrepreneur
- November 24 – Oscar Robertson, American basketball player
- November 26 – Porter J. Goss, American politician and Central Intelligence Agency director
- December 2
- Luis Artime, Argentine footballer
- Sir Richard Carew Pole, 13th Baronet, Baronet, Antony House, Cornwall
- December 4
- Andre V. Marrou, U.S. Presidential candidate
- Yvonne Minton, Australian soprano
- December 5 – J. J. Cale, American singer
- December 8
- Ken Delo, American singer
- John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor, President of Ghana
- December 12 – Connie Francis, American singer and actress
- December 14 – Hal Williams, American actor
- December 15 – Billy Shaw, American football player
- December 16
- Liv Ullmann, Norwegian actress
- Frank Deford, American sportswriter
- December 17
- Peter Snell, New Zealand athlete
- Carlo Little, British drummer (d. 2005)
- December 18 – Roger E. Mosley, African-American actor
- December 20 – John Harbison, American composer
- December 22 – Brian Locking, English bassist (The Shadows)
- December 23 – Bob Kahn, American Internet pioneer
- December 24 – Bobby Henrich, American baseball player
- December 25 – Duane Armstrong, American painter
- December 28 – Lagumot Harris, Nauruan politician and President (d. 1999)
- December 29 – Jon Voight, American actor
Date unknown[link]
- Neila Sathyalingam, Singaporean classical Indian dancer, choreographer and instructor
Deaths[link]
January–June[link]
- January 8 – Johnny Gruelle, American cartoonist and children's book author (b. 1880)
- January 20 – Émile Cohl, French caricaturist and animator (b. 1857)
- January 21 – Georges Méliès, French film director (b. 1861)
- January 28 – Bernd Rosemeyer, German racing driver (b. 1909)
- February 2 – Frederick William Vanderbilt, American railway magnate (b. 1856)
- February 7 – Harvey Firestone, American tire manufacturer (b. 1868)
- February 10 – Richard A. Whiting, American composer (b. 1890)
- February 18 – David King Udall, American politician (b. 1851)
- February 19 – Edmund Landau, German mathematician (b. 1877)
- March 1 – Gabriele D'Annunzio, Italian writer, war hero, and politician (b. 1863)
- March 2 – Ben Harney, American composer and pianist (b. 1871)
- March 12 – Lyda Roberti, Polish actress (b. 1906)
- March 13
- Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Soviet politician (b. 1888)
- Clarence Darrow, American attorney (b. 1857)
- March 21 – Oscar Apfel, American actor and director (b. 1878)
- April 8 – Joe "King" Oliver, American jazz musician (b. 1885)
- April 12 – Feodor Chaliapin, Russian bass (b. 1873)
- April 14 – Gillis Grafstrom, Swedish figure skater (b. 1893)
- April 16 – Steve Bloomer, English footballer (b. 1874)
- April 21 – Allama Iqbal, Indian philosopher and poet (b. 1877)
- April 25 – Aleksander Świętochowski, Polish writer (b. 1849)
- April 26 – Edmund Husserl, Austrian philosopher (b. 1859)
- May 4 – Carl von Ossietzky, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1889)
- May 9 – Thomas B. Thrige, Danish industrialist (b. 1866)
- May 13 – Charles Edouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)
- May 16 – Lewis Bayly, British admiral (b. 1857)
- May 22 – William Glackens, American painter (b. 1870)
- May 26 – John Jacob Abel, American pharmacologist (b. 1857)
- June 15 – Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, German painter (b. 1880)
- June 26 – James Weldon Johnson, American author and politician (b. 1871)
July–December[link]
- July 4
- Otto Bauer, Austrian Social Democratic politician (b. 1881)
- Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis champion (b. 1899)
- July 9 – Benjamin N. Cardozo, United States Supreme Court Justice (b. 1870)
- July 17 – Robert Wiene, German director (b. 1873)
- August 1 – Edmund Charles Tarbell, American artist (b. 1862)
- August 4 – Pearl White, American actress (b. 1889)
- August 6 – Warner Oland, Swedish actor (b. 1879)
- August 7 – Constantin Stanislavski, Russian theatre practitioner (b. 1863)
- August 14 – Hugh Trumble, Australian test cricketer (b. 1876)
- August 16 – Robert Johnson, American blues singer (b. 1911)
- August 29 – Béla Kun, Hungarian Communist leader (b. 1886)
- September 1 – Nikolai Bryukhanov, Soviet statesman and political figure who served as People's Commissar of Finances (b. 1878)
- September 15 – Thomas Wolfe, American author (b. 1900)
- September 17 – Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (b. 1901)
- September 19 – Pauline Frederick, American stage & screen actress, (b. 1883)
- September 25 – Paul Olaf Bodding, Norwegian missionary to India and creator of the Santali latin alphabet (b. 1865)
- September 28 – Con Conrad, American composer (b. 1891)
- October 2 – Alexandru Averescu, Romanian soldier and politician (b. 1859)
- October 13 – E. C. Segar, American comics artist and creator of Popeye (b. 1894)
- October 17 – Karl Kautsky, Austrian Marxist theoretician (b. 1854)
- October 22 – May Irwin, Canadian actress and singer (b. 1862)
- October 24 – Ernst Barlach, German sculptor and poet (b. 1870)
- October 27
- Lascelles Abercrombie, English poet and critic (b. 1881)
- Alma Gluck, American soprano (b. 1884)
- October 28 – Fred Kohler, American actor (b. 1888)
- October 30 – Robert Woolsey, American film comedian (b. 1888)
- November 1 – Charles Weeghman, American restaurateur and owner of Chicago Cubs (b. 1874)
- November 4 – Samuel W. Bryant, American admiral (b. 1877)
- November 9
- Vasily Blyukher, Soviet military commander (b. 1889)
- Ernst vom Rath, German diplomat (b. 1909)
- November 10 – Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of Turkey (b. 1881)
- November 20 – Maud of Wales, queen of Haakon VII of Norway (b. 1869)
- November 30 – Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Romanian fascist, leader of the Iron Guard (executed along other Guard activists) (b. 1899)
- December 11 – Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1869)
- December 20 – Annie Armstrong, American missionary leader (b. 1850)
- December 25 – Karel Čapek, Czech author (b. 1890)
- December 28 – Florence Lawrence, Canadian actress (b. 1886)
Date unknown[link]
- Harry Grant Dart, American cartoonist (b. 1869)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Enrico Fermi
- Chemistry – Richard Kuhn
- Physiology or Medicine – Corneille Jean François Heymans
- Literature – Pearl S. Buck
- Peace – Nansen International Office For Refugees, Geneva
References[link]
- ^ "Daily Pilot - Serving Newport Beach & Costa Mesa, California". Archived from the original on 2009-05-20. http://dailypilot.com/articles/2009/05/17/topstory/dpt-alookback051709.txt. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
- ^ Nazi Germany and the Jews: 1938 – “The Fateful Year” on the Yad Vashem website
- ^ Nazi Germany and the Jews: 1938 – “The Fateful Year” on the Yad Vashem website
- ^ It Came From Within... 71 Years Since Kristallnacht - Online exhibition from Yad Vashem, including survivor testimonies, archival footage, photos, and stories
- ^ Ives, Herbert E.; Stilwell, G. R. (1938). "An Experimental Study of the Rate of a Moving Atomic Clock". Journal of the Optical Society of America 28 (7): 215–19. Bibcode 1938JOSA...28..215I. DOI:10.1364/JOSA.28.000215. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-28-7-215. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
- The 1930s Timeline: 1938 – from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia
- 1938 Coin Pictures
- 1938 – “The Fateful Year” for the Jews in Nazi Germany - About the Holocaust- Yad Vashem
- www.1938.com.pk Company's Internet Site – 1938 OEM Industrial GROUPS
http://wn.com/1938
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the English cricketer, see Vincent Price (cricketer).
 |
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| Vincent Price | |
|---|---|
 from the trailer for the film Laura (1944) |
|
| Born | (1911-05-27)May 27, 1911 St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. |
| Died | October 25, 1993(1993-10-25) (aged 82) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1935–93 |
| Spouse | Edith Barrett (1938–48) Mary Grant Price (1949–73) Coral Browne (1974–91; her death) |
Vincent Leonard Price, Jr. (May 27, 1911 – October 25, 1993) was an American actor, well known for his distinctive voice and serio-comic performances in a series of horror films made in the latter part of his career.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Price was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Marguerite Cobb (née Wilcox) and Vincent Leonard Price, Sr., who was the president of the National Candy Company.[1][2] His grandfather, Vincent Clarence Price, invented "Dr. Price's Baking Powder," the first cream of tartar baking powder, and secured the family's fortune.[3]
Price attended St. Louis Country Day School. He was further educated at Yale in art history and fine art. He was a member of the Courtauld Institute, London. He became interested in the theatre during the 1930s, appearing professionally on stage for the first time in 1935.
Career[link]
He made his film debut in 1938 with Service de Luxe and established himself in the film Laura (1944), opposite Gene Tierney, directed by Otto Preminger. He also played Joseph Smith, Jr. in the movie Brigham Young (1940) and William Gibbs McAdoo in Wilson (1944) as well as a pretentious priest in The Keys of the Kingdom (1944).
Price's first venture into the horror genre was in the 1939 Boris Karloff film Tower of London. The following year he portrayed the title character in the film The Invisible Man Returns (a role he reprised in a vocal cameo at the end of the 1948 horror-comedy spoof Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein).
In 1946 Price reunited with Tierney in two notable films, Dragonwyck and Leave Her to Heaven. There were also many villainous roles in film noir thrillers like The Web (1947), The Long Night (1947), Rogues' Regiment (1948), and The Bribe (1949) with Robert Taylor, Ava Gardner, and Charles Laughton. His first starring role was as conman James Addison Reavis in the 1950 biopic The Baron of Arizona. He also did a comedic turn as the tycoon Burnbridge Waters, co-starring with Ronald Colman in Champagne for Caesar. He was active in radio, portraying the Robin Hood-inspired crime-fighter Simon Templar in The Saint that ran from 1943 to 1951.
In the 1950s, he moved into horror films, with a role in House of Wax (1953), the first 3-D film to land in the year's top ten at the North American box office, then The Mad Magician (1954), and then the monster movie The Fly (1958) and its sequel Return of the Fly (1959). Price also starred in the original House on Haunted Hill (1959) as the eccentric millionaire Fredrick Loren. He played Dr. Warren Chapin, in The Tingler, a 1959 horror-thriller film by the American producer and director William Castle. Price also appeared to great effect in the radio drama Three Skeleton Key, the story of an island lighthouse besieged by an army of rats. He first performed the work in 1950 on Escape and returned to it in 1956 and 1958 for Suspense.[4]
Outside of the horror genre, Price played Baka (the master builder) in The Ten Commandments. In the 1955–1956 television season he appeared three times as Rabbi Gershom Seixos in the ABC anthology series, Crossroads, a study of clergymen from different denominations. About this time he also appeared on NBC's The Martha Raye Show.
1960s[link]
In the 1960s, Price had a number of low-budget successes with Roger Corman and American International Pictures (AIP) including the Edgar Allan Poe adaptations House of Usher (1960), The Pit and the Pendulum (1961), Tales of Terror (1962), The Comedy of Terrors (1963), The Raven (1963), The Masque of the Red Death (1964), and The Tomb of Ligeia (1965). He starred in The Last Man on Earth (1964), the first adaptation of the Richard Matheson novel I Am Legend. In 1968 Price portrayed witchhunter Matthew Hopkins in Witchfinder General[5] (released in the US as The Conqueror Worm). He starred in comedy films, notably Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine (1965) and its sequel Dr. Goldfoot and the Girl Bombs (1966). In 1968 he played the part of an eccentric artist in the musical Darling of the Day opposite Patricia Routledge.
Price often spoke of his pleasure at playing Egghead in the Batman television series. One of his co-stars, Yvonne Craig (Batgirl), said Price was her favorite villain in the series. In an often-repeated anecdote from the set of Batman, Price, after a take was printed, started throwing eggs at series stars Adam West and Burt Ward, and when asked to stop, replied, "With a full artillery? Not a chance!", causing an eggfight to erupt on the soundstage. This incident is reenacted in the behind-the-scenes telefilm Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt. In the 1960s, he began his role as a guest on the game show Hollywood Squares, even becoming a semi-regular in the 1970s, including being one of the guest panelists on the finale in 1980.[6] He was known for usually making fun of Rose Marie's age, and using his famous voice to answer questions in a playfully menacing tone.
Later career[link]
During the early 1970s, Price hosted and starred in BBC Radio's horror and mystery series The Price of Fear. Price accepted a cameo part in the Canadian children's television program The Hilarious House of Frightenstein (1971) in Hamilton, Ontario, on the local television station CHCH. In addition to the opening and closing monologues, his role in the show was to recite poems about the show's various characters, sometimes wearing a cloak or other costumes.[7] He appeared in The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971), its sequel Dr. Phibes Rises Again (1972), and Theatre of Blood (1973), in which he portrayed a pair of campy serial killers. That same year Price appeared as himself in Mooch Goes to Hollywood, a film written by Jim Backus. Price recorded dramatic readings of Edgar Allan Poe's short stories and poems, which were collected together with readings by Basil Rathbone.
Price greatly reduced his film work from around 1975, as horror itself suffered a slump, and increased his narrative and voice work, as well as advertising Milton Bradley's Shrunken Head Apple Sculpture[8]. Price's voiceover is heard on Alice Cooper's first solo album, Welcome to My Nightmare from 1975, and he also appeared in the corresponding TV special Alice Cooper: The Nightmare. He starred for a year in the early 1970s in a syndicated daily radio program, Tales of the Unexplained. He made guest appearances in a 1970 episode of Here's Lucy showcasing his art expertise and in a 1972 episode of ABC's The Brady Bunch, in which he played a deranged archaeologist. In October 1976, Price appeared as the featured guest in an episode of The Muppet Show.
In the summer of 1977, Price began performing as Oscar Wilde in the one-man stage play Diversions and Delights. Written by John Gay and directed by Joe Hardy, the play is set in a Parisian theatre on a night about one year before Wilde's death. The original tour of the play was a success in every city that it played, except for New York City. In the summer of 1979, Price performed it at the Tabor Opera House in Leadville, Colorado, on the same stage from which Wilde had spoken to miners about art some 96 years before. Price would eventually perform the play worldwide. In her biography of her father, Victoria Price stated that several members of Price's family and friends thought that this was the best acting that he ever performed.[3] In the spring of 1979, Price starred with his wife Coral Browne in the short-lived CBS TV series Time Express.
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In 1982, Price provided the narrator's voice in Vincent, Tim Burton's six-minute film about a young boy who flashes from reality into a fantasy where he is Vincent Price. That same year, he performed a sinister monologue on the title track of Michael Jackson's Thriller album. A longer version of the rap, sans the music, along with some conversation can be heard on Jackson's 2001 remastered reissue of the Thriller album. Part of the extended version can be heard on the Thriller 25 album, released in 2008. Price appeared as Sir Despard Murgatroyd in a 1982 television production of Gilbert & Sullivan's Ruddigore (with Keith Michell as Robin Oakapple). In 1983 Price played the Sinister Man in the British spoof horror film Bloodbath at the House of Death starring Kenny Everett, and he also appeared in the film House of the Long Shadows, which teamed him with Christopher Lee, Peter Cushing, and John Carradine. While Price had worked with each one of them at least once in the prior decade, this was the first teaming of all of them together. One of his last major roles, and one of his favorites, was as the voice of Professor Ratigan in Walt Disney Pictures' The Great Mouse Detective in 1986.[9]
From 1981 to 1989, he hosted the PBS television series Mystery! In 1985, he provided voice talent on the Hanna-Barbera series The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo as the mysterious Vincent Van Ghoul, who aided Scooby-Doo, Scrappy-Doo, and the gang in recapturing 13 evil demons. During this time (1985–1989), he appeared in horror-themed commercials for Tilex bathroom cleanser. In 1984, Price appeared in Shelley Duvall's live-action series Faerie Tale Theatre as the Mirror in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", and the narrator for "The Boy Who Left Home to Find Out About the Shivers". In 1987, he starred with Bette Davis, Lillian Gish, and Ann Sothern in The Whales of August, a story of two sisters living in Maine, facing the end of their days. In 1989, Price was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. His last significant film work was as the inventor in Tim Burton's Edward Scissorhands (1990).
A witty raconteur, Price was a frequent guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, where he once demonstrated how to poach a fish in a dishwasher. Price was a noted gourmet cook and art collector. He also authored several cookbooks and hosted a cookery TV show, Cooking Pricewise.
From 1962 to 1971, Sears-Roebuck offered the "Vincent Price Collection of Fine Art", selling about 50,000 pieces of fine art to the general public. Price selected and commissioned works for the collection, including works by Rembrandt, Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí,[10] and Nate Dunn.[11]
Personal life[link]
Price was married three times and fathered a son, Vincent Barrett Price, with his first wife, former actress Edith Barrett. Price and his second wife, Mary Grant Price, donated hundreds of works of art and a large amount of money to East Los Angeles College in the early 1960s in order to endow the Vincent and Mary Price Gallery there. The Vincent Price Art Museum was built to house art works and present exhibits. Their daughter, Mary Victoria Price, was born in 1962. Price's last marriage was to the Australian actress Coral Browne, who appeared with him (as one of his victims) in Theatre of Blood (1973). He converted to Catholicism to marry her, and she became a U.S. citizen for him.
One example of his outspoken political action came when he concluded an episode of The Saint titled "Author of Murder",[12] which aired on NBC Radio on July 30, 1950.[13] While concluding the episode, Price denounced racial and religious prejudice as a form of poison and stated that Americans must actively fight against it because racial and religious prejudice within the United States fuels support for the nation's enemies.[14] Price was later appointed under the Eisenhower Adminstration and his remarks were, "which is kind of a surprise since I am a Democrat[15]."
Death[link]
Price was a lifelong smoker. He suffered from emphysema and Parkinson's disease; his symptoms were especially severe during the filming of Edward Scissorhands, making it necessary to cut his filming schedule short.
His illness also contributed to his retirement from Mystery!, as his condition was becoming noticeable on-screen.[citation needed] He died of lung cancer on October 25, 1993, at UCLA Medical Center at the age of 82. He was cremated and his ashes scattered off Point Dume in Malibu, California.[16]
Legacy[link]
In 1951, impressed by the spirit of the students and the community's need for the opportunity to experience original art works first hand, Price donated some 90 pieces from his own collection to East Los Angeles College in Monterey Park, California, thus establishing the first "teaching art collection" owned by a community college in the U.S. The collection contains over 9,000 pieces and has been valued in excess of $5 million.[17]
The A&E Network aired an episode of Biography the night following his death, highlighting Price's horror film career, but because of its failure to clear copyrights, the show was never aired again. Four years later, A&E produced its updated episode, a show titled Vincent Price: The Versatile Villain, which aired on October 12, 1997. The script was by Lucy Chase Williams, author of The Complete Films of Vincent Price (Citadel Press, 1995). In early 1991, Tim Burton was developing a personal documentary with the working title Conversations with Vincent, in which interviews with Price were shot at the Vincent Price Gallery, but the project was never completed and was eventually shelved.[citation needed]
Price was an Honorary Board Member, and strong supporter until his death, of the Witch's Dungeon Classic Movie Museum located in Bristol, Connecticut. The museum features detailed life-size wax replicas of characters from some of Price's films, including The Fly, The Abominable Dr. Phibes, and The Masque of the Red Death.[18] A black box theater at Price's alma mater, Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School, is named after him.
Director Tim Burton directed a short stop-motion film as a tribute to Vincent Price called Vincent, about a young boy named Vincent Malloy who is obsessed with the grim and macabre. It is narrated by Price. "Vincent Twice, Vincent Twice" was a parody on Sesame Street. He was parodied in an episode of The Simpsons ("Sunday, Cruddy Sunday"). Price even had his own Spitting Image puppet, who was always trying to be "sinister" and lure people into his ghoulish traps, only for his victims to point out all the obvious flaws. The October 2005 episode of the Channel 101 series Yacht Rock featured comedian James Adomian as Vincent Price during the recording of Michael Jackson's "Thriller". Starting in November 2005, featured cast member Bill Hader of the NBC sketch comedy/variety show Saturday Night Live has played Price in a recurring sketch where Vincent Price hosts botched holiday specials filled with celebrities of the 1950s and '60s. Other cast members who have played Price on SNL include Dan Aykroyd and Michael McKean (who played Price when he hosted a season 10 episode and again when he was hired as a cast member for the 1994–95 season).
In 1999, a frank and detailed biography written by his daughter, Victoria Price, about her father was published by St. Martin's Press. In late May 2011, an event was held by the organization Cinema St. Louis to celebrate what would have been Price's 100th Birthday.[19] It included a public event with Victoria at the Missouri History Museum and a showcase of ephemeral and historic items at the gallery inside the Sheldon Concert Hall.[20][21]
Filmography[link]
Main article: Vincent Price filmography
References[link]
- ^ "Vincent Price Biography (1911–)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/34/Vincent-Price.html. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
- ^ Flint, Peter B. (1993-10-26). "Vincent Price, a Suave but Menacing Film Presence, Is Dead at 82". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEED61331F935A15753C1A965958260. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
- ^ a b Victoria Price (1999). Vincent Price: A Daughter's Biography. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-26789-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=i1QjARUM1jUC&printsec=frontcover.
- ^ One Act Virtual Museum oneact.org. Retrieved: May 20, 2012.
- ^ Vincent Price at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
- ^ "Hollywood Squares". 1980-06-20. NBC.
- ^ "CH TV Hamilton History". http://www.canada.com/chtv/hamilton/info/history.html. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
- ^ http://www.x-entertainment.com/messages/monsters/1.html
- ^ "Vincent Price Collection | Old Time Radio". Otrcat.com. 2003-11-26. http://www.otrcat.com/vincent-price-collection-p-1961.html. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ Sears and Fine Art: Vincent Price Collection of Fine Art. Searsarchives.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
- ^ Laura J. Kells, Paul Colton, and Allyson Jackson Vincent Price. A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Washington, D.C.. (1994). Latest revision: 2006 April
- ^ Price. Wn.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
- ^ The Saint on Old-Time Radio. Saint.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
- ^ Vincent Price on Racism and Religious Prejudice. Annals of Americus (2010-03-15). Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=G6Mnh1z81YEC&pg=PT637&dq=Vincent+Price+Democrat&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6gaoT7T9IqKD6AHRi4WxBA&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Vincent%20Price%20Democrat&f=false
- ^ Vincent Price at Find a Grave
- ^ Aug. 1992 interview by the Smithsonian. Siris-archives.si.edu (1993-10-25). Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
- ^ "Preserve Hollywood". Preservehollywood.org. http://www.preservehollywood.org/DungeonWebNew/Home.html. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
- ^ Vincentennial.Org. Vincentennial.Org. Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
- ^ Vincentennial: It's alive! by Joe Williams, Film Critic for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch/STLToday.com. April 18, 2011 6:15 pm.
- ^ Sheldon Gallery Celebrates Vincent Price's 100th Birthday by Patrick Clark, KPLR11.com. 4:14 p.m. CDT, April 19, 2011.
Further reading[link]
- Price, Vincent, I Like What I Know – A Visual Autobiography, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, copyright 1959.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Vincent Price |
- Vincent Price at the Internet Movie Database
- Vincent Price at the Internet Broadway Database
- Vincent Price at AllRovi
- Vincent Price at TV Tropes
- Vincent Price Gallery
- St. Louis Walk of Fame
- Profile @ Turner Classic Movies
- Vincent Price Papers catalog
- Vincent Price at Virtual History
- Three Skeleton Key on Escape: March 17, 1950. Radio drama starring Vincent Price.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Price, Vincent |
| Alternative names | Price, Vincent Leonard, Jr. |
| Short description | actor |
| Date of birth | 1911-5-27 |
| Place of birth | St. Louis, Missouri, United States |
| Date of death | 1993-10-25 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
http://wn.com/Vincent_Price
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Price
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Daniel Landa | |
|---|---|
 Daniel Landa in Prague, 2007 |
|
| Background information | |
| Born | (1968-11-04) November 4, 1968 (age 43) Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) |
| Genres | Rock |
| Occupations | Musician, Singer, Racer |
| Years active | 1987–present |
| Associated acts | Orlík |
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2011) |
Daniel Landa (born 4 November 1968) is a Czech musician, actor and racer.[citation needed]
Born in Prague, Landa began his musical career in 1987 when he along with David Matásek founded the oi! band Orlík. He graduated from the Prague Conservatory in the area of Music and Drama. After the breakup of the band in 1992 he began his solo career. Daniel lives with his wife Mirjam Müller since 1990. They have a daughter Anastázie and twin daughters Roxana and Rozálie. He used to be interested in autocross, now he's interested in rallying. In 2003, collaborating with Roman Kresta, he founded the Malina foundation, which promotes safe driving.[citation needed] After 3 years of the last tour Landa is planning a new tour named Vozová hradba.
Contents |
Controversies[link]
Landa was labeled controversial by his critics in the first years of his career. His first two albums revolved around skinheads and the song Bílá liga (White League) was obviously racist, particularly against the Romani.[citation needed]
Landa claims to have grown out of his racially biased debuts, and nowadays pronounces himself a patriot, although his critics call his opinions excessively nationalist. His initiative from 2005, an order "Ordo Lumen Templi", was compared to the proto-Nazist "Ordo Novi Templi" in media.
On 31 January 2008 Czech prime minister Mirek Topolánek cited his verse Dyť i to největší hovado má svůj strop! (Even the biggest idiot has his limit) from the song Forbes in the concept album Smrtihlav (1998).[1]
Discography[link]
- Orlík: Oi! (1990)
- Orlík: Demise (Demision, 1991)
- Valčík (Waltz, 1993)
- Chcíply dobrý víly (The Good Fairies Died, 1995)
- Krysař I. (The Pied Piper I, 1996), with other artists
- Krysař II. (The Pied Piper II, 1996), with other artists
- Pozdrav z fronty (Greeting From the Front, 1997)
- Smrtihlav (1998) – with other artists
- Konec (The End, 1999)
- Best of Landa (2000)
- 9mm argumentů (9mm of Arguments, 2002)
- Vltava Tour (live) (2003)
- Best of Landa 2 (2004)
- Neofolk (2004)
- Tajemství (The Secret, 2005) – with other artists
- Bouře (live) (Storm, 2006)
- Kvaska (Kvaska, 2007)
- Touha (Desire, 2009)
- Nigredo (Nigredo, 2009)
Other appearances[link]
- 2006: Strážce plamene with Petr Hapka & Michal Horáček
- 2007: Strážce plamene v obrazech with Hapka & Horáček
References[link]
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Daniel Landa |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Landa, Daniel |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Czech musician, actor and racer |
| Date of birth | November 4, 1968 |
| Place of birth | Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Daniel_Landa
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Landa
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Orson Welles | |
|---|---|
 Welles in 1937 (age 21) photographed by Carl Van Vechten |
|
| Born | George Orson Welles (1915-05-06)May 6, 1915 Kenosha, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Died | October 10, 1985(1985-10-10) (aged 70) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Heart attack |
| Resting place | Cremated |
| Nationality | American |
| Citizenship | United States |
| Alma mater | Todd School for Boys |
| Occupation | Actor, film director, theatre director, screenwriter, playwright, film producer, radio personality |
| Years active | 1931–85 |
| Influenced by | John Ford, William Shakespeare, Fritz Lang, Joseph Conrad |
| Influenced | Tim Burton, Christopher Nolan, John Carpenter, Stanley Kubrick, Martin Scorsese, Paul Thomas Anderson |
| Height | 6'1" |
| Spouse | Virginia Nicholson (1934–40) Rita Hayworth (1943–48) Paola Mori (1955–85) |
| Partner | Dolores del Río (1938–41) Oja Kodar (1966–85) |
| Parents | Richard Hodgdon Head Welles, Beatrice Ives |
| Awards | 1941 Best Writing (Original Screenplay) for Citizen Kane 1970 Academy Honorary Award |
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George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American actor, director, writer and producer who worked extensively in theater, radio and film. He is best remembered for his innovative work in all three media, most notably Caesar (1937), a groundbreaking Broadway adaption of Julius Caesar and the debut of the Mercury Theatre; The War of the Worlds (1938), the most famous broadcast in the history of radio; and Citizen Kane (1941), which many critics and scholars name as the best film of all time.
After directing a number of high-profile theatrical productions in his early twenties, including an innovative adaptation of Macbeth and The Cradle Will Rock, Welles found national and international fame as the director and narrator of a 1938 radio adaptation of H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds performed for the radio drama anthology series Mercury Theatre on the Air. It was reported to have caused widespread panic when listeners thought that an invasion by extraterrestrial beings was occurring. Although these reports of panic were mostly false and overstated,[1] they rocketed Welles to instant notoriety.
His first film was Citizen Kane (1941), which he co-wrote, produced, directed, and starred in as Charles Foster Kane. It is often considered the greatest film ever made. Welles was always an outsider to the studio system and directed only 13 full-length films in his career. While he struggled for creative control in the face of studios, many of his films were heavily edited and others were left unreleased. His distinctive directorial style featured layered and nonlinear narrative forms, innovative uses of lighting such as chiaroscuro, unusual camera angles, sound techniques borrowed from radio, deep focus shots, and long takes. He has been praised as a major creative force and as "the ultimate auteur."[2] Welles followed up Citizen Kane with other critically acclaimed films, including The Magnificent Ambersons in 1942, and Touch of Evil in 1958.
In 2002, Welles was voted the greatest film director of all time in two separate British Film Institute polls among directors and critics,[3][4] and a wide survey of critical consensus, best-of lists, and historical retrospectives calls him the most acclaimed director of all time.[5] Well known for his baritone voice,[6] Welles was also a well regarded actor and was voted number 16 in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars list of the greatest American film actors of all time. He was also a celebrated Shakespearean stage actor and an accomplished magician, starring in troop variety shows in the war years.
Early life[link]
Welles was born May 6, 1915, in Kenosha, Wisconsin, son of Richard Hodgdon Head Welles (1873, Missouri – December 28, 1930, Chicago, Illinois) and Beatrice (née Ives; 1882 or 1883, Springfield, Illinois – May 10, 1924, Chicago, Illinois).[7] He was raised Roman Catholic.[8] Despite his parents' affluence, Welles encountered many hardships in childhood. In 1919, his parents separated and moved to Chicago. His father, who had made a fortune as the inventor of a popular bicycle lamp,[9] became an alcoholic and stopped working. Welles's mother, a concert pianist, played during lectures by Dudley Crafts Watson at the Chicago Art Institute to support her son and herself (the oldest Welles boy, "Dickie", had been institutionalized at an early age because he had learning difficulties). Beatrice died of jaundice in 1924 in a Chicago hospital a few days after Welles's ninth birthday.[10] After his mother's death, Welles ceased pursuing his interest in music. He was taken in by Dudley Crafts Watson and lived with the family at Watson's family home, "Trillium Dell", on Marshman Avenue in Highland Park, Illinois. At the age of ten, Orson with Watson's third daughter, Marjorie (of the same age), ran away from home. They were found a week later, singing and dancing for money on a street corner in Milwaukee. His father died when Orson was 15 during the summer after Orson's graduation from Todd School for Boys, an independent school in Woodstock, Illinois. Maurice Bernstein, a physician from Chicago, became his guardian.
At Todd School, Welles came under the influence of Roger Hill, a teacher who later became Todd's headmaster. Hill provided Welles with an ad hoc educational environment that proved invaluable to his creative experience, allowing Welles to concentrate on subjects that interested him. Welles performed and staged his first theatrical experiments and productions there. Following graduation from Todd, Welles was awarded a scholarship to Harvard University. Rather than enrolling, he chose to travel. Later, he briefly studied for a time at the Art Institute of Chicago.[11] He returned a number of times to Woodstock to direct his alma mater's student productions.
Early career (1931–1934)[link]
After his father's death, Welles traveled to Europe with the aid of a small inheritance. Welles later reported that while on a walking and painting trip through Ireland, he strode into the Gate Theatre in Dublin and claimed he was a Broadway star. The manager of Gate, Hilton Edwards, later said he had not believed him but was impressed by his brashness and some impassioned quality in his audition.[12] Welles made his stage debut at the Gate in 1931, appearing in Jew Suss as the Duke. He acted to great acclaim, which reached the United States. He performed smaller supporting roles as well. On returning to the United States he found his fame ephemeral and turned to a writing project at Todd School that would become the immensely successful Everybody's Shakespeare and subsequently, The Mercury Shakespeare. Welles traveled to North Africa while working on thousands of illustrations for the Everybody's Shakespeare series of educational books, a series that remained in print for decades.
An introduction by Thornton Wilder led Welles to the New York stage. In 1933, he toured in three off-Broadway productions with Katharine Cornell's company, including two roles in Romeo and Juliet.[13] Restless and impatient when the planned Broadway opening of Romeo and Juliet was canceled, Welles staged a drama festival of his own with the Todd School, inviting Micheál Mac Liammóir and Hilton Edwards from Dublin's Gate Theatre to appear, along with New York stage luminaries. It was a roaring success. The subsequent revival of Cornell's Romeo and Juliet brought Welles to the notice of John Houseman, who was casting for an unusual lead actor for the lead role in the Federal Theatre Project.
By 1935 Welles was supplementing his earnings in the theater as a radio actor in Manhattan, working with many of the actors who would later form the core of his Mercury Theatre. He married Chicago actress Virginia Nicholson in 1934 and that year he shot an eight-minute silent short film, The Hearts of Age with her. The couple had one daughter, Christopher. She made her only film appearance in 1948, taking the role of Macduff's son in Welles's film Macbeth and later became known as Chris Welles Feder, an author of educational materials for children.
Theatre and radio (1936–1940)[link]
Federal Theatre Project[link]
[edit] Macbeth
Main article: Voodoo Macbeth
In 1936, the Federal Theatre Project (part of Roosevelt's Works Progress Administration) put unemployed theater performers and employees to work. Welles was hired by John Houseman and assigned to direct a play for the Federal Theatre Project's Negro Theater Unit. He offered them Macbeth.[14] The production became known as the Voodoo Macbeth, because Welles set it in the Haitian court of King Henri Christophe, with voodoo witch doctors for the three Weird Sisters. Jack Carter played Macbeth. The incidental music was composed by Virgil Thomson. The play opened April 14, 1936, at the Lafayette Theatre in Harlem and was received rapturously. It later toured the nation. When the lead actor, Maurice Ellis, fell ill on tour, Welles quickly boarded an airplane to fly to the location and stepped into the part, playing the role in blackface.[15] At the age of 20, Welles was hailed as a prodigy. A few minutes of the Welles production of Macbeth was recorded on film in a 1937 documentary called We Work Again.[16]
[edit] Horse Eats Hat
Main article: Horse Eats Hat
After the success of Macbeth, Welles mounted the farce Horse Eats Hat, an adaptation by Welles and Edwin Denby of Eugène Labiche's play, Un Chapeau de Paille d'Italie.[17] The play was presented September 26 – December 5, 1936, at Maxine Elliott's Theatre, New York.[18]:334 Joseph Cotten was featured in his first starring role.[19]
[edit] The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus
Welles consolidated his "White Hope" reputation with Dr. Faustus, which used light as a prime unifying scenic element in a nearly blacked-out stage.
Faustus was presented January 8 – May 9, 1937, at Maxine Elliott's Theatre, New York.[18]:335
[edit] The Second Hurricane
In 1937 American composer Aaron Copland chose Welles to direct The Second Hurricane, an operetta with a libretto by Edwin Denby that is one of Copland's least known works. Presented at the Henry Street Settlement Music School in New York for the benefit of high school students, the production opened April 21, 1937, and ran for its scheduled three performances.[18]:337 Among the few adult performers in the production was actor Joseph Cotten, Welles's longtime friend and collaborator, who was paid $10 for his performance.[20]
[edit] The Cradle Will Rock
Main article: The Cradle Will Rock
In 1937, Welles rehearsed Marc Blitzstein's highly political operetta, The Cradle Will Rock. It was originally scheduled to open June 16, 1937, in its first public preview. Because of severe federal cutbacks in the Works Progress projects, the show's premiere at the Maxine Elliott Theatre was canceled. The theater was locked and guarded to prevent any of the government-purchased materials being used for a commercial production of the work. In a last-minute move, Welles announced to waiting ticket-holders that the show was being transferred to the Venice, about twenty blocks away. Some cast, as well as some crew and audience, walked the distance on foot. The union musicians refused to perform in a commercial theater for lower non-union government wages. The actors' union stated that the production belonged to the Federal Theater Project and could not be performed outside that context without permission. Lacking the participation of the union members, The Cradle Will Rock began with Blitzstein introducing the show and playing the piano accompaniment on stage with some cast members performing their parts from the audience. This impromptu performance was well received by its audience. It afterward played at the Venice for two weeks in the same informal way.
Mercury Theatre[link]
Main article: Mercury Theatre
Resigning from the Federal Theatre, Welles and Houseman formed the Mercury Theatre, of which Welles became executive producer and whose repertory company eventually included actors such as Agnes Moorehead, Joseph Cotten, Dolores del Río, Ray Collins, George Coulouris, Frank Readick, Everett Sloane, Eustace Wyatt and Erskine Sanford, all of whom would continue to work for Welles for years. The first Mercury Theatre production was a melodramatic and heavily edited version of William Shakespeare's tragedy Julius Caesar, set in a contemporary frame of fascist Italy. Cinna the Poet dies at the hands not of a mob but of a secret police force. According to Norman Lloyd, who played Cinna the Poet, "it stopped the show." The applause lasted more than ten minutes and the production was widely acclaimed.
In the second year of the Mercury Theater, Welles shifted his interests to radio as an actor, director and producer. He played Hamlet for CBS on The Columbia Workshop, while adapting and directing the play. In July 1937, the Mutual Network gave him a seven-week series to adapt Les Misérables, which he did with great success. That September, Mutual chose Welles to play Lamont Cranston, aka The Shadow, anonymously and in the summer of 1938 CBS gave him (and the Mercury Theatre) a weekly hour-long show to broadcast radio plays based on classic literary works. The show was titled The Mercury Theatre on the Air, with original music by Bernard Herrmann, who would continue working with Welles on radio and in films for years.
[edit] The War of the Worlds broadcast
Main article: The War of the Worlds (radio drama)
Their October 30, 1938 radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells brought Welles instant fame. The combination of the news bulletin form of the performance with the between-breaks dial spinning habits of listeners from the rival and far more popular Edgar Bergen/Charlie McCarthy program was later reported in the media to have created widespread confusion among listeners who failed to hear the introduction, although the extent of this confusion has recently come into question.[1][21][22] Panic was reported to have spread (after citation from rumors) among many listeners who believed the news reports of a Martian invasion. The myth of the result created by the combination was reported as fact around the world and disparagingly mentioned by Adolf Hitler in a public speech a few months later.[23] The 1975 docudrama The Night That Panicked America was based on events centering around the production of, and events that resulted from, the program.
Welles's growing fame soon drew Hollywood offers, lures which the independent-minded Welles resisted at first. The Mercury Theatre on the Air, which had been a "sustaining show" (without sponsorship) was picked up by Campbell Soup and renamed The Campbell Playhouse.[24]
On October 28, 1940, Welles met H.G. Wells in San Antonio, Texas; a local radio station KTSA recorded the conversation, which was likely the only meeting between the two.
Hollywood (1939–1948)[link]
RKO Radio Pictures president George Schaefer eventually offered Welles what generally is considered the greatest contract ever offered to an untried director: complete artistic control. RKO signed Welles in a two-picture deal; including script, cast, crew, and most importantly, final cut, although Welles had a budget limit for his projects. With this contract in hand, Welles (and nearly the entire Mercury Theatre troupe) moved to Hollywood. He commuted weekly to New York to maintain his commitment to The Campbell Playhouse. (DEBATE: Film historians have cast doubt on the accuracy of this claim of complete control. Based on much later access to the said contract, UK film critic Alexander Walker averred, in a BBC radio documentary about Kane, that Welles did NOT have final cut of his films. Something that would seem to be confirmed by RKO's mashing of Welles' follow-up movie to Kane, "The Magnificent Ambersons"?).
Welles toyed with various ideas for his first project for RKO Radio Pictures, settling on an adaptation of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, which he worked on in great detail. He planned to film the action with a subjective camera (a technique later used in the Robert Montgomery film Lady in the Lake). When a budget was drawn up, RKO's enthusiasm cooled because it was greater than the previously agreed limit. RKO also declined to approve another Welles project, The Smiler With the Knife, based on the Cecil Day-Lewis novel, ostensibly because RKO executives lacked faith in Lucille Ball's ability to carry the film as the leading lady.
In a sign of things to come[citation needed], Welles left The Campbell Playhouse in 1940 due to creative differences with the sponsor. The show continued without him, produced by John Houseman. In perhaps another sign of things to come[citation needed], Welles's first experience on a Hollywood film was narrator for RKO's 1940 production of The Swiss Family Robinson.
[edit] Citizen Kane
Main article: Citizen Kane
Production[link]
RKO, having rejected Welles's first two movie proposals, agreed on the third offer, Citizen Kane, for which Welles co-wrote, produced, directed, and performed the lead role.[25]
Welles found a suitable film project in an idea he conceived with screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, (who was then writing radio plays for The Campbell Playhouse). Initially entitled The American, it eventually became Welles's first feature film (also his most famous and honored role), Citizen Kane (1941).
Mankiewicz based his original notion on an exposé of the life of William Randolph Hearst, whom he knew socially but came to hate, having once been great friends with Hearst's mistress, Marion Davies. Mankiewicz had been banished from her company because of his perpetual drunkenness. Mankiewicz, a notorious gossip, exacted revenge with his unflattering depiction of Davies in Citizen Kane for which Welles bore most of the criticisms.[citation needed]
Kane's megalomania was modeled loosely on Robert McCormick, Howard Hughes, and Joseph Pulitzer as Welles wanted to create a broad, complex character, intending to show him in the same scenes from several points of view.[citation needed] The use of multiple narrative perspectives in Conrad's Heart of Darkness influenced the treatment.
Supplying Mankiewicz with 300 pages of notes, Welles urged him to write the first draft of a screenplay under John Houseman, who was posted to ensure Mankiewicz stayed sober. On Welles's instruction, Houseman wrote the opening narration as a pastiche of The March of Time newsreels. Orson Welles explained to Peter Bogdanovich about the writers working separately by saying, "I left him on his own finally, because we'd started to waste too much time haggling. So, after mutual agreements on storyline and character, Mank went off with Houseman and did his version, while I stayed in Hollywood and wrote mine."[25] Taking these drafts, Welles drastically condensed and rearranged them, then added scenes of his own. The industry accused Welles of underplaying Mankiewicz's contribution to the script, but Welles countered the attacks by saying, "At the end, naturally, I was the one making the picture, after all—who had to make the decisions. I used what I wanted of Mank's and, rightly or wrongly, kept what I liked of my own."[18]:54
Charles Foster Kane is based loosely on parts of Hearst's life. Nonetheless, autobiographical allusions to Welles were worked in, most noticeably in the treatment of Kane's childhood and particularly, regarding his guardianship. Welles then added features from other famous American lives to create a general and mysterious personality, rather than the narrow journalistic portrait intended by Mankiewicz, whose first drafts included scandalous claims about the death of the film director Thomas Ince.
Once the script was completed, Welles attracted some of Hollywood's best technicians, including cinematographer Gregg Toland, who walked into Welles's office and announced he wanted to work on the picture. Welles later described Toland as "the fastest cameraman who ever lived."[25] For the cast, Welles primarily used actors from his Mercury Theatre. He invited suggestions from everyone but only if they were directed through him. Filming Citizen Kane took ten weeks.[25]
Reaction[link]
Mankiewicz handed a copy of the final shooting script to his friend, Charles Lederer, husband of Welles's ex-wife, Virginia Nicholson, as well as the nephew of Hearst's mistress, Marion Davies. Gossip columnist Hedda Hopper saw a small ad in a newspaper for a preview screening of Citizen Kane and went. Hopper, realizing immediately that the film was based on features of Hearst's life, reported this back to him and he threatened to give "Hollywood, Private Lives" if that was what it wanted. Thus began the struggle over the attempted suppression of Citizen Kane.
Hearst's media outlets boycotted the film. They exerted enormous pressure on the Hollywood film community by threatening to expose fifteen years of suppressed scandals and the fact that most of the studio bosses were Jewish. At one point, the heads of the major studios jointly offered RKO the cost of the film in exchange for the negative and all existing prints, fully intending to burn them. RKO declined and the film was given a limited release. Hearst intimidated theater chains by threatening to ban advertising for any of their other films in any of his papers if they showed Citizen Kane.
The film was well-received critically, with Bosley Crowther, film critic for the New York Times calling it "close to being the most sensational film ever made in Hollywood".[26] By the time it reached the general public, though, the publicity had waned. It garnered nine Academy Award nominations (Orson nominated as a producer, director, writer, and actor), but won only for Best Original Screenplay, shared by Mankiewicz and Welles. Although it was largely ignored at the Academy Awards, Citizen Kane now is hailed as one of the greatest films ever made. Andrew Sarris called it "the work that influenced the cinema more profoundly than any American film since The Birth of a Nation."[25]
The delay in its release and its uneven distribution contributed to its average result at the box office, making back its budget and marketing, but RKO lost any chance of a major profit. The fact that Citizen Kane ignored many Hollywood conventions also meant that the film confused and angered the 1940s cinema public. Exhibitor response was scathing; most theater owners complained bitterly about the adverse audience reaction and the many walkouts. Only a few saw fit to acknowledge Welles's artistic technique. RKO shelved the film and did not re-release it until 1956.
During the 1950s, the film came to be seen by young French film critics such as François Truffaut as exemplifying the "auteur theory", in which the director is the "author" of a film. Truffaut, Godard and others inspired by Welles's example made their own films, giving birth to the Nouvelle Vague. In the 1960s Citizen Kane became popular on college campuses as a film-study exercise and as an entertainment subject. Its frequent revivals on television, home video, and DVD have enhanced its "classic" status and ultimately it recouped its costs. The film still is considered by most film critics and historians to be one of the greatest motion pictures in cinema history.
[edit] The Magnificent Ambersons
Main article: The Magnificent Ambersons (film)
Welles's second film for RKO was The Magnificent Ambersons, adapted from the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Booth Tarkington. George Schaefer hoped to make money with this film, since he lost money with Citizen Kane. Ambersons already had been adapted for The Campbell Playhouse by Welles, for radio, and he then wrote the screen adaptation. Toland was not available, so Stanley Cortez was named cinematographer. The meticulous Cortez, however, was slow and the film lagged behind schedule and over budget. Prior to production, Welles's contract was renegotiated, revoking his right to control the final cut.
[edit] Journey into Fear
At RKO's request, simultaneously, Welles worked on an adaptation of Eric Ambler's spy thriller, Journey into Fear, which he co-wrote with Joseph Cotten. In addition to acting in the film, Welles was also producer. Direction was credited solely to Norman Foster. Welles later stated that they were in such a rush that the director of each scene was determined by whoever was closest to the camera.
CBS then offered Welles a new radio series called the Orson Welles Show. It was a half-hour variety show of short stories, comedy skits, poetry, and musical numbers. Joining the original Mercury Theatre cast for the show was Cliff Edwards, the voice of Jiminy Cricket, "on loan from Walt Disney". The variety format was unpopular with listeners and Welles soon was forced to limit the content of the show simply to telling a one half-hour story for the entirety of each episode.[citation needed]
[edit] It's All True
Main article: It's All True (film)
To further complicate matters during the production of Ambersons and Journey into Fear, Welles was approached by Nelson Rockefeller and Jock Whitney to produce a documentary film about South America. This was at the behest of the federal government's Good Neighbor policy, a wartime propaganda effort designed to prevent Latin America from allying with the Axis powers. Welles saw his involvement as a form of national service, since his physical condition[clarification needed] excused him from direct military service.
Expected to film the Carnaval in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Welles rushed to finish the editing on Ambersons and his acting scenes in Journey into Fear. Ending his CBS radio show, he lashed together a rough cut of Ambersons with Robert Wise, who had edited Citizen Kane, and left for Brazil. Wise was to join him in Rio to complete the film, but never arrived. A provisional final cut arranged via phone call, telegram, and shortwave radio was previewed without Welles's approval in Pomona in a double bill, to a mostly negative audience response, particularly to the character of Aunt Fanny played by Agnes Moorehead. Whereas Schaefer argued that Welles be allowed to complete his own version of the film, and that an archival copy be kept with the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, RKO disagreed. With Welles in South America, there was no practical means of having him edit the film.
As a result of the difficult financial circumstances that RKO found itself in across the period 1940–42, major changes occurred at the studio in 1942[27] Floyd Odlum took over control of RKO and began changing its direction. Rockefeller, the most significant backer of the Brazil project, left the RKO board of directors. Around the same time, the principal sponsor of Welles at RKO, studio president George Schaefer, resigned. The changes throughout RKO caused reevaluations of many projects. RKO took control of Ambersons, formed a committee, which was ordered to edit the film into what the studio considered a commercial format. They removed fifty minutes of Welles's footage, re-shot sequences, rearranged the scene order, and added a happy ending. Koerner released the shortened film on the bottom of a double-bill with the Lupe Vélez comedy, Mexican Spitfire Sees a Ghost. Ambersons was an expensive flop for RKO, although it received four Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Supporting Actress for Agnes Moorehead.
Welles's South American documentary, entitled It's All True, budgeted at one million dollars with half of its budget coming from the U.S. Government upon completion, grew in ambition and budget while Welles was in South America. While the film originally was to be a documentary on Carnaval, Welles added a new story which recreated the journey of the jangadeiros, four poor fishermen who had made a 1,500-mile (2,400 km) journey on their open raft to petition Brazilian President Vargas about their working conditions. The four had become national folk heroes; Welles first read of their journey in TIME. Their leader, Jacare, died during a filming mishap. RKO, in limited contact with Welles, attempted to rein in the production. Most of the crew and budget were withdrawn from the film. In addition, the Mercury staff was removed from the studio in the U.S.
Welles requested resources to finish the film. He was given a limited amount of black-and-white stock and a silent camera. He completed the sequence, but RKO refused to support any further production on the film. Surviving footage was released in 1993, including a rough reconstruction of the "Four Men on a Raft" segment. Meanwhile, RKO asserted in public that Welles had gone to Brazil without a screenplay and that he had squandered a million dollars. Their official company slogan for the next year was, "Showmanship in place of Genius" – which was taken as a slight against Welles.
Director for hire (1943–1946)[link]
On returning to Hollywood, Welles found no studios interested in hiring him as a film director after the twin disasters of The Magnificent Ambersons and It's All True. Welles next worked on radio. CBS offered him two weekly series, Hello Americans, based on the research he'd done in Brazil, and Ceiling Unlimited, sponsored by Lockheed, a wartime salute to advances in aviation. Both featured several members of his original Mercury Theatre troupe. Within a few months, Hello Americans was canceled and Welles was replaced as host of Ceiling Unlimited by Joseph Cotten. Welles guest-starred on a great variety of shows, notably guest-hosting Jack Benny shows for a month in 1943. He took an increasingly active role in American and international politics and used journalism to communicate his forceful ideas widely.
In 1943, Welles married Rita Hayworth. They had one child, Rebecca Welles, and divorced five years later in 1948. In between, Welles found work as an actor in other directors' films. He starred in the 1944 film adaptation of Jane Eyre, trading credit as associate producer for top billing over Joan Fontaine. He also had a cameo in the 1944 wartime salute Follow the Boys, in which he performed his Mercury Wonder Show magic act and "sawed" Marlene Dietrich in half after Columbia Pictures head Harry Cohn refused to allow Hayworth to perform.
In 1944, Welles was offered a new radio show, broadcast only in California, Orson Welles' Almanac. It was another half-hour variety show, with Mobil Oil as sponsor. After the success of his stand-in hosting on The Jack Benny Show, the focus was primarily on comedy. His hosting on the Jack Benny show included several self-deprecating jokes and story lines about his being a "genius" and overriding any ideas advanced by other cast members. The trade papers were not eager to accept Welles as a comedian, and Welles often complained on-air about the poor quality of the scripts. When Welles started his Mercury Wonder Show a few months later, traveling to armed forces camps and performing magic tricks and doing comedy, the radio show was broadcast live from the camps and the material took on a decidedly wartime flavor. Of his original Mercury actors, only Agnes Moorehead remained working with him. The series was cancelled by year's end due to poor ratings.
While he found no studio willing to hire him as a film director, Welles's popularity as an actor continued. Pabst Blue Ribbon gave Welles their radio series This Is My Best to direct, but after one month he was fired for creative differences. He started writing a political column for the New York Post, again called Orson Welles's Almanac. While the paper wanted Welles to write about Hollywood gossip, Welles explored serious political issues. His activism for world peace took considerable amounts of his time. The Post column eventually failed in syndication because of contradictory expectations and was dropped by the Post.
Post-war work (1946–1948)[link]
[edit] The Stranger
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In 1946, International Pictures released Welles's film The Stranger, starring Edward G. Robinson, Loretta Young, and Welles. Sam Spiegel produced the film, which follows the hunt for a Nazi war criminal living under an alias in America. While Anthony Veiller was credited with the screenplay, it had been rewritten by Welles and John Huston. Disputes occurred during the editing process between Spiegel and Welles. The film became a box office success and it helped his standing with the studios.
In the summer of 1946, Welles directed a musical stage version of Around the World in Eighty Days, with a comedic and ironic rewriting of the Jules Verne novel by Welles, incidental music and songs by Cole Porter, and production by Mike Todd, who would later produce the successful film version with David Niven. When Todd pulled out from the lavish and expensive production, Welles alone supported the finances. When he ran out of money at one point, he convinced Columbia president Harry Cohn to send him enough to continue the show, and in exchange, Welles promised to write, produce, direct, and star in a film for Cohn for no further fee. The stage show soon failed, due to poor box-office, with Welles unable to claim the losses on his taxes. The complicated financial arrangements concerning the show, its losses, and Welles's arrangement with Cohn, resulted in a tax dispute with the IRS.
At the same time in 1946 he began two new radio series, The Mercury Summer Theatre for CBS and Orson Welles Commentaries for ABC. While Summer Theatre featured half-hour adaptations of some of the classic Mercury radio shows from the 1930s, the first episode was a condensation of his Around the World stage play, and remains the only record of Cole Porter's music for the project. Several original Mercury actors returned for the series, as well as Bernard Herrmann. It only was scheduled for the summer months, and Welles invested his earnings into his failing stage play. Commentaries was a political vehicle for him, continuing the themes from his New York Post column. Again, Welles lacked a clear focus, until the NAACP brought to his attention the case of Isaac Woodard. Welles brought significant attention to Woodard's cause. Soon Welles was being hanged in effigy in the South and theaters refused to show The Stranger in several southern states.
[edit] The Lady from Shanghai
The film Welles was obliged to make for Cohn in exchange for Cohn's help in completing Around the World in Eighty Days ended up being The Lady from Shanghai, filmed in 1947 for Columbia Pictures. Intended to be a modest thriller, the budget skyrocketed after Cohn suggested that Welles's then-estranged second wife Rita Hayworth co-star.
Cohn disliked Welles's rough-cut, particularly the confusing plot and lack of close-ups, and was not in sympathy with Welles's Brechtian use of irony and black comedy, especially in a farcical courtroom scene. Cohn ordered extensive editing and re-shoots. After heavy editing by the studio, approximately one hour of Welles's first cut had been removed, including much of a climactic confrontation scene in an amusement park funhouse. While expressing displeasure at the cuts, Welles was appalled particularly at the musical score. The film was considered a disaster in America at the time of release, though the closing shootout in a hall of mirrors has since become one of the touchstones of film noir. Not long after release, Welles and Hayworth finalized their divorce.
Although The Lady From Shanghai was acclaimed in Europe, it was not embraced in the U.S. until several decades later. Influential modern critics including David Kehr have subsequently declared it a masterpiece, with Kehr calling it "the weirdest great movie ever made."[citation needed] A similar difference in reception on opposite sides of the Atlantic followed by greater American acceptance befell the Welles-inspired Chaplin film Monsieur Verdoux, originally to be directed by Welles starring Chaplin, then directed by Chaplin with the idea credited to Welles.
[edit] Macbeth
File:Wells and Nolan.JPG
Orson Welles and Jeanette Nolan in Macbeth (1948)
Prior to 1948, Welles convinced Republic Pictures to let him direct a low-budget version of Macbeth, which featured extremely stylized sets and costumes, and a cast of actors lip-syncing to a pre-recorded soundtrack, one of many innovative cost-cutting techniques Welles deployed in an attempt to make an epic film from B-movie resources. The script, adapted by Welles, is a violent reworking of Shakespeare's original, freely cutting and pasting lines into new contexts via a collage technique and recasting Macbeth as a clash of pagan and proto-Christian ideologies. Some of the voodoo trappings of the famous Welles/Houseman Negro Theatre stage adaptation are also visible, especially in the film's characterization of the Weird Sisters, who create an effigy of Macbeth as a charm to enchant him. Of all Welles's post-Kane Hollywood productions, Macbeth is stylistically closest to Citizen Kane in its use of long takes and deep focus photography. Shots of the increasingly isolated Scottish king looming in the foreground while other characters address him from deep in the background overtly reference Kane.[citation needed]
Republic initially trumpeted the film as an important work but decided it did not care for the Scottish accents on the soundtrack and held up general release for almost a year after early negative press reaction, which included Life's comment that Welles's film "doth foully slaughter Shakespeare."[28] Welles left for Europe, while his co-producer and lifelong supporter Richard Wilson reworked the soundtrack. Welles ultimately returned and cut twenty minutes from the film at Republic's request and recorded narration to cover the gaps. The film was decried as another disaster. Macbeth had its share of influential fans in Europe, especially the French poet and filmmaker Jean Cocteau, who hailed the film's "crude, irreverent power" and careful shot design, and described the characters as haunting "the corridors of some dreamlike subway, an abandoned coal mine, and ruined cellars oozing with water."[29]
In the late 1970s, a fully restored version of Macbeth was released that followed Welles's original vision, and all prints of the truncated theatrical release have gradually been withdrawn from circulation, turning Welles's compulsory recut version—which has the distinction of being created by the director himself—into something of a lost work.[citation needed]
Europe (1948–1956)[link]
Welles left Hollywood for Europe in late 1947, enigmatically saying that he had chosen "freedom."[citation needed] In Italy he starred as Cagliostro in the 1948 film Black Magic. His co-star, Akim Tamiroff, impressed Welles so much that Tamiroff would appear in four of Welles's own productions during the 1950s and 1960s.
[edit] The Third Man
File:Thirdman1-9950.jpg
Joseph Cotten as writer Holly Martins and Orson Welles as Harry Lime in The Third Man (1949)
The following year, Welles starred as Harry Lime in Carol Reed's The Third Man, alongside Joseph Cotten, his good friend and co-star from Citizen Kane, with a script by Graham Greene and a memorable zither score by Anton Karas. The film was an international smash hit, but unfortunately for Welles, he had turned down a percentage of the gross in exchange for a lump-sum advance.[citation needed] A few years later, British radio producer Harry Alan Towers would resurrect the Lime character for radio in the series The Lives of Harry Lime. The 1951 series included new recordings by Karas and was very successful, running for 52 weeks.[citation needed] Welles claimed to have written a handful of episodes—a claim disputed by Towers, who maintains they were written by Ernest Borneman—which later would serve as the basis for the screenplay by Welles, Mr. Arkadin (1955).[citation needed]
Welles also appeared as Cesare Borgia in the 1949 Italian film Prince of Foxes, with Tyrone Power and Mercury Theatre alumnus Everett Sloane, and as the Mongol warrior Bayan in the 1950 film version of the novel The Black Rose (again with Tyrone Power).
[edit] Othello
During this time, Welles was channeling his money from acting jobs into a self-financed film version of Shakespeare's play Othello. From 1949 to 1951, Welles worked on Othello, filming on location in Europe and Morocco. The film featured Welles's old friends, Micheál Mac Liammóir as Iago and Hilton Edwards as Desdemona's father Brabantio. Suzanne Cloutier starred as Desdemona and Campbell Playhouse alumnus Robert Coote appeared as Iago's associate Roderigo.
File:Welles as Othello.JPG
Orson Welles in Othello (1952)
Filming was suspended several times as Welles ran out of funds and left to find other acting jobs, accounted in detail in MacLiammóir's published memoir Put Money in Thy Purse. When it premiered at the Cannes Film Festival it won the Palme d'Or, but the film did not receive a general release in the United States until 1955 (by which time Welles had re-cut the first reel and re-dubbed most of the film, removing Cloutier's voice entirely), and it played only in New York and Los Angeles.[citation needed] The American release prints had a technically flawed soundtrack, suffering from a complete drop-out of sound at every quiet moment. Welles's daughter, Beatrice Welles-Smith, restored Othello in 1992 for a wide re-release. The restoration included reconstructing Angelo Francesco Lavagnino's original musical score (which was inaudible) and adding ambient stereo sound effects (which weren't in the original film). The restoration went on to a successful theatrical run in America, but was the subject of great controversy among film scholars.[by whom?] A print of the U.S. version was released on laserdisc in 1995 but soon withdrawn after a legal challenge by Beatrice Welles-Smith.[citation needed] The original Cannes version has survived but is not available commercially.[citation needed]
In 1952, Welles continued finding work in England after the success of the Harry Lime radio show. Harry Alan Towers offered Welles another series, The Black Museum, which ran for 52 weeks with Welles as host and narrator. Director Herbert Wilcox offered Welles the part of the murdered victim in Trent's Last Case, based on the novel by E. C. Bentley. In 1953, the BBC hired Welles to read an hour of selections from Walt Whitman's epic poem Song of Myself. Towers hired Welles again, to play Professor Moriarty in the radio series, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, starring John Gielgud, and Ralph Richardson.
Welles briefly returned to America to make his first appearance on television, starring in the Omnibus presentation of King Lear, broadcast live on CBS October 18, 1953. Directed by Peter Brook, the production costarred Natasha Parry, Beatrice Straight and Arnold Moss.[30] While Welles received good notices, he was guarded by IRS agents, prohibited to leave his hotel room when not at the studio, prevented from making any purchases, and the entire sum (less expenses) he earned went to his tax bill.[citation needed]
In 1954, director George More O'Ferrall offered Welles the title role in the 'Lord Mountdrago' segment of Three Cases of Murder, co-starring Badel. Herbert Wilcox cast Welles as the antagonist in Trouble in the Glen opposite Margaret Lockwood, Forrest Tucker, and Victor McLaglen. Old friend John Huston cast him as Father Mapple in his 1956 film adaptation of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, starring Gregory Peck.
[edit] Mr. Arkadin
Welles's next turn as director was the film Mr. Arkadin (1955), which was produced by his political mentor from the 1940s, Louis Dolivet. It was filmed in France, Germany, Spain, and Italy on a very limited budget. Based loosely on several episodes of the Harry Lime radio show, it stars Welles as a billionaire who hires a man to delve into the secrets of his past. The film stars Robert Arden, who had worked on the Harry Lime series; Welles's third wife, Paola Mori, whose voice was dubbed by actress Billie Whitelaw; and guest stars Akim Tamiroff, Michael Redgrave, Katina Paxinou and Mischa Auer. Frustrated by his slow progress in the editing room, producer Dolivet removed Welles from the project and finished the film without him. Eventually five different versions of the film would be released, two in Spanish and three in English. The version that Dolivet completed was retitled Confidential Report. In 2005 Stefan Droessler of the Munich Filmmuseum oversaw a reconstruction of the surviving film elements. Included in a DVD box set (The Complete Mr. Arkadin) released by The Criterion Collection, it is considered by Welles scholar and director Peter Bogdanovich to be the best version of Welles's original intentions for the film.[citation needed]
In 1955, Welles also directed two television series for the BBC. The first was The Orson Welles Sketchbook, a series of six 15-minute shows featuring Welles drawing in a sketchbook to illustrate his reminiscences for the camera (including such topics as the filming of It's All True and the Isaac Woodard case), and the second was Around the World with Orson Welles, a series of six travelogues set in different locations around Europe (such as Venice, the Basque Country between France and Spain, and England). Welles served as host and interviewer, his commentary including documentary facts and his own personal observations (a technique he would continue to explore in later works). A seventh episode of this series, based on the Gaston Dominici case, was suppressed at the time by the French government, but was reconstructed after Welles's death and released to video in 1999.[citation needed]
In 1956, Welles completed Portrait of Gina. Dissatisfied with the results—Welles recalled he had worked on it a lot and the result looked like it—he left the only print behind at the Ritz Hotel in Paris.[citation needed]} The film cans would remain in a lost-and-found locker at the hotel for several decades, where they were discovered after Welles's death. The work posthumously aired on German television under the title Viva Italia, a 30-minute personal essay on Gina Lollobrigida and the general subject of Italian sex symbols.[citation needed]
Return to Hollywood (1956–1959)[link]
In 1956, Welles returned to Hollywood, guesting on radio shows (notably as narrator of Tomorrow, a nuclear holocaust drama produced by the Federal Civil Defense Administration). He guest starred on television shows, including I Love Lucy, and began filming a projected pilot for Desilu, owned by Lucille Ball and her husband Desi Arnaz, who had recently purchased the former RKO studios. The film was The Fountain of Youth, based on a story by John Collier. Originally deemed not viable as a pilot, the film wasn't aired until 1958. It won the Peabody Award for excellence. Welles's next feature film role was in Man in the Shadow for Universal Pictures in 1957, starring Jeff Chandler. Around this time period, however, Welles began to suffer from weight problems that would eventually cause a deterioration in his health.
[edit] Touch of Evil
Welles stayed on at Universal to direct (and co-star with) Charlton Heston in the 1958 film Touch of Evil, based on Whit Masterson's novel Badge of Evil. Welles, who wrote the screenplay for the film, claimed never to have read the book.[citation needed] Originally only hired as an actor, Welles was promoted to director by Universal Studios at the insistence of Charlton Heston.[citation needed] Reuniting many actors and technicians with whom Welles had worked in Hollywood in the 1940s (including cameraman Russell Metty (The Stranger), make-up artist Maurice Siederman (Citizen Kane), and actors Joseph Cotten, Marlene Dietrich, and Akim Tamiroff), filming proceeded smoothly, with Welles finishing on schedule and on budget, and the studio bosses praising the daily rushes. Nevertheless, after the end of production, the studio re-edited the film, re-shot scenes, and shot new exposition scenes to clarify the plot.[citation needed] Welles wrote a 58-page memo outlining suggestions and objections, stating that the film was no longer his version—it was the studio's, but as such, he was still prepared to help with it.[citation needed] The studio followed a few of the ideas, but cut another 30 minutes from the film and released it.[citation needed] The film was widely praised across Europe, awarded the top prize at the Brussels World's Fair.[citation needed]
In 1978, a longer preview version of the film was discovered and released. In 1998, editor Walter Murch and producer Rick Schmidlin, consulting Welles's memo, used a workprint version to attempt to create a version of the film as close as possible to that Welles outlined in the memo.
As Universal reworked Touch of Evil, Welles began filming his adaptation of Miguel de Cervantes' novel Don Quixote in Mexico, starring Mischa Auer as Quixote and Akim Tamiroff as Sancho Panza. While filming would continue in fits and starts for several years, Welles would never complete the project.[citation needed]
Welles continued acting, notably in The Long, Hot Summer (1958) and Compulsion (1959), but soon returned to Europe.
Return to Europe (1959–1970)[link]
He continued shooting Don Quixote in Spain and Italy, but replaced Mischa Auer with Francisco Reiguera, and resumed acting jobs. In Italy in 1959, Welles directed his own scenes as King Saul in Richard Pottier's film David and Goliath. In Hong Kong he co-starred with Curt Jürgens in Lewis Gilbert's film Ferry to Hong Kong. In 1960, in Paris he co-starred in Richard Fleischer's film Crack in the Mirror. In Yugoslavia he starred in Richard Thorpe's film The Tartars and Veljko Bulajić's "Battle of Neretva".
Throughout the 1960s, filming continued on Quixote on-and-off until the decade, as Welles evolved the concept, tone and ending several times. Although he had a complete version of the film shot and edited at least once, he would continue toying with the editing well into the 1980s, he never completed a version film he was fully satisfied with, and would junk existing footage and shoot new footage. (In one case, he had a complete cut ready in which Quixote and Sancho Panza end up going to the moon, but he felt the ending was rendered obsolete by the 1969 moon landings, and burned 10 reels of this version.) As the process went on, Welles gradually voiced all of the characters himself and provided narration. In 1992, the director Jesús Franco constructed a film out of the portions of Quixote left behind by Welles. Some of the film stock had decayed badly. While the Welles footage was greeted with interest, the post-production by Franco was met with harsh criticism.
In 1961 Welles directed In the Land of Don Quixote, a series of eight half-hour episodes for the Italian television network RAI. Similar to the Around the World with Orson Welles series, they presented travelogues of Spain and included Welles's wife, Paola, and their daughter, Beatrice. Though Welles was fluent in Italian, the network was not interested in him providing Italian narration because of his accent, and the series sat unreleased until 1964, by which time the network had added Italian narration of its own. Ultimately, versions of the episodes were released with the original musical score Welles had approved, but without the narration.
[edit] The Trial
In 1962 Welles directed his adaptation of The Trial, based on the novel by Franz Kafka and produced by Alexander Salkind and Michael Salkind. The cast included Anthony Perkins as Josef K, Jeanne Moreau, Romy Schneider, Paola Mori and Akim Tamiroff. While filming exteriors in Zagreb, Welles was informed that the Salkinds had run out of money, meaning that there could be no set construction. No stranger to shooting on found locations, Welles soon filmed the interiors in the Gare d'Orsay, at that time an abandoned railway station in Paris. Welles thought the location possessed a "Jules Verne modernism" and a melancholy sense of "waiting", both suitable for Kafka. The film failed at the box-office. Peter Bogdanovich would later observe that Welles found the film riotously funny. During the filming, Welles met Oja Kodar, who would later become his muse, star and mistress for the last twenty years of his life. Welles also stated in an interview with the BBC that it was his best film.[31]
Welles played a film director in La Ricotta (1963)—Pier Paolo Pasolini's segment of the Ro.Go.Pa.G. movie, although his renowned voice was dubbed by Italian writer Giorgio Bassani.[18]:516 He continued taking what work he could find acting, narrating or hosting other people's work, and began filming Chimes at Midnight, which was completed in 1966. Filmed in Spain, it was a condensation of five Shakespeare plays, telling the story of Falstaff and his relationship with Prince Hal. The cast included Keith Baxter, John Gielgud, Jeanne Moreau, Fernando Rey and Margaret Rutherford, with narration by Ralph Richardson. Music was again by Angelo Francesco Lavagnino. Jess Franco served as second unit director.
[edit] Chimes at Midnight
Chimes at Midnight was based on Welles's play Five Kings which condensed five of Shakespeare's plays into one show in order to focus on the story of Falstaff. Welles produced the show in New York in 1939 but the opening night, where part 1 was acted, was a disaster and part 2 was never put on. He revamped the show and revisited it in 1960 at the Gate Theatre in Dublin. But again, it was not successful. However, this later production was used as the base for the movie. The script contained text from five plays: primarily Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2, but also Richard II, Henry V, and The Merry Wives of Windsor. Keith Baxter played Prince Hal, and internationally respected Shakespearean interpreter, John Gielgud, played the King, Henry IV. The film's narration, spoken by Ralph Richardson, is taken from the chronicler Raphael Holinshed. According to Jeanne Moreau, Welles delayed filming for two weeks due to stage fright. Welles held this film in high regard and considered it, along with The Trial, his best work. As he remarked in 1982, "If I wanted to get into heaven on the basis of one movie, that's the one I'd offer up."[32]
In 1966, Welles directed a film for French television, an adaptation of The Immortal Story, by Karen Blixen. Released in 1968, it stars Jeanne Moreau, Roger Coggio and Norman Eshley. The film had a successful run in French theaters. At this time Welles met Oja Kodar again, and gave her a letter he had written to her and had been keeping for four years; they would not be parted again. They immediately began a collaboration both personal and professional. The first of these was an adaptation of Blixen's The Heroine, meant to be a companion piece to The Immortal Story and starring Kodar. Unfortunately, funding disappeared after one day's shooting. After completing this film, he appeared in a brief cameo as Cardinal Wolsey in Fred Zinnemann's adaptation of A Man for All Seasons—a role for which he won considerable acclaim.
In 1967 Welles began directing The Deep, based on the novel Dead Calm by Charles Williams and filmed off the shore of Yugoslavia. The cast included Jeanne Moreau, Laurence Harvey and Kodar. Personally financed by Welles and Kodar, they could not obtain the funds to complete the project, and it was abandoned a few years later after the death of Harvey. The surviving footage was eventually edited and released by the Filmmuseum München. In 1968 Welles began filming a TV special for CBS under the title Orson's Bag, combining travelogue, comedy skits and a condensation of Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice with Welles as Shylock. Funding for the show sent by CBS to Welles in Switzerland was seized by the IRS. Without funding, the show was not completed. The surviving film clips portions were eventually released by the Filmmuseum München.
In 1969, Welles authorized the use of his name for a cinema in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Orson Welles Cinema remained in operation until 1986, with Welles making a personal appearance there in 1977. Also in 1969 he played a supporting role in John Huston's The Kremlin Letter. Drawn by the numerous offers he received to work in television and films, and upset by a tabloid scandal reporting his affair with Kodar, Welles abandoned the editing of Don Quixote and moved back to America in 1970.
Final years (1970–1985)[link]
Welles returned to Hollywood, where he continued to self-finance his own film and television projects. While offers to act, narrate and host continued, Welles also found himself in great demand on television talk shows. He made frequent appearances for Dick Cavett, Johnny Carson, Dean Martin and Merv Griffin.
Welles's primary focus during his final years was The Other Side of the Wind, an unfinished project that was filmed intermittently between 1970 and 1976. Written by Welles, it is the story of an aging film director (John Huston) looking for funds to complete his final film. The cast includes Peter Bogdanovich, Susan Strasberg, Norman Foster, Edmond O'Brien, Cameron Mitchell and Dennis Hopper. Financed by Iranian backers, ownership of the film fell into a legal quagmire after the Shah of Iran was deposed. While there have been several reports of all the legal disputes concerning ownership of the film being settled, enough disputes still exist to prevent its release.
Welles portrayed Louis XVIII of France in the 1970 film Waterloo, and narrated the beginning and ending scenes of the historical comedy Start the Revolution Without Me (1970).
In 1971 Welles directed a short adaptation of Moby-Dick, a one-man performance on a bare stage, reminiscent of his 1955 stage production Moby Dick—Rehearsed. Never completed, it was eventually released by the Filmmuseum München. He also appeared in La Décade prodigieuse, co-starring with Anthony Perkins and directed by Claude Chabrol, based on a detective novel by Ellery Queen. That same year, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences gave him an honorary award "For superlative artistry and versatility in the creation of motion pictures". Welles pretended to be out of town and sent John Huston to claim the award. Huston criticized the Academy for awarding Welles while they refused to give him any work.
In 1972, Welles acted as on-screen narrator for the film documentary version of Alvin Toffler's 1970 book Future Shock. Working again for a British producer, Welles played Long John Silver in director John Hough's Treasure Island (1972), an adaptation of the Robert Louis Stevenson novel, which had been the second story broadcast by The Mercury Theatre on the Air in 1938. Welles also contributed to the script, his writing credit was attributed to the pseudonym 'O. W. Jeeves'. Welles original recorded dialog was re dubbed by Robert Rietty.
File:F-for-Fake.jpg
Orson Welles in F for Fake (1973), a film essay and the last film he completed.
In 1973, Welles completed F for Fake, a personal essay film about art forger Elmyr de Hory and the biographer Clifford Irving. Based on an existing documentary by François Reichenbach, it included new material with Oja Kodar, Joseph Cotten, Paul Stewart and William Alland. An excerpt of Welles's 1930s War of the Worlds broadcast was recreated for this film, however none of the dialogue heard in the film actually matches what was originally broadcast. Welles filmed a five minute trailer, rejected in the US that featured several shots of a topless Kodar.
Welles hosted and narrated a syndicated anthology series, Orson Welles's Great Mysteries, over the 1973–1974 television season. It did not last beyond that season; however, the program could be perceived as a television revival of the Mercury Theatre whose executive producer Welles had been in the 1930s and 1940s. 1974 also saw Welles lending his voice for that year's remake of Agatha Christie's classic thriller Ten Little Indians produced by his former associate, Harry Alan Towers and starring an international cast that included Oliver Reed, Elke Sommer and Herbert Lom.
In 1975, Welles narrated the documentary Bugs Bunny: Superstar, focusing on Warner Bros. cartoons from the 1940s. Also in 1975, the American Film Institute presented Welles with its third Lifetime Achievement Award (the first two going to director John Ford and actor James Cagney). At the ceremony, Welles screened two scenes from the nearly finished The Other Side of the Wind. In 1978 Welles narrated the theatrical release The Late, Great Planet Earth.
In 1976, Paramount Television purchased the rights for the entire set of Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe stories for Orson Welles.[33][34] Welles had once wanted to make a series of Nero Wolfe movies, but Rex Stout – who was leery of Hollywood adaptations during his lifetime after two disappointing 1930s films – turned him down.[35] Paramount planned to begin with an ABC-TV movie and hoped to persuade Welles to continue the role in a mini-series.[36] Frank D. Gilroy was signed to write the television script and direct the TV movie on the assurance that Welles would star, but by April 1977 Welles had bowed out.[37] In 1980 the Associated Press reported "the distinct possibility" that Welles would star in a Nero Wolfe TV series for NBC television.[38] Again, Welles bowed out of the project due to creative differences and William Conrad was cast in the role.[39]
In 1979 Welles completed his documentary Filming Othello, which featured Michael MacLiammoir and Hilton Edwards. Made for West German television, it was also released in theaters. That same year, Welles completed his self-produced pilot for The Orson Welles Show television series, featuring interviews with Burt Reynolds, Jim Henson and Frank Oz and guest-starring The Muppets and Angie Dickinson. Unable to find network interest, the pilot was never broadcast. In 1979 Welles also appeared in the biopic The Secret of Nikola Tesla, and a cameo in The Muppet Movie as Lew Lord.
Beginning in the late 1970s, Welles participated in a series of famous television commercial advertisements. For two years he was on-camera spokesman for the Paul Masson Vineyards,[40] and sales grew by one third during the time Welles intoned what became a popular catchphrase: "We will sell no wine before its time."[41] He was also the voice behind the long-running Carlsberg "Probably the best lager in the world" campaign,[42] promoted Domecq sherry on British television[43] and provided narration on adverts for Findus, though the actual adverts have been overshadowed by a famous blooper reel of voice recordings, known as the Frozen Peas reel.
In 1981, Welles hosted the documentary The Man Who Saw Tomorrow, about Renaissance-era prophet Nostradamus. In 1982 the BBC broadcast The Orson Welles Story in the Arena series. Interviewed by Leslie Megahey, Welles examined his past in great detail, and several people from his professional past were interviewed as well. It was reissued in 1990 as With Orson Welles: Stories of a Life in Film. Welles provided narration for the tracks "Defender" from Manowar's album Fighting the World and "Dark Avenger" on Manowar's 1982 album, Battle Hymns. His name was misspelled on the latter album, as he was credited as "Orson Wells".[44]
During the 1980s, Welles worked on such film projects as The Dreamers, based on two stories by Isak Dinesen and starring Oja Kodar, and The Orson Welles Magic Show, which reused material from his failed TV pilot. Another project he worked on was Filming The Trial, the second in a proposed series of documentaries examining his feature films. While much was shot for these projects, none of them was completed. All of them were eventually released by the Filmmuseum München.
In 1984, Welles narrated the short-lived television series Scene of the Crime. During the early years of Magnum, P.I., Welles was the voice of the unseen character Robin Masters, a famous writer and playboy. Welles's death forced this minor character to largely be written out of the series. In an oblique homage to Welles, the Magnum, P.I. producers ambiguously concluded that story arc by having one character accuse another of having hired an actor to portray Robin Masters.[45] He also, in this penultimate year released a music single, titled "I Know What It Is To Be Young (But You Don't Know What It Is To Be Old)", which he recorded under Italian label Compagnia Generale del Disco. The song was performed with the Nick Perito Orchestra and the Ray Charles Singers and produced by Jerry Abbott who was father to famed Metal Guitarist Dimebag Darrell[1].
The last film roles before Welles's death included voice work in the animated films The Enchanted Journey (1984) and The Transformers: The Movie (1986), in which he played the planet-eating robot Unicron. His last film appearance was in Henry Jaglom's 1987 independent film Someone to Love, released after his death but produced before his voice-over in Transformers: The Movie. His last television appearance was on the television show Moonlighting. He recorded an introduction to an episode entitled "The Dream Sequence Always Rings Twice", which was partially filmed in black and white. The episode aired five days after his death and was dedicated to his memory.
Personal life[link]
Relationships and family[link]
In 1934, Welles eloped with Chicago-born actress and socialite Virginia Nicolson. From around 1937 Welles embarked on a string of extra-marital affairs with various ballerinas he had met on Broadway, and the couple divorced in 1940 after Welles's affair with Vera Zorina was vaguely mentioned in Walter Winchell's column.[citation needed]
File:Orson Welles and Dolores del Río in 1941.jpg
Welles with Dolores del Rio at the premiere of Citizen Kane (1941).
Since 1932, Welles had fallen in love with the older Mexican actress, Dolores del Río. They lived a torrid romance between 1938 and 1942.[46] They acted together in the movie Journey into Fear (1943) but the affair ended soon after filming ended. Rebecca Welles, the daughter of Welles and Hayworth, met Dolores in 1954 and said: "My father considered her the great love of his life...She was a living legend in the history of my family".[47] Welles once remarked that he was incredibly impressed by her lingerie, which had been handmade by nuns in France.
Welles married Rita Hayworth in 1943. The couple became estranged by 1946 – Welles blamed Hayworth for making unfounded accusations of infidelity, and after he was turned out of the marital bed he then actually started to have affairs, which in turn prompted Hayworth to have affairs of her own. They briefly reconciled in 1947 during the making of The Lady from Shanghai, before finally separating. In 1948 Hayworth filed for divorce, her reason to the press being, "I can't take his genius any more."[48] During his last interview and only five hours before his death, Welles answered Merv Griffin's suggestive comment "But one of your wives—oh, I have envied you so many years for Rita Hayworth", by calling her "one of the dearest and sweetest women that ever lived" and saying that he was "lucky enough to have been with her longer than any of the other men in her life."[49]
In 1955 Welles married Italian actress Paola Mori (née Countess Paola di Girifalco), an Italian aristocrat. The couple had a "shotgun wedding" after Welles impregnated Mori (who was then the leading lady in his film Mr. Arkadin), and Mori's Catholic parents feared for their family's reputation if the two did not marry.[50] They were wed in London on May 8, 1955, and their daughter was born in New York on November 13, 1955, six months later.[18]:417, 419 Estranged for decades, the couple never divorced.
Croatian-born actress Oja Kodar became Welles's longtime companion both personally and professionally from 1966 onwards, and they lived together for the last 19 years of his life. They first met in Zagreb in 1962, while Welles was filming The Trial, and embarked on a passionate, short-lived affair which ended when Paola Mori had a cancer scare and Welles returned to his wife. Kodar assumed Welles had left for good, and Welles hired a private detective to track down Kodar, to no avail. Three years passed, and Kodar was by then living in Paris and in a relationship with a struggling young actor. When they saw a press feature that Welles was in Paris, the young actor persuaded a reluctant Kodar to use her influence with Welles to get him a job. When she telephoned him, Welles immediately rushed to her hotel room, broke down the door, and pulled out a small metal box from his jacket. It contained a love letter to her. He had been carrying it every day for the last three years, in case he might meet her again one day.[citation needed]
With the passing years, Welles's domestic arrangements became more complicated. From 1966 he always maintained at least two separate homes, one with Kodar, the other with Mori and their daughter Beatrice, but he was an infrequent visitor to the home with Mori, citing the demands of work. In the 1960s and 1970s he shared houses just outside Paris and Madrid with Kodar. Although British tabloids reported his affair with Kodar as early as 1969 (which was a factor in his moving permanently to the USA in 1970), both Mori and Beatrice remained oblivious as to Kodar's existence until 1984. Welles set up a home with Mori and Beatrice in the United States (first in Sedona, then in Las Vegas), ostensibly because the climate would be good for his asthma. But while they lived in Las Vegas, he spent most of his time in Los Angeles, where he openly shared a house with Kodar. When Mori found out about Kodar in 1984, she threw him out of their Las Vegas house, and she and Beatrice did not see him for the last year of his life, although they still talked regularly on the telephone.[citation needed]
This situation had serious ramifications for the copyright status of his work after his death. Welles left Kodar his Los Angeles home and the rights to his unfinished films, and turned the rest over to Mori. Mori contended that she should have been left everything, and a year after Welles's death, Mori and Kodar finally agreed on the settlement of his will. On the way to their meeting to sign the papers, however, Mori was killed in a car accident in August 1986. Mori's half of the estate was inherited by Beatrice, who refused to come to an arrangement with Kodar, who she blames for undermining her parents' marriage. Legal wranglings between the two have persisted for over 25 years, leading to complex ongoing legal battles over who owns his unfinished films – legal action by Beatrice has at least three times prevented Welles's last film, The Other Side of the Wind, from being completed.[citation needed]
Welles had three daughters from his marriages: Christopher Welles Feder (born March 27, 1938, with Virginia Nicolson); Rebecca Welles Manning (December 17, 1944 – October 14, 2004, with Rita Hayworth); and Beatrice Welles (born November 13, 1955, with Paola Mori). His only known son, British director Michael Lindsay-Hogg (Sir Michael Lindsay-Hogg, 5th baronet, born May 5, 1940), is from Welles's affair with Irish actress Geraldine Fitzgerald, then the wife of Sir Edward Lindsay-Hogg, 4th baronet. Although Hogg knew Welles sporadically and occasionally worked as his assistant, and had long been rumoured to be his son given their strong physical resemblance, he refused to believe such rumours until he eventually took a paternity test in 2010.[51] In her autobiography, In My Father's Shadow, Welles Feder wrote about being a childhood friend and neighbor of Lindsay-Hogg's and always suspecting he might be her half-brother.[52]
After the death of Rebecca Welles Manning in 2004, a man named Marc McKerrow was revealed to be her biological son, and so the direct descendant of Orson Welles and Rita Hayworth. McKerrow's reactions to the revelation and his meeting with Oja Kodar are documented in the 2008 film Prodigal Sons.[citation needed]
Some of Welles's claimed familial ties have not held up under scrutiny. Despite the persistent urban legend, promoted by Welles himself, he was not the great-grandson of Abraham Lincoln's wartime Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles. Perhaps the genesis of the myth dates to a 1970 interview on The Dick Cavett Show during which Welles remarks about his venerable great-grandfather Gideon Welles. Orson Welles's father was Richard Head Welles, son of Richard Jones Welles; Gideon Welles had no son by that name. His sons were Hubert (1833–1862), John Arthur (1845–1883), Thomas G. (1846–1892), and Edgar Thaddeus Welles (1843–1914).[citation needed]
Physical characteristics[link]
Welles achieved a height of six feet at the age of 14.[53] Peter Noble's biography describes him as "a magnificent figure of a man, over six feet tall, handsome, with flashing eyes and a gloriously resonant speaking-voice"[54] According to a 1941 physical exam taken when he was 26, Welles was 6 feet (183 cm) tall and weighed 218 pounds (98.9 kg). His eyes were brown.[55] Other sources cite that he was 6 feet 4 inches (193 cm) tall, but the slates from costume tests made during the 1940s show him as 6 feet 1 inch (185 cm). Welles gained a significant amount of weight in his 40s, eventually rendering him morbidly obese, at one point weighing nearly four hundred pounds (181.4 kg). His obesity was severe to the point that it restricted his ability to travel, aggravated other health conditions, including his asthma, and even required him to go on a diet in order to play the famously portly Sir John Falstaff.[56] Some have attributed his over-eating and drinking to depression over his marginalization by the Hollywood system.[57]
Religious beliefs[link]
In April 1982, Merv Griffin interviewed Welles and asked about his religious beliefs. Welles replied, "I try to be a Christian, I don't pray really, because I don't want to bore God."[58] After the success of his 1941 film Citizen Kane, Welles announced that his next film would be about the life of Jesus, and that he would play the lead role. However, Welles never got around to making the film.[59] He narrated the Christian documentary The Late, Great Planet Earth as well as the 1961 Biblical film about the life of Christ, King of Kings.
Politics[link]
Welles was politically active from the beginning of his career. He remained a man of the left throughout his life, and always defined his political orientation as "progressive". He was a strong supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, and often spoke out on radio in support of progressive politics. He campaigned heavily for Roosevelt in the 1944 election. For several years, he wrote a newspaper column on political issues and considered running for the U.S. Senate in 1946, representing his home state of Wisconsin (a seat that was ultimately won by Joseph McCarthy). In 1970, Welles narrated (but did not write) a satirical political record on the administration of President Richard Nixon entitled The Begatting of the President. He was also an early and outspoken critic of American racism and the practice of segregation.
In the 2006 book, Whatever Happened to Orson Welles?, writer Joseph McBride made several controversial claims about Welles. Though Welles said otherwise during his lifetime, McBride claimed Welles left America in the late 1940s to escape McCarthyism and the Hollywood blacklist.[60] McBride also claimed, in spite of the sexual content of Welles's contemporary work (F for Fake and the unfinished Other Side of the Wind which contained an explicit – for the time – sex scene involving Oja Kodar), that Welles was extremely puritanical about sex based on his comment to Peter Bogdanovich that The Last Picture Show was "a dirty movie".[61]
Welles once told Cahiers du cinéma about sex in film, "In my opinion, there are two things that can absolutely not be carried to the screen: the realistic presentation of the sexual act and praying to God."[62]
Death and funeral[link]
On October 10, 1985, Welles did his final interview on The Merv Griffin Show. He died several hours later of a heart attack at his home in the Hollywood area of Los Angeles, California, and was found slumped over his typewriter, working on a new film script.[63] His death came on the same day as his Battle of Neretva co-star Yul Brynner. He was cremated two days later.
Welles's funeral was the subject of some dissent among his family. It was handled by his estranged widow Paola Mori (she had not seen him since she had thrown him out of their family home a year earlier) and his youngest daughter Beatrice Welles. On the pretext that "daddy left no money for funerals or anything else", Beatrice planned for it to be "a simple affair" which deliberately excluded "Hollywood types". Welles's eldest daughter Chris has written of her horror at arriving in "a slum" district of downtown Los Angeles and finding that the funeral took place in a building that "looked more like a hot sheets motel than a funeral home", and that the funeral was booked in a small, bare, sparsely furnished shabby back room which "had the look of a cheap motel room", and had no music or flowers. No ministers, speakers or ceremony had been organized, and so the mourners simply sat in silence by Welles's cremated remains until Welles's 90-year-old former teacher and mentor Roger Hill gave an impromptu eulogy. Paola Mori had refused to allow most of Welles's friends to attend, limiting the mourners to just nine: herself, Welles's three daughters, Roger Hill, and three of Welles's friends (Gary Graver, Prince Alessandro Tasca di Cuto and Greg Garrison), as well as the doctor who had signed Welles's death certificate. Welles's companion for the last 20 years, Oja Kodar, was not invited, nor were either of his ex-wives. Regarding the proceedings, Hill exclaimed at the funeral itself "This is awful! Awful!" Hill took particular exception to Welles having been cremated to save money, since "Orson never wanted to be cremated. He hated the whole idea of cremation. Thank God he doesn't know what they did to him!"[64]
Welles's ashes were taken to Ronda, Spain, where they were buried in an old well covered by flowers, within the rural property of a long time friend, retired bullfighter Antonio Ordóñez.[65]
Filmography[link]
Main article: Orson Welles filmography
Unfinished projects[link]
Welles's reliance on self-production meant that many of his later projects were filmed piecemeal or were not completed. Welles financed his later projects through his own fundraising activities. He often also took on other work to obtain money to fund his own films.
[edit] Don Quixote
Main article: Don Quixote (unfinished film)
In the mid-1950s, Welles began work on Don Quixote, initially a commission from CBS television. Welles expanded the film to feature length, developing the screenplay to take Quixote and Sancho Panza into the modern age. Filming stopped with the death of Francisco Reiguera, the actor playing Quixote, in 1969. Orson Welles continued editing the film into the early 1970s. At the time of his death, the film remained largely a collection of footage in various states of editing. The project and more importantly Welles's conception of the project changed radically over time. A version of the film was created from available fragments in 1992 and released to a very negative reception.
[edit] The Merchant of Venice
Main article: The Merchant of Venice (unfinished film)
In 1969 Welles was given another TV commission to film a condensed adaptation of The Merchant of Venice.[66] Although Welles had actually completed the film by 1970 the finished negative was later mysteriously stolen from his Rome production office.[67]
[edit] The Other Side of the Wind
Main article: The Other Side of the Wind
In 1970 Welles began shooting The Other Side of the Wind. The film relates the efforts of a film director (played by John Huston) to complete his last Hollywood picture and is largely set at a lavish party. By 1972 the filming was reported by Welles as being "96% complete",[68] though it is likely that Welles had only edited about 40 minutes of the film by 1979.[69] In that year, legal complications over the ownership of the film forced the negative into a Paris vault where it remained until 2004, when Peter Bogdanovich (who also acted in the film) announced his intention to complete the production. As of 2009, legal complications over the Welles estate have kept the film from being finished or released. Some footage is included in the documentaries Working with Orson Welles (1993) and Orson Welles: One Man Band (1995).
Other unfinished projects[link]
- Heart of Darkness: Welles's projected first film in 1940, planned in extreme detail and with some test shots filmed. (The footage is now lost.) It was planned to be entirely shot in long takes from the point of view of the narrator, Marlow, who would be played by Welles, seeing his own reflection in the window as his boat sailed down river. The project was abandoned because it could not be delivered on budget, and Citizen Kane was made instead.[18]:30–33, 355–356
- It's All True: Welles did not originally want to direct this 1942 documentary on South America, but after its abandonment by RKO, he spent much of the 1940s attempting to buy the negative of his material from RKO, so that he could edit and release it in some form. The footage remained unseen in vaults for decades, and was assumed lost. Over 50 years later, some (but not all) of the surviving material saw release in the 1993 documentary It's All True: Based on an Unfinished Film by Orson Welles.
- Monsieur Verdoux: In 1944, Welles wrote the first-draft script of this film, which he also intended to direct. Charlie Chaplin initially agreed to star in it, but later changed his mind, citing never having been directed by someone else in a feature before. Chaplin bought the film rights and made the film himself in 1947, with some changes (Welles said the gallows scenes were written by Chaplin, but that much of the film was unchanged from his own script). The final film credits Chaplin with the script, "based on an idea by Orson Welles".
- Cyrano de Bergerac: Welles spent around nine months c. 1947-8 co-writing the screenplay for this along with Ben Hecht, a project Welles was assigned to direct for Alexander Korda. He began scouting for locations in Europe whilst filming Black Magic, but Korda was short of money, so sold the rights to Columbia pictures, who eventually dismissed Welles from the project, and then sold the rights on to United Artists, who in turn made a film version in 1950, which was not based on Welles's script.[18]:106–108
- Around the World in Eighty Days: After Welles's elaborate musical stageshow of this Jules Verne novel, encompassing 38 different sets, he began shooting some test footage in Morocco for a film version in 1947. The footage was never edited, funding never came through, and Welles abandoned the project. Nine years later, the stage show's producer Mike Todd made his own award-winning film version of the book.[18]:402
- Moby Dick—Rehearsed: a film version of Welles's 1955 London meta-play, starring Gordon Jackson, Christopher Lee, Patrick McGoohan, and with Welles as Ahab. Using bare, minimalist sets, Welles alternated between a cast of nineteenth-century actors rehearsing a production of Moby Dick, with scenes from Moby Dick itself. Kenneth Williams, a cast member who was apprehensive about the entire project, recorded in his autobiography that Welles's dim, atmospheric stage lighting made some of the footage so dark as to be unwatchable. The entire play was filmed, but is now presumed lost. The recording was made during one weekend at the Hackney Empire theatre.[70]
- Histoires extraordinaires: The producers of this 1968 anthology film, based on short stories by Edgar Allan Poe, announced in June 1967 that Welles would direct one segment based on both "Masque of the Red Death" and "The Cask of Amontillado" for the omnibus film. Welles withdrew in September 1967 and was replaced. The script, written in English by Welles and Oja Kodar, is in the Filmmuseum Munchen collection.[71]
- One-Man Band: This Monty Python-esque spoof in which Welles plays all but one of the characters (including two characters in drag), was made around 1968-9. Welles intended this completed sketch to be one of several items in a television special on London. Other items filmed for this special – all included in the "One Man Band" documentary by his partner Oja Kodar – comprised a sketch on Winston Churchill (played in silhouette by Welles), a sketch on peers in a stately home, a feature on London gentlemen's clubs, and a sketch featuring Welles being mocked by his snide Savile Row tailor (played by Charles Gray).[72]
- Treasure Island: Welles wrote two screenplays for this in the 1960s, and was eager to seek financial backing to direct it. Eventually, his own screenplay (under the pseudonym of O.W. Jeeves) was further rewritten, and formed the basis of the 1972 film version directed by John Hough, in which Welles played Long John Silver.
- The Deep: An adaptation of Charles Williams' Dead Calm. The picture was entirely set on two boats and shot mostly in close-ups, and was filmed off the coasts of Yugoslavia and the Bahamas, between 1966 and 1969, with all but one scene completed. Originally planned as commercially viable thriller, to show that Welles could make a popular, successful film. It was put on hold in 1970 when Welles worried that critics would not respond favourably to this film as his theatrical follow-up to the much-lauded Chimes at Midnight, and Welles focused instead on F for Fake. It was abandoned altogether in 1973 due to the death of its star Laurence Harvey. The Munich Film Museum holds a restored copy, with title cards filling out the missing scene.[citation needed]
- Saint Jack. In 1978 Welles was lined up by his long-time protégé Peter Bogdanovich (who was then acting as Welles's de facto agent) to direct this adaptation of the 1973 Paul Theroux novel about an American pimp in Singapore. Hugh Hefner and Bogdnovich's then-partner Cybill Shepherd were both attached to the project as producers, with Hefner providing finance through his Playboy productions. However, both Hefner and Shepherd became convinced that Bogdanovich himself would be a more commercially viable director than Welles, and insisted that Bogdanovich take over. Since Bogdanovich was also in need of work after a series of box office flops, he agreed. When the film was finally made in 1979 by Bogdanovich and Hefner (but without Welles or Shepherd's participation), Welles felt betrayed and according to Bogdanovich the two "drifted apart a bit".[73]
- Filming The Trial: After the success of his 1978 film Filming Othello made for West German television, and mostly consisting of a monologue to the camera, Welles began shooting scenes for this follow-up film, but never completed it.[74] What Welles did film was an 80 minute question-and-answer session in 1981 with film students asking about the film. The footage was kept by Welles's cinematographer Gary Graver, who donated it to the Munich Film Museum, which then pieced it together with Welles's trailer for the film, into an 83 minute film which is occasionally screened at film festivals.
- The Big Brass Ring: A script of this project was eventually adapted and filmed by George Hickenlooper in 1999 as a play-within-a-film, about Orson Welles's production of the play. Welles's complete screenplay was one of his last projects, written in the early 1980s. During the last years of his life, Welles struggled to get financing for the planned film; however, his efforts at casting Jack Nicholson, Robert Redford, Warren Beatty, Clint Eastwood, Burt Reynolds, and Paul Newman as the main character were unsuccessful. All of the actors turned down the role for various reasons.
- Cradle Will Rock: Welles planned on writing and directing a film centered around the 1937 staging of The Cradle Will Rock. Rupert Everett was slated to play the young Welles. However, Welles was unable to acquire funding. Tim Robbins later directed a similar film, but it was not based on Welles' script.
- King Lear: At the time of his death, Welles was in talks with a French production company to direct a film version of the Shakespeare play, in which he would also play the title role.
- An adaptation of Vladimir Nabokov's novel Ada for which Welles flew to Paris to discuss the project personally with the Russian author.
Awards and honors[link]
Further information: List of awards and nominations received by Orson Welles
- The American Film Institute ranked Citizen Kane as the greatest American movie. These other Welles films were nominated for their list: The Magnificent Ambersons (1942, director/producer/screenwriter); The Third Man (1949, actor); Touch of Evil (1958, actor/director/screenwriter); and A Man for All Seasons (1966, actor).
- Citizen Kane was nominated for numerous prizes at the 1941 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor in a Leading Role. The only Oscar won, however, was Best Original Screenplay, which Welles shared with Herman J. Mankiewicz.
- The Magnificent Ambersons was nominated for four 1942 Academy Awards, including Best Picture.
- The Stranger was nominated for the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in 1947.
- Othello won the Palme d'Or at the 1952 Cannes Film Festival.
- In 1968 Welles was nominated for Best Foreign Actor in a Leading Role at the 21st British Academy Film Awards for his performance in Chimes at Midnight.
- Welles was given the first Career Golden Lion award in the Venice Film Festival in 1970.
- In 1970, Welles was given an Academy Honorary Award for "superlative and distinguished service in the making of motion pictures."[75] Welles did not attend the ceremony: "I didn't go because I feel like a damn fool at those things. I feel foolish, really foolish. ... I made piece of film and said that I was in Spain, and thanked them."[76]
- Welles was given the American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award in 1975.
- In 1978, Welles was presented with the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Career Achievement Award.
- In 1979, Welles was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame.
- In Paris on February 23, 1982, President François Mitterrand presented Welles with the Order of Commander of the Légion d'honneur, the highest civilian decoration in France.[77][18]:449
- In 1982, Welles was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture at the Golden Globe Awards for his role in Butterfly, and won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Recording for his role on Donovan's Brain.
- In 1983, Welles was made a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts.[78]
- Welles was awarded a Fellowship of the British Film Institute in 1983.
- In 1984, Welles was given the Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award.
- The 1992 audiobook version of This is Orson Welles by Welles and Peter Bogdanovich was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word or Non-Musical Album.[79][80]
- In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Welles as the 16th Greatest Male Star of All Time.
- When asked to describe Welles's influence, Jean-Luc Godard remarked: "Everyone will always owe him everything." (Ciment, 42)
- A highly divergent genus of Hawaiian spiders "Orsonwelles" is named in his honor (Hormiga et al. 2003)
- He won three Grammy Awards, each win in the category of Best Spoken Word Recording: in 1976, for "Great American Documents" (shared with Helen Hayes, Henry Fonda and James Earl Jones; in 1978, for the original motion picture soundtrack to Citizen Kane; and in 1981, for a recording of Donovan's Brain.
- In 2008 a statue of Welles sculpted by Oja Kodar was erected in the town of Split, Croatia.[81]
Popular culture[link]
- One of the recurring celebrity characters on the influential Canadian sketch comedy TV show Second City Television was John Candy's impersonation of Welles. On SCTV, Candy-as-Welles appeared in an embarrassing array of commercials, talk shows, and other low-budget productions. It's unknown whether or not Welles ever saw Candy's impersonation.
- Author Kim Newman has featured Orson Welles as a character in several stories from his Anno Dracula series.
- Although the character Brain from the animated series Animaniacs and Pinky and the Brain was not initially modeled after Welles, Maurice LaMarche was shown a picture of Brain and tasked with finding a voice for the character. LaMarche immediately thought of Welles[82] and decided to do his Welles impersonation. LaMarche also played Welles in The Critic (where his "later work", ads for such products as 'Mrs. Pell's Fishsticks', is referenced) and in the Futurama episode "Lrrreconcilable Ndndifferences", in which he performs a War of the Worlds-like play.
- In Tim Burton's 1994 film Ed Wood, the character Orson Welles (played by Vincent D'Onofrio and dubbed by Maurice LaMarche) makes a brief "cameo appearance", giving advice to director Edward D. Wood, Jr. who idolises Welles. Inspired, Wood proceeds to finish his film Plan 9 from Outer Space, sometimes called one of the worst films of all time. Though Ed Wood is based on Wood's life, in reality the scene is entirely fictional: Wood never met Orson Welles. D'Onofrio would again portray Welles in the 2005 30-minute film Five Minutes Mr. Welles concerning Welles's role in the film The Third Man.
- In Peter Jackson's 1994 film Heavenly Creatures, the character Pauline Parker (played by Melanie Lynskey) attempts to include a picture of Orson Welles in the pantheon of beauty Juliet Hulme (played by Kate Winslet) has crafted, but is rebuffed.
- The 1996 film The Battle Over Citizen Kane, which chronicles the battle between Welles and Hearst, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
- A 1999 HBO docudrama, RKO 281, tells the story of the making of Citizen Kane, starring Liev Schreiber as Orson Welles.
- Tim Robbins's 1999 film Cradle Will Rock chronicles the process and events surrounding Welles and John Houseman's production of the 1937 musical by Marc Blitzstein. In it, Welles is played by actor Angus MacFadyen.
- Playwright and actor Austin Pendleton wrote the 2000 play Orson's Shadow about Welles and his collaboration with Laurence Olivier. It deals with the time that Welles directed Laurence Olivier in a production of Eugène Ionesco's play Rhinoceros.
- In Michael Chabon's 2000 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay, the three main characters meet Orson Welles and attend the premiere of Citizen Kane, then stay up all night discussing the film's impression upon them afterwards.
- The film Fade to Black (2006) is a fictional thriller based on Welles's 1948 journey to Rome to star in the movie Black Magic.[83]
- The final segment of The Simpsons "Treehouse of Horror XVII" (2006) features a parody of Welles's 1938 War of the Worlds radio broadcast in which, having been fooled once, the people of Springfield refuse to believe that an actual alien invasion is taking place. Welles was again voiced by Maurice LaMarche in the episode.
- Me and Orson Welles (2009), based on Robert Kaplow's novel, stars Zac Efron as a teenager who convinces Welles (Christian McKay) to cast him in Welles's 1937 production of Julius Caesar.
- In March 2012, citizens of Woodstock, Illinois, and Wellesnet, the Orson Welles web resource, began petitioning the United States Postal Service to issue a stamp in 2015 to honor Orson Welles on the 100th anniversary of his birth.[84][85]
References[link]
- ^ a b Little green men, meowing nuns, and head-hunting panics. McFarland. http://books.google.com/books?id=GeWm-zM3NEoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Little%20Green%20Men%2C%20Meowing%20Nuns%20and%20Head-Hunting%20Panics%3A&pg=PA219#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
- ^ Rosenbaum, Jonathan. Discovering Orson Welles. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. 2007. Pp. 6.
- ^ "Sight & Sound |Top Ten Poll 2002 – The Directors' Top Ten Directors". BFI. September 5, 2006. http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
- ^ "Sight & Sound |Top Ten Poll 2002 – The Critics' Top Ten Directors". BFI. September 5, 2006. http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-directors.html. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
- ^ "TSPDT – The 1,000 Greatest Films: The Top 200 Directors". They Shoot Pictures, Don't They? Theyshootpictures.com. January 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
- ^ Christey, Jaime N. "Orson Welles: An Incomplete Education". Senses of Cinema. Sensesofcinema.com. Accessed May 3, 2010.
- ^ "WC.rootsweb.ancestry.com". WC.rootsweb.ancestry.com. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=dowfam3&id=I38120. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
- ^ Welles, Orson, and Peter Bogdanovich; Jonathan Rosenbaum, editor, This is Orson Welles. Da Capo Press 1998 ISBN 0-306-80834-X. The second edition of the 1992 book was published in paperback with a new introduction ("My Orson") by Bogdanovich; Welles's gruff acknowledgment of his "submerged Catholicism" is noted on pp. xxxii–xxxiii.
- ^ "TCM biography". TCM. http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=203979&apid=119503. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
- ^ Heyer, Paul (2005). The medium and the magician: Orson Welles, the radio years, 1934–1952. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 3–5. ISBN 0-7425-3797-8.
- ^ Northwest Herald July 10, 1987
- ^ All For Hecuba, by Micheál Mac Liammóir; London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1946,p.134
- ^ Mosel, "Leading Lady: The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell
- ^ "Macbeth (June 10, 1999). Library of Congress, American Memory. Retrieved August 25, 2009
- ^ Callow, Simon (1995). Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu. Penguin. p. 145. ISBN 0-670-86722-5.
- ^ We Work Again (1937)
- ^ Leaming, Barbara (1985). Orson Welles. New York: Viking Penguin Inc. p. 114. ISBN 0-670-52895-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Welles, Orson, and Peter Bogdanovich, edited by Jonathan Rosenbaum, This is Orson Welles. New York: HarperCollins Publishers 1992 ISBN 0-06-016616-9 hardcover
- ^ Cotten, Joseph, Vanity Will Get You Somewhere. San Francisco: Mercury House, 1987 ISBN 0-916515-17-6 page 34
- ^ "Aaron Copland". Musicacademyonline.com. http://www.musicacademyonline.com/composer/biographies.php?bid=101. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
- ^ Campbell, W. Joseph (2010). Getting It Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26209-6.
- ^ "The spoof in Georgia: Evocative of the ‘War of the Worlds?". wordpress.com. http://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/tag/war-of-the-worlds/. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
- ^ "evidence of the decadence and corrupt condition of democracy"—Hand, Richard J. (2006). Terror on the Air!: Horror Radio in America, 1931–1952. Jefferson, North Carolina: Macfarlane & Company. p. 7. ISBN 0-7864-2367-6.
- ^ "Learn Out Loud". Learn Out Loud. http://www.learnoutloud.com/Catalog/Literature/-/The-Mercury-Theatre-on-the-Air/16905. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "Orson Welles", Authors and Artists for Young Adults 40 (2001)
- ^ Movies.nytimes.com, New York Times, May 2, 1941.
- ^ Barnett, Vincent L. "Cutting Koerners: Floyd Odlum, the Atlas Corporation and the Dismissal of Orson Welles from RKO". Film History: An International Journal, Volume 22, Number 2, 2010, pp.182–198.
- ^ "Orson Welles doth foully slaughter Shakespeare in a dialect version of his "Tragedy of Macbeth" — or so sayeth LIFE magazine". Wellesnet. http://www.wellesnet.com/?p=729. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
- ^ Williams, Tony. "Macbeth". Senses of Cinema. http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2006/cteq/macbeth-2/. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
- ^ King Lear at the Internet Movie Database; DVD Talk review February 9, 2010 (Retrieved December 29, 2011)
- ^ "Welles BBC interview". Wellesnet.com. http://www.wellesnet.com/trial%20bbc%20interview.htm. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
- ^ Interview with Orson Welles, BBC Arena, 1982.
- ^ Pre-production materials for Nero Wolfe (1976) are contained in the Orson Welles – Oja Kodar Papers 1910–1998 (Box 17) at the University of Michigan Special Collections Library.
- ^ Kleiner, Dick, Oakland Tribune, December 30, 1976; Lochte, Dick, "TV finally tunes in Nero Wolfe," Los Angeles Times, January 30, 1977; Smith, Liz, The Baltimore Sun, March 14, 1977
- ^ Lochte, Dick, "TV finally tunes in Nero Wolfe," Los Angeles Times, January 30, 1977; discussed by Lochte, March 8, 2000. Lochte interviewed Rex Stout May 27, 1967; McAleer, John, Rex Stout: A Biography, pp. 479–480
- ^ Kleiner, Dick, Oakland Tribune, December 30, 1976
- ^ Gilroy, Frank D., I Wake Up Screening. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-8093-1856-3 p. 147
- ^ Boyer, Peter J., "NBC Fall Schedule," Associated Press, March 24, 1980
- ^ Beck, Marilyn, Marilyn Beck's Hollywood, Milwaukee Journal (Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate), November 24, 1980. The Nero Wolfe Files (Wildside Press 2005, edited by Marvin Kaye), ISBN 0-8095-4494-6 pp. 87–88. Columnist Marilyn Beck reported that NBC's Nero Wolfe series was planned as a starring vehicle for Welles until he decided that he wanted NBC to change the concept from a one-hour weekly series to a series of 90-minute specials, and that he wanted his scenes filmed at his Los Angeles home. Some 20 years later, the executive producer of the A&E Nero Wolfe series, Michael Jaffe, said Welles had refused to work with Paramount Television producers, who wanted to "make Nero Wolfe more human."
- ^ "People in the News," Associated Press, October 26, 1982. Paul Masson's spokesman since 1979, Welles parted company with Paul Masson in 1981, and in 1982 he was replaced by John Gielgud.
- ^ Bronson, Gail, "In Advertising, Big Names Mean Big Money." U.S. News & World Report, July 4, 1983
- ^ Orson Welles' other works at the Internet Movie Database. The "probably" tag is still in use today.
- ^ Salmans, Sandra, "Many Stars are Playing Pitchmen – With No Regrets." The New York Times, May 3, 1981
- ^ Biography for Orson Welles at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Magnum, P.I., episode "Paper War", 1986
- ^ Ramón, David (1997). Dolores del Río. Clío. pp. 56–61,. ISBN 968-6932-35-6.
- ^ Ramón (1997),vol. 3 p.11
- ^ Hedda Hopper, "Rita Hayworth Again Leaves Orson Welles", Los Angeles Times, March 13, 1947.
- ^ The Merv Griffin Show, October 10, 1985
- ^ Christopher Welles Feder, In My Father's Shadow: A Daughter Remembers Orson Welles (Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, 2009) p.168
- ^ Alex Witchel "Are You My Father, Orson Welles?" New York Times, September 30, 2011
- ^ Vanessa Thorpe "The 'Only Son' of Orson Welles to Take DNA Test", The Observer, January 30, 2010
- ^ Higham, Charles (1985). Orson Welles: The Rise and Fall of an American Genius. Macmillan. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-312-31280-0.
- ^ Noble, Peter (1956). The fabulous Orson Welles. Hutchinson. p. 19.
- ^ Simon Callow, Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu
- ^ Chris Woodford. "Orson Welles and obesity: A rather fat ghandi: Explain that Stuff!". Explain that Stuff!<!. http://www.explainthatstuff.com/obesity.html. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
- ^ "Peter Conrad on Orson Welles | Film |". The Guardian (London: Arts.guardian.co.uk). August 29, 2003. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2003/aug/29/4. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
- ^ Brady, Frank (1989). Citizen Welles: A Biography of Orson Welles. Scribner. p. 576. ISBN 0-684-18982-8.
- ^ The Battle Over Citizen Kane documentary, 1996, written and produced by Thomas Lennon, Richard Ben Cramer and Michael Epstein.
- ^ McBride, Joseph (2006). What Ever Happened to Orson Welles?: A Portrait of an Independent Career. University Press of Kentucky. p. 105. ISBN 0-8131-2410-7.
- ^ McBride, Joseph (2006). What Ever Happened to Orson Welles?: A Portrait of an Independent Career. University Press of Kentucky. p. 145. ISBN 0-8131-2410-7.
- ^ "I try to Be a Christian" Christianity Today. Published 5/19/2009.
- ^ McBride, Joseph (2006). What Ever Happened to Orson Welles?: A Portrait of an Independent Career. University Press of Kentucky. p. 223. ISBN 0-8131-2410-7.
- ^ Chris Welles Feder, In My Father's Shadow: A Daughter Remembers Orson Welles (Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, 2009) pp.1–9 contains a detailed description of the funeral
- ^ Botham, Noel (2006). The Book of Useless Information: An Official Publication of the Useless Information Society. Perigee. p. 25. ISBN 0-399-53269-2.
- ^ Estrin, Mark W. (2002). Orson Welles: interviews. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. XXXIV. ISBN 978-1-57806-209-6.
- ^ McBride, Joseph (2006). What Ever Happened to Orson Welles?: A Portrait of an Independent Career. University Press of Kentucky. p. 234. ISBN 0-8131-2410-7.
- ^ Brady, Frank (1989). Citizen Welles: A Biography of Orson Welles. Scribner. p. 546. ISBN 0-684-18982-8.
- ^ Rosenbaum, Jonathan (2007). Discovering Orson Welles. University of California Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-520-25123-6.
- ^ "See also the relevant entries for 'Moby Dick' in Kenneth Williams' autobiography ''Just Williams''". Str.org.uk. http://www.str.org.uk/events/lectures/archive/lecture0811.shtml. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
- ^ French, Lawrence (August 30, 2009). "''Cinefantastique'' (August 30, 2009)". Cinefantastiqueonline.com. http://cinefantastiqueonline.com/2009/08/30/supernal-dreams-orson-welless-unfilmed-edgar-allan-poe-script-for-spirits-of-the-dead/. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
- ^ "Orson Welles: The One-Man Band". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0117262/. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
- ^ Peter Bogdanovich and Orson Welles, This is Orson Welles (New York, 1992, revised 1997 edition) pp.xxi-xxii
- ^ McBride, Joseph (2006). What Ever Happened to Orson Welles?: A Portrait of an Independent Career. University Press of Kentucky. p. 253. ISBN 0-8131-2410-7.
- ^ Verswijver, Leo (2003). "Movies Were Always Magical": Interviews with 19 Actors, Directors, and Producers from the Hollywood of the 1930s Through the 1950s. McFarland. p. 89. ISBN 0-7864-1129-5.
- ^ Leaming, Barbara (1995). Orson Welles: A Biography. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 511. ISBN 0-87910-199-7.
- ^ McBride, Joseph, Whatever Happened to Orson Welles? The University Press of Kentucky, 2006 ISBN 0-8131-2410-7 page 207
- ^ Leaming, Barbara, Orson Welles: A Biography.New York Viking Press 1985 ISBN 0-670-52895-1 page 508
- ^ "Rock to opera, a full list of nominees"; USA Today, January 8, 1993
- ^ This is Orson Welles, HarperAudio (September 30, 1992) ISBN 1-55994-680-6 (audiocassette)
- ^ Ivo Scepanovic. "Orson Welles becomes "Citizen of Split"". SETimes. http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2008/01/17/feature-03.
- ^ "Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (5th question)". Quickstopentertainment.com. http://www.quickstopentertainment.com/?p=1153&page=2. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
- ^ Ken Russell, Fade to Black gives us Orson Welles as a hungry hustler, Times of London, March 6, 2008.
- ^ "Orson Welles' fans push for commemorative U.S. stamp in time for centennial celebration"; The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts), March 11, 2102
- ^ Kelly, Ray, "A Centenary Birthday Stamp for Orson Welles"; Wellesnet, March 11, 2012
Bibliography[link]
- Anderegg, Michael: Orson Welles, Shakespeare and Popular Culture, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999
- Anile, Alberto: Orson Welles in Italia, Milan: il Castoro, 2006
- Bazin, Andre: Orson Welles, Harper and Row, 1978
- Benamou, Catherine L.: It's All True: Orson Welles's Pan-American Odyssey, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007
- Beja, Morris, ed.: Perspectives on Orson Welles, G. K. Hall, 1995
- Berg, Chuck and Erskine, Tom, ed.: The Encyclopedia of Orson Welles, Checkmark Books, 2003
- Bessy, Maurice: Orson Welles: An investigation into his films and philosophy, Crown, 1971
- Bogdanovich, Peter and Welles, Orson This is Orson Welles, HarperPerennial 1992, ISBN 0-06-092439-X
- Brady, Frank: Citizen Welles, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989
- Callow, Simon: The Road to Xanadu. London: Jonathan Cape, 1995.
- Callow, Simon: Hello Americans. London: Jonathan Cape, 2006.
- Carringer, Robert: The Making of Citizen Kane, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985
- Carringer, Robert: The Magnificent Ambersons: a Reconstruction, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993
- Ciment, Michel: "Les Enfants Terribles" in American Film, December 1984 (French)
- Comito, Terry, ed.: Touch of Evil, Rutgers, 1985
- Conrad, Peter: Orson Welles: The Stories of His Life, London: Faber and Faber, 2003
- Cowie, Peter: The Cinema of Orson Welles, Da Capo Press, 1973.
- D'Angela, Toni (ed.), Nelle terre di Orson Welles, Alessandria: Edizioni Falsopiano 2004.
- Davies, Anthony: Filming Shakespeare's Plays, Cambridge University Press, 1988
- Drazin, Charles: In Search of the Third Man, Limelight, 2000
- Estrin, Mark: Orson Welles Interviews, University Press of Mississippi, 2002
- Feder, Chris Welles: In My Father's Shadow: a Daughter Remembers Orson Welles, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2009
- France, Richard, ed.: Orson Welles on Shakespeare, London: Routledge, 2001
- France, Richard: "The Theatre of Orson Welles", Bucknell University Press, 1977
- Garis, Robert: "The Films of Orson Welles", Cambridge University Press, 2004
- Gosling, John: "Waging the War of the Worlds", McFarland & Company, Inc, 2009
- Gottesman, Ronald, ed.: Focus on Citizen Kane, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1971
- Gottesman, Ronald, ed.: Focus on Orson Welles, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1976
- Greene, Graham: The Third Man, London: Faber and Faber, 1991
- Heyer, Paul: The Medium and the Magician: Orson Welles, the Radio Years, Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005
- Heylin, Clinton. Despite the System: Orson Welles Versus the Hollywood Studios, Chicago Review Press, 2005
- Higham, Charles: The Films of Orson Welles, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970
- Higham, Charles: "Orson Welles: The Rise and Fall of an American Genius", New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985
- Hormiga, G., M.A. Arnedo & R.G. Gillespie, 2003, "Speciation on a Conveyor Belt: Sequential Colonization of the Hawaiian Islands by "Orsonwelles" spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae)., Syst. Biol. 52, 89–109.
- Howard, James: "The Complete Films of Orson Welles", Citadel Press, 1991
- Ishaghpour, Youssef: Orson Welles, cinéaste, une caméra visible, éditions de la différence, 2001 (French)
- Jorgens, Jack J.: Shakespeare on Film, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977
- Leaming, Barbara: Orson Welles, New York: Viking, 1985
- Lyons, Bridget Gellert, ed.: Chimes at Midnight, Rutgers, 1988
- Mac Liammóir, Micháel. Put Money in Thy Purse: The Filming of Orson Welles's Othello, Virgin, 1994
- McBride, Joseph: Orson Welles, Harcourt Brace, 1977
- McBride, Joseph: Orson Welles, Da Capo Press, 1996.
- Mulvey, Laura: Citizen Kane, London: BFI, 1992
- Naremore, James. The Magic World of Orson Welles, Southern Methodist University Press, 1989.
- Naremore, James, ed.: Orson Welles's Citizen Kane: a Casebook, Oxford University Press, 2004
- Noble, Peter: The Fabulous Orson Welles, London: Hutchinson and Co., 1956
- Perkins, V. F.: The Magnificent Ambersons, London: BFI, 1999
- Rosenbaum, Jonathan: "Orson Welles's Essay Films and Documentary Fictions", in Placing Movies, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995
- Rosenbaum, Jonathan: "The Battle Over Orson Welles", in Essential Cinema, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004
- Rosenbaum, Jonathan: "Orson Welles as Ideological Challenge" in Movie Wars, A Capella Books, 2000
- Rosenbaum, Jonathan: Discovering Orson Welles, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007
- Shakespeare Bulletin, Volume 23, Number 1, Spring 2005: Special Welles issue.
- Simon, William G., ed.: "Special Welles issue", in: Persistence of Vision: the Journal of the Film Faculty of the City University of New York; Number 7, 1988
- Simonson, Robert. "Orson's Shadow Talkback Series Continues May 4 with Welles's Daughter." May 3, 2005
- Taylor, John Russell: Orson Welles: a Celebration, Pavilion, 1986
- Taylor, John Russell: Orson Welles, Pavilion, 1998
- Walsh, John Evangelist: Walking Shadows: Orson Welles, William Randolph Hearst and Citizen Kane, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004
- Walters, Ben: Welles, London: Haus Publishing, 2004 ISBN 978-1-904341-80-2
- Welles, Orson: Les Bravades, Workman, 1996
- Welles, Orson and Bogdanovich, Peter: This is Orson Welles, Da Capo Press, 1998.
- Welles, Orson: Mr. Arkadin, London: HarperCollins, 2006
- Welles, Orson: The Big Brass Ring, Black Spring Press, 1991
- Welles, Orson: The Cradle Will Rock, Santa Teresa Press, 1994
- Welles, Orson: "The Other Side of the Wind", in: Cahiers du cinéma/ Festival International du Film de Locarno, 2005
- White, Rob: The Third Man, London: BFI, 2003
- Wood, Bret: Orson Welles: a Bio-Bibliography, Greenwood Blue, 1990
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Orson Welles |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Orson Welles |
- Wellesnet: The Orson Welles Web Resource
- Wellesnet messageboard
- Orson Welles at the Internet Movie Database
- Orson Welles at AllRovi
- Orson Welles at the TCM Movie Database
- Orson Welles at the Internet Broadway Database
- Orson Welles – The One Man Band (1995)
- Senses of Cinema Great Directors Critical Database: Orson Welles
- Orson Welles bibliography
- Mercury Theatre on the Air
- The Unseen Welles
- Guide to the Orson Welles Materials, Lilly Library, Indiana University
- Finding Aid for the Orson Welles – Oja Kodar Papers 1910–1998 (bulk 1965–1985 ), Special Collections Library, University of Michigan
- Finding Aid for the Richard Wilson – Orson Welles Papers 1930–2000 (bulk 1930–1991 ), Special Collections Library, University of Michigan
- Orson Welles: A Man of a Certain Ego by Rodger Jacobs at Pop Matters
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Welles, Orson |
| Alternative names | Welles, George Orson |
| Short description | Broadcaster, director, actor |
| Date of birth | May 6, 1915 |
| Place of birth | Kenosha, Wisconsin, United States |
| Date of death | October 10, 1985 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, United States |
http://wn.com/Orson_Welles
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For his son, see Douglas Fairbanks, Jr..
| Douglas Fairbanks,Sr. | |
|---|---|
 in Private Life of Don Juan (1934) |
|
| Born | Douglas Elton Thomas Ullman (1883-05-23)May 23, 1883 Denver, Colorado |
| Died | December 12, 1939(1939-12-12) (aged 56) Santa Monica, California |
| Occupation | Actor, director, producer, screenwriter |
| Years active | 1915–1934 |
| Spouse | Anna Beth Sully (m.1907-1919; divorced) Mary Pickford (m.1920-1936; divorced) Sylvia Ashley (m.1936-1939; his death) |
| Children | Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. (1909–2000) |
Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. (May 23, 1883 – December 12, 1939) was an American actor, screenwriter, director and producer.[1] He was best known for his swashbuckling roles in silent films such as The Thief of Bagdad, Robin Hood, and The Mark of Zorro.
An astute businessman, Fairbanks was a founding member of United Artists. Fairbanks was also a founding member of The Motion Picture Academy and hosted the first Oscars Ceremony in 1929. With his marriage to Mary Pickford in 1920, the couple became Hollywood royalty and Fairbanks was referred to as "The King of Hollywood",[2] a nickname later passed on to actor Clark Gable. His career rapidly declined with the advent of the "talkies".
Contents |
Early life[link]
Fairbanks was born Douglas Elton Thomas Ullman (spelled "Ulman" by Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. in his memoirs) in Denver, Colorado, the son of H. Charles Ullman (born September 15, 1833) and Ella Adelaide Marsh (born 1847). He had a half-brother, John Fairbanks, Jr. (born 1873), and a full brother, Robert Payne Ullman (March 13, 1882 – February 22, 1948).
Douglas Fairbanks' father, Hezekiah Charles Ullman (1833–1915), was born in Berrysburg, Pennsylvania. but raised in Williamsport. He was the fourth child in a relatively well-to-do Jewish family of six sons and four daughters. Charles' parents, Lazarus Ullman and Lydia Abrahams, had immigrated to the U.S. in 1830 from Baden Germany. When he was 17, Charles started a small publishing business in Philadelphia. Two years later he left for New York to study law. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1856 and began building a substantial practice. At the onset of the Civil War, Charles joined the Union forces. He engaged in several battles, was wounded, and later became a captain of the 5th Pennsylvania Reserves. Charles left the service in 1864 and returned to his law practice. Subsequently he founded the U.S. Law Association, a forerunner of the American Bar Association.
Charles met Ella Adelaide Marsh (1847–1915) after she married his friend and client John Fairbanks, a wealthy New Orleans sugar mill and plantation owner. The Fairbankses had a son, John, and shortly thereafter John Senior died of tuberculosis. Ella, born into a wealthy southern Catholic family, was overprotected and knew little of her husband's business. Consequently, she was swindled out of her fortune by her husband's partners. Even the efforts of Charles Ullman, acting on her behalf, failed to regain any of the family fortune for her. Distraught and lonely, she met and married a courtly Georgian, Edward Wilcox, who turned out to be an alcoholic. After they had a son, Norris, she divorced Wilcox, and Charles acted as her lawyer in the suit. The pretty southern belle soon became romantically involved with Charles and agreed to move to Denver with him to pursue mining investments. They arrived in Denver in 1881 with her son, John. (Norris was left in Georgia with relatives and was never sent for by his mother.) They were married and had a child, Robert, in 1882, and then a second son, Douglas, a year later. Charles purchased several mining interests in the Rocky Mountains and he re-established his law practice. Charles Ullman abandoned the family when Douglas was five years old, however, and he and his older brother Robert were brought up by their mother, who gave them the family name Fairbanks, after her first husband.
Early career[link]
Douglas Fairbanks began acting on the Denver stage at an early age, doing amateur theatre. He was in summer stock at the Elitch Gardens Theatre, becoming a sensation in his teens. He attended Denver East High School, and was once expelled for dressing up the campus statues on St. Patrick's Day. He left during his senior year. He said he attended Colorado School of Mines for a term but no record of attendance has been found. An article on the matter recounts a professor once saying Fairbanks was asked to leave because of a prank not long after he began. It is also claimed he attended Harvard University. Fairbanks moved to New York in the early 1900s to pursue an acting career, joining the acting troupe of British actor Frederick Warde who had discovered Fairbanks performing in Denver. He worked in a hardware store and as a clerk in a Wall Street office before his Broadway debut in 1902.
On July 11, 1907 in Watch Hill, Rhode Island, he married Anna Beth Sully, the daughter of wealthy industrialist, Daniel J. Sully. They had one son, Douglas Elton Fairbanks, who later became known as actor "Douglas Fairbanks Jr.". The family moved to Hollywood, California in 1915.
Hollywood[link]
Fairbanks signed a contract with Triangle Pictures in 1915 and began working under the supervision of D.W. Griffith. His first film was titled The Lamb, and in the film, he debuted his remarkable athletic abilities that would gain wide attention among theatre audiences.[3]
His athleticism was not appreciated by Griffith, however, and he was brought to the attention of Anita Loos and John Emerson, who wrote and directed many of his early romantic comedies. In 1916, Fairbanks established his own company, the Douglas Fairbanks Film Corporation,[4] and would soon get a job at Paramount.[4] By 1918, Fairbanks was Hollywood's most popular actor;[5] within eighteen months of his arrival, Fairbanks' popularity and business acumen raised him up to be the third highest paid.
Fairbanks met actress Mary Pickford at a party in 1916 and they began an affair. In 1917, the couple joined Fairbanks' friend Charlie Chaplin[3] selling war bonds by train across the U.S. Pickford and Chaplin were then the two highest paid film stars in Hollywood. To curtail these stars' astronomical salaries, the large studios attempted to monopolise distributors and exhibitors.
Sully was granted a divorce from Fairbanks in late 1918, the judgement being finalized in early 1919.
To avoid being controlled by the studios and to protect their independence, Fairbanks, Pickford, Chaplin, and D. W. Griffith formed United Artists in 1919, which created their own distributorships and gave them complete artistic control over their films and the profits generated. The company was kept solvent in the years immediately after its formation largely from the success of Fairbanks' films.
Fairbanks was determined to have Pickford become his wife, but she was still married to actor Owen Moore. He finally gave her an ultimatum. She then obtained a fast divorce in the small Nevada town of Minden, Nevada, on March 2, 1920. Fairbanks leased the Beverly Hills mansion Grayhall and was rumoured to have used it during his courtship of Pickford.
The couple married on March 28, 1920. Pickford's divorce from Moore was contested by Nevada legislators, however, and the dispute was not settled until 1922. Even though the lawmakers objected to the marriage, the public went wild over the idea of "Everybody's Hero" marrying "America's Sweetheart". They were greeted by large crowds in London and Paris during their European honeymoon, becoming Hollywood's first celebrity couple.
During the years they were married, Fairbanks and Pickford were regarded as "Hollywood Royalty," famous for entertaining at their Beverly Hills estate, Pickfair.
By 1920, Fairbanks had completed twenty-nine films (twenty-eight features and one two-reel short), which showcased his ebullient screen persona and athletic ability. By 1920, he had the inspiration of staging a new type of adventure-costume picture, a genre that was then out of favor with the public; Fairbanks had previously been a comic in his other films.[2] In The Mark of Zorro, Fairbanks combined his appealing screen persona with the new adventurous, costume element. It was a smash success and parlayed the actor into the rank of superstar. For the remainder of his career in silent films, he continued to produce and star in ever more elaborate, impressive costume films, such as The Three Musketeers (1921), Douglas Fairbanks as Robin Hood (1922), The Thief of Bagdad (1924), The Black Pirate (1926, the first full-length Technicolor film), and The Gaucho (1927). Fairbanks spared no expense and effort in these films, which established the standard for all future swashbuckling films.
In 1921, he, Pickford, Chaplin, and others, helped to organize the Motion Picture Fund to assist those in the industry who could not work, or were unable to meet their bills.
During the first ceremony of its type, he and Pickford placed their hand and foot prints in wet cement at the newly opened Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on April 30, 1927. Fairbanks was elected first President of the Motion Picture Academy of Arts and Sciences that same year, and he presented the first Academy Awards at the Roosevelt Hotel. Fairbanks also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7020 Hollywood Boulevard.
His last silent film was the lavish The Iron Mask (1929), a sequel to 1921's The Three Musketeers which included an introductory prologue spoken by Fairbanks. While Fairbanks had flourished in the silent genre, the restrictions of early sound films dulled his enthusiasm for film-making. Also, his athletic abilities and general health began to decline, in part due to years of heavy chain-smoking. Hollywood panicked by the impending arrival of the talkies. On 29 March, 1929 at the bungalow of Pickford at United Artists brought together Pickford, Fairbanks, Charles Chaplin, Norma Talmadge, Gloria Swanson, John Barrymore, D.W. Griffith and Dolores del Rio to speak on the radio show The Dodge Brothers Hour to prove he could meet the challenge of talking movies. [6]
He and Pickford chose to make their first talkie as a joint venture, playing Petruchio and Kate in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew (1929). This film, and his subsequent sound films, were poorly received by Depression era audiences. The last film he acted in was the British production The Private Life of Don Juan (1934), after which he retired from acting.
Final years[link]
Fairbanks and Pickford separated in 1933, after he began an affair with Sylvia, Lady Ashley. They divorced in 1936, with Pickford keeping the Pickfair estate. Within months Fairbanks and Ashley were married in Paris.
He continued to be marginally involved in the film industry and United Artists, but his later years lacked the intense focus of his film years. His health continued to decline, and in his final years he lived at 705 Ocean Front (now Pacific Coast Highway) in Santa Monica, California, although much of his time was spent traveling abroad with Sylvia.
In December 1939, at 56, Fairbanks had a heart attack in his sleep and died a day later at his home in Santa Monica. By some accounts[citation needed], he had been obsessively working out against medical advice, trying to regain his once-trim waistline. Fairbanks's famous last words were, "I've never felt better."[7] His funeral service was held at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather Church in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery where he was placed in a crypt in the Great Mausoleum. He was deeply mourned and honored by his colleagues and fans for his contributions to the film industry and Hollywood.
Two years following his death, he was removed from Forest Lawn by his widow, who commissioned an elaborate marble monument for him featuring a long rectangular reflecting pool, raised tomb, and classic Greek architecture in Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles. The monument was dedicated in a ceremony held in October 1941, with Fairbanks' close friend Charles Chaplin reading a remembrance. The remains of his son, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., were also interred here upon his death in 2000.
Legacy[link]
In 1998, a group of Fairbanks fans started the Douglas Fairbanks Museum in Austin, Texas. The museum building was temporarily closed for mold remediation and repairs in February 2010.[8] Plans and fundraising efforts are underway to re-open the museum to the public. In the meantime an online virtual museum project makes parts of the collections and past exhibits available for viewing on the museum's website.[9]
In 2002, AMPAS opened the "Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study" located at 333 S. La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. The building houses the Margaret Herrick Library.[10]
On January 24, 2009, AMPAS opened an exhibition at their Fourth Floor Gallery dedicated to Fairbanks titled, "Douglas Fairbanks: The First King of Hollywood". The exhibit featured costumes, props, pictures, and documents from his career and personal life. The exhibit ran until April 2009.[11] In addition to the exhibit, AMPAS screened Thief of Bagdad and The Iron Mask in March 2009. Recently, due to his involvement with the USC Fencing Club, a bronze statue of Fairbanks was erected in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences Courtyard of the new School of Cinematic Arts building on the University of Southern California campus. Fairbanks was a key figure in the film school's founding in 1929, and in its curriculum development.
The 2011 film The Artist was loosely based on Fairbanks, with the film's lead portraying Zorro in a silent movie featuring a scene from the Fairbanks version. While thanking the audience in 2012 for a Golden Globe award as Best Actor for his performance in the film, actor Jean Dujardin added, "As Douglas Fairbanks would say," then moved his lips silently as a comedic homage. When Dujardin accepted the 2012 Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Fairbanks was cited at length as the main inspiration for Dujardin's performance in The Artist.
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Credited as | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Role | Producer | Writer | Director | ||
| 1915 | The Lamb | Gerald | |||
| Martyrs of the Alamo | Bit part | ||||
| Double Trouble | Florian Amidon / Eugene Brassfield | ||||
| 1916 | His Picture in the Papers | Pete Prindle | |||
| The Habit of Happiness | Sunny Wiggins | ||||
| The Good Bad Man | Passin' Through | Yes | |||
| Reggie Mixes In | Reggie Van Deuzen | ||||
| The Mystery of the Leaping Fish | Coke Ennyday | ||||
| Flirting with Fate | Augy Holliday | ||||
| The Half-Breed | Lo Dorman | ||||
| Intolerance | Man on White Horse (French Story) | ||||
| Manhattan Madness | Steve O'Dare | ||||
| American Aristocracy | Cassius Lee | ||||
| The Matrimaniac | Jimmie Conroy | ||||
| The Americano | Blaze Derringer | ||||
| 1917 | All-Star Production of Patriotic Episodes for the Second Liberty Loan |
Himself | |||
| In Again, Out Again | Teddy Rutherford | Yes | |||
| Wild and Woolly | Jeff Hillington | ||||
| Down to Earth | Billy Gaynor | Yes | Yes | ||
| The Man from Painted Post | "Fancy Jim" Sherwood | Yes | |||
| Reaching for the Moon | Alexis Caesar Napoleon Brown | Yes | |||
| A Modern Musketeer | Ned Thacker | Yes | |||
| 1918 | Headin' South | Headin' South | Yes | ||
| Mr. Fix-It | Dick Remington | Yes | |||
| Say! Young Fellow | The Young Fellow | Yes | |||
| Bound in Morocco | George Travelwell | Yes | Yes | ||
| He Comes Up Smiling | Jerry Martin | Yes | |||
| Sic 'Em, Sam | Democracy | ||||
| Arizona | Lt. Denton | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 1919 | The Knickerbocker Buckaroo | Teddy Drake | Yes | Yes | |
| His Majesty, the American | William Brooks | Yes | Yes | ||
| When the Clouds Roll by | Daniel Boone Brown | Yes | Yes | ||
| 1920 | The Mollycoddle | Richard Marshall III, IV and V | Yes | ||
| The Mark of Zorro | Don Diego Vega / Señor Zorro | Yes | Yes | ||
| 1921 | The Nut | Charlie Jackson | Yes | Yes | |
| The Three Musketeers | d'Artagnan | Yes | Yes | ||
| 1922 | Robin Hood | Robin Hood | Yes | Yes | |
| 1923 | Hollywood | Himself | |||
| 1924 | The Thief of Bagdad | The Thief of Bagdad | Yes | Yes | |
| 1925 | Don Q, Son of Zorro | Don Cesar Vega / Zorro | Yes | ||
| Ben-Hur | Crowd extra in chariot race | ||||
| 1926 | The Black Pirate | The Black Pirate | Yes | Yes | |
| 1927 | A Kiss From Mary Pickford | Himself | |||
| The Gaucho | The Gaucho | Yes | Yes | ||
| 1928 | Show People | Himself | |||
| 1929 | The Iron Mask | d'Artagnan | Yes | Yes | |
| The Taming of the Shrew | Petruchio | ||||
| 1930 | Reaching for the Moon (film) | Larry Day | Yes | ||
| 1931 | Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks | Himself | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 1932 | Mr. Robinson Crusoe | Steve Drexel | Yes | Yes | |
| 1934 | The Private Life of Don Juan | Don Juan | |||
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Obituary Variety, December 13, 1939, page 54.
- ^ a b The Douglas Fairbanks Museum – Douglas Fairbanks Sr. Biography[dead link]
- ^ a b "American Experience | Mary Pickford | People & Events". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pickford/peopleevents/p_fairbanks.html. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ a b "Douglas Fairbanks". Flicker Alley. http://www.flickeralley.com/fat_fairbanks_01.html. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ Richard corliss (June 17, 1996). "The King of Hollywood". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984717,00.html. Retrieved August 10, 2008.
- ^ Ramon, David (1997). Dolores del Río. Clío. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/ef>968-6932-35-6.|ef>968-6932-35-6.]].
- ^ Robinson, R. (2003). Famous Last Words. New York: Workman Publishing, pg. 1.
- ^ "Drymeout.com blog". Blog.drymeout.com. April 29, 2010. http://blog.drymeout.com/tag/douglas-fairbanks-museum/. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ "Douglasfairbanks.org". Douglasfairbanks.org. http://DouglasFairbanks.org. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ "Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study | Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences". Oscars.org. http://www.oscars.org/academy/buildings/fairbanks.html. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
- ^ "Douglas Fairbanks: The First King of Hollywood | Exhibitions Presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences". Oscars.org. April 19, 2009. http://www.oscars.org/events-exhibitions/exhibitions/2009/kingofhollywood.html. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Douglas Fairbanks |
- Douglas Fairbanks at the Internet Movie Database
- Douglas Fairbanks at the Internet Broadway Database
- The Douglas Fairbanks Museum
- AFI Catalog Silent Films entry for Douglas Fairbanks
- Works by Douglas Fairbanks at Project Gutenberg
- Douglas Fairbanks(exclusively a stage star in 1910); PeriodPaper.com
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||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Fairbanks, Douglas |
| Alternative names | Ullman, Douglas Elton Thomas |
| Short description | Actor, producer, screenwriter, director |
| Date of birth | May 23, 1883 |
| Place of birth | Denver, Colorado, US |
| Date of death | December 12, 1939 |
| Place of death | Santa Monica, California, US |
http://wn.com/Douglas_Fairbanks
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
