Karl Marx

Karl Marx (/mɑːrks/;German pronunciation: [ˈkaɐ̯l ˈmaɐ̯ks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist and revolutionary socialist. Born in Prussia (now Rhineland-Palatinate), he later became stateless and spent much of his life in London. Marx's work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought. He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867–1894).

Born into a wealthy middle-class family in Trier in the Prussian Rhineland, Marx studied at the universities of Bonn and Berlin where he became interested in the philosophical ideas of the Young Hegelians. After his studies he wrote for the Rheinische Zeitung, a radical newspaper in Cologne, and began to work out the theory of the materialist conception of history. He moved to Paris in 1843, where he began writing for other radical newspapers and met Friedrich Engels, who would become his lifelong friend and collaborator. In 1849 he was exiled and moved to London together with his wife and children, where he continued writing and formulating his theories about social and economic activity. He also campaigned for socialism and became a significant figure in the International Workingmen's Association.

2807 Karl Marx

2807 Karl Marx, provisional designation 1969 TH₆, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, roughly 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1969, by Russian female astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula.

The asteroid is classified as a dark C-type asteroid in the SMASS taxonomy. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,708 days). Its orbit is tilted by 8 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic and shows an eccentricity of 0.18. Little is known about the asteroids exact size, albedo and rotation period, despite having a well-observed orbit with the lowest possible uncertainty – a condition code of 0 – and an observation arc that spans over a period of almost a century, with precovery images on photographic plates already taken in the 1920s. The asteroid is also a member of the Dora family.

Based on its absolute magnitude of 12.7, its diameter could be anywhere between 8 and 18 kilometers, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. Since the outer main-belt asteroid is of a carbonaceous rather than of a silicaceous composition, with low albedos, typically around 0.05, the asteroid's diameter might be on the upper end of NASA's published conversion table, as the lower the albedo (reflectivity), the larger the body's diameter for a given absolute magnitude (brightness).

Karl Marx (composer)

Karl Marx (12 November 1897 – 8 May 1985) was a German composer, conductor, and educator.

Life and career

Marx was born in Munich. He first studied natural sciences but, after having met Carl Orff, decided to make music his career, and studied musical composition with Orff, Siegmund von Hausegger, and Anton Beer-Waldbrunn among others. In 1928 he became choir director of the Munich Bach Society, and in 1929 was appointed professor of compositional technique at the Akademie der Tonkunst, Munich. From 1939 to 1945 he taught music theory at the Johann Joseph Fux Conservatory in Graz, composed music for Nazi ceremonies and contributed to songbooks for the Hitler Youth. From 1946 until given emeritus status he was professor of composition at the Musikhochschule Stuttgart. He died in Stuttgart.

Works

Marx composed orchestral works, concerti, chamber music, piano music, works for organ, cantatas, numerous choral works and lieder set to words by German poets. One of his primary causes was to write music for young people; his compositions for youth orchestras were well received in his day. His works include:

Influences on Karl Marx

Influences on Karl Marx are generally thought to have been derived from three sources: German idealist philosophy, French socialism, and English and Scottish political economy.

German philosophy

Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant is believed to have had the greatest influence of any philosopher of modern times. Kantian philosophy was the basis on which the structure of Marxism was built — particularly as it was developed by Hegel. Hegel's dialectical method, which was taken up by Karl Marx, was an extension of the method of reasoning by “antinomies” that Kant used.

G. W. F. Hegel

G. W. F. Hegel, by the time of his death, was the most prominent philosopher in Germany. His views were widely taught, and his students were highly regarded. His followers soon divided into right-wing and left-wing Hegelians. Theologically and politically the right-wing Hegelians offered a conservative interpretation of his work. They emphasized the compatibility between Hegel's philosophy and Christianity. Politically, they were orthodox. The left-wing Hegelians eventually moved to an atheistic position. In politics, many of them became revolutionaries. This historically important left-wing group included Ludwig Feuerbach, Bruno Bauer, Friedrich Engels, and Marx. They were often referred to as the Young Hegelians.

Karl Marx (medical missionary)

Dr. Karl Rudolf Marx (1857-Ladakh, 1891) was a German eye doctor who was the first Moravian medical missionary in Tibet. He was also a Tibetologist and translated parts of the Tibetan Chronicles into German, improving on the work of Emil Schlagintweit. Marx and his two children died of typhoid in Leh in 1891, his wife survived and returned to Herrnhut.

References

Karl Marx (disambiguation)

Karl Marx was a German philosopher and economist.

Karl Marx or Marks may also refer to:

Ships

People

See also

Karl Marx in film

Karl Marx and his ideas have been represented in film in genres ranging from documentary to fictional drama, Art house and comedy.

The Marxist theories of socialism, communism, class struggle, ideology and political economy influenced early Soviet-era filmmakers such as Dziga Vertov and Sergei Eisenstein. Eisenstein’s theory of montage owed its “intellectual basis to Marxist dialectics”. However, in addition to his philosophical influence on 20th century cinema and film-makers, Marx’s life and times and his principal works have all been represented in film as subjects in their own right.

Eisenstein’s project, dating from 1927, to film Marx’s book Das Kapital was never realised, although in more recent years the German film director and author Alexander Kluge completed a lengthy homage to Eisenstein’s unrealised film entitled News from Ideological Antiquity: Marx - Eisenstein - Das Kapital.

In the 1960s French new wave directors, notably Jean-Luc Godard, used Marxist themes in their work, including in the films Week End, La Chinoise and Tout va bien.