Ambos Camarines Former province of Hispanic Philippines ← 1579-1829 1854-1857 1893-1917 →   → Location of Camarines Location of the historical Ambos Camarines and Camarines provinces. Capital Nueva Caceres Historical era Spanish period  - Established 1579  - First reunification 1854-1857  - Second reunification 1893-1917  - Disestablished 1917 Today part of Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur and some of Albay

Camarines redirects here. This page refers to the former province. For the current provinces, see Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.

Ambos Camarines (Spanish: ambos, meaning "both"), commonly known as Camarines, was a historical province in the Philippines found on the northern end of the Bicol Peninsula. It now exists as two separate provinces: Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.

The province was founded in 1579 (?) and was split into two, Camarines Norte and Sur in 1829. They were reunited under Ambos Camarines in 1854, but split again after three years. In 1893, they were reunited until March 10, 1917, when Act No. 2711 formed most of the present-day provinces, including Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.

History[link]

Creation[link]

In 1569, Luis Enriquez de Guzman, with Augustinian friar Alonzo Jimenez, reached the present town of Camalig, then a thriving village or rancheria. They found the natives living in thatched sheds called “kamalig”, which translates to ""rice granary."" Andrez de Ibarra, while in search of provisions, followed the route taken by de Guzman and reached Kalilingo and Bua (the present towns of Bato and Nabua) in 1570.

In 1573, Miguel Lopez de Legaspi dispatched his grandson Juan de Salcedo to explore the region as far as Paracale in search of gold and other precious stones. A year later, Salcedo cruised the Bicol River and reached Bato Lake. Hence, the first recorded account of the discovery of the place.

In 1574, at the height of the Spanish colonization of the islands, Guido de Lavizares mentioned in his letter to the King of Spain the land of ""Los Camarines"" – apparently referring to the area of what is now Camalig, Albay, where rice storehouses and granaries or “camarin” abound. Thus, the name “Camarines” was coined and somehow stuck. Spanish colonizers later denominated the area into two distinct aggrupations.

Later, a Spanish garrison under Captain Pedro de Chavez was set up in Naga, a prosperous native rancheria. In 1575, de Guzman founded the Naga City, calling it Nueva Caceres after the birthplace of Governor General Francisco de Sande in Caceres, Spain.

On May 27, 1579, Governor General de Sande issued a decree which led to the establishment of a settlement in Camarines where Spanish colonists were urged to reside.

In 1636, Ibalon was split into two: Partido de Ibalon (comprising what is now Albay, Catanduanes, Sorsogon, Masbate, and the islands of Ticao and Burias) and Partido de Camarines (all towns north of present-day Camalig, Albay).

Ambos Camarines[link]

Partido de Camarines was further divided into Camarines Sur and Norte in 1829. From 1864 until 1893, Camarines Norte and Sur (collectively called Ambos Camarines) underwent a series of confusing geo-political division, fusion, re-division, and re-fusion, until in 1919 when the first Philippine Legislature finally separated Norte and Sur into two provinces. Its capital town then was Naga, the city once called ""Nueva Caceres"" – namesake of a province in Spain and among the original five royal cities of the colony.

The Philippine Revolution started in Ambos Camarines on September 17, 1898 when Elias Angeles and Felix Plazo, Filipino corporals in the Spanish Army, sided with revolutionists and fought the local Spanish forces. With the arrival of General Vicente Lukban, the revolutionary government in the Bicol region was established.

The American forces occupied the Bicol peninsula in January 1900. In March of the same year, General John M. Bell was made the military governor of Southern Luzon. Civil government was finally established in Ambos Camarines in April 1901.

In March 1919, the Philippine Legislature issued an Act authorizing the Governor General to divide the province into Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.

Present[link]

Naga City was the capital of Camarines Sur until June 6, 1955 when Pili, the adjoining town, was declared the Provincial Capital by virtue of R. A. 1336. The province celebrated its foundation anniversary, the 419th, for the very first time on May 27, 1998.

Timeline[link]

Spanish Colonial Period and the Philippine Revolution[link]

• 1579 - Ambos Camarines was found established by the Spaniards during the colonial period of the Spanish East Indies.

• 1896 - Bicolano revolutionary force fought around in Ambos Camarines and attack side by side of the Spanish colonial troops during the Philippine Revolution against Spain.

• 1897 - The Philippine Revolutionary and Republican Army was found established and stationed in Ambos Camarines on 1897 to 1901 and aiding the Bicol rebels from the conflicts and insurgencies against the Spanish from 1897 to 1898 and the Americans from 1899 to 1901.

• 1897-1898 - Philippine Revolutionary and Republican troops and military officers meet the Bicol rebel force was they invaded in Ambos Camarines and defeats the Spaniards. The Filipino revolutionary troops and Bicolano rebels was captured in the province and saluted victory during the Revolution.

• June 12, 1898 - The First Declaration of Independence of the First Philippine Republic was found establishment from Spain.

• 1898 - The arrival of the American colonial forces in the main provinces. The combined troopers of the American Colonials and Filipino revolutionaries was entered in Ambos Camarines and attack the Spanish on 1898 during the Spanish-American War.

American Colonial Period and the Philippine Commonwealth[link]

• 1899 - Filipino revolutionary force and Bicolano rebels was founding main invasions and battles in Ambos Camarines and attacking American colonials and start the Philippine-American War from 1899 to 1901. The resulted by the successfully victories by the American colonial forces was captured in the main provinces and defeating Filipinos.

• November 15, 1935 - Former president Manuel L. Quezon was inaugurated and established of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under the American Colonials.

• July 26, 1941 - The 51st Infantry Division, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFFE was founding established on July 26, 1941 to June 30, 1946 at the General Headquarters in Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.

World War II under the Japanese Occupation[link]

• December 1941 - Japanese Bomber and Fighter pilots was crushed by the air raid invasion of all main provinces of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur during the Japanese Invasion.

• 1942 - Japanese troops was occupied and entering the main provinces of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur. The established of the Japanese military garrisons was active here the main provinces before the Japanese Occupation.

• 1942 - The local military general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was established and military active on 1942 to 1946 and stationed in Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur. From the conflict and insurgent engagements of the Anti-Japanese Imperial military insurgencies and clearing operations in two main provinces and aiding by the local Bicolano resistance fighters against the Japanese.

• 1942-1944 – Bicolano guerrilla groups was they invaded and main sieges and battles by the couple of three years of conflicts and insurgencies under the Japanese occupation from the around the guerrilla operations in Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur and attacking Imperial Japanese ground forces. The Bicolano guerrillas was they retreated and capturing by the Japanese troops before the liberation.

• October 1943 - Jose P. Laurel was inaugurated as the president of the Second Republic of the Philippines from the Japanese Empire.

• 1944 – The local military establishment of the general headquarters of the 5th Infantry Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary was founded on 1942 to 1946 and stationed in Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur before the liberation.

• 1944-1945 – Local Filipino soldiers and officers under the Philippine Commonwealth Army and Philippine Constabulary units was liberated the clearing operations in Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur and supported by the Bicolano resistance and attacks by the Japanese. The U.S. military forces was came back in the country and taken of two main provinces before the liberation.

• 1945 – U.S. liberation military forces was they returned in the country and liberated and taken the clearing operations in Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur and they meet the supporting by the groups of all local Filipino troops of the Philippine Army and Constabulary units and the Bicolano guerrilla resistance and defeating Japanese Imperial forces.

• 1945 – The town municipally of Naga was clearing liberated and invaded by joint U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth troops and helps Bicolano resistance and attacks the Japanese.

• 1945 – When the joint U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth military forces and aiding the Bicolano guerrilla groups was the entering of military raid and invasion of the military garrisons and general headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces in Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur and they inside from the garrisons against the Japanese troops. After the siege of the Japanese garrisons, the combined U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth troops meet the Bicolano guerrillas was found captured the Japanese Imperial military garrisons and general headquarters in the province and the Japanese troops was defeated and surrendered and raised by the American and Philippine war flags for joint Filipino and American troops in the captured Japanese GHQs and garrisons.

• August 15, 1945 – Japanese Imperial forces in the main provinces of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur was found defeated and surrendered and they found captured and clearing in the province by joint U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth ground troops was successfully victories after the main battles and ended World War II.

Post War Era[link]

• July 4, 1946 - The establishment of the declaration of independence of the Republic of the Philippines from the United States.

See also[link]

• Legislative districts of Ambos Camarines

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A province is a territorial unit, almost always an administrative division, within a country or state.

Etymology[link]

The English word "province" is attested since about 1330 and derives from the 13th-century Old French "province," which itself comes from the Latin word "provincia," which referred to the sphere of authority of a magistrate; in particular, to a foreign territory.

A possible Latin etymology is from "pro-" ("on behalf of") and "vincere" ("to triumph" or "to take control of"). Thus a "province" was a territory or function that a Roman magistrate held control of on behalf of his government. This agrees with the Latin term's earlier usage as a generic term for a jurisdiction under Roman law.

Geology[link]

In geology, the term "province" refers to a specific physiogeographic area that comprises a grouping of like bathymetric or former bathymetric elements (now sedimentary strata above water) whose features are in obvious contrast to the surrounding regions, or other "provinces." The term usually refers to sections or regions of a craton recognized within a given time-stratigraphy, i.e., recognized within a major division of time within a geologic period.

History and culture[link]

In France, the expression "en province" still tends to mean "outside the Paris region." Equivalent expressions are used in Peru ("en provincias," "outside the city of Lima"), Mexico ("la provincia," "lands outside Mexico City"), Romania ("în provincie," "outside the Bucharest region"), Poland ("prowincjonalny," "provincial") and Bulgaria ("в провинцията," "v provintsiyata," "in the provinces"; "провинциален," "provintsialen," "provincial"). Similarly, in Australia "provincial" refers to parts of a state outside of the state capital.

Before the French Revolution, France comprised a variety of jurisdictions (e.g., Île-de-France, built around the early Capetian royal demesne), some being considered "provinces," though the term was also used colloquially for territories as small as a manor (châtellenie). Most commonly referred to as "provinces," however, were the Grands Gouvernements, generally former medieval feudal principalities, or agglomerations of such. Today the expression "province" is sometimes replaced by "en région," " région" now being the term officially used for the secondary level of government.

In Italy, "in provincia" generally means "outside the biggest regional capitals" (like Rome, Milan, Naples, etc.).

The historic European provinces—built up of many small regions, called "pays" by the French and "cantons" by the Swiss, each with a local cultural identity and focused upon a market town—have been depicted by Fernand Braudel as the optimum-size political unit in pre-industrial Early Modern Europe. He asks, "Was the province not its inhabitants' true 'fatherland'?"^[1] Even centrally-organized France, an early nation-state, could collapse into autonomous provincial worlds under pressure, as during the sustained crisis of the French Wars of Religion (1562—98).

To 19th- and 20th-century historians, in Europe, centralized government was a sign of modernity and political maturity. In the late 20th century, as the European Union drew nation-states closer together, centripetal forces seemed simultaneously to move countries toward more flexible systems of more localized, provincial governing entities under the overall European Union umbrella. Spain after Francisco Franco has been a "State of Autonomies," formally unitary but in fact functioning as a federation of Autonomous Communities, each exercising different powers. (See Politics of Spain.)

While Serbia, the rump of former Yugoslavia, fought the separatists in the province of Kosovo, the United Kingdom, under the political principle of "devolution," produced (1998) local parliaments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Strong local nationalisms have surfaced or developed in Britain's Cornwall, France's Brittany, Languedoc and Corsica, Spain's Catalonia and the Basque Country, Italy's Lombardy, Belgium's Flanders; and, east of Europe, in Abkhazia, Chechnya and Kurdistan.

Legal aspects[link]

In many federations and confederations, the province or state is not clearly subordinate to the national or central government. Rather, it is considered to be sovereign in regard to its particular set of constitutional functions. The central- and provincial-government functions, or areas of jurisdiction, are identified in a constitution. Those that are not specifically identified are called "residual powers." In a decentralized federal system (such as the United States and Australia) these residual powers lie at the provincial or state level, whereas in a centralized federal system (such as Canada) they are retained at the federal level. Some of the enumerated powers can be quite important. For example, Canadian provinces are sovereign in regard to such important matters as property, civil rights, education, social welfare and medical services.

The evolution of federations has created an inevitable tug-of-war between concepts of federal supremacy versus states' & provinces' rights. The historic division of responsibility in federal constitutions is inevitably subject to multiple overlaps. For example, when central governments, responsible for foreign affairs, enter into international agreements in areas where the state or province is sovereign, such as the environment or health standards, agreements made at the national level can create jurisdictional overlap and conflicting laws. This overlap creates the potential for internal disputes that lead to constitutional amendments and judicial decisions that alter the balance of powers.

Though foreign affairs do not usually fall under a province’s or a federal state’s competency, some states allow them to legally conduct international relations on their own in matters of their constitutional prerogative and essential interest. Sub-national authorities have a growing interest in paradiplomacy, be it performed under a legal framework or as a trend informally admitted as legitimate by the central authorities.

In unitary states such as France and China, provinces are subordinate to the national, central government. In theory, the central government can create or abolish provinces within its jurisdiction.

Current provinces[link]

Not all second-level political entities are termed "provinces." In Arab countries, the secondary level of government, called a muhfazah, is usually translated as a "governorate."

In Poland, the equivalent of "province" is "województwo," sometimes rendered in English as "voivodeship."^[2]

In Peru, provinces are tertiary units of government, as the country is divided into twenty-five regions, subdivided into 194 provinces. Chile follows a similar pattern, being divided into 15 regions, subdivided into 53 provinces, each run by a governor appointed by the president.

Historically, New Zealand was divided into provinces, each with its own Superintendent and Provincial Council, and with considerable responsibilities conferred on them. However, the colony (as it then was) never developed into a federation; instead, the provinces were abolished in 1876. The old provincial boundaries continue to be used to determine the application of certain public holidays. Over the years, when the central Government has created special-purpose agencies at a sub-national level, these have often tended to follow or approximate the old provincial boundaries. Current examples include the 16 Regions into which New Zealand is divided, and also the 21 District Health Boards. Sometimes the term the provinces is used to refer collectively to rural and regional parts of New Zealand, that is, those parts of the country lying outside some or all of the "main centres"—Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Hamilton and Dunedin.

Modern provinces[link]

In many countries, a province is a relatively small non-constituent level of sub-national government, varying in size from that of a UK county to that of a U.S. state – an autonomous level of government and a constituent element of a federation or confederation, often with a large territory. In China, a province is a sub-national region within a unitary state; this means that a province can be created or abolished by the central government.

A province is a distinct unit of government in the Philippines, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and Italy; and a large constituent autonomous area in Canada, Congo and Argentina.

In Italy and Chile, a province is an administrative sub-division of a region, which is the first-order administrative sub-division of the state. Italian provinces are mainly named after their principal town and comprise several administrative sub-divisions called comuni (communes). In Chile, they are referred to as comunas.

Five Canadian provinces – Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island – have "counties" as administrative sub-divisions. The Canadian province of British Columbia has "regional districts" which function as equivalents of the aforesaid counties.

The island of Ireland is divided into four historic provinces (see Provinces of Ireland), each of which is sub-divided into counties. These provinces are Connacht (in the west), Leinster (in the east), Munster (in the south) and, perhaps most famously (due to The Troubles), Ulster (in the north). Nowadays these provinces have little or no administrative function, though do have sporting significance.

Some overseas parts of the British Empire bore the colonial title of "province" (in a more Roman sense), such as the Province of Canada and the Province of South Australia (the latter, to distinguish it from the penal "colonies" elsewhere in Australia). Similarly, Mozambique was a "province" as a Portuguese colony.

Russia[link]

The term "province" is sometimes used to refer to the historic governorates (guberniyas) of Russia. This terms also refers to the provinces (провинции), which were introduced as the subdivisions of the governorates in 1719 and existed until 1775. In modern parlance, the term is commonly used to refer to the oblasts and krais of Russia.

Largest[link]

The world's most populous province is Uttar Pradesh, India, population 220,000,000.

The world's largest province by area is Quebec, Canada (1,500,000 km²).

Polities translated "province"[link]

Historic provinces[link]

Ancient, medieval and feudal[link]

• Caliphate and subsequent sultanates: see Emirate
• Khanate can also mean a province as well as an independent state, as either can be headed by a Khan
• Byzantine Empire: see exarchate, thema
• Pharaonic Egypt: see nome (Egypt)
• Frankish (Carolingian) 're-founded' Holy Roman Empire: see gau and county
• In the Habsburg territories, the traditional provinces are partly expressed in the Länder of 19th-century Austria-Hungary.
• Mughal Empire: subah
• The provinces of the Ottoman Empire had various types of governors (generally a pasha), but mostly styled vali, hence the predominant term vilayet, generally subdivided (often in beyliks or sanjaks), sometimes grouped under a governor-general (styled beylerbey).
• Achaemenid Persia (and probably before in Media, again after conquest and further extension by Alexander the Great, and in the larger Hellenistic successor states: see satrapy
• The Roman Empire was divided into provinces (provinciae).
• In the Tartar Khanate of Kazan: the five daruğa ('direction')

Colonial and Early Modern[link]

• Spanish empire, at several echelons:
  • viceroyalty above
  • intendencia

• British colonies:
  • Province of Canada (1840-1867)
  • Provinces of India
  • Provinces of New Zealand (1841-1876)
  • Provinces of Nigeria
  • Province of South Australia (now an Australian state)

• The former provinces of Brazil
• The former provinces of France
• The former provinces of Ireland
• The former provinces of Japan
• The provinces of Prussia, a former German kingdom/republic
• The former provinces of Sweden
• The former Republic of the Seven United Provinces (The Netherlands)
• The former United Provinces of Central America
• The former United Provinces of the Río de la Plata

See also[link]

• Governor
• Region
• Provincialism
• Regionalism (politics)
• Rise: The Vieneo Province

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Etymology OnLine
• WorldStatesmen

External links[link]

• Interactive China province map with city guides and more.

Anthony Taberna (born January 16, 1975) is a Filipino broadcast journalist and radio commentator.^[1] At ABS-CBN, Taberna has hosted television and radio programs covering news and public affairs. He is currently hosting Umagang Kay Ganda (where he gained popularity in the segment "Punto por Punto") and XXX: Exklusibong, Explosibong, Exposé.^[2] As a DZMM commentator, Taberna is one of the lead anchors for Dos Por Dos, a daily morning and late afternoon show, along with Gerry Baja. He is also the anchor of Iba-Balita in Studio 23.

Career[link]

Taberna is a Mass Communication graduate of New Era University. He started his career as a part-time news writer at DZEC, operated by Eagle Broadcasting Corporation. In 1997, he transferred to DZMM, a radio network owned by ABS-CBN, where he became a Radyo Patrol reporter. In January 2000, he joined Gerry Baja in "Ito Ang Radyo Patrol" (lit. This is Radio Patrol). The tandem then moved on to Gising Pilipinas in 2002, before they were given their own show, "Dos Por Dos" (lit. Two by Two), which airs every weekday mornings and late afternoons.

As a television host, Taberna was featured in the morning show Magandang Umaga, Pilipinas and in the documentary program Kalye: Mga Kwento ng Lansangan.

Personal life[link]

Taberna is married to former broadcast journalist Rossel Velasco, they have a daughter named Helga Taberna.

Filmography[link]

Radio Show[link]

TV shows[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Anthony Taberna's profile at DZMM.com

Christina Mendez is a New York City-based plus-size model and entertainment personality.

Early and personal life[link]

The daughter of immigrants from the Dominican Republic, Mendez was born and raised in New York City. She is an alum of both Manhattan's Bayard Rustin High School for the Humanities and Morris Brown College in Atlanta.

As the granddaughter of merengue artist Joseíto Mateo,^[1] Mendez has had exposure with the entertainment business from an early age. When her career was starting to launch off, Mendez soon discovered she was pregnant and later put her career aspirations on hold. She gave birth to her only son, Damian, in 1997. At the age of 2, her son was diagnosed with severe autism.^[2] Dedicating herself to her son's development and welfare, she placed her aspirations on hold for several years, however, in 2006 she resumed her career.^[3]

Modeling career[link]

Mendez has appeared in past issues of Glamour, Latina and The Source. In June 2009 she became one of Essence's “Make Over Magic” virtual models which was featured on the magazine's website. She has also become one of the first full-size Latina models to have served as a featured model for such clothing line brands as Baby Phat, Apple Bottoms, Ashley Stewart, Rocawear, Pepe Jeans,^[4] and Dereon.^[5][6]

In 2009, FoxNews.com, the internet subsidiary of Fox News named Mendez one of the most notable top plus-size models in the industry, while The Source declared her as one of the most influential Latinas in the fall of 2009.^[7]

Television appearances[link]

Mendez has appeared in many national television programs, including The Rachael Ray Show, The Morning Show with Mike and Juliet, BET News, Lifetime Television's Matched in Manhattan

Not a stranger to the spotlight, Mendez was one of four models featured in BET’s one-hour television special “Rip the Runway Model Search 2008”.^[8] This behind the scenes, model search show followed Mendez through auditions, makeovers and a day in the life. Mendez opened the "plus size" segment of the 2008 special.

Journalism ventures[link]

Christina is a Celebrity Interviewer for one of the hottest hip-hop shows “The VIP Section TV”. She’s interviewed celebrities such as Slim Thug, Jazmine Sullivan, Young Berg, Skillz, Jo De La Rosa and many others.

Charitable work[link]

Besides her modeling and hosting ventures, Mendez has provided countless hours to charitable organizations, especially those involving autism awareness. As an extremely active member of Autism Speaks, a national organization which was founded by NBC’s former Chairman Bob Wright. The organization's mission is to prove updates on medical breakthroughs, treatment, counseling raising awareness. She also participated in the 2006 Autism Speaks Walk.

She also has served on the national board for Hispanic Support Organizations. Her work for the group includes organizing a scholarship gala for New York area students, working with Habitat for Humanity and the Dress for Success Campaign. She was also a member of political advocacy group Women Barack! The Vote.^[9]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Christina Mendez at the Internet Movie Database