The permanent of a square matrix in linear algebra is a function of the matrix similar to the determinant. The permanent, as well as the determinant, is a polynomial in the entries of the matrix. Both permanent and determinant are special cases of a more general function of a matrix called the immanant.

Definition[link]

The permanent of an n-by-n matrix A = (a_i,j) is defined as

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \operatorname{perm}(A)=\sum_{\sigma\in S_n}\prod_{i=1}^n a_{i,\sigma(i)}.

The sum here extends over all elements σ of the symmetric group S_n, i.e. over all permutations of the numbers 1, 2, ..., n.

For example (2×2 matrix),

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \operatorname{perm}\begin{pmatrix}a&b \\ c&d\end{pmatrix}=ad+bc.

The definition of the permanent of A differs from that of the determinant of A in that the signatures of the permutations are not taken into account. If one views the permanent as a map that takes n vectors as arguments, then it is a multilinear map and it is symmetric (meaning that any order of the vectors results in the same permanent). A formula similar to Laplace's for the development of a determinant along a row or column is also valid for the permanent; all signs have to be ignored for the permanent.

The permanent of a matrix A is denoted per A, perm A, or Per A, sometimes with parentheses around the argument. In his monograph, Minc (1984) uses Per(A) for the permanent of rectangular matrices, and uses per(A) when A is a square matrix. Muir (1882) uses the notation Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \overset{+}{|}\quad \overset{+}{|} .

The word, permanent originated with Cauchy (1812) as “fonctions symétriques permanentes” for a related type of functions, and was used by Muir (1882) in the modern, more specific, sense.

Properties and applications[link]

Unlike the determinant, the permanent has no easy geometrical interpretation; it is mainly used in combinatorics and in treating boson Green's functions in quantum field theory. However, it has two graph-theoretic interpretations: as the sum of weights of cycle covers of a directed graph, and as the sum of weights of perfect matchings in a bipartite graph.

Cycle covers[link]

Any square matrix Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): A = (a_{ij})

can be viewed as the adjacency matrix of a weighted directed graph, with Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): a_{ij}
representing the weight of the arc from vertex i to vertex j. 

A cycle cover of a weighted directed graph is a collection of vertex-disjoint directed cycles in the digraph that covers all vertices in the graph. Thus, each vertex i in the digraph has a unique "successor" Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \sigma(i)

in the cycle cover, and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \sigma
is a permutation on Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \{1,2,\dots,n\}
where n is the number of vertices in the digraph. Conversely, any permutation Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \sigma
on Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \{1,2,\dots,n\}
corresponds to a cycle cover in which there is an arc from vertex i to vertex Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \sigma(i)
for each i.

If the weight of a cycle-cover is defined to be the product of the weights of the arcs in each cycle, then

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \operatorname{Weight}(\sigma) = \prod_{i=1}^n a_{i,\sigma(i)}.

The permanent of an Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): n \times n

matrix A is defined as

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \operatorname{perm}(A)=\sum_\sigma \prod_{i=1}^{n} a_{i,\sigma(i)}

where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \sigma

is a permutation over Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \{1,2,\dots,n\}

. Thus the permanent of A is equal to the sum of the weights of all cycle-covers of the digraph.

Perfect matchings[link]

A square matrix Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): A = (a_{ij})

can also be viewed as the biadjacency matrix of a bipartite graph which has vertices Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n
on one side and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): y_1, y_2, \dots, y_n
on the other side, with Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): a_{ij}
representing the weight of the edge from vertex Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): x_i
to vertex Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): y_j

. If the weight of a perfect matching Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \sigma

that matches Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): x_i
to Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): y_{\sigma(i)}
is defined to be the product of the weights of the edges in the matching, then

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \operatorname{Weight}(\sigma) = \prod_{i=1}^n a_{i,\sigma(i)}.

Thus the permanent of A is equal to the sum of the weights of all perfect matchings of the graph.

0-1 permanents: counting in unweighted graphs[link]

In an unweighted, directed, simple graph, if we set each Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): a_{ij}

to be 1 if there is an edge from vertex i to vertex j, then each nonzero cycle cover has weight 1, and the adjacency matrix has 0-1 entries. Thus the permanent of a 01-matrix is equal to the number of cycle-covers of an unweighted directed graph.

For an unweighted bipartite graph, if we set a_i,j = 1 if there is an edge between the vertices Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): x_i

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): y_j
and ai,j = 0 otherwise, then each perfect matching has weight 1. Thus the number of perfect matchings in G is equal to the permanent of matrix A.[1]

Minimal permanent[link]

Of all the doubly stochastic matrices, the matrix a_ij = 1/n (that is, the uniform matrix) has strictly the smallest permanent. This was conjectured by van der Waerden, and proved in the late 1970s independently by Falikman and Egorychev.^[2] The proof of Egorychev is an application of the Alexandrov–Fenchel inequality.

Computation[link]

The permanent is believed to be more difficult to compute than the determinant. While the determinant can be computed in polynomial time by Gaussian elimination, Gaussian elimination cannot be used to compute the permanent. Moreover, computing the permanent of a 0-1 matrix (matrix whose entries are 0 or 1) is #P-complete. Thus, if the permanent can be computed in polynomial time by any method, then FP = #P, which is an even stronger statement than P = NP. When the entries of A are nonnegative, however, the permanent can be computed approximately in probabilistic polynomial time, up to an error of εM, where M is the value of the permanent and ε > 0 is arbitrary.^[3]

See also[link]

• Determinant
• Bapat–Beg theorem, an application of permanent in order statistics

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Cauchy, A. L. (1815), "Mémoire sur les fonctions qui ne peuvent obtenir que deux valeurs égales et de signes contraires par suite des transpositions opérées entre les variables qu’elles renferment.", Journal de l'École Polytechnique 10: 91–169, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k90193x/f97 
• Minc, H. (1978). "Permanents". Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications (Addison–Wesley) 6. ISSN 0953-4806. OCLC 3980645. 
• Muir, Thomas; William H. Metzler. (1960) [1882]. A Treatise on the Theory of Determinants. New York: Dover. OCLC 535903. 

External links[link]

• Permanent at PlanetMath

Ivy Queen
Background information
Birth name	Martha Ivelisse Pesante
Also known as	The Queen of Reggaeton
Born	(1972-03-04) March 4, 1972 (age 40) Añasco, Puerto Rico
Origin	New York, New York
Genres	Reggaetón Hip Hop Rap Bachata
Occupations	composer, singer
Years active	1994–present
Labels	Univision Music Group, Abby Records Machete Music, Drama Records (present)

Martha Ivelisse Pesante (born March 4, 1972) is a Puerto Rican Latin Grammy nominated reggaetón composer and singer. She is most commonly known as Ivy Queen "La Reina Del Reggaeton" (The Queen of Reggaeton). She is also referred to as "The Queen of Bachata" and La Mama De Los Pollitos (The Mother of the Baby Chicks). She has many nicknames including: La Reina (The Queen), La Diva (The Diva), La Perra (The Bitch), La Caballota, La Cocorota, La Bandolera and La Potra.

Early years[link]

Martha Ivelisse Pesante, also known as Ivy Queen was born in Añasco, Puerto Rico.^[1] When she was young, Ivy Queen's parents moved to New York City where she was raised. Her parents returned to their hometown of Añasco when Ivy was in her teens.^[1] There she spent her time perfecting her craft while hanging out with barber/rapper chu chu tren. When she was 18, Ivy Queen moved to San Juan where she met rapper and producer, DJ Negro, who introduced her to a group called "The Noise," with whom she wrote and performed her first song "Somos Raperos Pero No Delincuentes" (We're Rappers, But Not Delinquents). She became tired with the violent and sexual themes often used in reggaeton, and wished to write about a variety of subjects.^[1]

Singing career[link]

Soon, DJ Negro convinced Ivy Queen to go solo and in 1997, she made her solo debut with the recording of the album En Mi Imperio (In My Empire) for the Sony International Records '97" award, naming her "The Peoples Favorite Rap Singer", by Artista magazine. In 1999, Ivy Queen released her second album, for the Sony Label, titled The Original Rude Girl which carried the following hit songs "In the Zone", "Que Sabes Tu" ("What Do You Know?") and "The King and the Queen". It sold more than her first album and was highly acclaimed. Then after five years without releasing an album, Ivy's third album Diva, was released in 2003. The songs were originally written by her and performed with the participation of various artists. It featured the hit songs "Quiero Bailar" and "Papi Te Quiero". After the United States RIAA certified that Diva had sold more than 100,000 copies and went Platinum,Diva (Platinum Edition) was released in 2004. The update to the CD added several remixes of her most popular songs from the Diva album. Ivy Queen's fourth album Real followed quickly and was also released in 2004. It featured the hit song "Dile". The album had guest artists such as Hector "El Father", Mikey Perfecto, Fat Joe, and La India. Ivy then released an LP entitled Real Streets on March 29, 2005.^[2] Ivy's first compilation album The Best of Ivy Queen was released the same year and was a compilation of her best work, which added 4 previously unreleased songs. On October 29, 2005 she released her fifth studio album titled Flashback. It contained the new singles "Cuentale" and "Libertad" along with the older hit "Quiero Bailar". The following year Ivy Queen, along with Gran Omar presented the reggaeton compilation album Cosa Nostra: Hip Hop. In April 2007, Ivy Queen released her sixth studio album entitled Sentimiento. The album debuted at No. 4 on the Latin charts, making it her highest debut ever on the charts. The lead single of the album "Que Lloren" became a Top 10 hit on the Latin Songs chart. The second single off the album "En Que Fallamos" peaked at No. 44 only to stay on the charts for two weeks.^[3] Then after going Platinum, on November 20, 2007, Sentimiento: Platinum Edition was released. After almost a year, in 2008, she released the single Dime, and she would focus on her seventh studio album. Ivy Queen then released her seventh studio album, Drama Queen on July 13, 2010. It stayed on the charts for 5 weeks, peaking at No. 3 making it her highest album peak ever. A deluxe edition of Drama Queen was then released in late 2010, in a CD/DVD combo. Since then, Ivy Queen has been working on her eighth studio album Musa, which is set to be released by at least June 2012.

Rivalries[link]

Calle 13[link]

After the 2008 Latin Grammys, where Calle 13 had won some awards for his use of Reggaeton in his music, Ivy Queen complained about them winning the awards and thought they should have went to "real" reggaeton artists. "She’s been a hypocrite with me. She’ll say hi and then she says these negative things later on. And I’m left saying, "My God, I can’t believe it." - Residente from Calle 13. Calle 13 then released a diss track "to all the crybabies of the Reggaeton genre" titled Q'Lloren. Which responded to Ivy Queen's single Que Lloren. In the song Q'Lloren he says Hey Ivy, I’m going to bring you a razor so you can cut your veins. She responded by releasing a song of her own title Tiraera A Calle 13. She would then go on to say "He doesn’t realize the grave mistake he is making. My 15 year career isn’t going to be tainted by someone that is always on a mushroom trip. I am not a hypocrite. I met him Residente and told him what I felt, and later I called him and told him: "I don’t know you, you don’t know me. I think it’s disrespectful that you are an alternative music artist and you get up to collect the reggaeton awards using our beat."

Temperamento and La Nina[link]

Reggaeton artist Termperamento and La Nina (LA-NEE-NA) released a song entitled "Tiraera Pa' Ivy Queen". The flow resembled that of Ivy Queen's hit single from 2003, "Quiero Bailar" and switched lyrics of the song from "Yo Quiero Bailar, to, Yo Quiero Matar" (English: I want to dance to I want to kill you) and Eso no quiero decir, que pa la cama voy with Eso no quiero decir que no te mato hoy (English: That doesn't mean, I'm going to your bed with that doesn't mean that I won't kill you today.) In the song they talk about her hair, face, nails, ears, breasts, and various other things. Ivy Queen would then responded with "No Hacen Na" (English: They Don't Do Anything).

Personal life[link]

Ivy Queen was previously married to fellow reggaeton artist Gran Omar and divorced in 2005. In 2008, she resumed her studies, intending to conclude her high school education. She stated that the reason behind this decision was to "deliver a message to young people".^[4]

Discography[link]

Studio albums

• 1997: En Mi Imperio
• 1998: The Original Rude Girl
• 2003: Diva
• 2004: Real
• 2005: Flashback
• 2007: Sentimiento
• 2010: Drama Queen
• 2012: Musa

Live albums

• 2008: Ivy Queen 2008 World Tour LIVE!

Collaborations/Compilations

• Boricuas NY (2001)
• DJ Nelson The Flow (2001)
• The Magestic (2002)
• Kilate (2002)
• The Flow: Sweet Dreams (2005)
• The Best of Ivy Queen (2005)
• Mas Flow 2 (2005)
• Millennium (2007)
• DJ Blazita Reggaeton Queen - Vol. 1 (2009)
• Golpe De Estado (2010)

Singles

2001[link]

• In The Zone (with Wyclef Jean)

2003[link]

• Papi Te Quiero
• Quiero Bailar
• Quiero Saber (featuring Gran Omar)
• Tuya Soy
• Guillaera (featuring Gran Omar)

2004[link]

• Dile

2005[link]

• Cuentalé
• Libertad
• Te He Querido, Te He Llorado

2007[link]

• Que Lloren
• En Que Fallamos

2008[link]

• Dime

2010[link]

• La Vida Es Así
• Amor Puro

2012[link]

• Peligro De Extincíon

Collaborations/Compilations

2001[link]

• Boricuas NY
• DJ Nelson The Flow

2002[link]

• The Magestic
• Kilates

2005[link]

• The Flow: Sweet Dreams
• The Best of Ivy Queen
• Mas Flow 2

2006[link]

• Reggaeton Hits
• The Kings of the Beats 2
• Mas Flow: Los Benjamins

2007[link]

• Millennium

2009[link]

• DJ Blazita Reggaeton Queen - Vol. 1

2010[link]

• Golpe De Estado
• Bachata Romantica #1

Features

1997[link]

• Novatos with Camaleón
• Que Locura with Gran Omar
• Representan with Gran Omar

1998[link]

• In The Zone with Wyclef Jean
• La Realidad with Alex D' Castro
• The King and Queen with Don Chezina
• Ritmo Latino with Víctor Vargas and WepaMan
• Jerigonza with Dayanara Torres

2001[link]

• Boricua's State of Mind with MC Ceja, Gran Omar, and Bimbo

2003[link]

• Guillaera with Gran Omar
• Quiero Saber with Gran Omar
• Money Making with Japanese and Gran Omar
• Bounce with Bimbo
• Dile Que Ya with K-7

2004[link]

• Mantando with Gran Omar
• Quitate Two with Fat Joe
• Intro - Los 12 Discipulos with Eddie Dee, Daddy Yankee, Tego Calderon, Vico C, Zion & Lennox, Nicky Jam, Voltio, Johnny Prez, Wiso G, and Gallego
• Rociarlos with Hector El Father and Gran Omar
• Entiende with DJ Blass
• Baila Así with Gran Omar
• Vas A Morir with Getto & Gastam
• Tocame with La India

2005[link]

• Dat Sexy Body with Sasha
• Ladies Night with Nina Sky

2006[link]

• Noche De Entierro (Nuestro Amor) - Remix with Daddy Yankee, Wisin & Yandel, Arcangel, and De La Ghetto
• Lo Nuestro Se Fue with Alex Rivera, Daddy Yankee, and Wisin
• Tu Tienes A Otra with N.O.R.E and Big Mato

2007[link]

• Que Lloren - Remix with Arcangel, Naldo & Tito El Bambino
• Se Desvive Por Ella - Remix with Jadiel y La Secta
• En Que Fallamos - Remix with Ken-Y
• Robarte Un Beso with Don Omar
• Amandote Asi with Mikey Perfecto
• Pobre Corazon with Divino
• Dale Azota with Tony Touch

2008[link]

• Lerere with Beatriz Luengo
• Te Regalo Amores - Remix with R.K.M & Ken-Y
• Mala with Yolandita Monge
• Dime - Remix with Jadiel
• Culo with PitBull

2009[link]

• Perfecto with Yaviah y Wisin & Yandel
• Warriors with Cosculluela & O'Neil
• Sangre with Mexicano 777
• Kimbara with DLG
• Permanent with Cosculluela, Franco "El Gorila", Chyno Nyno & Ñengo Flow
• Como Te Ha Ido with Naldo
• Bilingual with Remy Ma

2010[link]

• Acercate with Wisin & Yandel
• La Velita with Arcangel, Zion & Jadiel
• Se Va Conmigo with Carlos Arroyo
• Cosas De La Vida with Frank Reyes
• Jungle with Franco El Gorila
• Millon En Mi Maleta with Japanese
• De La Calle with De La Ghetto
• Intro with Gallego Mc Ceja, Guetto, Gastam & Consuela
• Echale with Vico C
• Quiere Pa' Que Te Quieran - Remix with Dyland & Lenny
• Amor a Primera Vista with Jadiel

2011[link]

• Dime - Remix with MC Ceja
• Dandole - Remix with Gocho and Jowell
• La Playa - Remix with Kafu Banton

Awards & Nominations[link]

Premios Juventud 2006[link]

• Diva Award/WINNER - Special Award for Meteoric Career

Furia Musical Awards 2006[link]

• Best Reggaeton Singer Of The Year/WINNER

Latin Grammy Awards 2007[link]

• Urban Album Of The Year

Premio Lo Nuestro 2008[link]

• Urban Album Of The Year/WINNER

Billboard Latin Music Awards 2009[link]

• Hot Latin Song Of The Year, Female/WINER
• Tropical Airplay Song Of The Year, Female/WINNER
• Latin Rhythm Airplay Of The Year

Billboard Latin Music Awards 2011[link]

• Hot Latin Song Of The Year, Female
• Top Latin Album Of The Year, Female

Latin Grammy Awards 2011[link]

• Urban Album Of The Year

See also[link]

	Puerto Rico portal
	Latin American music portal
	Biography portal

• List of famous Puerto Ricans

References[link]

External links[link]

• Ivy Queen "La Diva" Official Website

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2010)

Juan Enríquez was the founding director of the Life Sciences Project at Harvard Business School and a fellow at Harvard's Center for International Affairs. His work has been published in Harvard Business Review, Foreign Policy, Science, and The New York Times. He is the author of As the Future Catches You and The Untied States of America. He works in business, science, and domestic/international politics.

Juan Enríquez is recognized as one of the world's leading authorities on the economic and political impacts of life sciences. He is currently Chairman and CEO of Biotechonomy LLC, a life sciences research and investment firm.^[1]

He has published several key articles including, "Transforming Life, Transforming Business: the Life Science Revolution", co-authored with Ray Goldberg, which received a McKinsey Prize in 2000 (2nd place). He co-authored the first map of global nucleotide data flow as well as HBS working papers on "Life Sciences in Arabic Speaking Countries", "Global Life Science Data Flows and the IT industry", "SARS, Smallpox, and Business Unusual", and "Technology, Gene Research and National Competitiveness." Harvard Business School Interactive picked Juan as one of the best teachers at HBS and showcased his work in its first set of faculty products.

The Harvard Business Review showcased his ideas as one of the breakthrough concepts in its first HBR List. Fortune profiled him as "Mr. Gene". The Van Heyst Group asked him to co-organize the life sciences summit commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of DNA. The summit, "The Future of Life", was sponsored by Time. Seed picked his ideas as one of fifty that "shaped our identity, our culture, and the world as we know it".

Mr. Enríquez serves on a variety of boards including Cabot Corporation, The Harvard Medical School Genetics Advisory Council, The Chairman's International Council of the Americas Society, the Visiting Committee of Harvard's David Rockefeller Center, Tufts University's EPIIC, Harvard Business School's PAPSAC, and the J. Craig Venter Institute.

Juan was also part of a world discovery voyage led by J. Craig Venter, who sequenced the human genome. The multi-stage sailing voyage sampled microbial genomes throughout the world's oceans. This expedition involved a number of institutions and top scholars including The Institute for Genomic Research, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, The Explorers Club, and Prof. E. O. Wilson. It led to the discovery of an unprecedented number of new species.

He previously served as CEO of Mexico City's Urban Development Corporation, Coordinator General of Economic Policy and Chief of Staff for Mexico's Secretary of State, and as a member of the Peace Commission that negotiated the cease-fire in Chiapas' Zapatista rebellion.

He earned a B.A. and an MBA from Harvard, with honors.

References[link]

External links[link]

• www.biotechonomy.com
• Pop!Tech 2008 Talk: Dialogue on the Global Economic Crisis
• TED Talks: Juan Enríquez on genomics and our future at TED in 2003
• TED Talks: Juan Enríquez wants to grow energy at TED in 2007
• TED Talks: Juan Enríquez shares mindboggling new science at TED in 2009
• Juan Enríquez: As The Future Catches You at the University of Carolina

Colbie Caillat
Colbie Caillat performing in 2009
Background information
Birth name	Colbie Marie Caillat
Born	(1985-05-28) May 28, 1985 (age 27) Newbury Park, California, United States
Origin	Malibu, California, United States
Genres	Pop, folk pop, pop rock, blue-eyed soul
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, guitarist, pianist
Instruments	Vocal, acoustic guitar, ukulele, piano
Years active	2007–present
Labels	Universal Republic Records
Website	www.colbiecaillat.com

Colbie Marie Caillat (ⁱ/ˈkoʊlbi kəˈleɪ/; born May 28, 1985) is an American pop singer-songwriter and acoustic guitarist from Malibu, California. She debuted in 2007 with Coco, which included hit singles "Bubbly" and "Realize". In 2008, she recorded a duet with Jason Mraz, "Lucky", which won a Grammy. Caillat released her second album, Breakthrough, in August 2009. Breakthrough was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2010 Grammy Awards. She was also part of the group that won Album of the Year at the 2010 Grammys for her background vocals and writing on Taylor Swift's Fearless album. She has sold over six million albums worldwide and sold over 10 million singles. In 2009, Billboard magazine's 94th-best-selling music artist of the 2000–2009 decade.^[1]

Life and career[link]

Childhood and youth[link]

Caillat performing in Birmingham, Alabama

Caillat was born in Malibu, California, and grew up in Newbury Park, California. Her father, Ken Caillat, co-produced Fleetwood Mac's Rumours (1977) and Tusk (1979) albums. When she was an infant, her parents gave her the nickname "Coco", which she would later name her debut album.^[2] Caillat took piano lessons as a child, but lacked significant inspiration until she turned 11 years old, when she became enthralled with Lauryn Hill's performance in Sister Act 2.^[3] She realized that she wanted to be a singer, and began taking vocal lessons, performing onstage for the first time in sixth grade.^[4] Since then she has covered the Roberta Flack song that Lauryn Hill immortalized, "Killing Me Softly", and Hill's own^{[citation needed]} "Tell Him" (an import bonus song from her solo debut album).

Caillat soon met producer Mikal Blue, who hired her to sing on techno songs used at fashion shows. Caillat began playing the acoustic guitar at age 19, and Blue helped her record her first song.^[3] She auditioned for American Idol but was rejected at the pre-audition stage and was unable to sing for the judges.^[5] The second time she auditioned for the show, she sang her own original song, "Bubbly", and was rejected once again. However, Caillat expressed gratitude at the judges' decision, saying "I was shy. I was nervous. I didn't look the greatest. I wasn't ready for it yet. I was glad, when I auditioned, that they said no."^[6] The popularity of Caillat's MySpace profile led her to become the number-one unsigned singer in her genre for four consecutive months.^[7]

[edit] 2007–2008: Coco

Caillat performing at The Malibu Inn during the Coco Summer Tour

Caillat performing at The Malibu Inn

Caillat's debut album, Coco was released in 2007. Her debut single "Bubbly" peaked at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #2 on the Pop 100. Two other singles followed, "Realize" (#20, Hot 100) and "The Little Things" (#94, Pop 100).^[8] After touring with The Goo Goo Dolls and Lifehouse in 2007, she was the supporting act for John Mayer on his 2008 Summer Tour.

In 2008, Caillat recorded a duet with Jason Mraz, called "Lucky," on his album, We Sing, We Dance, We Steal Things.^[9] In August 2008, Caillat released a song and video for the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics called "Somethin' Special".^[10] Caillat also sings on "You" by Schiller and appears in the music video. She has been involved in the soundtrack of the movie Imagine That; she and Mikal Blue cover the Beatles song "Here Comes the Sun". She is also featured in Colombian singer Juanes' album La vida... es un ratico (en vivo) in the song "Hoy Me Voy". In October 2008, the song "Midnight Bottle" was included in the soundtrack of Brazilian soap opera Três Irmãs. She also played herself on this soap opera and performing the song. Caillat provided background vocals for and co-wrote Taylor Swift's song "Breathe", on her album, Fearless.

[edit] 2009–2010: Breakthrough

Caillat on the red carpet at the 2009 American Music Awards

Caillat's second album, Breakthrough, was released in August 2009. Most of the album was co-written by Jason Reeves and features guitarist David Becker on two tracks. Becker has worked with Caillat's father Ken.^[11] Caillat had writer's block during the recording sessions, so she enlisted her friends Kara DioGuardi and Jason Reeves, and they went to Hawaii for three weeks, rented a beach house and wrote songs. The first single from Breakthrough, "Fallin' for You", was released in June. The second single, "I Never Told You," was released in February 2010. Caillat released two Christmas songs for the 2009 holiday season: the standard "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" and the Beach Boys song "Merry Christmas, Baby".^[12]

Caillat was recognized as BMI's songwriter of the year. In July 2010, Caillat performed "God Bless America" during the seventh inning stretch at the 2010 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. In September 2010, Caillat performed the national anthem in the season opener game of the National Football League in New Orleans and a Monday Night Football game in Chicago. In December 2010, Caillat performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway. In 2010, Caillat visited the Watkins Glen, New York shelter of Farm Sanctuary, an organization she supports.^[13]

[edit] 2011–present: All of You

Caillat with with longtime-collaborator Jason Reeves

Caillat's third album, All of You, was released on July 12, 2011. The first single, "I Do" was released in February. The second single, "Brighter Than the Sun", was released in June.^[14] Caillat performed an acoustic version of the National Anthem before the San Diego Chargers v Minnesota Vikings game at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego on September 11, 2011, during the day of remembrance for 9/11. Caillat performed "Brighter Than the Sun" on Disney Channel's Original Series So Random.

Caillat appeared in the third episode of the cancelled NBC television series The Playboy Club as 1960s singer Lesley Gore. In the episode broadcast on October 3, 2011, Caillat sang Gore's 1963 hit, "It's My Party".^[15] Cast for the part in August 2011,^[16] Caillat taped her portion of the episode in Chicago.^[17]

Discography[link]

• Coco (2007)
• Breakthrough (2009)
• All of You (2011)

Tours[link]

Caillat performing at The Nobel Peace Price Concert 2010

• 2008: John Mayer 2008 Summer Tour
• 2008: Coco Summer Tour
• 2008: Coco World Tour
• 2009/2010: Breakthrough World Tour
• 2011: All of You Summer Tour
• 2012: Co-Headlining Summer Tour with Gavin DeGraw

Filmography[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2011)

Grammy Awards[link]

The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Caillat has won two awards from four nominations, including Album of the Year (as featured artist).

Others awards and nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Colbie Caillat

	Book: Colbie Caillat
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

• Official website
• Colbie Caillat at Universal Republic
• Colbie Caillat at the Internet Movie Database
• Colbie Caillat on the cover of the March 19, 2008 issue of iProng Magazine
• Colbie Caillat cover story in the January 2009 issue of International Musician
• AOL Sessions Performance & Interview
• Interview with Caillat's manager Chad Jensen, HitQuarters Jun 2008