Flag of the Second Spanish Republic

The Spanish Constitution of 1931 meant the beginning of the Second Spanish Republic, the second period of Spanish history to date in which the election of both the positions of Head of State and Head of government were democratic. It was effective from 1931 until 1939. The Republic " was the culmination of a process of mass mobilisation and opposition to the old politics of notables."^[1] According to the historian Mary Vincent the Constitution envisaged "a reforming regime with an explicit and self-conscious view of what modernising Spain should entail. A secular state operating according to the rule of law with an admittedly ill-defined sense of social justice would open the way for an educated body of citizens to enjoy 'European' prosperity and freedom."^[2]

A constitutional draft prepared by a commission under a reformist Catholic lawyer Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo having been rejected, an amended draft was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 9 December 1931. It created a secular democratic system based on equal rights for all citizens, with provision for regional autonomy. It introduced female suffrage, civil marriage and divorce. It permitted the state to expropriate private property, with compensation, for reasons of broader social utility. It also established free, obligatory, secular education for all and dissolved the Jesuits. According to Frances Lannon however, the articles on property and religion, with their exaltation of state power and disregard for civil rights, "virtually destroyed any prospect there had been for the development of a Catholic, conservative, Republicanism."^[3] The constitution, essentially establishing an anticlerical government, in general broadly accorded civil liberties, the rights of Catholic being a notable exception. Commentators have noted that the hostile approach to church-state relations was a significant cause of the breakdown of the republic and of the civil war.

The Second Spanish Republic lasted from April 14, 1931 to July 18, 1936 (military uprising) or April 1, 1939 (republican defeat by Francoist forces).

Background[link]

The Second Republic began on 14 April 1931 after the abdication of King Alfonso XIII, following local and municipal elections in which republican candidates won the majority of votes in urban areas. The abdication led to a provisional government under Niceto Alcalá Zamora, and a constituent Cortes to draw up a new constitution.

The Second Republic in 1931 brought enormous hopes for Spanish workers and peasants, and in social terms some advances were made, especially for women^{[citation needed]}. Prime Minister Manuel Azaña asserted that the Catholic Church was responsible in part for what many perceived as Spain's backwardness and advocated the elimination of special privileges for the Church. Azaña wanted the Second Spanish Republic to emulate the pre-1914 Third French Republic, make secular schooling free and compulsory, and construct a non-religious basis for national culture and citizenship.^[4]

Provisions of the Constitution[link]

Following elections in June 1931 the new parliament approved an amended constitutional draft on 9 December 1931.

The constitution introduced female suffrage, civil marriage and divorce. ^[5][6] It also established free, obligatory, secular education for all. However, some laws nationalized Roman Catholic Church properties and required the Roman Catholic Church to pay rent for the use of properties which it had previously owned. In addition, the government forbade public manifestations of Catholicism such as processions on religious feast days, dissolved the Jesuits and banned Catholic education by prohibiting the religious communities of nuns, priests and brothers from teaching even in private schools. The constitution also made the right to property subject to the public good, such that it could be nationalized as long as the owner was compensated.^[7]

The constitution granted also freedom of religion to all, including non-catholic worship in Spain.^[8]

Disestablishment of Roman Catholicism[link]

Although the constitution generally accorded thorough civil liberties and representation, there was a notable exclusion regarding the privileges of Catholics, which some regarded as crucial to prevent the forming of an expansive democratic majority.^[9]

The controversial articles 26 and 27 of the constitution strictly controlled Church property and prohibited religious orders from engaging in education.^[7] This was seen as explicitly hostile to Roman Catholicism, both by supporters of the established Church, but also by advocates of church/state separation. One such advocate of separation, Jose Ortega y Gasset, stated "the article in which the Constitution legislates the actions of the Church seems highly improper to me."^[10] Pope Pius XI condemned the Spanish Government's deprivation of the privileges of Catholics in the encyclical Dilectissima Nobis (On Oppression Of The Church Of Spain )."^[11]

Since the far left considered reform of these aspects of the constitution as totally unacceptable, commentators have opined that "the Republic as a democratic constitutional regime was doomed from the outset".^[9] Commentators have posited that such a "hostile" approach to the issues of church and state were a substantial cause of the breakdown of democracy and the onset of civil war.^[12] One legal commentator has stated plainly "the gravest mistake of the Constitution of 1931-Spain's last democratic Constitution prior to 1978-was its hostile attitude towards the Catholic Church."^[13]

The conservative Catholic Republicans Alcalá-Zamora and Miguel Maura resigned from the government^[3] when the controversial articles 26 and 27 of the constitution, which strictly controlled Church property and prohibited religious orders from engaging in education were passed.^[7]

In October 1931 José María Gil-Robles the leading spokesman of the parliamentary right declared that the constitution was 'stillborn' - a 'dictatorial Constitution in the name of democracy.' Robles wanted to use mass meetings "to give supporters of the right a sense of their own strength and, ominously, to accustom them 'to fight, when necessary, for the possession of the street.'"^[14] Frances Lannon calls the constitution "divisive" in that the articles on property and religion, prioritizing state power, had a "disregard for civil rights" and ruined the prospect of the development of a Catholic, conservative, Republicanism.^[3] Likewise, Stanley Payne agrees that the constitution generally accorded a wide range of civil liberties and representation with the notable exception of the rights of Catholics, a circumstance which prevented the formation of an expansive democratic majority.^[9]

Liberties for Religious Minorities[link]

The Spanish Constitution of 1931 attempted to secure religious liberty for religious organizations other than Roman Catholics, halting discrimination and persecution of Jews and Protestants^[15]. However, this freedom would be curbed by the Franco's dictatorial regime that granted the Roman Catholic Church the status as official religion of Spain and prohibited other public religious manifestations.^[16]

See also[link]

• Spanish First Republic
• Pact of San Sebastián

References[link]

External links[link]

• Constitución de la República Española de 1931 (Spanish)

Constitución de España
Copy of the Spanish Constitution displayed at the Palace of the Cortes.
Created	31 October 1978
Ratified	6 December 1978
Location	Congress of Deputies
Author(s)	"Fathers of the Constitution"
Signatories	Juan Carlos I

Spain

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The Spanish Constitution is the fundamental law of the Kingdom of Spain. It was enacted on foot of the 1978 referendum, as part of the Spanish transition to democracy. It was preceded by many previous constitutions of Spain.

Origins[link]

The constitutional history of Spain dates back to the Constitution of 1812. After the death of dictator Francisco Franco in 1975, a general election in 1977 convened the Constituent Cortes (the Spanish Parliament, in its capacity as a constitutional assembly) for the purpose of drafting and approving the constitution.

A seven-member panel was selected among the elected members of the Cortes to work on a draft of the Constitution to be submitted to the body. These came to be known, as the media put it, as the padres de la Constitución or "fathers of the Constitution". These seven people were chosen to represent the wide (and often, deeply divided) political spectrum within the Spanish Parliament, while the leading role was given to then ruling party and now defunct Unión de Centro Democrático (UCD).

• Gabriel Cisneros (UCD)
• José Pedro Pérez-Llorca (UCD)
• Miguel Herrero y Rodríguez de Miñón (UCD)
• Miquel Roca i Junyent es:Miquel Roca (Convergència i Unió)
• Manuel Fraga Iribarne (Alianza Popular)
• Gregorio Peces-Barba (PSOE)
• Jordi Solé Tura (PSUC)

The writer (and Senator by Royal appointment) Camilo José Cela later polished the draft Constitution's wording. However, since much of the consensus depended on keeping the wording ambiguous, few of Cela's proposed re-wordings were approved. One of those accepted was the substitution of the archaic gualda ("weld-colored") for the plain amarillo (yellow) in the description of the flag of Spain.^{[citation needed]}

The constitution was approved by the Cortes Generales on October 31, 1978, and by the Spanish people in a referendum on December 6, 1978. 88% of voters supported the new constitution. Finally, it was promulgated by King Juan Carlos on December 27. It came into effect on December 29, the day it was published in the Official Gazette. Constitution Day on December 6 has since been a national holiday in Spain.

Preamble[link]

Writing the preamble to the constitution was considered an honour, and a task requiring great literary ability. The person chosen for this purpose was Enrique Tierno Galván. The full text of the preamble may be translated as follows:

The Spanish Nation, wishing to establish justice, liberty and security, and to promote the welfare of all who make part of it, in use of her sovereignty, proclaims its will to:

Guarantee democratic life within the Constitution and the laws according to a just economic and social order.

Consolidate a State ensuring the rule of law as an expression of the will of the people.

Protect all Spaniards and all the peoples of Spain in the exercise of human rights, their cultures and traditions, languages and institutions.

Promote the progress of culture and the economy to ensure a dignified quality of life for all

Establish an advanced democratic society, and

Collaborate in the strengthening of peaceful and efficient cooperation among all the peoples of the Earth.

Consequently, the Cortes approve and the Spanish people ratify the following Constitution.

Structure of the State[link]

The Constitution recognizes the existence of nationalities and regions (Preliminary Title).

Preliminary Title

Section 2. The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish Nation, the common and indivisible homeland of all Spaniards; it recognizes and guarantees the right to self-government of the nationalities and regions of which it is composed and the solidarity among them all.

As a result, Spain is now composed entirely of 17 Autonomous Communities and two autonomous cities with varying degrees of autonomy, to the extent that, even though the Constitution does not formally state that Spain is a federation (nor a unitary state), actual power shows, depending on the issue considered, widely varying grades of decentralization, ranging from the quasi-confederal status of tax management in Navarre and the Basque Country to the total centralization in airport management.

Article 143

Section 1. In the exercise of the right to self-government recognized in Article 2 of the Constitution, bordering provinces with common historic, cultural and economic characteristics, island territories and provinces with historic regional status may accede to self-government and form Autonomous Communities in conformity with the provisions contained in this Title and in the respective Statutes.

Social rights[link]

Monument to the Constitution of 1978 in Madrid.

The Spanish Constitution is one of the few Bill of Rights that has legal provisions for social rights, including the definition of Spain itself as a "Social and Democratic State, subject to the rule of law" (Sp. Estado social y democrático de derecho) in its preliminary title. However, those rights are not at the same level of protection as the individual rights contained in articles 14 to 28, since those social rights are considered in fact principles and directives of economic policy, but never full rights of the citizens to be claimed before a court or tribunal.

Other constitutional provisions recognize the right to adequate housing,^[1] employment,^[2] social welfare provision,^[3] health protection^[4] and pensions.^[5]

Due to the political strength of the Communist Party of Spain during the Transition, the right to State intervention in private companies in the public interest and the facilitation of access by workers to ownership of the means of production were also enshrined in the Constitution.^[6]

Reform[link]

The Constitution has been reformed once (Article 13.2, Title I) to extend to citizens of the European Union the right to active and passive suffrage (both voting rights and eligibility as candidates) in local elections.

The social democratic Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero has announced its intention to undertake a major reform of the constitution during its tenure:

1. Succession in the monarchy would be on the basis of age only, and not gender, thus abandoning the traditional Castilian rules set in the Siete Partidas. While the rights of the current heir Felipe, Prince of Asturias, would be maintained, the goal was to reform before his children were born. This issue was refreshed when Felipe's wife, Letizia Ortiz, announced her first and second pregnancies, and after the birth of the Infanta Leonor of Spain. The Prince, however, has reminded reformers that there is still time to implement this reform since none of his children will be considered heir to the throne until he himself has been crowned king.
2. an overhaul of the Spanish Senate would transform it into a chamber of territorial representation
3. the European Constitution (should one be approved) would be officially incorporated
4. the names of the existing autonomous communities would be listed

The proposal has been met with scepticism from some quarters (notably in the main opposition party Partido Popular, PP) because some of these reforms deal with protected sections of the constitution, which would require supermajorities in order to be modified (see below). Furthermore, even an amendment of a non-protected part of the Constitution would require the agreement of the main opposition party or at least some of its representatives, since it would require the support of three-fifths of each House, which is 210 votes in the Congress of Deputies and 159 in the Senate.

The current version restricts the death penalty to military courts during wartime, but the death penalty has since been removed from the Code of Military Justice and thus lost all relevance. Amnesty International has still requested an amendment to be made to the Constitution to abolish it firmly and explicitly in all cases.

Protected provisions[link]

Title X of the Constitution establishes that the approval of a new constitution or the approval of any constitutional amendment affecting the Preliminary Title, or Section I of Chapter II of Title I (on Fundamental Rights and Public Liberties) or Title II (on the Crown), the so-called "protected provisions", are subject to a special process that requires (1) that two-thirds of each House approve the amendment, (2) that elections are called immediately thereafter, (3) that two-thirds of each new House approves the amendment, and (4) that the amendment is approved by the people in a referendum.

Curiously, Title X does not include itself among the "protected provisions" and, therefore, it would be possible, at least in theory, to first amend Title X using the normal procedure to remove or reduce severity of the special requirements, and then change the formerly protected provisions. Even though such a procedure would not formally violate the law, it could be considered an attack on its spirit.

The reform of the autonomy statutes[link]

The "Statutes of Autonomy" of the different regions are the second most important Spanish legal normatives when it comes to the political structure of the country. Because of that, the reform attempts of some of them have been either rejected or produced considerable controversy.

The plan conducted by the Basque president Juan José Ibarretxe (known as Ibarretxe Plan) to reform the status of the Basque Country in the Spanish state was rejected by the Spanish Cortes, on the grounds (among others) that it amounted to an implicit reform of the Constitution.

The People's Party attempted to reject the admission into the Cortes of the 2005 reform of the Autonomy Statute of Catalonia on the grounds that it should be dealt with as a constitutional reform rather than a mere statute reform because it allegedly contradicts the spirit of the Constitution in many points, especially the Statute's alleged breaches of the "solidarity between regions" principle enshrined by the Constitution. After failing to assemble the required majority to dismiss the text, the People's Party filed a claim of unconstitutionality against several dozen articles of the text before the Spanish Constitutional Court for them to be struck down.

The amended Autonomy Statute of Catalonia has also been legally contested by the surrounding Autonomous Communities of Aragon, Balearic Islands and the Valencian Community^[7] on similar grounds as those of the PP, and others such as disputed cultural heritage. As of January 2008, the Constitutional Court of Spain has those alleged breaches and its actual compliance with the Constitution under judicial review.

Prominent Spanish politicians, mostly from the People's Party but also from the ruling Socialist Party (PSOE) and other non-nationalist parties^{[citation needed]}, have advocated for the statutory reform process to be more closely compliant with the Constitution, on the grounds that the current wave of reforms threatens the functional destruction of the constitutional system itself. The most cited arguments are the self-appointed unprecedented expansions of the powers of autonomous communities present in recently reformed statutes:

• The amended version of the Catalan Statute prompts the State to allot investments in Catalonia according to Catalonia's own percentage contribution to the total Spanish GDP. The Autonomy Statute of Andalusia, a region that contributes less to Spain's GDP than the region of Catalonia contributes, requires it in turn to allocate state investments in proportion to its population (it is the largest Spanish Autonomous Community in terms of population). These requirements are legally binding, as they are enacted as part of Autonomy Statutes, which rank only below the Constitution itself. It is self-evident that, should all autonomous communities be allowed to establish their particular financing models upon the State, the total may add up to more than 100% and that would be inviable.^[8] Despite these changes having been proposed and approved by fellow members of the PSOE, former Finance Minister Pedro Solbes disagreed with this new trend of assigning state investment quotas to territories based on any given autonomous community custom requirement^[9] and has subsequently compared the task of planning the Spanish national budget to a sudoku.
• The Valencian statute, whose reform was one of the first to be enacted, includes the so-called Camps clause (named after the Valencian President Francisco Camps), which makes any powers assumed by other communities in its statutes automatically available to the Valencian Community.
• Autonomous communities such as Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia or Extremadura, have included statutory clauses claiming exclusive powers over any river flowing through their territories. Nearby communities have filed complaints before the Spanish Constitutional Court on the grounds that no Community can exercise exclusive power over rivers that cross more than one Community, not even over the part flowing through its territory because its decisions affect other Communities, both downstream or upstream.

See also[link]

• Constitution
• Constitutional economics
• Constitutionalism
• Rule according to higher law

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Spanish Constitution of 1978

• Constitución española de 1978 at Wikisource
• The Constitution in English. Website of the Government of Spain

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Alfonso XIII
The King in 1901
King of Spain
Reign	17 May 1886 – 14 April 1931
Predecessor	Alfonso XII
Successor	Niceto Alcalá-Zamora (as President) Juan Carlos I (as King of Spain)
Spouse	Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg
more issue... Issue
Alfonso, Prince of Asturias Jaime, Duke of Segovia Beatriz, Princess of Civitella-Cesi Infanta Maria Christina, Countess of Marone Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona Infante Gonzalo
Full name
Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Austria-Lorena
House	House of Bourbon
Father	Alfonso XII of Spain
Mother	Maria Christina of Austria
Born	(1886-05-17)17 May 1886 Madrid, Spain
Died	28 February 1941(1941-02-28) (aged 54) Rome, Italy
Burial	El Escorial
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Alfonso XIII (Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Austria-Lorena; 17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941) was King of Spain from 1886 until 1931. His mother, Maria Christina of Austria, was appointed regent during his minority. In 1902, on attaining his 16th year, the King assumed control of the state.

Reign[link]

Royal Monogram

Bust of Alfonso XIII

Alfonso was born in Madrid, posthumously born son of Alfonso XII of Spain, and became King of Spain upon his birth. The French newspaper Le Figaro described the young king as "the happiest and best-loved of all the rulers of the earth".^[1]

When he came of age in 1902, the week of his majority was marked by festivities, bullfights, balls and receptions throughout Spain.^[2]

During his reign, Spain lost its last colonies in the Americas (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippines; fought and, after several setbacks, won a war in Morocco; witnessed the start of the Spanish Generation of 1927, and endured the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera. During the First World War, because of his family connections with both sides and the division of popular opinion, Spain remained neutral. The King ran an office for captives from the Royal Palace, which leveraged the Spanish diplomatic and military network abroad to intercede for thousands of prisoners-of-war, receiving and answering letters from Europe. However, he became gravely ill during the 1918 flu pandemic and, since Spain was neutral and thus under no wartime censorship restrictions, his illness and subsequent recovery were covered worldwide, giving the false impression (in the absence of real news from anywhere else) that Spain was the most-affected area. This ultimately led to the pandemic getting the nickname "the Spanish Flu."^[3]

Alfonso was a promoter of tourism in Spain. The problems with the lodging of his wedding guests prompted the construction of the luxury Hotel Palace in Madrid. He also supported the creation of a network of state-run lodges (Parador) in historic buildings of Spain. His fondness for the sport of football led to the patronage of several "Royal" ("Real" in Spanish) football clubs such as Real Madrid, Real Sociedad, Real Betis, Real Club Deportivo de La Coruña, Real Unión and Real Zaragoza.

When the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, he fled and left Spain, but did not abdicate the throne. He settled eventually in Rome where he lived in the Grand Hotel.

Once the Spanish Civil War broke out, Alfonso made it clear he favoured the military uprising against the Popular Front government, but General Francisco Franco in September 1936 declared that the Nationalists would never accept Alfonso as King (the supporters of the rival Carlist pretender made up an important part of the Franco Army). First, he went into exile in France.^{[clarification needed]} Nevertheless, he sent his son, Juan de Borbon, Count of Barcelona, to enter Spain in 1936 and participate in the uprising. However, near the French border, General Mola had him arrested and expelled from the country.

On 15 January 1941, Alfonso XIII abdicated his rights to the Spanish throne in favour of his third (of four), but second-surviving, son Juan, father of the current King, Juan Carlos. He died in Rome a month and a half later.

The Spanish Government ordered three days of national mourning.^[4] His funeral was held in Rome in the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli. He was buried in the Church of Santa Maria in Monserrato, the Spanish national church in Rome, immediately below the tombs of Pope Callixtus III and Pope Alexander VI.^[5] In January 1980 his remains were transferred to El Escorial in Spain.^[6]

Marriage and children[link]

1929 portrait of King Alfonso XIII

On 31 May 1906, at the Royal Monastery of San Geronimo in Madrid, Alfonso married Scottish-born Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (1887–1969), a niece of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. A Serene Highness by birth, Ena, as she was known, was raised to Royal Highness status a month before her wedding to prevent the union from being viewed as unequal.

As Alfonso XIII and Ena were returning from the wedding, they narrowly escaped an assassination attempt by Mateu Morral who threw a bomb from a high window; instead, the bomb explosion killed or injured many bystanders and members of the Royal procession.

Alfonso and Ena had six children:

• Infante Alfonso Pio Cristino Eduardo Francisco Guillermo Carlos Enrique Fernando Antonio Venancio of Spain, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938), a hemophiliac, he renounced his rights to the throne in 1933 to marry a commoner, Edelmira Ignacia Adriana Sampedro-Robato, and became Count of Covadonga. He later remarried to Marta Ester Rocafort-Altazarra, but had no issue by either of them.
• Infante Jaime Luitpold Isabelino Enrique Alberto Alfonso Victor Acacio Pedro Maria of Spain (1908–1975), a deaf-mute as the result of a childhood operation, he renounced his rights to the throne in 1933 and became Duke of Segovia, and later Duke of Madrid, and who, as a legitimist pretender to the French throne from 1941 to 1975, was known as the Duke of Anjou.
• Infanta Beatríz Isabela Federica Alfonsa Eugenia Cristina Maria Teresa Bienvenida Ladisláa of Spain (1909–2002), who married Don Alessandro Torlonia, 5th Prince di Civitella-Cesi.
• Infante Fernando, stillborn (1910)
• Infanta Maria Cristina Teresa Alejandra Guadalupe Maria de la Concepción Vittoria Eugenia of Spain (1911–1996), who married Enrico Eugenio Marone-Cinzano, 1st Conte Marone-Cinzano.
• Infante Juan Carlos Teresa Silvestre Alfonso of Spain (1913–1993), named heir to the throne and Count of Barcelona, whose son is the current King, Juan Carlos I of Spain.
• Infante Gonzalo Manuel Maria Bernardo Narciso Alfonso Mauricio of Spain (1914–1934), a hemophiliac, like his elder brother Alfonso. He died due to bleeding from injuries suffered in a car crash.

Illegitimate issue[link]

The King also had four illegitimate children:

By French aristocrat Mélanie de Gaufridy de Dortan (1876–1937), he had Roger Marie Vincent Philippe Lévêque de Vilmorin (12 September 1905 – 20 July 1980)

By Spanish actress María del Carmen Ruíz y Moragas (1898–1936):

• Ana María Teresa Ruíz y Moragas (9 October 1925 – 6 September 1965)
• Leandro Alfonso Luis Ruíz y Moragas (born 26 April 1929), officially recognized by Spanish Courts on 21 May 2003 as Leandro Alfonso Luis de Borbón y Ruíz Moragas

By Béatrice Noon he had Juana Alfonsa Milán y Quiñones de León (19 April 1916 – 16 May 2005)

Honours[link]

• 1,072nd Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain in 1886^[7]
• Maestranza de Caballeria (Royal Cavalry Armory) de Ronda, Sevilla, Granada, Valencia y Zaragoza
• Order of Charles III^[8]
• Order of Santiago^[9]
• Order of Calatrava^[10]
• Order of Alcántara^[11]
• Order of Montesa^[12]
• 315th Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword in 1900
• 815th Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1902
• Order of the Chrysanthemum, 1930: Emperor Showa's second brother, Prince Takamatsu, traveled to Madrid to confer the Great Collar of the Chrysanthemum on King Alfonso. This honor was intended, in part, to commemorate the diplomatic and trading history which existed long before other Western nations were officially aware of Japan's existence. Prince Takamatsu traveled with his wife, Princess Takamatsu, to Spain. Her symbolic role in this unique mission to the Spanish Court was intended to emphasize the international links which were forged by her 16th-century ancestor, Ieyasu Tokugawa. In the years before the Tokugawa shogunate, that innovative daimyo from Western Japan had been actively involved in negotiating trade and diplomatic treaties with Spain and with the colonies of New Spain (Mexico) and the Philippines; and it was anticipated that the mere presence of the Princess could serve to underscore the range of possibilities which could be inferred from that little-known history.^[13]

Media[link]

Alfonso XIII appears as "King Buby" in Luis Coloma's story of Ratoncito Pérez (1894), which was written for the King when he was 8 years old. The story of Ratoncito Pérez has been adapted into further literary works and movies since then, with the character of Alfonso XIII appearing in some. Alfonso XIII is also mentioned on the plaque to Ratoncito Pérez on the second floor of "la calle del Arenal".

Ancestry[link]

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Barry, John M. (2004). The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0-670-89473-7. 

• Churchill, Winston. Great Contemporaries. London: T. Butterworth, 1937. Contains the most famous single account of Alfonso in the English language. The author, writing shortly after the Spanish Civil War began, retained considerable fondness for the ex-sovereign.

• Collier, William Miller. At the Court of His Catholic Majesty. Chicago: McClurg, 1912. The author was American ambassador to Spain from 1905 to 1909.

• Noel, Gerard. Ena: Spain's English Queen. London: Constable, 1985. Considerably more candid than Petrie about Alfonso the private man, and about the miseries the royal family experienced because of their hemophiliac children.

• Nutall, Zelia. (1906). The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico and Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press....Link to digitized version from the collection of Harvard University

• Petrie, Charles. King Alfonso XIII and His Age. London: Chapman & Hall, 1963. Written as it was during Queen Ena's lifetime, this book necessarily omits the King's extramarital affairs; but it remains a useful biography, not least because the author knew Alfonso quite well, interviewed him at considerable length, and relates him to the Spanish culture of his time.

• Pilapil, Vicente R. Alfonso XIII. Twayne's rulers and statesmen of the world series 12. New York: Twayne, 1969.

• Sencourt, Robert. King Alfonso: A Biography. London: Faber, 1942.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alfonso XIII of Spain

• Royal House of Spain
• Princely House of Battenberg
• Historiaantiqua. Alfonso XIII; (Spanish) (2008)

v t e Carlist claimants to the Spanish throne Senior Carlists Charles V (1788-1845) Charles VI (1845-1861) John III (1861-1868) Charles VII (1868-1909) Jaime III (1909-1931) Alfonso Carlos I (1931-1936) Bourbon-Parma claimants Javier I (1936-1977) Carlos Hugo I (Partido Carlista, 1977-2010) Carlos Javier II (Partido Carlista, 2010-present) Sixto Enrique I (Comunión Tradicionalista, 1977-present) Bourbon claimants Alfonso XIII (1936-1941) Juan IV (1941-1977) Juan Carlos I (1977-present) (current King of Spain) Alternative Bourbon claimants Alfonso XIII (1936-1941) Jaime IV (1941-1975) Alfonso XIV (1975-1989) Louis II (1989-present) Habsburg claimants Charles VIII (1936-1953) Charles IX (1953-1961) Francisco I (1961-1975) Domingo I (1975-present)

v t e Pretenders to the French throne since 1792 Monarchy in exile (1792–1815) 1792 Louis XVI 1793 Louis XVII 1795 Louis XVIII 1814 1815 Legitimist pretenders (1830–present) 1830 Charles X 1836 Louis XIX 1844 Henry V 1883 John III 1887 Charles XI 1909 Jacques I 1931 Alphonse I 1936 Alphonse II 1941 Jacques II 1975 Alphonse III 1989 Louis XX present Orléanist pretenders (1848–present) 1848 Louis Philippe I 1850 Philip VII (or Louis-Philippe II) 1894 Philip VIII 1926 John IV 1940 Henry VI 1999 Henry VII present Bonapartist Prince Imperial (1814–present) 1814 1815 Napoléon I 1821 Napoléon II 1832 Joseph 1844 Louis 1846 Napoléon III (Emperor 1852–1870) 1873 Napoléon IV 1879 Napoléon V 1926 Napoléon VI 1997 Napoléon VII/Napoléon VIII present (disputed) Bonapartist Prince Canino (1832–1924) 1832 Lucien I 1840 Charles 1857 Joseph 1865 Lucien II 1895 Napoléon Charles 1899 Roland 1924

v t e The Bourbons of Spain   Philip V Spouse(s) HH Princess Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy  • HH Elisabeth Farnese Children Louis I*  • Felipe*  • Felipe*  • Ferdinand VI*  • Charles III*  • Francisco*  • Mariana Víctoria, Queen of Portugal*  • Philip, Duke of Parma*  • Maria Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France*  • Luis, Count of Chinchón*  • Maria Antonietta, Queen of Sardinia* Siblings Louis, Duke of Burgundy  • Charles, Duke of Berry Grandchildren María Isabel Antonia  • María Josefa Antonieta  • María Isabel Ana  • María Josefa Carmela  • Maria Luisa, Holy Roman Empress  • Felipe, Duke of Calabria  • Charles IV  • María Teresa  • Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies  • Gabriel  • Ana María  • Antonio Pascual  • Francisco Javier  • Isabella, Archduchess of Austria  • Ferdinand, Duke of Parma  • Maria Luisa, Queen of Spain  • Luis, Count of Chinchón  • Maria Teresa, Countess of Chinchón  • María Luisa, Duchess of San Fernando de Quiroga   Louis I Spouse(s) HSH Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans   Ferdinand VI Spouse(s) HH Infanta Maria Bárbara of Portugal   Charles III Spouse(s) HH Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony Children María Isabel Antonia  • María Josefa Antonieta  • María Isabel Ana  • María Josefa Carmela  • Maria Luisa, Holy Roman Empress  • Felipe, Duke of Calabria  • Charles IV  • María Teresa  • Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies*  • Gabriel  • Ana María  • Antonio Pascual  • Francisco Javier Grandchildren Carlos Clemente  • Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal  • Maria Luisa  • Maria Amalia  • Carlos Domingo  • Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca  • Carlos Francisco  • Felipe Francisco  • Ferdinand VII  • Carlos, Count of Molina  • Maria Isabella, Queen of the Two Sicilies  • Maria Teresa  • Felipe Maria  • Francisco de Paula  • Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress*  • Luisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany*  • Carlo, Duke of Calabria*  • Maria Ana*  • Francis I of the Two Sicilies*  • Maria Christina, Queen of Sardinia*  • Maria Cristina Amelia*  • Gennaro*  • Giuseppe*  • Maria Amalia, Queen of the French*  • Maria Cristina*  • Maria Antonia, Princess of Asturias*  • Maria Clothilde*  • Maria Enrichetta*  • Carlo*  • Leopold, Prince of Salerno*  • Alberto*  • Maria Isabella* Great grandchildren Carlos, Count of Montemolin  • Juan, Count of Montizón  • Fernando  • Isabella II of Spain  • Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier  • Francisco de Asis  • Isabel  • Francis, Duke of Cádiz  • Henry, Duke of Seville  • Luisa, Duchess of Moscoso  • Duarte Felipe  • Josefina  • Teresa  • Fernando  • Maria Cristina, Infanta of Portugal  • Amelia Philippina, Princess Adalbert of Bavaria  •   Charles IV Spouse(s) HRH Princess Maria Luisa of Parma Children Carlos Clemente  • Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal  • Maria Luisa  • Maria Amalia  • Carlos Domingo  • Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca  • Carlos Francisco  • Felipe Francisco  • Ferdinand VII  • Carlos, Count of Molina  • Maria Isabella, Queen of the Two Sicilies  • Maria Teresa  • Felipe Maria  • Francisco de Paula Grandchildren Carlos, Count of Montemolin  • Juan, Count of Montizón  • Fernando  • Isabella II of Spain  • Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier  • Francisco de Asis  • Isabel  • Francis, Duke of Cádiz  • Henry, Duke of Seville  • Luisa, Duchess of Moscoso  • Duarte Felipe  • Josefina  • Teresa  • Fernando  • Maria Cristina, Infanta of Portugal  • Amelia Philippina, Princess Adalbert of Bavaria   Ferdinand VII Spouse(s) HRH Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily*  • HRH Infanta Maria Isabel of Portugal  • HH Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony  • HRH Princess Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies* Children Isabella II of Spain  • Maria Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier  •   Isabella II Spouse(s) HRH Infante Francis, Duke of Cadiz Children Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias  • Isabella, Princess of Asturias  • Maria Cristina  • Alfonso XII of Spain  • Maria de la Concepcion  • Maria de Pilar  • María de la Paz, Princess Ludwig of Bavaria  • Francisco de Asis  • Eulalia, Duchess of Galliera   Alfonso XII Spouse(s) HRH Princess Mercedes d'Orléans  • HRH Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria Children Mercedes, Princess of Asturias  • Maria Teresa, Princess and Duchess of Bavaria  • Alfonso XIII of Spain Grandchildren Alfonso, Duke of Calabria*  • Fernando, Prince of Bourbon-Two Sicilies  • Isabella Alfonsa, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies  • Alfonso, Prince of Asturias  • Jaime, Duke of Segovia  • Beatriz, Princess of Civitella-Cesi  • Ferdinand  • Maria Cristina, Countess of Marone  • Juan, Count of Barcelona  • Gonzalo Great grandchildren Teresa, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies  • Carlos, Duke of Calabria*  • Inés Maria, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies  • Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz  • Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine  • Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz  • Juan Carlos I of Spain  • Margarita, 2nd Duchess of Hernani  • Alfonso   Alfonso XIII Spouse(s) HSH Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg Children Alfonso, Prince of Asturias  • Jaime, Duke of Segovia  • Beatriz, Princess of Civitella-Cesi  • Ferdinand  • Maria Cristina, Countess of Marone  • Juan, Count of Barcelona  • Gonzalo Grandchildren Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz  • Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine  • Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz  • Juan Carlos I of Spain  • Margarita, 2nd Duchess of Hernani  • Alfonso   Juan Carlos I Spouse(s) HRH Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark Children Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo  • Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca  • Felipe, Prince of Asturias Grandchildren Infanta Leonor of Spain  • Infanta Sofía of Spain *also a Prince or Princess of the Two Sicilies **also an Archduchess of Austria ***both