Lights flash at frequency f = 0.5 Hz (Hz = hertz), 1.0 Hz and 2.0 Hz, where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): x

Hz means Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): x
flashes per second. T is the period and T = Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): y
s (s = second) means that Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): y

is the number of seconds per flash. T and f are each other's reciprocal: f = 1/T and T = 1/f.

The hertz (symbol Hz) is the SI unit of frequency defined as the number of cycles per second of a periodic phenomenon.^[1] One of its most common uses is the description of the sine wave, particularly those used in radio and audio applications. The word "hertz" is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, who was the first to conclusively prove the existence of electromagnetic waves.

Definition[link]

The hertz is equivalent to cycles per second.^[2] In defining the second, the CIPM declared that "the standard to be employed is the transition between the hyperfine levels F = 4, M =  0 and F = 3, M = 0 of the ground state 2S_1/2 of the cesium 133 atom, unperturbed by external fields, and that the frequency of this transition is assigned the value 9 192 631 770 hertz"^[3] thereby effectively defining the hertz and the second simultaneously.

In English, hertz is used as a plural.^[4] As an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed; commonly used multiples are kHz (kilohertz, 10³ Hz), MHz (megahertz, 10⁶ Hz), GHz (gigahertz, 10⁹ Hz) and THz (terahertz, 10¹² Hz). One hertz simply means "one cycle per second" (typically that which is being counted is a complete cycle); 100 Hz means "one hundred cycles per second", and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, or a human heart might be said to beat at 1.2 Hz. The "frequency" (activity) of aperiodic or stochastic events, such as radioactive decay, is expressed in becquerels.

Even though angular velocity, angular frequency and hertz all have the dimensions of 1/s, angular velocity and angular frequency are not expressed in hertz,^[5] but rather in an appropriate angular unit such as radians per second. Thus a disc rotating at 60 revolutions per minute (rpm) is said to be rotating at either 2π rad/s or 1 Hz, where the former measures the angular velocity and the latter reflects the number of complete revolutions per second. The conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second are:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \omega = 2\pi f \,

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): f = \frac{\omega}{2\pi} \, 

. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz. As with every International System of Units (SI) unit whose name is derived from the proper name of a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (Hz). When an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter (hertz), except where any word would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in capitalized material such as a title. Note that "degree Celsius" conforms to this rule because the "d" is lowercase. —Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2.

History[link]

The hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 1930.^[6] It was adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) (Conférence générale des poids et mesures) in 1960, replacing the previous name for the unit, cycles per second (cps), along with its related multiples, primarily kilocycles per second (kc/s) and megacycles per second (Mc/s), and occasionally kilomegacycles per second (kMc/s). The term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s.

The term "gigahertz", most commonly used in computer processor clock rates and radio frequency (RF) applications, can be pronounced either /ˈɡɪɡəhɜrts/, with a hard /ɡ/ sound, or /ˈdʒɪɡəhɜrts/, with a soft /dʒ/^[7] (see giga-#Pronunciation). The prefix "giga-" is derived directly from the Greek "γιγας" ("giant").

Applications[link]

Sine waves of different frequency.

Details of a heartbeat as an example of a non-sinusoidal periodic phenomenon that can be described in terms of hertz. Two complete cycles are illustrated.

Vibration[link]

Sound is a traveling wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of sound waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a particular frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infant's ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz; the average adult human can hear sounds between 20 Hz and 16,000 Hz.^[8] The range of ultrasound, high-intensity infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular vibrations extends into the megahertz range and well beyond.

Electromagnetic radiation[link]

Electromagnetic radiation is often described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz.

Radio frequency radiation is usually measured in kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz), or gigahertz (GHz). Light is electromagnetic radiation that is even higher in frequency, and has frequencies in the range of tens (infrared) to thousands (ultraviolet) of terahertz. Electromagnetic radiation with frequencies in the low terahertz range, (intermediate between those of the highest normally usable radio frequencies and long-wave infrared light), is often called terahertz radiation. Even higher frequencies exist, such as that of gamma rays, which can be measured in exahertz. (For historical reasons, the frequencies of light and higher frequency electromagnetic radiation are more commonly specified in terms of their wavelengths or photon energies: for a more detailed treatment of this and the above frequency ranges, see electromagnetic spectrum.)

Computing[link]

In computing, most central processing units (CPU) are labeled in terms of their clock rate expressed in megahertz or gigahertz (10⁶ or 10⁹ hertz, respectively). This number refers to the frequency of the CPU's master clock signal ("clock rate"). This signal is simply an electrical voltage which changes from low to high and back again at regular intervals. This signal is a square wave. Hertz has become the primary unit of measurement accepted by the general populace to determine the performance of a CPU, but many experts have criticized this approach, which they claim is an easily manipulable benchmark.^[9] For home-based personal computers, the CPU has ranged from approximately 1 megahertz in the late 1970s (Atari, Commodore, Apple computers) to up to 6 GHz in the present (IBM POWER processors) and up to 8 GHz overclocked (AMD FX processors).^[10]

Various computer buses, such as the front-side bus connecting the CPU and northbridge, also operate at different frequencies in the megahertz range

[edit] SI multiples

Frequencies not expressed in hertz[link]

Even higher frequencies are believed to occur naturally, in the frequencies of the quantum-mechanical wave functions of high-energy (or, equivalently, massive) particles, although these are not directly observable, and must be inferred from their interactions with other phenomena. For practical reasons, these are typically not expressed in hertz, but in terms of the equivalent quantum energy, which is proportional to the frequency by the factor of Planck's constant.

See also[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• BIPM Cesium ion f_Cs definition
• National Research Council of Canada: Generation of the Hz
• National Research Council of Canada: Cesium fountain clock
• National Physical Laboratory: Trapped ion optical frequency standards
• National Research Council of Canada: Optical frequency standard based on a single trapped ion
• National Research Council of Canada: Optical frequency comb
• One Hertz in Radians per Second (Google). Note, as of 06 May 2009 there is an error of 2Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \pi

.

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Paddy McAloon (born Patrick Joseph McAloon, 7 June 1957, Durham^[1]) is an English singer-songwriter and member of the band Prefab Sprout. Allmusic describes him as "one of the most underrated lyricists of the '80s".^[2]

Career[link]

Prefab Sprout enjoyed considerable success in the 1980s and early 1990s. They peaked commercially with a Top Ten hit single in the UK Singles Chart, with "The King of Rock 'N' Roll".

McAloon has also written songs that have been recorded by Kylie Minogue ("If You Don't Love Me"), Cher ("The Gunman"), Wendy Matthews ("God Watch Over You" and "Ride"), Sondre Lerche ("Nightingales") -the song appeared in "From Langley Park to Memphis" and Lerche sang it with the Faces Down Quartet as a tribute to his beloved Pregab Sprout-, Danny Seward ("Home (Where The Heart Is)"), Momus ("Green Isaac Pt. 2") and various songs for Jimmy Nail as well as his own band. "God Watch Over You" has also been covered by Frances Ruffelle, and "When Love Breaks Down" has been covered by both The Zombies and Lisa Stansfield. In 2008, the various artists covers album Independents' Day 08 included a version of "Bonny" performed by McAloon's labelmates Editors.

In recent years, McAloon was diagnosed with a progressive medical disorder that affects his retina and impairs his vision. He has also been diagnosed with Ménière's disease, an inner ear condition.^[3]

McAloon released the spoken word/instrumental album, I Trawl The Megahertz (UK #167), under his own name in 2003, on the EMI subsidiary, Liberty Records label.^[4] In 2006 Prefab Sprout's Steve McQueen album was re-mastered (by Thomas Dolby) and then released in 2007 as a two CD package. The second CD was a new acoustic version (recorded in 2006) of most of the original album.

On 7 September 2009, Paddy and Prefab Sprout released their latest album, Let's Change the World with Music. It features the lead single 'Let There Be Music'.

On the 13th February 2011, North East Radio reported that Olivia Newton-John and Curtis Stigers had invited McAloon to join the 'Hetton Thunderer' project.^{[citation needed]} A collaboration between musicians and the Hetton-le-Hole Historical Musical Society to re-invent forgotten musical instruments. Paddy expressed his long term dream of developing a larger version of the 'Lituus' which he believes will be the lowest sounding of all currently used musical instruments.^{[citation needed]}

See also[link]

• St Joseph's College, Upholland
• List of singer-songwriters

References[link]

External links[link]

• Paddy McAloon biography at Allmusic website
• Let There Be Music by Sean Curnyn, First Things