Coordinates: 36°40′N 116°59′E / 36.667°N 116.983°E / 36.667; 116.983

Jinan 济南
—  Sub-provincial city  —
济南市
Clockwise from top: Jinan's Skyline, Quancheng Square, Daming Lake, Furong Street, and Five Dragon Pool
Nickname(s): City of Springs (泉城)
Location of Jinan City within Shandong
Jinan Location in China
Coordinates: 36°40′N 116°59′E / 36.667°N 116.983°E / 36.667; 116.983
Country	People's Republic of China
Province	Shandong
County-level divisions	10
Township divisions	146
Government
• Mayor	Zhang Jianguo (张建国)
Area
• Sub-provincial city	8,177 km2 (3,157 sq mi)
• Metro	3,257 km2 (1,258 sq mi)
Elevation(Airport)	23 m (75 ft)
Population (2010 census provisional)
• Sub-provincial city	6,814,000
• Density	830/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
• Metro	3,245,000
• Metro density	1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
Time zone	China Standard Time (UTC+8)
Postal code	250000
Area code(s)	531
License plate prefixes	鲁A
GDP (2009)	CNY 335.1 billion
- per capita	CNY 49391
Website	www.jinan.gov.cn (Chinese)
City tree: Chinese Willow; City flower: Lotus

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

Jinan (Chinese: 济南; pinyin: Jǐnán; Mandarin pronunciation: [t͡ɕi˧˩nan˧˥];) is the capital of Shandong province in Eastern China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilisation and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub. The city, which holds sub-provincial administrative status, is located in north-western Shandong about 400 kilometres (250 mi) south of the national capital of Beijing, it borders Liaocheng to the southwest, Dezhou to the northwest, Binzhou to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Laiwu to the southeast, and Tai'an to the south.

Names[link]

The modern-day name "Jinan" literally means "south of the Ji (Waters)" and refers to the old Ji River that had flowed to the north of the city until the middle of the 19th century. The Ji River disappeared in 1852^[1] when the Yellow River changed its course northwards and took over its bed. The current pronunciation of the character "Ji" with the third tone ("jǐ") was established in the late 1970s. Prior to this, it was pronounced with the fourth tone ("jì"). Older texts spell the name as "Tsinan" (Wade-Giles romanizaton) or "Chi-nan". During the times of the Zhou Dynasty (1045 BC to 256 BC), the city of Lìxià (历下/歷下) was the major settlement in the area. The name "Lixia" refers to the location of Jinan at the foot of Mount Li, which lies to the south of the city). Today, Lixia is the name of one of the city's districts. The Battle of An, which was fought in the area during the Spring and Autumn Period (in 589 BCE) between the states of Qi and Jin, is named for the ancient city of Ān (鞍) which stood within the city limits of present-day Jinan. Marco Polo gives a brief description of Jinan under the name "Chingli"^[2] or "Chinangli".^[3] 19th and early 20th century texts frequently give the name of the city as "Tsinan Fu" where the additional "Fu" (府) comes from the dated Chinese term for a provincial capital (省府). Jinan is also referred to by the nickname "City of Springs" (泉城), because of the many artesian springs in the urban city centre and its surroundings.

Administrative divisions[link]

The sub-provincial city of Jinan (济南市/濟南市; pinyin: Jǐnán Shì) has direct jurisdiction over 6 districts (区/區; qū), 1 county-level city (市; pinyin: shì), and 3 counties (县/縣; pinyin: xiàn):

Map	Subdivision	Hanzi	Pinyin	Population
	Jinan City Proper
	■ Lixia District	历下区	LìxiàQū	583,500
	■ Shizhong District	市中区	ShìzhōngQū	570,000
	■ Huaiyin District	槐荫区	HuáiyìnQū	370,000
	■ Tianqiao District	天桥区	TiānqiáoQū	485,773
	Jinan Suburban and Rural
	■ Licheng District	历城区	LìchéngQū	849,900
	■ Changqing District	长清区	ChángqīngQū	530,000
	■ Zhangqiu City	章丘市	ZhāngqiūShì	1,004,000
	■ Pingyin County	平阴县	PíngyīnXiàn	360,000
	■ Jiyang County	济阳县	JǐyángXiàn	520,095
	■ Shanghe County	商河县	ShānghéXiàn	579,928

These are further divided into 146 township-level divisions, including 65 towns, 27 townships and 54 subdistricts.

Geography and climate[link]

Geography[link]

Jinan is located in the north-western part of Shandong province at 36° 40′ northern latitude and 116° 57′ east of Greenwich. In the relief of the region, the city occupies a transition zone between the northern foothills of the Taishan Massif to the south of the city and the valley of the Yellow River to the north. Karst aquifers in limestone formations sloping down from the south to the north give rise to many artesian springs in the city center as well as in surrounding areas.

Climate[link]

Jinan lies between a humid subtropical and humid continental climate (Köppen Cwa/Dwa) but favoring the former, with four well-defined seasons. The city is dry and nearly rainless in spring, hot and rainy in summer, crisp in autumn and dry and cold (with little snow) in winter. The average annual temperature is 14.6 °C (58.3 °F), and the annual precipitation is around slightly above 670 millimetres (26.4 in), with a strong summer maximum, and high variability from year to year. January is the coldest and driest month, with a mean temperature of −0.4 °C (31.3 °F) and 5.7 millimetres (0.22 in) of equivalent rainfall. July is the hottest and wettest month, the corresponding numbers are 27.5 °C (81.5 °F), and 201.3 mm (7.93 in).

Due to the mountains to the south of the city, temperature Inversions are common occurrences, occurring on about 200 days per year.^[5]

History[link]

The area of present-day Jinan has been inhabited for more than 4000 years. The Neolithic Longshan Culture was first discovered at the Chéngzǐyá (城子崖) site to the east of Jinan (Zhangqiu City) in 1928. One of the characteristic features of the Longshan Culture are the intricate wheel-made pottery pieces it produced. Most renowned is the black "egg-shell pottery" with wall thicknesses that can go below 1 millimeter.^[6]

Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains, (鹊华秋色) left half

During the Spring and Autumn Period (722 – 481 BCE) and Warring States Period (475–221 BCE), the area of Jinan was split between two states – the state of Lu in the west and the state of Qi in the east. In 685 BCE, the state of Qi started to build the Great Wall of Qi (齐长城) across Changqing county. Portions of the wall still remain today and are accessible as open air museums. Biǎn Què (扁鹊), according to the legend the earliest Chinese physician and active around 500 BCE, is said to have been a native of present-day Changqing County. Zou Yan (邹衍; pinyin: Zōu Yǎn, 305 – 240 BCE), a native of Zhangqiu City, developed the concepts of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements (阴阳五行说).

During the times of the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), Jinan was the capital of the Kingdom of Jibei (济北国/濟北國; pinyin: Jǐbĕi Guó) and evolved into the cultural and economic hub of the region. The Han Dynasty tomb where the last king of Jibei, Liú Kuān (刘宽/劉寬), was buried at Shuangru Mountain was excavated by archaeologists from Shandong University in 1995 and 1996. More than 2000 artifacts such as jade swords, jade masks, jade pillows have been recovered within the 1,500 square meter excavation site, emphasizing the wealth of the city during the period. Cáo Cāo (曹操, 155 – 220 CE) was an official in Jinan before he became the de facto ruler of the Han Dynasty. His son overthrew the last emperor of the Han and founded the Wei Kingdom (220 – 265 CE) of the Three Kingdoms Period.

Beginning in the 5th century CE, Buddhism flourished in Jinan. The Langgong Temple (朗公寺; pinyin: Lǎnggōng Sì, later renamed Shentong Temple, (神通寺; pinyin: Shéntōng Sì, and now in ruins) in the southern county of Licheng was one of the most important temples in northern China at that time. The same period witnessed extensive construction of Buddhist sites in the southern counties of Licheng and Changqing such as the Lingyan Temple (灵岩寺) and the Thousand-Buddha Cliff (千佛崖). In particular, a large number of cave temples were established in the hills south of Jinan.^[2]

Jinan remained the cultural center of the region during the Song Dynasty (960 – 1279 CE). The Song rulers promoted Jinan to a superior prefecture in 1116 CE. Two of the most important poets of the Southern Song were both born in Jinan: Li Qingzhao (李清照, 1084–1151 CE), the most renown female poet in Chinese history, and Xin Qiji (辛弃疾, 1140–1207 CE), who was also a military leader of the Southern Song Dynasty. Both poets witnessed a series of crushing defeats of the Song Dynasty at the hands of the Jurchens who gained control over almost half of the Song territories and established the Jin Dynasty in northern China. After Jinan came under control of the Jin Dynasty, both Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji had to abandon their homes and reflected this experience in their works.

During the Civil War that followed the proclamation of Kublai Khan as Great Khan in 1260 CE, Jinan was at the center of a rebellion by Yizhou governor Li Tan against Mongol rule in 1262 CE. The rebellion was crushed in a decisive battle that was fought not far from Jinan in late March or early April 1262 CE. After losing 4000 of his troops in the battle, Li Tan retreated to Jinan to make his last stand. After defections of his defenders had made his position untenable, Li Tan tried to commit suicide by drowning himself in Daming Lake. However, he was rescued by the Mongols in order to execute him by trampling him to death with their horses.^[7]

Despite such violent conflicts, culture in Jinan continued to thrive during the Jin (1115–1234 CE) and Yuan (1271–1368 CE) Dynasties: One of the most renowned artists of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Mengfu (赵孟頫, 1254 -1322 CE) was appointed to the post of governor of Jinan in 1293 CE and spent three years in the city. Among the extraordinary art works he completed during his stay in Jinan, the best known painting is "Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains" (《鹊华秋色》). Geographer Yú Qīn (于钦/于欽, 1284–1333 CE) also served as an official in Jinan and authored his geography book Qí Chéng (齐乘) there.

When Shandong Province was established under the Ming Dynasty, Jinan became its capital.^[2]

In 1852, the northward shift of the Yellow River into a new bed close to the city triggered the modern expansion of Jinan. The new course of the Yellow River connected the city to the Grand Canal and regional waterways in northern Shandong and southern Hebei.^[2]

German influence in Jinan grew after the Qing Dynasty ceded Qingdao to the German Empire in 1897. A German concession area was established to the west of the historical city center (in the vicinity of the Jinan Railway Station first established by the Germans). The Jiaoji (Qingdao-Jinan) railway was built by the Germans against local resistance. Discontent over the construction of the railway was one of the sources fueling the Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901).^[8] During the rebellion, foreign priests were evacuated from Jinan and Chinese Christians became a target of violence. The Jiaoji railway was completed in 1904, three years after the Boxer Rebellion had been put down, and opened the city to foreign trade.^[2] The importance of Jinan as a transportation hub was cemented with the completion of the north-south Jinpu railway from Tianjin to Pukou in 1912.^[2] Jinan became a major trading center for agricultural goods in northern China. Traded commodities included cotton, grain, peanuts, and tobacco.^[2] Jinan also developed into a major industrial center, second in importance to Qingdao in the province.

In 1919, after the First World War, the Japanese took over the German sphere of influence in Shandong, including control of the Jiaoji railway, and established a significant Japanese colony in Jinan.^[2] According to estimates by a contemporary Japanese government official, about 2,000 Japanese were living in Jinan in 1931, about half of which were involved in the opium trade for which the Japanese had a loosely controlled monopoly that was exploited with the participation of Chinese traders.^[9]

During the Warlord era of the Republic of China, Zhang Zongchang, nicknamed the "Dogmeat General", ruled Shandong from Jinan for a period that lasted from April 1925 until May 1928. Zhang was unpopular for his heavy-handed rule and in particular his heavy taxation.^[10] Besides heavy taxes, he relied financially on opium to finance his periodic wars.^[9] Zhang even planned to use some of the wealth extracted from these sources for building a living shrine and a large bronze statue for himself on the shore of Daming Lake, but these plans were not realized as his rule came to an end.

In the spring of 1928, the Kuomintang's Northern Expedition reached Jinan. On May 3, 1928, clashes developed between Japanese troops stationed in Jinan and the Kuomintang troops moving into the city (Jinan Incident). Cai Gongshi, a Kuomintang emissary sent to negotiate and members of his entourage were executed by the Japanese. In response to the incident, Japanese reinforcements were sent to Shandong and Japanese troops occupied Jinan for more than six months until they withdrew to their garrison in Tsingtao on the 28th of March 1929. During the Nanjing decade of the Republic of China, Han Fuju, a military commander form the warlord era who had aligned himself with the Kuomintang, became military governor of Shandong. He established his base in Jinan and is credited with curtailing banditry and drug trading, thereby bringing a measure of peace and prosperity to the city. However, from 1935 onwards Han was under heavy pressure from the Japanese consul in Jinan to declare Shandong an "independent state" allied with Japan.

After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese invasion force crossed the Yellow River 60 kilometers north-east of Jinan on December 23, 1937.^[11] Han Fuju abandoned Jinan on the next day against orders to hold the city to the death.^[11] He ordered the offices of the provincial government and the Japanese consulate in Jinan to be burned down^[11] and the ensuing power vacuum led to widespread looting in the city.^[11] Japanese troops from the 10th Division of the Manchurian Area Army^[12] entered Jinan on December 27, 1937.^[11]

Monument commemorating the war dead of the battle of Jinan on Hero Hill

Japanese troops controlled Jinan until their defeat in 1945. After this, the Kuomintang regained a short-lived control of the city during the period from 1946 to 1948. The provincial government during this time was led by Lieutenant-General Wang Yaowu, who also commanded the KMT army in the region. KMT rule over Jinan ended in September 1948 with the Battle of Jinan in which units of the People's Liberation Army under the command of Chen Yi took the city. The battle for Jinan took a decisive turn in favor of the attackers when KMT Lieutenant-General Wú Huàwén (吴化文) defected to the Communist side with about 8,000 of his troops.^[13] The most likely explanation for his defection is that he had been pressured through relatives of his who were held captive by the Communist forces.^[13] Lieutenant-General Wu had been in charge of the vital outer ring of defenses that protected the main airfield, the railroad station, and the commercial district.^[13] With these critical assets lost, the situation of the city's defenders became untenable. Following the weakening of the city's defenses, the People's Liberation Army breached the city wall and entered Jinan on September 24, 1948.

In March 1966, the largest among the drawn-out sequence of earthquakes that made up the Xingtai Earthquake damaged about 36,000 houses in Jinan.^[14]

Entrance to Water Lily Street，a historical shopping street in Jinan.

On May 27, 1966, the Cultural Revolution started in Jinan with an article in the local newspaper "Jinan Evening News" (济南晚报) that denounced vice-governor Yu Xiu as a Bourgeois agent within the government.^[14] Starting from early June 1966, the schools in Jinan were closed down by strikes as teachers were "struggled against". At the same time, big-character posters started to appear in the city.^[14] Red Guards took to the streets of Jinan from late August 1966 onwards, damaging cultural heritage and setting up courts to prosecute perceived enemies of the revolution. In the spring of 1967, the "May 7th Incident" took place: When Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, both later reviled as members of the Gang of Four, visited Jinan to support the Cultural Revolution and its local leader Wang Xiao Yu, fighting erupted in the front of the provincial government between two rival factions of the Cultural Revolution, the "April 22nd Group" and Wang Xiao Yu's "April 28th Group". In the end, more than 10,000 people had been involved in the fighting.^[15] On October 11, 1967, the tallest statue of Mao Zedong in Shandong province was erected on the campus of Shandong Normal University.^[16] On September 17, 1968, a large assembly of Jinan workers celebrated the arrival of a mango fruit in the "August 1st" Meeting Hall. The fruit had been a gift to the workers in Beijing by Mao and was subsequently passed on to the workers in Jinan. In November 1968, Wang Xiao Yu began to agitate against the local army units in Jinan and Shandong Province. By then unrest due to the Cultural Revolution had severely damaged the city's governmental and industrial infrastructure, with about 80% of all government institutions shut down.^[17] Large public protests were staged on April 4 and 5, 1969, in which approximately 500,000 people protested the occupation of Zhenbao Island by the Soviet Union.^[18] On July 29, 1970, the leadership of the Cultural Revolution passed a resolution to make sweeping changes to the city's educational system: The liberal arts departments of Shandong University were moved to Qufu and combined with Qufu Normal College to form a new Shandong University. The biology department was moved to Tai'an and merged into the Shandong Agricultural College. The rest of the sciences were to form the Shandong Science and Technology University. Shandong Normal University was to be moved to Liaocheng. Shandong Medical College and Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine were to be merged and moved to Tai'an.^[19] Shandong University was restored in its original form and the "Shandong Science and Technology University" was abolished in early 1974.^[20] The first reversals of Cultural Revolution policies started in early 1971: On May 23 of that year, the Shandong Provincial Museum was reopened after having been closed for about 5 years (since May 1966).^[21] In the next year, the Jinan Committee for the Cultural Revolution officially reverted the name changes of four city districts enacted in 1966. During the 6 years between the name change and its reversal, Lixia District had been known officially as "Hongwei", Tianqiao as "Face the Sun", Huaiyin as "East Wind", and Shizhong as "Red Flag".^[22] As the Cultural Revolution came to an end, Jinan started to receive visitors from abroad. For example, it was visited by a delegation from the United States Congress between August 8 and 11, 1975.^[23] On September 18, 1976, Mao's death was mourned by about 600,000 people at an official service in Jinan's August 1 Square.^[24]

Jinan was the host of the 11th All China Games during the month of October, 2009. These games are the selection games for the Chinese Olympic champions. For this occasion, security was heightened and a full volunteer force was out on the streets directing visitor traffic. The city conducted major renovations in its transportation and recreation services in anticipation of the Games visitors.^[25]

Demographics[link]

The Great Southern Mosque, the oldest mosque in Jinan.

In 2005, the estimated population of the entire area under the jurisdiction of Jinan City was 5.69 million, with a total of 2.54 million living in urban areas. By 2009, the total population had grown to about six million. The census in 2010 counted 6.81 million inhabitants out of which about 3.25 million were living in urban areas.

The population is predominantly Han (98.3%), with very small portions of Hui and Manchu Chinese. Jinan has a significant Muslim community centred in the city's Muslim quarter, located to the west of the historical center.

Language and culture[link]

Local residents in the city proper, as well as in the surrounding areas, have traditionally spoken the Jinan dialect of Mandarin that is not readily understood even by native speakers of standard Mandarin. The younger people of Jinan are more likely to speak standard Mandarin, whereas many older residents retain strong local dialect elements in their speech. Nevertheless, even the younger residents of Jinan tend to retain a strong local accent and mix local vocabulary into the standardized Mandarin vocabulary. Due to the influx of migrant workers during the past decade of China's economic boom, many of the current population that are of working age are not natives of Jinan but have learned to understand the Jinan dialect.

Jinan has its own cuisine, the Jinan style of the Lu cuisine (鲁菜/魯菜; pinyin: Lǔcài), one of the Eight Culinary Traditions of China.

Economy[link]

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Skyline seen from the Thousand Buddha Mountain

With the shift of the Yellow River to a new bed right to the north of Jinan (in 1852) and the establishment of a railroad hub, the city became a major market for agricultural products from the productive farming regions to the north.^[2] Following the trade in agricultural goods, the city developed a textile and clothing industry, flour mills, oil presses, as well as factories producing paper, cement, and matches.^[2] In the 1950s, large iron and steel works as well as chemical factories were established around Jinan. The large metal works produce pig iron, ingot steel, as well as finished steel.^[2] In 2008, steel manufacturing was restructured with the formation of the Shandong Iron and Steel Group.^{[citation needed]} In the 1970s, factories for the production of trucks and construction vehicles (Sinotruk) were added.

Jinan has a pool of high-quality labor resources. There are 18 universities and colleges in the city where more than 200,000 students are studying. Among the 200+ research institutes in the city, 10 are national laboratories.

The focus on technology intensive industries has transformed Jinan from a city supported by heavy industry and textiles to a city with more diverse industrial structure. Information Technology, transportation tools, home appliances, and bio-engineered products, among others, have become important components of the area's industry. Jinan's IT-related economic output was ranked to be in the fourth place nationally in 2004^{[citation needed]}.

Industrial zones include:

• Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone

Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the State Council. The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of 83 square kilometers that is divided into a central area covering 33 square kilometers, an export processing district of 10 square kilometers, and an eastern extension area of 40 square kilometers. Since its foundation, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China-Ukraine High-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India.^[26]

• Jinan Export Processing Zone

The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, to the east of the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone and to the north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the Jinan Airport are 9 and 18 km respectively.^[27]

• Liaocheng Economic Development Zone

The China National Heavy Duty Truck Group (Sinotruk) has its headquarters in the city.^[28]

Transportation[link]

Highway Bridge across the Yellow River

Railways[link]

Jinan is positioned at the intersection of two major railways: The Jinghu Railway that runs from Beijing to Shanghai is the major north-south backbone of the railway system in eastern China. In Jinan, it intersects with the Jiaoji Railway that connects Jinan to the sea port of Qingdao to the east. In addition, the Hanji Railway connects Jinan to the city of Handan (Hebei Province) in the west. Within Shandong province, the Jinghu Railway connects Jinan with the cities of Dezhou, Tai'an, Jining, and Zaozhuang; the Jiaoji Railway provides a link to the cities of Zibo, Qingdao, and Weifang; the Hanji Railway serves the cities of Yancheng and Liaocheng. Central Jinan is served by the Jinan Railway Station (nearer to the center of town) and the Jinan East Railway Station (just by Daming Lake).

The Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway calls at the new Jinan West Railway Station, which is outside the central metropolitan center and is in suburban western Jinan's Huaiyin District. It will become a future hub with west-east running high speed railways to Taiyuan, Shijiazhuang and Qingdao.

Expressways[link]

Major expressways include China National Highway 104, China National Highway 220, and China National Highway 309. Because of Jinan's location and role as a road and rail transportation hub, the Jinan Coach Terminus has one of the largest passenger flows in China. On peak travel days, as many as 92,000 passengers per day have been counted, on off-peak days the number is around 42,000 passengers per day.^[29]

Airport[link]

Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport is located about 33 kilometers northeast of the city center and to the north of the town of Yaoqiang (遥墙镇) from which the name of the airport is derived. The airport is connected to the city of center of Jinan by expressways. It has domestic flights to many of the major cities in China as well as to international destinations, in particular Seoul and Singapore.

Public transportation[link]

Urban public transportation

Jinan's urban public transportation history began in 1938, and the city is now a major bus transportation hub. To ensure that buses have priority, most of the city's urban main roads have a bus lane, and Bus rapid transit signal priority measures are gradually being implemented. The Jinan urban area has more than 200 public transportation routes.

According to the properties of bus lines, Jinan's urban bus network can be divided into five categories:

• Bus rapid transit system: The Jinan BRT has six routes, connected by transfer stations. As a result of the BRT's isolated central lanes, signal priority and other measures, bus speeds, as compared with conventional buses, have been greatly improved, making the BRT important urban form of public transport. However, the BRT bus dedicated lanes occupy road space, make the traffic worse, and in some congested roads create various other problems, thereby incurring some public criticism.
• Conventional buses: These lines comprise more than 100 routes, covering the whole city.
• Public trolleybuses: The Jinan trolleybus system, opened in 1977, once had 10 lines, but now has only four. These are Jinan important public transport routes.
• K bus lines: Operated by air-conditioned vehicles, these lines currently operate over more than 20 routes.
• Student / supermarket / particular business bus lines: These are for large schools, supermarkets, business transfer students, customers, employees of private businesses, etc. They operate side by side with the other bus systems.

Attractions[link]

Pavilion in the 10,000 Bamboo Garden of Baotu Spring Park

The Thousand Buddha Mountain, a religious landmark in Jinan