Talavera de la Reina
—  Municipality  —
Flag Coat of arms
Talavera de la Reina Location in Spain
Coordinates: 39°57′30″N 4°49′58″W / 39.95833°N 4.83278°W / 39.95833; -4.83278Coordinates: 39°57′30″N 4°49′58″W / 39.95833°N 4.83278°W / 39.95833; -4.83278
Country	Spain
Autonomous community	Castile-La Mancha
Province	Toledo
Comarca	Tierras de Talavera
Judicial district	Talavera de la Reina
Government
• Alcalde	José Francisco Rivas Cid (2007-2011) (PSOE)
Area
• Total	185.83 km2 (71.75 sq mi)
Elevation	373 m (1,224 ft)
Population (2009)
• Total	88,856
• Density	480/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
Demonym	Talaveranos
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	45600
Official language(s)	Spanish
Website	Official website

Talavera de la Reina^[1] is a city and municipality in the western part of the province of Toledo, which in turn is part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha, Spain. It is the second-largest nucleus of population in Castile–La Mancha and the largest in the province: its population of 83,793^[2] makes it larger than the city of Toledo, although the latter remains the provincial capital.

The city is settled along the river Tagus (Tajo in Spanish) at a broad bank. There are two islands in the center of the city called Isla Grande and Chamelo Island. The city is surrounded by two ranges of mountains, in the north the Sierra de San Vicente, and in the south Montes de Toledo.

The city is divided in two by the river Tagus. The northern part is the larger and more populated; both parts are connected by three bridges, one of them built in the Middle Ages.

The weather is continental; winter is wet and cold with dense fog in the mornings, and summer is quite warm. The area is very fertile with Mediterranean forests, elms, olive trees and corks.

Pottery[link]

A tower of the ancient city walls.

World-famous Talavera pottery.

The city is internationally known for its ceramics, which Philip II of Spain used as tiled revetments in many of his works, such as the monastery of El Escorial. The nickname of Talavera de la Reina is 'The City of Pottery' (La Ciudad de la Cerámica, in Spanish). Mexico's famous Talavera pottery was named after the city.

Toponymy[link]

There are remnants of prehistoric cultures in the area. The village was founded by the Celts as a ford of the Tagus. The first mention of the city (with the name Aebura) occurs in Livy's description of a battle between the Romans and the Carpetanoi, a Celtiberian tribe. After the Roman conquest of Hispania, it was known as Caesarobriga, one of many Celtic toponyms preserved in Roman Hispania, with a name connoting "fortified" that was extended to many non-fortified rowns: "Caesarburg".^[3] Caesarobriga served as an important center for agriculture and ceramics in the 3rd and 4th centuries BCE During the Visigothic period, Talavera reverted to a variant of its Celtiberian name: Elbora or Ebora. Its modern name is derived from Talabayra, the Muslim rendering of this Visigothic name. The city was conquered by Muslim forces in 713 and conquered by Christian forces under Alfonso VI of Castile in 1083.

History[link]

Foundation[link]

Walls of the Abderrahman III Castle.

Colegial Church of Talavera de la Reina.

Salvador Church's Apse.

Archeological celtic and Roman ensemble in Talavera.

Talavera de la Reina was founded at the confluence of the rivers Alberche and Tagus. This area of great ecological wealth was the settlement of Celtic people who built the most ancient ruins of the area.

Roman Empire and Visigothic Age[link]

During the time of the Roman Empire the name of the city was Caesarobriga. In 182 BCE Quintus Fulvius Flaccus conquered the city, establishing it as part of the Roman province of Lusitania as a city that would pay a stipend, and as the capital of an extended area included in the legal convent of the city of Emerita Augusta. The leader Viriato, in his war against the Romans, lived in this territory between 145 and 139 BCE. In this period Talavera de la Reina was a rich city with cattle markets and commercial exchange. Christianity came early to the city, and with the fall of the Western Roman Empire the Visigoths established in the city. Talavera was known then as (Aküis) or (Aibura). In the year 602, King Liuva II made a present to the city: the sculpture of the Virgin Mary, who was from then to the present day the symbol of the Christians in Talavera de la Reina, and the substitute for the goddess Ceres. In honour of the goddess Ceres, Talaverian Romans celebrated the spring festival called Mondas, which is still celebrated for the Virgin Mary.

Muslim conquest[link]

The Muslims conquered Talavera in 712. They built new walls and a castle in Talavera. They also brought the use of fountains, water mills and new products brought from Africa and Asia. The fertile soil produced quality vegetables, fruits and grass for animal feed. The markets gained new strength, and the population, a mixture of Christians, Muslims and Jews, lived in harmony for some centuries. Medina Al Talavayra took part in different wars between the kingdoms of Spain, becoming allied with Córdoba and Badajoz. Talavera was the capital of an ephemeral kingdom or taifa (principality). After the city was reconquered in the 11th Century by Alfonso VI, it was an important trade center in medieval Spain.

High Middle Ages[link]

King Sancho IV gave the royal privilege to hold two royal markets each year.

15th and 16th centuries[link]

During the 15th and 16th centuries, Talavera achieved great recognition, thanks to its pottery. Wonderful pieces of pottery and Talavera tiles are found in the main museums of the world and in the most luxurious palaces all over Europe.

Talaverian people participated in the conquest of America, like Francisco de Aguirre, Juan de Orellana and Jofrén de Loaisa.

Other important Talaverian people were Hernando de Talavera, Isabella I of Castile´s confessor, and the Admiral Francisco Verdugo. The beginning of the 16th century saw the release of the most important theater work in Spanish literature, The Tragicomedy of Calixto and Melibea, or Celestina, written by the Talaverian mayor Fernando de Rojas.

17th century[link]

During this century the city lived in a golden age of arts and culture. Its main exponent is the father of Spanish History, Juan de Mariana, who wrote several books about history, law and politics, and who was very important for French revolutionary theories.

18th and 19th centuries[link]

Upon the death of King Charles II in November 1700, two powerful nations fought for the Spanish Crown. Talavera supported Philip V's French faction, which was the winner. In 1750 the king founded the Royal Seeds Factories in Talavera, and 4,000 people worked there.

The independent war against Napoleon's army had great consequences for Talavera. On July 27 and July 28, 1809 the Battle of Talavera took place between the Anglo-Spanish army and the French. During the fight the city was hardly damaged. The Duke of Wellington's army expelled the French from the city.

Civil War and Franco period[link]

The city was getting large during the beginning of the 20th century. The railroad brought new opportunities for improvement. In 1931 the Republic was the new political system in Spain. Talavera changed its name to Talavera del Tajo. On July 18, 1936, when the Nationalists had risen in arms, the Republicans opened a period of terror in Talavera, killing people. On September 3 the Nationalist army conquered Talavera and reopened the terror, this time against communists and socialists. During the rest of the war Talavera de la Reina was damaged by the Republican bombing attacks.

During the Franco period there was a recovery project by the Instituto Nacional de Colonización that created a large irrigated zone in Talavera, following which two new municipalities were created, called Talavera la Nueva and Alberche del Caudillo, the latter located in neighboring Calera y Chozas municipal term. During the 1960s a baby boom caused an increase in the population, added to by the immigrants coming from the nearby villages and poor areas of Extremadura.

Trinidad Square.

Today[link]

In 1975 Franco died, and democracy came to Spain. Talavera's first democratic mayor tried to create the province of Talavera, but the idea was not successful. The next mayor, Pablo Tello from the Socialist Party, made large projects such as the Alameda Park.

Talaverian girls in traditional costumes.

In 1989 a feeling of marginalization enveloped the city, and a group of people called "Nosotros Calavera" (we skull) started fighting for the creation of a University Campus and other projects for the city.

The University started classes in 1994.

Twin towns[link]

Talavera de la Reina is twinned with:

• Radom, Poland, since 24 June 2006^[4]
• Bron, France
• Faenza, Italy
• Santiago del Estero, Argentina
• Puebla, Mexico
• Plasencia, Spain
• Daira of Guelta, Western Sahara

References[link]

Historic ceramics stones in Talavera.

• This article is partly drawn from the corresponding article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia, retrieved October 16, 2004.

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• Official website (Spanish)
• Talavera, official tourist web site (Spanish)
• Web oficial del Ayuntamiento de Talavera de la Reina
• La Guia de Talavera de la Reina
• Web oficial Turismo Talavera de la Reina
• El Portal de Talavera de la Reina
• Talavera se mueve
• Itaca Ceramicas Fine handmade ceramics from Talavera de la Reina

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Talavera de la Reina

v t e Municipalities in the province of Toledo Ajofrín Alameda de la Sagra Albarreal de Tajo Alcabón Alcaudete de la Jara Alcañizo Alcolea de Tajo Aldea en Cabo Aldeanueva de Barbarroya Aldeanueva de San Bartolomé Almendral de la Cañada Almonacid de Toledo Almorox Arcicóllar Argés Azután Añover de Tajo Barcience Bargas Belvís de la Jara Borox Buenaventura Burguillos de Toledo Burujón Cabañas de Yepes Cabañas de la Sagra Cabezamesada Calera y Chozas Caleruela Calzada de Oropesa Camarena Camarenilla Camuñas Cardiel de los Montes Carmena Carranque Carriches Casarrubios del Monte Casasbuenas Castillo de Bayuela Cazalegas Cebolla Cedillo del Condado Cervera de los Montes Chozas de Canales Chueca Ciruelos Cobeja Cobisa Consuegra Corral de Almaguer Cuerva Domingo Pérez Dosbarrios El Campillo de la Jara El Carpio de Tajo El Casar de Escalona El Puente del Arzobispo El Real de San Vicente El Romeral El Toboso El Viso de San Juan Erustes Escalona Escalonilla Espinoso del Rey Esquivias Fuensalida Garciotum Gerindote Guadamur Gálvez Herreruela de Oropesa Hinojosa de San Vicente Hontanar Hormigos Huecas Huerta de Valdecarábanos Illescas Illán de Vacas La Estrella La Guardia La Iglesuela La Mata La Nava de Ricomalillo La Puebla de Almoradiel La Puebla de Montalbán La Pueblanueva La Torre de Esteban Hambrán La Villa de Don Fadrique Lagartera Las Herencias Las Ventas con Peña Aguilera Las Ventas de Retamosa Las Ventas de San Julián Layos Lillo Lominchar Los Cerralbos Los Navalmorales Los Navalucillos Los Yébenes Lucillos Madridejos Magán Malpica de Tajo Manzaneque Maqueda Marjaliza Marrupe Mascaraque Mazarambroz Mejorada Menasalbas Mesegar de Tajo Miguel Esteban Mocejón Mohedas de la Jara Montearagón Montesclaros Mora Méntrida Nambroca Navahermosa Navalcán Navalmoralejo Navamorcuende Noblejas Noez Nombela Novés Numancia de la Sagra Nuño Gómez Ocaña Olías del Rey Ontígola Orgaz Oropesa Otero Palomeque Pantoja Paredes de Escalona Parrillas Pelahustán Pepino Polán Portillo de Toledo Puerto de San Vicente Pulgar Quero Quintanar de la Orden Quismondo Recas Retamoso Rielves Robledo del Mazo San Bartolomé de las Abiertas San Martín de Montalbán San Martín de Pusa San Pablo de los Montes San Román de los Montes Santa Ana de Pusa Santa Cruz de la Zarza Santa Cruz del Retamar Santa Olalla Santo Domingo-Caudilla Sartajada Segurilla Seseña Sevilleja de la Jara Sonseca Sotillo de las Palomas Talavera de la Reina Tembleque Torralba de Oropesa Torrecilla de la Jara Torrico Torrijos Totanés Turleque Ugena Urda Valdeverdeja Valmojado Velada Villacañas Villafranca de los Caballeros Villaluenga de la Sagra Villamiel de Toledo Villaminaya Villamuelas Villanueva de Alcardete Villanueva de Bogas Villarejo de Montalbán Villarrubia de Santiago Villaseca de la Sagra Villasequilla Villatobas Yeles Yepes Yuncler Yunclillos Yuncos

La Reina
—  City and Commune  —
In the background, Cerro Provincia (left) and the Cerro San Ramon (centre)
Coat of arms	La Reina Location in Chile
La Reina within Greater Santiago
Flag
Coordinates: 33°27′S 70°33′W / 33.45°S 70.55°W / -33.45; -70.55Coordinates: 33°27′S 70°33′W / 33.45°S 70.55°W / -33.45; -70.55
Country	Chile
Region	Santiago Metro.
Province	Santiago
Government[1][2]
• Type	Municipality
• Alcalde	Luís Montt Dubournais (RN)
Area[3]
• Total	23.4 km2 (9.0 sq mi)
Population (2002 Census)[3]
• Total	96,762
• Density	4,100/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
• Urban	96,762
• Rural	0
Sex[3]
• Men	44,293
• Women	52,469
Time zone	CLT[4] (UTC-4)
• Summer (DST)	CLST[5] (UTC-3)
Area code(s)	56 +
Website	Municipality of La Reina

La Reina (Spanish: "The queen") is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. It was created in 1963 from an eastern portion of the Ñuñoa commune. It consistently ranks in the top five communes with the best quality of life in the Metropolitan Region.

La Reina is a leafy, residential commune, inhabited by mostly mid to upper-mid income families, with certain areas inhabited by mid-low (Villa La Reina) and high-income (La Reina Alta, towards the east) groups. A small airport —Aerodrómo Eulogio Sánchez Errázuriz (better known as Tobalaba)— is located on the southern part. The military recently opened its new hospital complex along the commune's main avenue Avenida Larraín.

Demographics[link]

According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, La Reina spans an area of 23.4 km² (9 sq mi) and has 96,762 inhabitants (44,293 men and 52,469 women), making the commune an entirely urban area. The population grew by 4.7% (4,352 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.^[3] The 2006 projected population was 96,551.^{[6][not in citation given]}

Indicators[link]

• Average annual household income: US$42,248 (PPP, 2006)^{[6][not in citation given]}
• Population below poverty line: 7.8% (2006)^{[7][dead link]}
• Regional quality of life index: 86.23, high, 4 out of 52 (2005)^{[citation needed]}
• Human Development Index: 0.883, 5 out of 341 (2003)^[8]

Notable residents[link]

• Michelle Bachelet, former President of Chile
• Fernando Castillo Velasco, architect, former mayor of La Reina and former governor of the Santiago Metropolitan Region
• Amanda de Negri Quintana, lawyer and former political prisoner under Pinochet's regime
• Mónica Echeverría Yáñez, writer
• Fernando González, retired tennis player
• Erich Honecker, former president of East Germany
• Margot Honecker, former Education Minister of East Germany, wife of Erich Honecker
• Ricardo Lagos, former President of Chile
• Nicanor Parra, poet

Administration[link]

As a commune, La Reina is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Luís Montt Dubournais (RN).^[1][2]

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, La Reina is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Enrique Accorsi (PPD) and María Angélica Cristi (UDI) as part of the 24th electoral district, (together with Peñalolén). The commune is represented in the Senate by Soledad Alvear (PDC) and Pablo Longueira (UDI) as part of the 8th senatorial constituency (Santiago-East).

See also[link]

• The Grange School, Santiago - school located in the district
• Andree English School, Santiago.
• Colegio Las Américas, Santiago.
• Colegio Madrigal, Santiago.

Villa Grimaldi, Detention and torture center during the Dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.*Villa Grimaldi

References[link]

External links[link]

• (Spanish) Municipality homepage

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Reina
Background information
Born	1978 New York City, New York
Genres	Dance
Occupations	Singer, songwriter
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1998–present
Labels	Robbins

Reina (born 1978 in the Bronx, New York City, New York) is a female Dance-pop singer-songwriter.

Early life and career[link]

Reina (Lori Goldstein) began in the music industry as a teen and released her debut album in 1995 under the name Lori Gold "Lori Gold" in Japan only . She also recorded another album in 1995 under the name Bass Dreams "Bass Dreams." She was a backup singer for such music artists as Deborah Cox and Corina, became an overnight sensation ^[1] on the Dance/Club scene when "Find Another Woman" reached #2 on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1998.^[2]

In 2004, she scored her biggest hit on the Billboard Dance Top 40, when "If I Close My Eyes" went top 5, and in 2005 scored another top 10 on the same chart with "Forgive". Both tracks were from her third album overall, but first under her new name Reina "This Is Reina". Reina is promoted by AJ Iacona.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• 1995: Lori Gold "Lori Gold" Cutting Edge Records (Japan Only Release*)
• 1995: Bass Dreams "Bass Dreams"Cutting Edge Records
• 2004: Reina "This Is Reina" Robbins Entertainment

Singles[link]

• "Find Another Woman" (11/1998)
• "Anything For Love" (6/1999)
• "Got A Love For You" (Credited as Heaven Featuring Reina; 11/2000)
• "Miss the Way" (Credited as Razor N' Guido Featuring Reina; 4/2000)
• "No One's Gonna Change You" (2/2003)
• "If I Close My Eyes" (4/2004)
• "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" (11/2004)
• "Forgive" (5/2005)
• "Love Of My Life" (With Lucas Prata) (4/2006)
• "On My Own" (12/2006)
• "Just Let Go" (4/2010)
• "Rain On Me" (Unreleased)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Reina

• Reina on Myspace
• Record label (Robbins Entertainment)