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In vector calculus, del is a vector differential operator, usually represented by the nabla symbol ∇. When applied to a function defined on a one-dimensional domain, it denotes its standard derivative as defined in calculus. When applied to a field (a function defined on a multi-dimensional domain), del may denote the gradient (locally steepest slope) of a scalar field, the divergence of a vector field, or the curl (rotation) of a vector field, depending on the way it is applied.

Strictly speaking, del is not a specific operator, but rather a convenient mathematical notation for those three operators, that makes many equations easier to write and remember. The del symbol can be interpreted as a vector of partial derivative operators, and its three possible meanings—gradient, divergence, and curl—can be formally viewed as the product of scalars, dot product, and cross product, respectively, of the del "operator" with the field. These formal products do not necessarily commute with other operators or products.

Definition[link]

In the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system R³ with coordinates (x, y, z), del is defined in terms of partial derivative operators as

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla = \mathbf{\hat{x}} {\partial \over \partial x} + \mathbf{\hat{y}} {\partial \over \partial y} + \mathbf{\hat{z}} {\partial \over \partial z}

where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \{\mathbf{\hat{x}}, \mathbf{\hat{y}},\mathbf{\hat{z}} \}

are the unit vectors in their respective directions.

Though this page chiefly treats del in three dimensions, this definition can be generalized to the n-dimensional Euclidean space Rⁿ. In the Cartesian coordinate system with coordinates (x₁, x₂, ..., x_n), del is:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla = \sum_{i=1}^n \hat e^i {\partial \over \partial x_i}

where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \{ \hat e^i: 1\leq i\leq n\}

is the standard basis in this space.

More compactly, using the Einstein summation notation, del is written as

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla = \hat e^i \,\partial_i

Del can also be expressed in other coordinate systems, see for example del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates.

Notational uses[link]

Del is used as a shorthand form to simplify many long mathematical expressions. It is most commonly used to simplify expressions for the gradient, divergence, curl, directional derivative, and Laplacian.

Gradient[link]

The vector derivative of a scalar field f is called the gradient, and it can be represented as:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla f = {\partial f \over \partial x} \mathbf{\hat{x}} + {\partial f \over \partial y} \mathbf{\hat{y}} + {\partial f \over \partial z} \mathbf{\hat{z}}

It always points in the direction of greatest increase of f, and it has a magnitude equal to the maximum rate of increase at the point—just like a standard derivative. In particular, if a hill is defined as a height function over a plane h(x,y), the 2d projection of the gradient at a given location will be a vector in the xy-plane (sort of like an arrow on a map) pointing along the steepest direction. The magnitude of the gradient is the value of this steepest slope.

In particular, this notation is powerful because the gradient product rule looks very similar to the 1d-derivative case:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla(f g) = f \nabla g + g \nabla f

However, the rules for dot products do not turn out to be simple, as illustrated by:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla (\vec u \cdot \vec v) = (\vec u \cdot \nabla) \vec v + (\vec v \cdot \nabla) \vec u + \vec u \times (\nabla \times \vec v) + \vec v \times (\nabla \times \vec u)

Divergence[link]

The divergence of a vector field Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \vec{v}(x, y, z) = v_x \mathbf{\hat{x}} + v_y \mathbf{\hat{y}} + v_z \mathbf{\hat{z}}

is a scalar function that can be represented as:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mbox{div}\,\vec v = {\partial v_x \over \partial x} + {\partial v_y \over \partial y} + {\partial v_z \over \partial z} = \nabla \cdot \vec v

The divergence is roughly a measure of a vector field's increase in the direction it points; but more accurately, it is a measure of that field's tendency to converge toward or repel from a point.

The power of the del notation is shown by the following product rule:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla \cdot (f \vec v) = f \nabla \cdot \vec v + \vec v \cdot \nabla f

The formula for the vector product is slightly less intuitive, because this product is not commutative:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla \cdot (\vec u \times \vec v) = \vec v \cdot \nabla \times \vec u - \vec u \cdot \nabla \times \vec v

Curl[link]

The curl of a vector field Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \vec{v}(x, y, z) = v_x\mathbf{\hat{x}} + v_y\mathbf{\hat{y}} + v_z\mathbf{\hat{z}}

is a vector function that can be represented as:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mbox{curl}\;\vec v = \left( {\partial v_z \over \partial y} - {\partial v_y \over \partial z} \right) \mathbf{\hat{x}} + \left( {\partial v_x \over \partial z} - {\partial v_z \over \partial x} \right) \mathbf{\hat{y}} + \left( {\partial v_y \over \partial x} - {\partial v_x \over \partial y} \right) \mathbf{\hat{z}} = \nabla \times \vec v

The curl at a point is proportional to the on-axis torque to which a tiny pinwheel would be subjected if it were centered at that point.

The vector product operation can be visualized as a pseudo-determinant:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla \times \vec v = \left|\begin{matrix} \mathbf{\hat{x}} & \mathbf{\hat{y}} & \mathbf{\hat{z}} \\[2pt] {\frac{\partial}{\partial x}} & {\frac{\partial}{\partial y}} & {\frac{\partial}{\partial z}} \\[2pt] v_x & v_y & v_z \end{matrix}\right|

Again the power of the notation is shown by the product rule:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla \times (f \vec v) = (\nabla f) \times \vec v + f \nabla \times \vec v

Unfortunately the rule for the vector product does not turn out to be simple:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla \times (\vec u \times \vec v) = \vec u \, \nabla \cdot \vec v - \vec v \, \nabla \cdot \vec u + (\vec v \cdot \nabla) \vec u - (\vec u \cdot \nabla) \vec v

Directional derivative[link]

The directional derivative of a scalar field f(x,y,z) in the direction Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \vec{a}(x,y,z) = a_x \mathbf{\hat{x}} + a_y \mathbf{\hat{y}} + a_z \mathbf{\hat{z}}

is defined as:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \vec{a}\cdot\mbox{grad}\,f = a_x {\partial f \over \partial x} + a_y {\partial f \over \partial y} + a_z {\partial f \over \partial z} = (\vec a \cdot \nabla) f

This gives the change of a field f in the direction of a. In operator notation, the element in parentheses can be considered a single coherent unit; fluid dynamics uses this convention extensively, terming it the convective derivative—the "moving" derivative of the fluid.

Laplacian[link]

The Laplace operator is a scalar operator that can be applied to either vector or scalar fields; it is defined as:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Delta = {\partial^2 \over \partial x^2} + {\partial^2 \over \partial y^2} + {\partial^2 \over \partial z^2} = \nabla \cdot \nabla = \nabla^2

The Laplacian is ubiquitous throughout modern mathematical physics, appearing in Laplace's equation, Poisson's equation, the heat equation, the wave equation, and the Schrödinger equation—to name a few.

Tensor derivative[link]

Del can also be applied to a vector field with the result being a tensor. The tensor derivative of a vector field Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \vec{v}

is a 9-term second-rank tensor, but can be denoted simply as Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla \otimes \vec{v}

, where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \otimes

represents the dyadic product. This quantity is equivalent to the transpose of the Jacobian matrix of the vector field with respect to space.

For a small displacement Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \delta \vec{r} , the change in the vector field is given by:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \delta \vec{v} = (\nabla \otimes \vec{v}) \sdot \delta \vec{r}

Second derivatives[link]

DCG chart: A simple chart depicting all rules pertaining to second derivatives. D, C, G, L and CC stand for divergence, curl, gradient, Laplacian and curl of curl, respectively. Arrows indicate existence of second derivatives. Blue circle in the middle represents curl of curl, whereas the other two red circles(dashed) mean that DD and GG do not exist.

When del operates on a scalar or vector, generally a scalar or vector is returned. Because of the diversity of vector products (scalar, dot, cross) one application of del already gives rise to three major derivatives: the gradient (scalar product), divergence (dot product), and curl (cross product). Applying these three sorts of derivatives again to each other gives five possible second derivatives, for a scalar field f or a vector field v; the use of the scalar Laplacian and vector Laplacian gives two more:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mbox{div}\,(\mbox{grad}\,f ) = \nabla \cdot (\nabla f)

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mbox{curl}\,(\mbox{grad}\,f ) = \nabla \times (\nabla f)

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Delta f = \nabla^2 f

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mbox{grad}\,(\mbox{div}\, \vec v ) = \nabla (\nabla \cdot \vec v)

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mbox{div}\,(\mbox{curl}\,\vec v ) = \nabla \cdot (\nabla \times \vec v)

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mbox{curl}\,(\mbox{curl}\,\vec v ) = \nabla \times (\nabla \times \vec v)

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Delta \vec v = \nabla^2 \vec v

These are of interest principally because they are not always unique or independent of each other. As long as the functions are well-behaved, two of them are always zero:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mbox{curl}\,(\mbox{grad}\,f ) = \nabla \times (\nabla f) = 0

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mbox{div}\,(\mbox{curl}\,\vec v ) = \nabla \cdot \nabla \times \vec{v} = 0

Two of them are always equal:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mbox{div}\,(\mbox{grad}\,f ) = \nabla \cdot (\nabla f) = \nabla^2 f = \Delta f

The 3 remaining vector derivatives are related by the equation:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla \times \nabla \times \vec{v} = \nabla (\nabla \cdot \vec{v}) - \nabla^2 \vec{v}

And one of them can even be expressed with the tensor product, if the functions are well-behaved:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nabla ( \nabla \cdot \vec{v} ) = \nabla \cdot (\nabla \otimes \vec{v})

Precautions[link]

Most of the above vector properties (except for those that rely explicitly on del's differential properties—for example, the product rule) rely only on symbol rearrangement, and must necessarily hold if del is replaced by any other vector. This is part of the tremendous value gained in representing this operator as a vector in its own right.

Though you can often replace del with a vector and obtain a vector identity, making those identities intuitive, the reverse is not necessarily reliable, because del does not often commute.

A counterexample that relies on del's failure to commute:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): (\mathbf u \cdot \mathbf v) f = (\mathbf v \cdot \mathbf u) f

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): (\nabla \cdot \mathbf v) f \ne (\mathbf v \cdot \nabla) f

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): (\nabla \cdot \mathbf v) f = (\frac{\part v_x}{\part x}+\frac{\part v_y}{\part y}+\frac{\part v_z}{\part z})f =

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): = \frac{\part v_x}{\part x}f+\frac{\part v_y}{\part y}f+\frac{\part v_z}{\part z}f

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): (\mathbf v \cdot \nabla) f = (v_x \frac{\part}{\part x}+v_y \frac{\part}{\part y}+v_z \frac{\part}{\part z})f =

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): = v_x \frac{\part f}{\part x}+v_y \frac{\part f}{\part y}+v_z \frac{\part f}{\part z}

A counterexample that relies on del's differential properties:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): (\nabla x) \times (\nabla y) = (\mathbf{\hat x} \frac{\part x}{\part x}+\mathbf{\hat y} \frac{\part x}{\part y}+\mathbf{\hat z} \frac{\part x}{\part z}) \times (\mathbf{\hat x} \frac{\part y}{\part x}+\mathbf{\hat y} \frac{\part y}{\part y}+\mathbf{\hat z} \frac{\part y}{\part z}) =

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): = (\mathbf{\hat x} \cdot 1 +\mathbf{\hat y} \cdot 0+\mathbf{\hat z} \cdot 0) \times (\mathbf{\hat x} \cdot 0+\mathbf{\hat y} \cdot 1+\mathbf{\hat z} \cdot 0) =

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): = \mathbf{\hat x} \times \mathbf{\hat y} = \mathbf{\hat z}

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): (\mathbf u x )\times (\mathbf u y) = x y (\mathbf u \times \mathbf u) = x y \mathbf 0 = \mathbf 0

Central to these distinctions is the fact that del is not simply a vector; it is a vector operator. Whereas a vector is an object with both a precise numerical magnitude and direction, del does not have a precise value for either until it is allowed to operate on something.

For that reason, identities involving del must be derived with care, using both vector identities and differentiation identities such as the product rule.

See also[link]

• Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates
• Maxwell's equations
• Navier–Stokes equations
• Table of mathematical symbols
• Vector calculus identities

References[link]

• Schey, H. M. (1997). Div, Grad, Curl, and All That: An Informal Text on Vector Calculus. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-96997-5. 
• Miller, Jeff. "Earliest Uses of Symbols of Calculus". http://jeff560.tripod.com/calculus.html. 
• "History of Nabla". netlib.org. January 26, 1998. http://www.netlib.org/na-digest-html/98/v98n03.html#2. 

External links[link]

• A survey of the improper use of ∇ in vector analysis (1994) Tai, Chen

Lana Del Rey
Del Rey at a promotional event in Seattle
Background information
Birth name	Elizabeth Woolridge Grant
Also known as	Lizzy Grant Lana Rey Del Mar May Jailer
Born	(1986-06-21) June 21, 1986 (age 26)[1] New York City, New York, United States
Origin	Lake Placid, New York, United States
Genres	Indie pop,[2] adult alternative,[2] chamber pop,[3] sadcore[4]
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, fashion model
Instruments	Vocals, guitar[5]
Years active	2007–present
Labels	Interscope, Polydor, Stranger
Website	lanadelrey.com

Elizabeth Woolridge Grant^[6] (born June 21, 1986), better known by her stage name Lana Del Rey, is an American singer-songwriter. Raised in upstate New York, Del Rey moved to New York City at age eighteen, where she attended college and began writing music and performing in clubs.

In 2008, Del Rey contracted with an independent label and recorded a self-titled debut album which was briefly available on iTunes in 2010; Del Rey ultimately bought back the rights to the album and it was withdrawn soon after.

In June 2011, she released the song "Video Games" on the Internet, accompanied by a self-made music video that went viral in the following months. The song was later released as a single in October, leading up to Del Rey's major-label debut album, Born to Die, which was released on January 31, 2012 through Interscope Records. Born to Die debuted at number one in seven countries, including the United Kingdom^[7] and Australia. The album has spawned two worldwide top 10 hits: "Video Games" and "Born to Die".

Del Rey's music has been noted for its cinematic sound and its references to various aspects of pop culture, particularly that of 1950s and '60s Americana.^[8] Del Rey has been described as a "self-styled gangsta Nancy Sinatra",^[9] and cites Britney Spears,^[10][11][12] Eminem,^[13][10] and Antony and the Johnsons amongst her musical influences.^[10]

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

Del Rey was born Elizabeth Grant in New York City and grew up in Lake Placid, New York.^[14][15] When she was 14, she attended Kent School, a boarding school in Connecticut.^[16][17] She has Scottish ancestry, and is the daughter of domain investor Rob Grant, who supported her in her early career as a singer.^{[18][19][20][21]} Del Rey attended Fordham University in New York City, studying philosophy.^[22]

At age 18, her uncle taught her how to play guitar, beginning with basic chords: "It was G, C, A, D minor, A minor and some diminished chord as well. Some trick, some shortcut," Del Rey recalled. "I realized I could probably write a million songs with those six chords, so I moved to New York and I took a couple of years to just write whatever I wanted."^[5] She began performing in clubs while living in the city.

Her stage name was discussed in a Vogue interview, in which she said, "I wanted a name I could shape the music towards [...] I was going to Miami quite a lot at the time, speaking a lot of Spanish with my friends from Cuba – Lana Del Rey reminded us of the glamour of the seaside. It sounded gorgeous coming off the tip of the tongue."^[23] The name is reportedly an amalgam of the actress Lana Turner, and the 1980's automobile Ford Del Rey. ^[24]

"I wanted to be part of a high-class scene of musicians. It was half-inspired because I didn't have many friends, and I was hoping that I would meet people and fall in love and start a community around me, the way they used to do in the '60s."^[25]

Del Rey first released a three-track EP titled Kill Kill in October 2008 under the name Lizzy Grant, featuring the tracks "Kill Kill", "Yayo" and "Gramma (Blue Ribbon Sparkler Trailer Heaven)".^[26]

[edit] 2010: Lana Del Ray A.K.A. Lizzy Grant

Del Rey later released her first full-length studio album titled Lana Del Ray A.K.A. Lizzy Grant [sic] in January 2010.^[27] It was the singer's first professionally produced album, released under Lizzy Grant on an independent label with producer David Kahne.^[28] Del Rey stated that "David asked to work with me only a day after he got my demo. He is known as a producer with a lot of integrity and who had an interest in making music that wasn't just pop."^[29] Her father, Robert Grant, helped with the marketing of the album,^[30] which was available for purchase on iTunes for a brief period before being withdrawn. According to David Kahne, who produced Grant, Grant bought the rights back from her label, 5 Points, as she wanted it out of circulation to "…stifle future opportunities to distribute it – an echo of rumors that the action was part of a calculated strategy."^[31]

[edit] 2011–present: Born to Die

Lana Del Rey performing at Paradiso, Amsterdam.

Later in June 2011, Del Rey was signed with Stranger Records,^[32] to release her debut single "Video Games";^[32] in October 2011, she signed a joint deal with Interscope Records and Polydor.^{[5][33][34][35]} In October 2011, she won the Q award for "Next Big Thing". Del Rey's song "Video Games" was featured for the first time on The CW's TV-Series Ringer on September 27, 2011.^[36] Del Rey also promoted the album in a number of live appearances, including a show at the Bowery Ballroom, where, according to Eliot Glazer of New York, "the polarizing indie hipstress brought her 'gangsta Nancy Sinatra' swagu."^[37] Rolling Stone commented that, despite Del Rey being nervous and anxious while performing her songs live, she "sang with considerable confidence", although they noted that "her transitions ...could be rather jarring."^[38] Del Rey also performed "Video Games" on Dutch television program De Wereld Draait Door,^[39] on British music television show Later... with Jools Holland,^[40] and on an intimate show at Chateau Marmont in West Hollywood, California.^[41]

Born to Die was released on January 27, 2012 in Ireland,^[42] January 30, 2012, in the UK, and on January 31, 2012 worldwide.^[43]

Del Rey performed two songs on Saturday Night Live on January 14, 2012 to a warm reception from the audience, but mixed reviews from critics and the general public. NBC Nightly News anchor Brian Williams called Del Rey's performance "one of the worst outings in SNL history". Del Rey's performance was defended by the evening's program guest host, actor Daniel Radcliffe, despite not having seen her performance.^[44] He said in part: "It was unfortunate that people seemed to turn on her so quickly [...] I don't think [the performance] warranted anywhere near that reaction." Del Rey had earlier defended her spot on the program, saying: "I'm a good musician [...] I have been singing for a long time, and I think that [SNL creator] Lorne Michaels knows that [...] it's not a fluke decision."^[45] On February 4, 2012, Kristen Wiig appeared on the Weekend Update segment on Saturday Night Live parodying Del Rey and poking fun at the backlash.

The second single and title track "Born to Die" was released on December 3, 2011.^[46] The music video for it leaked on December 14, 2011,^[47] and was based on a concept created by the singer, while being directed by Yoann Lemoine.^[48]

In January 2012, Del Rey revealed that she recently bought back the rights to her 2010 album Lana Del Ray A.K.A. Lizzy Grant and will re-release it in the summer of 2012 under Interscope Records and Polydor.^[49] Contrary to Grant's press statement, her previous label (5 Point Records), and producer David Kahne have both stated that she bought the rights to the album when she and the label parted company, due to the offer of a new deal, in April 2010.^[50][51] On January 4, 2012, it was reported she had signed a deal with NEXT Model Management agency.^[52] In May 2012, Del Rey confirmed the song "National Anthem" as the fourth single from her album Born to Die. ^{[53] [54]} On May 30th, 2012, Del Rey's supposed debut album "Sirens" was leaked online under the name "May Jailer". The 15 track album includes the previously leaked song "A Star for Nick."

Artistry[link]

Music

She has been described as a "self-styled gangsta Nancy Sinatra",^[9] Del Rey is known to write and produce most of her own material and covers genres from Hip-Hop and Indie. Having first been discovered from posting viral videos of herself singing on the internet she quickly grew a significant fan base. She has been noted for using her allure to the celebrity lifestyle as an inspiration in itself, whilst at the same time maintaining an aura of mystique, this has reflected in the melodies and vocals she produces. Her sound as well as her videography has been described as eccentric, over the top and at times wild. However Noah Levy, senior news editor at In Touch Weekly magazine noted that her dedication and talent is undeniable, quoted as saying "I think she cares about the art that she is creating. I don't think that is fake at all."^[55]

Voice

Del Rey possesses a wide^[56] contralto vocal range,^{[57][58][59][60]} which has been described as unique, captivating and highly emotive,^[60] being able to transcend from sounding high and girlish in her timbre, down to a low and jazzy sound with great ease, although both these areas of the voice can be conflicting in their sound and polarise opinion.^[57]

When recording in the studio Del Rey is known for vocal multi layering, double tracking and overlays which has it has been noted is difficult for her to replicate within a live setting, especially with the lack of backing singers to fill out the original vocal style.^[59].

Influences

Del Rey cites Britney Spears,^[11][12] Elvis Presley, Antony and the Johnsons, Frank Sinatra ^[13] and Eminem amongst her musical influences. "[I really] just like the masters of every genre", she told BBC journalist Jo Whiley.^[61]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Lana Del Ray A.K.A. Lizzy Grant (2010)
• Born To Die (2012)

Awards and nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lana Del Rey

• Official website
• Lana Del Rey at the Internet Movie Database
• Lana Del Rey talks influences with BEAT

Chris Jericho
Jericho on his 2007 book tour
Ring name(s)	Chris Jericho[1] Corazón de León[2] León de Oro[3] Lion Do[4] The Lion Heart[4] Super Liger[4]
Billed height	6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)[1]
Billed weight	226 lb (103 kg)[1]
Born	(1970-11-09) November 9, 1970 (age 41)[2] Manhasset, New York[2]
Resides	Tampa, Florida[4]
Billed from	Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada[2]
Trained by	Ed Langley Katsuji Adachi Keith Hart[4] Stu Hart
Debut	October 2, 1990[4]
Website	chrisjericho.com

Christopher Keith Irvine (born November 9, 1970),^[2] known professionally as Chris Jericho, is an American-born Canadian professional wrestler, musician, media personality, actor, author and businessman. He is signed to WWE, appearing on its Raw brand in addition to being the lead singer of heavy metal band Fozzy. He is also well known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), and internationally in Canadian, Mexican and Japanese promotions.

Jericho has won 30 championships between WWF/E, WCW, and ECW - the three most prominent American promotions in the 1990s and early 2000s. He is credited as being the first Undisputed WWF Champion, having unified the WWE Championship and World Championship (formerly the WCW Championship) in 2001.

In WWE Jericho is a six-time world champion, having won the Undisputed WWF Championship once, the WCW/World Championship twice and the World Heavyweight Championship thrice. He is also a record nine-time Intercontinental Champion, and the fourth WWE Grand Slam Champion.^[1]

Outside of wrestling, Jericho formed the band Fozzy in 1999 as their lead vocalist. Their eponymous debut album (2000) and Happenstance (2002) consist of cover songs and original music; All That Remains (2005) and Chasing the Grail (2010) feature all-original music. He also competed in the 2011 series of Dancing With The Stars, lasting until the sixth week. Prior to this, he hosted the ABC game show Downfall.

Professional wrestling career[link]

Early career (1990–1996)[link]

At age 19, Irvine entered the Hart Brothers School of Wrestling where, on his first day, he met Lance Storm. Two months later, he was ready to start wrestling on independent shows, making his debut on October 2, 1990, in a draw against Storm. The pair then worked as a tag team, initially called "Sudden Impact". Meanwhile, he took the name "Jericho" from the Helloween album, Walls of Jericho.^[5] Jericho and Storm worked for Tony Condello in the tours of Northern Manitoba with Adam Copeland (Edge), Jason Reso (Christian), and Terry Gerin (Rhino).^[2] The pair also wrestled in Calgary's Canadian National Wrestling Alliance (CNWA) and Canadian Rocky Mountain Wrestling (CRMW). In 1991, Jericho and Storm started touring in Japan for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling, where he would befriend Ricky Fuji, who also trained under Stu Hart.

In the winter of 1992, he traveled to Mexico and competed under the name Leon D'Oro, and later Corazón de León, where he wrestled for several small wrestling companies, as well as the largest in the country, Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). In CMLL, Jericho took on Silver King, Negro Casas, and Último Dragón en route to an 11 month reign as the NWA Middleweight Champion that began in December 1993. After leaving Mexico, Jericho would wrestle in Hamburg, Germany for six weeks as part of a tournament run by Rene Lasarteese.^[2] His burgeoning wrestling skills also took him to Japan in 1994 where he competed for Genichiro Tenryu's Wrestling and Romance (later known as Wrestle Association "R") (WAR) promotion, facing the likes of Gedo and Último Dragón, to whom he lost the WAR International Junior Heavyweight Championship. He would also become a member of the heel stable Fuyuki-Gun (also known as Team No Respect) with Gedo, Jado, and Hiromichi Fuyuki under the name Lion Do, and would go on to team with Gedo to become the first WAR International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champions.

1994 also saw Jericho reunited with his former teammate from CRMW, Storm, as the Thrillseekers in Jim Cornette's Smoky Mountain Wrestling promotion, where they feuded with the likes of Well Dunn, The Rock 'n' Roll Express, and The Heavenly Bodies. In December 1995, Jericho competed in the second Super J Cup Tournament, hosted by WAR, losing to Wild Pegasus.^[2]

Extreme Championship Wrestling (1996)[link]

In 1996, thanks in part to recommendations by Chris Benoit and Perry Saturn, to promoter Paul Heyman, and after Mick Foley saw Jericho's match against Último Dragón for the WAR International Junior Heavyweight Championship in July 1995 and gave a tape of the match to Heyman, Jericho began wrestling for the Philadelphia-based Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) promotion, winning the ECW World Television Championship from Pitbull #2 in June 1996. While in ECW, Jericho wrestled Taz, Sabu, Rob Van Dam, Cactus Jack, Shane Douglas, and 2 Cold Scorpio. It was during this time that he drew the attention of World Championship Wrestling (WCW).

World Championship Wrestling[link]

Cruiserweight Champion (1996–1998)[link]

On August 26, 1996 Jericho made his first appearance with WCW, and on September 15, he appeared at his first pay-per-view show in a match against Chris Benoit at Fall Brawl.^[6] In January 1997, Jericho made his debut for New Japan Pro Wrestling, who had a working agreement with WCW, as Super Liger, the masked arch nemesis of Jushin "Thunder" Liger.^[7] According to Jericho, Super Liger's first match against Koji Kanemoto at Wrestling World 1997 was so poorly received that the gimmick was dropped instantly.^[7] The following six months, Jericho worked for New Japan unmasked, before being called back by WCW.^[7] On June 28, 1997, Jericho defeated Syxx in Los Angeles, California to win the Cruiserweight Championship for the first time. He won the title again on August 12, 1997, by defeating Alex Wright.

Jericho began his WCW heel run when he won the title a third time by defeating Rey Mysterio, Jr. at Souled Out by forcing him to submit to the Liontamer. After the match, Jericho assaulted Mysterio's knee with a toolbox.^[8] In the storyline, Mysterio needed six months of recovery before he could return to the ring. Jericho then had a short feud with Juventud Guerrera in which Guerrera repeatedly requested a shot at Jericho's Cruiserweight Championship, but Jericho constantly rebuffed him. The feud culminated in a Title vs. Mask match at SuperBrawl VIII. Guerrera lost the match and was forced to remove his mask.^[9] Following this match, Jericho began his ongoing gimmick of collecting and wearing to the ring trophy items from his defeated opponents, such as Guerrera's mask, Prince Iaukea's Hawaiian dress, and a headband from Disco Inferno.

Jericho after a taping of WCW Monday Nitro in 1998.

Jericho then began a long feud with Dean Malenko in which Jericho repeatedly claimed he was a better wrestler than Malenko, but refused to wrestle him. Because of his mastery of technical wrestling, Malenko was known as "The Man of 1000 Holds," so Jericho claimed to be "The Man of 1004 Holds." During the March 30, 1998 episode of WCW Monday Nitro, after defeating Marty Jannetty, Jericho pulled out a long pile of paper that listed each of the 1004 holds he knew and recited them to the audience. Many of the "holds" were fictional, and every other hold was an armbar. On the March 12, 1998 episode of WCW Thunder, Malenko defeated a wrestler wearing Juventud Guerrera's mask who appeared to be Jericho. However, the masked wrestler was actually Lenny Lane, who Jericho bribed to appear in the match. This started a minor feud between Lane and Jericho after Jericho refused to pay Lane. At Uncensored Jericho finally wrestled Malenko and defeated him, after which Malenko took a leave of absence from wrestling.^[10] Jericho then proceeded to bring with him to the ring a portrait of Malenko that he insulted and demeaned. Just prior to Slamboree, J.J. Dillon (referred to by Jericho as "Jo Jo") scheduled a cruiserweight Battle Royal in which the wrestler who won would immediately have a shot at Jericho's Cruiserweight Championship. Jericho accepted on the grounds that whoever had to face him would not have nearly enough energy to wrestle two matches in a row. At Slamboree, Jericho came out to announce the competitors in an insulting fashion before the match started and then went backstage for coffee. An individual who appeared to be Ciclope won the battle royal after Juventud Guerrera shook his hand then eliminated himself. However, the winner was not Ciclope, but instead a returning Malenko in disguise. Malenko proceeded to defeat Jericho for the championship. Jericho claiming he was the victim of a carefully planned conspiracy to get the belt off of him. He at first blamed the WCW locker room, then added Dillon, Ted Turner, and finally in a vignette, he walked around Washington, D.C. with the sign "conspiracy victim" and accused President Bill Clinton of being one of the conspirators after being rejected from a meeting. Eventually, Malenko vacated the title. Jericho ended up defeating Malenko at The Great American Bash to win the vacant title after Malenko was disqualified after hitting Jericho with a chair.^[11] The next night, Malenko was suspended for his actions.

At Bash at the Beach, the recently returned Rey Mysterio, Jr. (who had recovered from his knee injury) defeated Jericho in a No Disqualification match after the still-suspended Malenko interfered.^[12] Jericho regained the Cruiserweight Championship from Mysterio the next night after he interrupted J.J. Dillon while Dillon was giving the championship to Mysterio. Jericho was again awarded the championship.^[13] Eventually, Jericho decisively lost the title to Juventud Guerrera in a match at Road Wild with Malenko as special referee.^[14]

World Television Champion (1998–1999)[link]

On August 10, Jericho defeated Stevie Ray to win the World Television Championship (Stevie Ray substituting for the champion Booker T).^[15] Soon afterward, Jericho repeatedly called out World Heavyweight Champion Goldberg, in an attempt to begin a feud with him, but never actually wrestled him.^[2] Jericho cites Eric Bischoff, Goldberg, and Hulk Hogan's reluctance to book Jericho in a pay-per-view squash match loss against Goldberg, which Jericho felt would be a big draw, as a major reason for his deciding to leave the company.

On November 30, 1998 Jericho lost the Television Championship to Konnan.^[16] In early 1999, Jericho began a feud with Perry Saturn. The feud saw Jericho and Saturn instigating bizarre stipulation matches, such as at Souled Out, where Jericho defeated Saturn in a "loser must wear a dress" match.^[17] At SuperBrawl IX Jericho and Saturn wrestled in a "dress" match in which Jericho once again defeated Saturn. Saturn finally defeated Jericho at Uncensored in a Dog Collar match.^[18] Jericho's final WCW match came during a Peoria, IL house show July 21, where he and Eddie Guerrero lost a tag team match to Billy Kidman and Rey Mysterio, Jr.

World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment[link]

The Y2J Problem (1999-2000)[link]

Jericho on SmackDown! with Mr. Hughes, his enforcer during his rivalry with Ken Shamrock.

Jericho alternated between WCW and a number of Japanese tours before he signed a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) on June 30.^[19] In the weeks before Jericho's debut, a clock labeled "countdown to the new millennium" appeared on WWF programming. On the home video, Break Down the Walls, Jericho states he was inspired to do this as his entrance when he saw a similar clock in a post office. Vince McMahon gave him the green light to use it as his intro to the WWF. The clock finally ran down on August 9, 1999 in Chicago, Illinois while The Rock was in the ring doing a promo. Jericho entered the arena and proclaimed himself "Y2J" (a play on the Y2K bug). The Rock proceeded to verbally mock him for his interruption.^[20] Later that month, Jericho made his in-ring debut on August 26, 1999 losing by disqualification in a match against Road Dogg on the inaugural episode of SmackDown! after powerbombing Road Dogg through a table.^[21]

Jericho's first long-term feud was with Chyna, for the Intercontinental Championship. After losing to Chyna at the Survivor Series,^[22] Jericho won his first Intercontinental title at Armageddon.^[23] This feud included a controversial decision during a rematch in which two separate referees declared each one of them the winner of a match for the title.^[24] As a result, they became co-owners of the title until Jericho attained sole ownership at the Royal Rumble.^[25] Jericho's subsequent alliance with Chyna, coupled with growing enthusiasm for his ring work and mic skills, effectively turned him into a face.

Feuding and teaming with Chris Benoit (2000-2001)[link]

Jericho lost his title to the European Champion Kurt Angle at No Way Out.^[26] On April 2, Jericho competed in a Triple Threat match against Chris Benoit and Angle at WrestleMania 2000 in a two-falls contest with both of Angle's titles at stake. Jericho won the European Championship by pinning Benoit, who in turn pinned Jericho to take the Intercontinental Championship.^[27] This was the first of six pay-per-view matches between the pair within twelve months. Jericho lost the title the next day to Eddie Guerrero on Raw after Chyna turned heel to side with him. On the April 17 episode of Raw, Jericho upset Triple H in a WWF Championship match. Referee Earl Hebner made a fast count when Jericho pinned Triple H, causing Jericho to win the title.^[28] Hebner later reversed the decision due to pressure from Triple H, and WWE does not recognize Jericho's reign as champion. On the May 4 episode of SmackDown!, Jericho defeated Benoit to become Intercontinental Champion for the third time,^[29] but lost the title to Benoit four days later on Raw.^[30] Meanwhile, Jericho's feud with Triple H climaxed at Fully Loaded, when they competed in a Last Man Standing match. Jericho lost the match to Triple H only by one second, despite the repeated assistance Triple H's wife Stephanie provided him in the match.^[31]

At the 2001 Royal Rumble, Jericho defeated Chris Benoit in a Ladder match to win the Intercontinental Championship for the fourth time.^[32] At WrestleMania X-Seven, he successfully defended his title in a match against William Regal,^[33] only to lose it four days later to Triple H.

At Judgment Day, Jericho and Benoit won a Tag Team Turmoil match ^[34] and earned a shot at Stone Cold Steve Austin and Triple H for their WWF Tag Team Championship on Raw the next night. Benoit and Jericho won the match, in which Triple H legitimately tore his quadriceps and spent the rest of the year injured, and Jericho became WWF Tag Team Champion for the first time.^[1] The team defended their title in the first Fatal Four-Way Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match where Benoit sustained a year-long injury doing a diving headbutt through a table. Though Benoit was carried out on a stretcher, he returned to the match to climb the ladder and retain the championship. The duo lost the title one month later to the Dudley Boyz on June 19, 2001.^[35] That month at King of the Ring, both Benoit and Jericho were named challengers for Austin's WWF Championship in which Booker T interfered as the catalyst for The Invasion angle.

Undisputed Champion (2001–2002)[link]

In the following months, Jericho became a major force in The Invasion storyline in which WCW and ECW joined forces to overtake the WWF. Jericho remained on the side of the WWF despite previously competing in WCW and ECW. However, Jericho began to show jealousy toward fellow WWF member The Rock. They faced each other in a match at No Mercy for the WCW Championship after Jericho defeated Rob Van Dam in a number one contenders match. Jericho won the WCW Championship when he pinned The Rock after debuting a new finisher, the Breakdown.^[36] One night later, the two put their differences aside and won the WWF Tag Team title from the Dudley Boyz.^[35] After they lost the title to Test and Booker T,^[35] they continued their feud. On the November 5 episode of Raw, The Rock defeated Jericho to regain the WCW Championship. Following the match, Jericho attacked The Rock with a steel chair. At the Survivor Series, Jericho almost cost The Rock, and the WWF, victory in their elimination matchup by attacking The Rock again, turning heel once again.^[37] On December 9, at Vengeance, Jericho defeated both The Rock for the WCW Championship (unbranded and only referred to as the World Championship following Survivor Series) and Stone Cold Steve Austin for his WWF Championship on the same night to become the first wrestler to hold both championships at the same time, which made him the first Undisputed WWF Champion.^[1] He fought both of the men he defeated at Vengeance on separate occasions and retained his title at the next two pay-per-views, Royal Rumble (vs. The Rock)^[38] and No Way Out (vs. Stone Cold).^[39] Jericho later lost the title to Triple H in the main event of WrestleMania X8.^[1] After his title loss, Jericho became a member of the SmackDown! roster and continued his feud with Triple H.^[40] The rivalry culminated at Judgment Day when Triple H defeated Jericho in a Hell in a Cell match.^[41]

Storyline with Christian (2002–2004)[link]

Jericho's ring entrance during Raw.

Jericho was later drafted to Raw, where he won the Intercontinental Championship from Rob Van Dam (RVD). He then later formed a tag team with Christian, with whom he won the World Tag Team Championship, then renamed WWE Tag Team Championship, on October 14, 2002. Christian and Jericho lost the title in a fatal four-way elimination match, involving the teams of The Dudley Boyz, Booker T and Goldust, and William Regal and Lance Storm, on December 15, 2002 at Armageddon.

Chris Jericho and Shawn Michaels after their match at WrestleMania XIX in March 2003

On January 13, 2003, Jericho won an over-the-top-rope challenge against Kane, RVD, and Batista to select his entry number for the Royal Rumble match. He chose number two in order to start the match with Shawn Michaels, who had challenged Jericho to prove his claims that he was better than Michaels.^{[clarification needed]} After Michaels' entrance, Jericho entered as the second participant. Christian, in Jericho's attire, appeared while the real Jericho attacked Shawn from behind. He eliminated Michaels shortly afterward, but Michaels got his revenge later in the match by causing Test to eliminate Jericho. Jericho spent the most time of any other wrestler in that same Royal Rumble. Jericho simultaneously feuded with Test, Michaels, and Jeff Hardy.^[42] Jericho and Michaels fought again at WrestleMania XIX. In the end, Michaels scored the victory. Jericho, however, hit Michaels with a low blow after the match following an embrace.^[43]

After this match, Jericho entered a rivalry with Goldberg, which was fueled by Goldberg's refusal to fight Jericho in WCW. During Jericho's first episode of the Highlight Reel, an interview show, where Goldberg was the guest, he complained that no one wanted Goldberg in WWE and continued to insult him in the following weeks. On May 12 on Raw, a mystery assailant attempted to run over Goldberg with a limousine. A week later, Co-Raw General Manager, Stone Cold Steve Austin, interrogated several Raw superstars to find out who was driving the car. One of the interrogates was Lance Storm, who admitted that he was the assailant. Austin forced Storm into a match with Goldberg, who defeated Storm. After the match, Goldberg forced Storm to admit that Jericho was the superstar who conspired Storm into running him over. On May 26, Goldberg was once again a guest on the Highlight Reel. Jericho expressed jealousy towards Goldberg's success in WCW and felt that since joining WWE, he had achieved everything he had ever wanted in his career and all that was left was to defeat Goldberg and challenged him to a match. At Bad Blood, Goldberg settled the score with Jericho and defeated him.^[44]

Later in 2003, Jericho began a romance with Trish Stratus while his tag team partner Christian began one with Lita. This, however, turned out to be a bet over who could sleep with their respective paramour first, with a Canadian dollar at stake. Stratus overheard this and ended her relationship with Jericho, who seemingly felt bad for using Stratus. After he saved her from an attack by Kane, Stratus agreed that the two of them could just be "friends", thus making Jericho a face. After Christian put Stratus in the Walls of Jericho while competing against her in a match, Jericho sought revenge on Christian, which led to a match at WrestleMania XX. Christian defeated Jericho after Stratus ran down and "inadvertently" struck Jericho (thinking it was Christian) and Christian got the roll-up.^[45] After the match, Stratus turned on Jericho and revealed that she and Christian were a couple. This revelation led to a handicap match at Backlash that Jericho won.^[46] Jericho won his seventh Intercontinental Championship at that year's Unforgiven in a ladder match against Christian.^[47] Jericho's seventh reign was short lived, as he lost it at Taboo Tuesday to Shelton Benjamin.^[48]

Championship pursuits (2004–2005)[link]

Jericho teamed up with Randy Orton, Chris Benoit, and Maven to take on Triple H, Batista, Edge, and Snitsky at Survivor Series. The match's stipulation stated that each member of the winning team would become the General Manager of Raw throughout the next four weeks. Jericho's team was victorious, so they took turns as General Manager.^[49] During Jericho's turn as General Manager, he stripped Triple H of his World Heavyweight Championship because a Triple Threat match for the title a week earlier ended in a draw. At New Year's Revolution, Jericho competed in the Elimination Chamber against Triple H, Chris Benoit, Batista, Randy Orton, and Edge for the vacated World Heavyweight Championship. Jericho began the match with Benoit but Batista ultimately eliminated Jericho.^[50] At WrestleMania 21, Jericho participated in the first ever Money in the Bank ladder match. Jericho suggested the match concept, and he competed in the match against Benjamin, Benoit, Kane, Christian, and Edge. Jericho lost the match when Edge claimed the briefcase. At Backlash, Jericho challenging Shelton Benjamin for the Intercontinental Championship, but lost the match. On June 12, 2005, Jericho wrestled in his first match of the ECW One Night Stand pay-per-view event against his former rivalry Lance Storm. Jericho used his old 'Lionheart' gimmick, instead of his more well known 'Y2J' gimmick. However, Jericho lost the match, after Jason and Justin Credible hit Jericho’s head with a Singapore Cane, which allowed Storm to win the match.

Later that June, Jericho turned on WWE Champion John Cena, becoming a heel once again. Jericho lost a Triple Threat match for the WWE Championship at Vengeance which also involved Christian and Cena.^[51] The feud continued throughout the summer and Jericho lost to Cena in a championship match at SummerSlam.^[52] His last appearance in WWE on the next night on Raw, Jericho faced Cena again in a rematch, this time in a "You're fired" match.^[1] Cena won again, and Jericho was fired by Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff, Jericho then turned on Bischoff. Jericho was carried out of the arena by security.^[53] WWE announced that Jericho's WWE contract had expired on August 25, 2005.

Return to WWE[link]

Championship reigns (2007–2009)[link]

After a two year hiatus, WWE promoted Jericho's return starting September 24, 2007 with a viral marketing campaign using a series of 15-second cryptic binary code videos, similar to the matrix digital rain featured in The Matrix series. The videos contained hidden messages and biblical links related to Jericho.^[54][55] Jericho made his return to WWE television as a face on the November 19, 2007 episode of Raw when he interrupted Randy Orton during Orton's orchestrated passing of the torchceremony. Jericho revealed his intentions to reclaim the WWE Championship in order to "save" WWE fans from Orton.^[55] On the November 26 episode of Raw, Jericho defeated Santino Marella and debuted a new finishing maneuver called the Codebreaker.^[56] At Armageddon, he competed in a WWE title match against Orton, defeating him by disqualification when SmackDown's color commentator John "Bradshaw" Layfield interfered in the match, but Orton retained the title.^[57] He began a feud with JBL and met him at the Royal Rumble. Jericho was disqualified after hitting JBL with a steel chair.^[58]

Jericho celebrates after winning his eighth Intercontinental Championship.

On the March 10 episode of Raw, Jericho captured the Intercontinental Championship for a record eighth time when he defeated Jeff Hardy.^[59]

On June 9 episode of Raw, Jericho attacked Shawn Michaels during his talk show segment The Highlight Reel. Feeling the fans were cheering Michaels despite doing wrong and not caring for Jericho, he put Michaels through The Highlight Reel's "Jeritron 5000" which caused severe damage to his eye, thus Jericho turned heel for the first time since 2005.^[60] This began what would be ranked by both Pro Wrestling Illustrated and the Wrestling Observer Newsletter as the feud of the year.^[61] At Night of Champions, he lost the Intercontinental Title to Kofi Kingston after a distraction by Michaels.^[62][63]

Jericho attacking Shawn Michaels' injured eye at The Great American Bash during their Feud of the Year rivalry.

Afterward, he developed a suit-wearing "self righteous honest man" gimmick inspired by Anton Chigurh (Javier Bardem) from the film No Country for Old Men.^[64][65][66] In doing so, Jericho purposely shed many of the trademarks associated with the "Y2J" character, taking "every characteristic that made him popular, and strip[ping] those traits away from himself."^[67] Jericho and Michaels met at The Great American Bash, which Jericho won after attacking the cut on Michaels's eye.^[68] Michaels later announced that his eye damage would force him to retire, Jericho then went to attack him but punched Rebecca, his wife, instead.^[69] As a result, they met in an Unsanctioned match at Unforgiven which Jericho lost. In the main event, Jericho entered the Championship Scramble as a replacement for the defending champion CM Punk and subsequently won the World Heavyweight Championship.^[70] Jericho then successfully defended his title against Michaels at No Mercy in a ladder match. At Cyber Sunday, Jericho lost the title to Batista in a match. Eight days later, Jericho defeated Batista to win back the title in a steel cage match.^[71] This reign would last until the 2008 Survivor Series, where Jericho lost to the returning John Cena.

On the January 12, 2009 episode of Raw, WWE Executive Vice President Stephanie McMahon fired Jericho, but he was rehired the following week after making a forced apology.^[72][73] On February 15 at No Way Out, he was eliminated by his former rival Rey Mysterio, while Mysterio was defeated by Edge to become new World Heavyweight Champion.

Jericho had an onscreen feud with Double Team, Thursday, Sin City and The Wrestler film star Mickey Rourke and with four WWE Hall of Famers. He challenged and attacked Ric Flair, Roddy Piper, Jimmy Snuka, and Ricky Steamboat on various episodes of Raw leading to WrestleMania XXV. At the event he won an elimination match against Snuka, Steamboat and Piper. After this, Jericho challenged Rourke who was at ringside for the event. As part of the storyline, Rourke knocked Jericho out after a left hook to the jaw.^[74]

On the April 13 episode of Raw, Jericho was drafted to the SmackDown brand as part of the 2009 WWE Draft.^[75] Ricky Steamboat interrupted Jericho's Raw farewell address, which led to the two facing off at Backlash where Jericho came out victorious.^[76] In his SmackDown return, Jericho participated in a fatal-four-way elimination match against Kane, Jeff Hardy, and Rey Mysterio. Mysterio executed a 619 on Jericho and then attempted to pin him with a seated senton. Jericho retaliated by throwing a chair at Mysterio and was disqualified. This sparked a feud between the two.^[77] Mysterio pinned Jericho after a 619 at Judgment Day to retain the Intercontinental Championship.^[78] Jericho defeated Mysterio in a No Holds Barred Match at Extreme Rules to win his ninth Intercontinental Championship, breaking his own record again.^[79] At The Bash Jericho lost the Intercontinental title to Mysterio.

Storyline with Edge and Jeri-Show (2009–2010)[link]

Jericho and The Big Show as the Unified WWE Tag Team Champions.

Later in the same pay-per-view, Jericho and his partner Edge won the Unified Tag Team Championship as surprise entrants in a tag team match.^[80] Shortly thereafter Edge suffered an injury and Jericho announced that he had a clause in his contract to allow Edge to be replaced and Jericho's reign to continue uninterrupted.^[81] At Night of Champions, Jericho revealed The Big Show as his new tag team partner and Jeri-Show defeated Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase to retain the championship.^[82] Jeri-Show would successfully defend their titles against Cryme Tyme at SummerSlam, MVP and Mark Henry at Breaking Point and also Rey Mysterio and Batista at Hell in a Cell.^[83][84][85] At Survivor Series, both Jericho and Big Show took part in a triple threat match for the World Heavyweight Championship, but The Undertaker successfully retained his title.^[86]

The 140 day reign of Jeri-Show as Unified Tag Team Champions came to an end at the TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs pay-per-view at the hands of D-Generation X (DX).^[87] As a member of the SmackDown roster, Jericho could only appear on Raw as a champion and so DX intentionally disqualified themselves in a rematch to force Jericho off the show.^[88] Eventually the teams had a match with a definitive finish, though DX still won, signalling the end of Jeri-Show.^[89]

At the 2010 Royal Rumble Jericho was eliminated by the returning Edge, his former tag team partner, who went on to win the match. At Elimination Chamber, Jericho won the World Heavyweight Championship in an Elimination Chamber match, defeating The Undertaker following interference from Shawn Michaels. The next night on Raw, Edge announced that he would be using his Royal Rumble win to challenge Jericho at WrestleMania XXVI for the World Heavyweight Championship. Jericho defeated Edge at WrestleMania but during the April 2 episode of SmackDown!, Jack Swagger cashed in his Money in the Bank contract and pinned Jericho for the championship after he had been speared by Edge. Swagger retained the championship in a match against Jericho and Edge soon after. Edge defeated Jericho in a steel cage match at Extreme Rules to end the feud.^[90]

Jericho was drafted back to Raw in May's 2010 WWE Draft.^[91] He formed a brief tag team with The Miz and unsuccessfully challenged The Hart Dynasty for the Unified Tag Team Championship at Over the Limit^[92] A month later, Jericho lost to Evan Bourne at WWE Fatal 4-Way, and the following night won a rematch where he put his career on the line.^[93] On the July 19 episode of Raw, after being assaulted by The Nexus, Jericho teamed with rivals Edge, John Morrison, R-Truth, The Great Khali and Bret Hart in a team led by John Cena to face The Nexus at SummerSlam.^[94] Jericho and Cena bickered over leadership of the team,^[95][96] which led to him and Edge attacking Cena during the SummerSlam match that they won.

Jericho was punished for not showing solidarity against Nexus, when he was removed from a Six-Pack Challenge for Sheamus' WWE Championship at WWE Night of Champions.^[97][98][99] Although he re-earned his place in the match^[100] he was the first man eliminated.^[101] On the September 27 episode of Raw, Jericho faced Randy Orton who punted him in the head. This was used to explain Jericho's departure from the company.^[102]

Second return to WWE (2012)[link]

Beginning in November 2011, WWE aired six cryptic vignettes that implied that someone would be returning to the company during the broadcast of the January 2, 2012 episode of Raw. Inspired by the 2012 apocalypse theories derived from the Maya calendar,^[103] the eerie videos featured two schoolchildren, a boy and a girl, with the boy prophesying that "a familiar force shall arrive to claim what is his and it will be the end of the world as you know it."^{[104][105][106]} Jericho returned on the January 2 episode of Raw in a similar manner to his two previous WWE introductions; however, after physically hyping the crowd and relishing their cheers for a prolonged period, a smiling Jericho left without verbally addressing his return and did so the following week.^[107][108] On the January 16 episode of Raw, Jericho made his in-ring return in a six-man tag team match, although Jericho had no physical involvement in the match; he hyped the crowd upon tagging in, before tagging out and abandoning the match.^[109] Jericho finally spoke the following week to say, "This Sunday at the Royal Rumble, it is going to be the end of the world as you know it",^[110] but in the Royal Rumble match was eliminated last, by Sheamus.^[111]

Chris Jericho at WrestleMania XXVIII.

On the January 30 episode of Raw, Jericho interfered in a match between CM Punk and Daniel Bryan, causing a disqualification victory for Bryan and then attacking Punk following the ruling.^[112] The following week, he explained his actions by claiming all the other wrestlers in WWE were imitations of himself, referring to many main-eventers and naming WWE Champion CM Punk as the worst offender by calling himself the "Best in the World".^[113][114] Jericho was placed in an Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Championship and won a Six-Pack Challenge against the other competitors to be the final entrant into the Elimination Chamber match.^[115] At the Elimination Chamber event, Jericho eliminated Dolph Ziggler and Kofi Kingston but was kicked out of the Chamber by Punk, which gave him a head injury and removed him from the match without being eliminated.^[116] On the February 20 episode of Raw, Jericho won a ten-man Battle Royal making him the number one contender for CM Punk's WWE Championship at Wrestlemania XXVIII.^[117] In a bid to psychologically unsettle Punk before their WrestleMania match, Jericho revealed that Punk's father was an alcoholic and Punk's sister was a drug addict which led Punk to his straight edge philosophy; Jericho also vowed to make Punk turn to alcohol by winning Punk's title from him.^[118] At WrestleMania, an additional stipulation was added that Punk would lose his WWE Championship if he was disqualified. During the match, Jericho's efforts to taunt Punk into disqualifying himself were unsuccessful as Punk managed to beat Jericho to retain the title.^[119] On the April 2 and 9 editions of Raw, Jericho continued his feud with Punk by attacking and dousing him with alcohol after his matches with Mark Henry.^[120][121] At Extreme Rules, Jericho failed again to capture the WWE Championship from Punk in a Chicago Street Fight.^[122]

On the May 7 episode of Raw SuperShow, Jericho pinned World Heavyweight Champion Sheamus during his tag team match with Alberto Del Rio against Sheamus and Randy Orton. After the match, Jericho, Orton, and Del Rio demanded a match for Sheamus' title at the Over the Limit, which they were granted;^[123] Sheamus pinned Jericho at the event to retain the title.^[124]

On May 24, at a WWE live event in Brazil, Jericho wrestled a match against CM Punk, during which Jericho crumpled up and kicked a Brazilian flag. Local police then intervened, threatening Jericho with arrest. Jericho issued an apology to the audience later on in the match, enabling the event to resume. The following day, WWE suspended Jericho indefinitely for denigrating the Brazilian flag while also issuing an apology to the Brazilian government and people. Later that day, WWE amended Jericho's suspension to 30 days.^[125][126]

Other media[link]

Music[link]

Jericho performing onstage as part of Fozzy in 2011.

	"Enemy" by Fozzy (2005) noicon Sample from "Enemy" by Fozzy, featuring Chris Jericho on vocals.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

In the mid 1990s, Jericho wrote a monthly column for Metal Edge magazine focused on the heavy metal scene. The column only ran for about a year.^[127]

Jericho is the lead singer for the heavy metal band Fozzy. Since their debut album in 1999, Fozzy has released four studio albums: Fozzy, Happenstance, All That Remains, and the 2010 album Chasing the Grail, and one live album, Remains Alive.

In 2005, Jericho performed vocals on a cover of "The Evil That Men Do" on the Iron Maiden tribute album, Numbers from the Beast. He made a guest appearance on Dream Theater's album, Systematic Chaos on the song "Repentance", as one of several musical guests recorded apologizing to important people in their lives for wrongdoings in the past.

He also started his own weekly XM Satellite Radio show in March 2005 called Rock of Jericho, which aired Sunday nights on XM 41 The Boneyard.

Film, theatre, comedy and writing[link]

In 2000, a VHS tape documenting Jericho's career titled Break Down the Walls was released.^[128]

On June 24, 2006 Jericho premiered in his first Sci-Fi Channel movie Android Apocalypse alongside Scott Bairstow and Joey Lawrence.

Jericho debuted as a stage actor in a comedy play Opening Night, which premiered at the Toronto Centre for the Arts during July 20–22, 2006 in Toronto. During his stay in Toronto, Jericho hosted the sketch comedy show Sunday Night Live with sketch troupe The Sketchersons at The Brunswick House.^[129]

Jericho was also the first wrestler attached and interviewed for the wrestling documentary, Bloodstained Memoirs. The interview was recorded in the UK during a Fozzy tour in 2006.^[130]

Jericho wrote his autobiography, A Lion's Tale: Around the World in Spandex, which was released in 2007 and became a New York Times bestseller. It covers Jericho's life and wrestling career up to his debut in the WWE. Jericho's second autobiography Undisputed: how to become the world champion in 1,372 easy steps, was released in February 2011, and covers his wrestling career since his WWE Debut. Jericho has stated that a third book will be released through Penguin publishing and should be available in 2013.^{[citation needed]}

Jericho appeared in the 2009 film Albino Farm.^[131]

In the film MacGruber, released May 21, 2010, he briefly appeared as Frank Korver,^[132] a former military teammate of the eponymous Green Beret, Navy Seal, and Army Ranger.

Television[link]

Jericho signing autographs.

Jericho is a contributor to the VH1 pop culture shows Best Week Ever, I Love the '80s, and VH1's top 100 artists.^[1]

Jericho also hosted the five-part, five-hour VH1 special "100 Most Shocking Music Moments", an update of the original special "100 Most Shocking Moments In Rock N' Roll" first hosted by Mark McGrath of Sugar Ray.

On July 12, 2006, he made an appearance on G4's Attack of the Show!; he made a second appearance on August 21, 2009. In May 2006, Jericho appeared on VH1's 40 Greatest Metal Songs and Heavy: The Story of Metal as a commentator.

He was one of eight celebrities in the 2006 Fox Television singing reality show Celebrity Duets, executive-produced by Simon Cowell, and was the first contestant eliminated.^[133]

A shown on TMZ.com featured Jericho working at a McDonald's to show off his skills while prepping for the show.^[134]