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William (Bill) Schneider (born October 8, 1944) is an American journalist. Currently he serves as CNN's senior political analyst and Distinguished Senior Fellow & Resident Scholar at Third Way, a Washington think tank. Schneider is also serving as the Omer L. and Nancy Hirst Professor at George Mason University's School of Public Policy.^[1]

Awards[link]

In 2003, he was awarded the Centennial Medal for contributions to society by the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University.^[2] In 2001, he received the Julian P. Kanter Award for Excellence in Television from the American Association of Political Consultants.^[2] He is also the recipient of the Brandeis University Pride Award and the Alumni Achievement Award.

In 2009, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems presented Schneider with a special award “for his extensive coverage and keen insight of the 2008 United States presidential elections . . . showcasing democracy in action” to the world.^[2]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Bill Schneider's old profile at CNN
• Bill Schneider's new profile at CNN

William Schneider or Bill Schneider may refer to:

• William Schneider (politician), attorney general of Maine
• Bill Schneider (musician), bassist, guitar tech, and tour crew manager
• Bill Schneider (journalist) (born 1944), political commentator for CNN
• Buzz Schneider (born 1954), American ice hockey player, 1980 Olympic gold medalist
• Creed Bratton (William Charles Schneider, born 1943), American actor
• William Schneider, Jr. (born 1941), chairman of the Defense Science Board

This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Stephen H. Schneider
Born	February 11, 1945 New York City, U.S.
Died	July 19, 2010(2010-07-19) (aged 65) London, England
Fields	Climatology
Institutions	Stanford University
Notable awards	MacArthur Fellowship (1992) Nobel Peace Prize (2007)
Notes Home page

Stephen Henry Schneider (February 11, 1945 – July 19, 2010)^[1] was Professor of Environmental Biology and Global Change at Stanford University, a Co-Director at the Center for Environment Science and Policy of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and a Senior Fellow in the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. Schneider served as a consultant to federal agencies and White House staff in the Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations.

His research included modeling of the atmosphere, climate change, and "the relationship of biological systems to global climate change." Schneider was the founder and editor of the journal Climatic Change and authored or co-authored over 450 scientific papers and other publications. He was a Coordinating Lead Author in Working Group II IPCC TAR and was engaged as a co-anchor of the Key Vulnerabilities Cross-Cutting Theme for the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) at the time of his death. During the 1980s, Schneider emerged as a leading public advocate of sharp reductions of greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming.

Early work[link]

Schneider grew up in Long Island, New York. He studied engineering at Columbia University, receiving his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1966. In 1971, he earned a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering and plasma physics.^[2] Schneider studied the role of greenhouse gases and suspended particulate material on climate as a postdoctoral fellow at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

In 1971, Schneider was second author on a Science paper with S. I. Rasool titled "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate" (Science 173, 138–141). This paper used a 1-d radiative transfer model to examine the competing effects of cooling from aerosols and warming from CO₂. The paper concluded:

However, it is projected that man's potential to pollute will increase 6 to 8-fold in the next 50 years. If this increased rate of injection... should raise the present background opacity by a factor of 4, our calculations suggest a decrease in global temperature by as much as 3.5 °C. Such a large decrease in the average temperature of Earth, sustained over a period of few years, is believed to be sufficient to trigger an ice age. However, by that time, nuclear power may have largely replaced fossil fuels as a means of energy production.^[3]

Carbon dioxide was predicted to have only a minor role. However, the model was very simple and the calculation of the CO₂ effect was lower than other estimates by a factor of about three, as noted in a footnote to the paper.

The story made headlines in the New York Times. Shortly afterwards, Schneider became aware that he had overestimated the cooling effect of aerosols, and underestimated the warming effect of CO₂ by a factor of about three. He had mistakenly assumed that measurements of air particles he had taken near the source of pollution applied worldwide. He also found that much of the effect was due to natural aerosols which would not be affected by human activities, so the cooling effect of changes in industrial pollution would be much less than he had calculated. Having found that recalculation showed that global warming was the more likely outcome, he published a retraction of his earlier findings in 1974.^[4]

In 1976 Schneider wrote The Genesis Strategy: Climate and Global Survival in which he said:

One form of such pollution that affects the entire atmosphere is the release of carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas.... Human activities have already raised the CO₂ content in the atmosphere by 10 percent and are estimated to raise it some 25 percent by the year 2000. In later chapters, I will show how this increase could lead to a 1° Celsius (1.8° Fahrenheit) average warming of the earth's surface... Another form of atmospheric pollution results from... atmospheric aerosols... there is some evidence that atmospheric aerosols may have already affected the climate. A consensus among scientists today would hold that a global increase in atmospheric aerosols would probably result in a cooling of the climate; however, a smaller but growing fraction of the current evidence suggests that it may have a warming effect.

And in another section (What Does It All Mean?", p. 90):

I have cited many examples of recent climatic variability and repeated the warnings of several well-known climatologists that a cooling effect has set in – perhaps one akin to the Little Ice Age - and that climatic variability, which is the bane of reliable food production, can be expected to increase along with the cooling.

In 1977 Schneider criticized a popular science book (The Weather Conspiracy: The Coming of the New Ice Age), which predicted an imminent Ice Age. He wrote in Nature:

...it insists on maintaining the shock effect of the dramatic...rather than the reality of the discipline: we just don't know enough to choose definitely at this stage whether we are in for warming or cooling— or when.^[5]

Media contributions[link]

He was a frequent contributor to commercial and noncommercial print and broadcast media on climate and environmental issues, e.g., NOVA, Planet Earth, Nightline, Today Show, Tonight Show, Good Morning America, Dateline, Discovery Channel, British, Canadian and Australian Broadcasting Corporations.

Schneider has commented about the frustrations and difficulties involved with assessing and communicating scientific ideas.

In a January 2002 Scientific American article Schneider wrote:

I readily confess a lingering frustration: uncertainties so infuse the issue of climate change that it is still impossible to rule out either mild or catastrophic outcomes, let alone provide confident probabilities for all the claims and counterclaims made about environmental problems. Even the most credible international assessment body, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), has refused to attempt subjective probabilistic estimates of future temperatures. This has forced politicians to make their own guesses about the likelihood of various degrees of global warming.^[6]

In 1989, Schneider addressed the challenge scientists face trying to communicate complex, important issues without adequate time during media interviews. This citation sometimes was used by his critics to accuse him of supporting misuse of science for political goals:

On the one hand, as scientists we are ethically bound to the scientific method, in effect promising to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but — which means that we must include all the doubts, the caveats, the ifs, ands, and buts. On the other hand, we are not just scientists but human beings as well. And like most people we'd like to see the world a better place, which in this context translates into our working to reduce the risk of potentially disastrous climatic change. To do that we need to get some broadbased support, to capture the public's imagination. That, of course, entails getting loads of media coverage. So we have to offer up scary scenarios, make simplified, dramatic statements, and make little mention of any doubts we might have. This 'double ethical bind' we frequently find ourselves in cannot be solved by any formula. Each of us has to decide what the right balance is between being effective and being honest. I hope that means being both. (Quoted in Discover, pp. 45–48, Oct. 1989. For the original, together with Schneider's commentary on its misrepresentation, see also American Physical Society, APS News August/September 1996.^[7]).

Schneider has accused people, including Julian Simon, of deliberately taking this quote out of context in order to misrepresent his views.^[7]

Honors[link]

Schneider (right) with Thomas Lovejoy and Marina Silva

• 1992 MacArthur Fellow "Genius Award".
• 2002 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
• Chair of the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s Section on Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Sciences (1999–2001).
• Received a collective Nobel Peace Prize for his joint efforts with the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007).

Personal[link]

Schneider was a survivor of an aggressive cancer, mantle cell lymphoma. He documented his struggle to conquer the condition, including applying his own knowledge of science to design his own treatment regime, in a self-published 2005 book, The Patient from Hell.^[8] He died unexpectedly on July 19, 2010 after suffering a pulmonary embolism while returning from a scientific meeting in Käringön, Sweden.^[9][10]

Selected publications[link]

• Michael D. Mastrandrea; Stephen H. Schneider (October 2010). Preparing for Climate Change. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-01488-2. 
• Stephen H. Schneider, Tim Flannery introduction (2009) Science as a Contact Sport: Inside the Battle to Save the Earth's Climate. National Geographic Society (November 3, 2009) ISBN 978-1-4262-0540-8
• Stephen H. Schneider, Janica Lane (2005) The Patient from Hell: How I Worked with My Doctors to Get the Best of Modern Medicine and How You Can Too. Da Capo Lifelong Books.
• Stephen H. Schneider, Armin Rosencranz, John O. Niles (eds., 2002), Climate Change Policy: A Survey, Island Press, 368 pp; June 2002.
• Stephen H. Schneider and Terry L. Root (Editors, 2001), Wildlife Responses to Climate Change: North American Case Studies, Island Press; December 2001.
• Stephen H. Schneider (1997), Laboratory Earth: the Planetary Gamble We Can't Afford to Lose, HarperCollins; January 1997
• Stephen H. Schneider (Editor, 1996), Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, Oxford University Press; May 1996.
• Stephen H. Schneider, Penelope J. Boston (Eds, 1992), Scientists on Gaia, MIT Press; February 1992
• Stephen H. Schneider (1989), Global Warming: Are We Entering the Greenhouse Century?, Sierra Club Books; October 1989
• Stephen H. Schneider, Randi Londer (1984), Coevolution of Climate and Life, Sierra Club Books; May 1984
• Stephen H. Schneider, Lynne E. Mesirow (1976), The Genesis Strategy: Climate and Global Survival, Plenum Pub Corp; April 1976.

See also[link]

• Point Paterson Desalination Plant
• Politics of global warming

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• "The Bulletin Interview: Stephen Schneider". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 65 (4): 5–13. Jul/Aug 2009. DOI:10.2968/065004002. 
• Johnson, Dan (Jul–Aug 1997). "Earth's Changing Climate". The Futurist 31 (4): 6. ISSN 0016-3317. 

External links[link]

• Stephen Schneider at the Internet Movie Database
• Biography of Dr. Schneider (stanford.edu)
• Dr. Schneider's 1997 testimony to the U.S. Senate.
• Exchange between Schneider and Richard Lindzen is no longer available on the CATO Institute web site, but is available on the Internet Archive
• New York Times announcing his death
• Insight: The Sceptics - Answering questions from a roomful of climate change sceptics, 2010.
• Climate Change: Is the Science Settled? a presentation made at Stanford University in February 2010.
• Science and Distortion by Climate One

Judy Woodruff (born November 20, 1946) is an American television news anchor and journalist. Woodruff is a Board Member at the IWMF (International Women's Media Foundation).^[1] She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.^[2]

Biography[link]

Broadcast journalism career[link]

Judy Woodruff began her journalism career at local Atlanta station WAGA-TV, once a CBS affiliate and now an affiliate of the Fox Network. Woodruff joined NBC News in 1975 and was originally based in Atlanta, where she covered the presidential campaign of then-Governor Jimmy Carter. She served as the chief White House correspondent for NBC News from 1977 to 1982, and covered Washington for The Today Show from 1982 to 83. In 1983 she moved from NBC to PBS, where for 10 years she was Chief Washington Correspondent for The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour. From 1984 to 1990, she was also the host of the PBS documentary series Frontline with Judy Woodruff.

In 1993, Woodruff joined CNN, where for 12 years she was the host of Inside Politics, the nation's first program devoted exclusively to politics.

Woodruff stayed with CNN until 2005 when she decided not to renew her contract, looking toward teaching, writing, and working on documentaries. In August 2005, Woodruff was named a visiting fellow for the fall semester at Harvard University's Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy. She previously taught the course "Media and Politics" at Duke University's Sanford Institute for Public Policy. CNN founder Ted Turner stated in a May 7, 2009, interview on the Diane Rehm Show that he was upset that CNN had let Woodruff go.^[3]

In 2006, Woodruff returned to PBS to work on "Generation Next," a documentary about American young people and their characteristics, values and thoughts on family, faith, politics and world events, produced in conjunction with MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. "Generation Next" partnered with USA Today, Yahoo! News and NPR. Additionally, in 2006 Woodruff contributed as a guest correspondent to the National Public Radio (NPR) Morning Edition week-long series "Muslims In America," as part of NPR's fifth-year observance of the 9/11/2001 terrorist attacks.

On February 5, 2007, Judy Woodruff returned to The News Hour with Jim Lehrer on PBS full time as senior correspondent, editor of 2008 political coverage and substitute anchor. As of early 2007, she was also working on Part 2 of the "Generation Next" documentary for PBS.^[4]

From 2006 until the present, Woodruff has also anchored a weekly program for Bloomberg Television, called "Conversations with Judy Woodruff." Streaming video podcasts of her monthly interviews are available at Bloomberg.com.^[5]

Woodruff was selected to present the 2007 Red Smith Lecture in Journalism at the University of Notre Dame. The Red Smith lectureship annually selects renowned journalists to speak at the University to foster good writing and honor high journalistic standards.^[6]

Personal life[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2010)

Born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Woodruff had her first taste of the limelight when at age 17 she won a hometown beauty pageant and was crowned Miss Augusta Junior Miss 1963. After high school, Woodruff attended Meredith College and Duke University, where she earned a degree in political science and was involved in the Student Union, Publications Board, Alpha Delta Pi sorority, and Associated Students of Duke University (precursor to Duke Student Government). One of her first jobs in TV news broadcasting was with WAGA-TV in Atlanta, Georgia, as a news anchor, where she served from 1970 to 1975.

Woodruff, a founding Co-Chair of the International Women's Media Foundation, serves on the Boards of Trustees of the Freedom Forum and of the Freedom Forum's Newseum; and is a member of the steering committee of the Reporters' Committee for Freedom of the Press.

Woodruff is the parent of three children, including a son born with spina bifida. Her husband is Al Hunt, formerly of CNN and The Wall Street Journal, now Executive Editor of the Bloomberg News Washington, D.C, bureau. She is not related to journalist Bob Woodruff.

Notes[link]

1. ^ "1986: A Life-Changing Year", Washington Post, July 25, 1999

References[link]

• PBS Online NewsHour Profile