Llama cria

A cria (pronounced /kriː.ə/) is the name for a baby camelid such as a llama, alpaca, vicuña, or guanaco.^[1] It comes from the Spanish word cría, meaning "baby". Its false cognate in English, crya (pronounced /kraɪ.ə/), was coined by British sailors who explored Chile in the 18th century and were quick to describe the camelids onomatopoeically according to the mwa sound they made, which was not unlike that of a human crying baby.^[2]

Alpaca crias[link]

In alpacas, pregnancies last 11 to 12 months, and usually result in a single cria. Twins are rare, approximately ¹⁄₁₀₀₀, slightly rarer than the proportion of twins in human births. Twin cria births are not only rare, but dangerous. A twin birth can kill both the mother and crias. Crias may be weaned through human intervention at approximately 6 months and 60 pounds (27 kg). However, many breeders prefer to allow the female to decide when to wean her offspring. Offspring can be weaned earlier or later depending on their size and emotional maturity.

Llama crias[link]

Llama crias are typically born with the whole herd gathering around (just the females are present, as the males are considered a threat) in an attempt to protect against potential predators. Llamas give birth standing, and the process is usually relatively quick and problem-free, over in less than 30 minutes. Most births take place between 8 am and noon, during the relatively warmer daylight hours. This may increase cria survival by reducing fatalities due to hypothermia during cold Andean nights. While unproven, it is speculated that this birthing pattern is a continuation of the birthing patterns observed in the wild. Crias are up and standing, walking and attempting to nurse within the first hour after birth.^[3][4][5] Llama milk is lower in fat and salt and higher in phosphorus and calcium than cow or goat milk. A female llama will only produce about 60 ml (2 US fl oz) of milk at a time when she gives milk. For this reason, the cria must suckle frequently to receive the nutrients it requires.^[6]

Vicuña crias[link]

Mating usually occurs in March through April, and after a gestation period of about 11 months the female gives birth to a single cria, which is nursed for about 10 months. The cria becomes independent at about 12 to 18 months.

Religious uses of crias[link]

Incans often use dried cria carcasses to make payments to the earth. Used in ceremony, the crias are burned and the ashes are given as payments to the earth. In the markets of Cuzco, crias are sold for such purposes.

References[link]

Maria Rita
Maria Rita performing at Virada Cultural in 2009.
Background information
Birth name	Maria Rita Camargo Mariano
Born	(1977-09-19) September 19, 1977 (age 34) São Paulo, Brazil
Origin	São Paulo, Brazil
Genres	MPB, Jazz, Samba
Instruments	Voice
Years active	2001–present
Labels	Warner Latina Wea International
Website	www.maria-rita.com

Maria Rita Camargo Mariano (Portuguese pronunciation: [maˈɾiɐ ˈʁitɐ]; born September 19, 1977, in São Paulo, Brazil) is the performance name of Maria Rita Mariano, a Brazilian singer. She is the daughter of famed pianist/arranger César Camargo Mariano and the late Brazilian singing legend Elis Regina and sister to Pedro Mariano and music producer João Marcelo Bôscoli. Her namesake is family friend and famed Brazilian rock legend Rita Lee. Maria Rita majored in Latin American studies and communications at New York University, and worked as a journalist at a magazine for adolescents.

Maria Rita began singing professionally at the age of 24, although she had wanted to sing since she was 14. Her first CD, Maria Rita, launched her career symbolically, with the first cut on her first album, A Festa (The Party), being written by Milton Nascimento, a Brazilian singer-songwriter whose career was launched by Maria Rita's mother, Elis Regina. The CD went platinum and was a hit worldwide, making her an international star. Her mother's reputation as one of Brazil's greatest female singers has been a major influence in Maria Rita's life although she respectfully avoids the songs identified with her mother; she has said that she was always conscious of being the only daughter of a great singer. Despite having her mother's vocal DNA, she has developed her own jazzy vocal style, with singers like Ella Fitzgerald as her model.

She won the 2004 Latin Grammy Awards for Best New Artist in the General Field, Best Song in Portuguese (“A festa”) and her debut album Maria Rita won the Best MPB (Musica Popular Brasileira) Album award for that year. The world hit that “Segundo” turned out to be, granted her in 2006, two additional Grammys Latinos – Best MPB Album and Best Brazilian Song with “Caminho das Águas” authored by Rodrigo Maranhão – and over 50 shows abroad, with full public and reviews acceptance in the Montreux Jazz Festival, North Sea Jazz Festival, Irving Plaza (NY), San Francisco Jazz Festival, among others.

Maria Rita was nominated for the BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music in 2008. On 28 June 2008, Maria Rita performed in London for the first time, with a production by Tuba Productions and JungleDrums Magazine.

Discography[link]

• 2003 - Maria Rita (Warner Latina) (750,000 sold in Brazil), with follow-on "Maria Rita" DVD, recorded live in São Paulo at Bourbon Street
• 2005 - Segundo (Warner Latina) (250,000 sold in Brazil), with follow-on "Segundo" DVD, recorded live in 3 venues.
• 2007 - Samba Meu (Wea International) (190,000 sold in Brazil), with follow-on "Maria Rita: Samba Meu" DVD, recorded live in Rio de Janeiro.
• 2011 - Elo (Maria Rita album) (Wea International)

Rita also appeared with Milton Nascimento on his CD "Pieta" singing a duet on "Tristesse", which also won a Latin Grammy in 2003. She recently appeared with Uruguayan 2004 Grammy Award Winner Jorge Drexler on his CD "12 Segundos de Oscuridad" singing a duet on "Soledad". She is a big fan of and has appeared live in cameo with the Brazilian rap/hip-hop group O Rappa.

References[link]

• This article incorporates material translated from the Maria Rita article on the Portuguese language Wikipedia.

Awards and nominations[link]

Latin Grammy

Prêmio Multishow de Música Brasileira

¹Tied with Paulinho da Viola for MTV Unplugged

External links[link]

• Maria Rita - Official Website
• Report on 2004 Latin Grammy awards - enter Maria Rita for search
• National Public Radio Interview
• NPR report on 2004 Latin Grammy winners
• A french site about brazilian music

Carlos Saura
Carlos Saura in Calanda (2008)
Born	(1932-01-04) 4 January 1932 (age 80) Huesca, Spain
Occupation	Film director and screenwriter
Years active	1955–present
Influenced by	Luis Buñuel, Sigmund Freud, Baltasar Gracián, Satyajit Ray[1], Michelangelo Antonioni, Antonio Saura, Antonio Gades, Vittorio Storaro
Spouse	Eulalia Ramón (2006-present)
Partner	Geraldine Chaplin (1967–1979)

Carlos Saura Atarés (born 4 January 1932, Huesca) is a Spanish film director and photographer.

Early life[link]

Born into a family of artists (his mother was a pianist and his brother, Antonio Saura, a painter), he developed his artistic sense in childhood as a photography enthusiast.

He obtained his directing diploma in Madrid in 1957 at the Institute of Cinema Research and Studies. He also taught there until 1963.

Career[link]

In 1957-1958, Saura created his first film (Cuenca). In 1966, he was honored at the 16th Berlin International Film Festival, where he received the Silver Bear for Best Director for his film La caza.^[2] In 1967, his film Peppermint Frappé also received the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 18th Berlin International Film Festival.^[3] He won the Golden Bear in 1981 at the 31st Berlin International Film Festival for his film Deprisa, Deprisa.^[4]

The movies La prima Angélica (Cousin Angélica) of 1973 and Cría cuervos (Raising Ravens [from the Spanish phrase: Cria cuervos y te sacaran los ojos (Raise ravens and they will peck out your eyes)]) of 1975 received the special prize of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival. His movie Mama cumple 100 años"(Mom is celebrating her 100 years) was nominated in 1979 for the best foreign film at the Oscar Awards .

Saura has become known for making movies featuring traditional flamenco and other Spanish dances. His Flamenco Trilogy of the 1980s includes Bodas de Sangre (Blood Wedding), Carmen, and El amor brujo featuring the work of Spanish flamenco dancer Maria Pagès. He later made the movies Flamenco (1995), Tango (1998), and Fados (2007).

His 1989 film La noche oscura was entered into the 39th Berlin International Film Festival.^[5]

Saura considers his film on surrealist master Luis Buñuel to be his best cinematic work. In an interview to an online film magazine, DearCinema.com[1], he says about Buñuel y la mesa del rey Salomón (Buñuel and the table of King Solomon -2001): “That’s the greatest film I’ve ever made. I like the film but nobody else seems to like it. I’m sure Buñuel would have loved this film. But perhaps only he would have loved it. Everything you see in the film is actually based on conversations I had with him.”

In 1990, he received the Goya Award for the best director and best script for ¡Ay, Carmela!. He was chosen as director for the official film of the 1992 Olympic Games of Barcelona, Marathon (1993).

In 2008, Carlos Saura was honoured with a Global Life Time Achievement Award at the 10th Mumbai International Film Festival, organized by the Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image (MAMI)[2]

Personal life[link]

Carlos Saura was married twice. He first married Adela Medrano in Barcelona in 1957. They had two sons, Carlos (b. 1958) and Antonio (b. 1960). On 27 December 1982 he married Mercedes Pérez. They had three sons, Manuel (b. 1980), Adrián (b. 1984) and Diego (b. 1987).

Between marriages, Saura had at least one known son, Shane (b. 1974), by the actress Geraldine Chaplin. His relationship history led some to believe he may have fathered more children. After his second marriage, he was also the father of a daughter named Ana (b. December 1994) by Eulalia Ramón.

Filmography[link]

Selected Awards[link]

• 1958 - Special Mention at the 1958 San Sebastián International Film Festival for his film Cuenca.
• 1966 - Silver Bear for Best Director at the 16th Berlin International Film Festival for his film La caza.
• 1967 - Sant Jordi - Best Film at the Sant Jordi Awards for his film La caza.
• 1968 - Silver Bear for Best Director at the 18th Berlin International Film Festival for his film Peppermint Frappé.
• 1968 - Sant Jordi - Best Film at the Sant Jordi Awards for his film Peppermint Frappé.
• 1970 - CEC Award - Best Director at the Cinema Writers Circle Awards, Spain, for his film La madriguera.
• 1972 - Sant Jordi - Best Film at the Sant Jordi Awards for his film El jardín de las delicias.
• 1974 - Jury Prize at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival for his film La prima Angélica.
• 1975 - Sant Jordi - Best Film at the Sant Jordi Awards for his film La prima Angélica.
• 1976 - Grand Prix of the Jury at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival for his film Cría cuervos...
• 1977 - CEC Award - Best Director at the Cinema Writers Circle Awards, Spain, for his film Cría cuervos....
• 1977 - Prix Léon Moussinac - Best Foreign Film at the French Syndicate of Cinema Critics for his film Cría cuervos...
• 1978 - CEC Award - Best Director at the Cinema Writers Circle Awards, Spain, for his film Elisa, vida mía.
• 1979 - Special Prize of the Jury at the 1979 San Sebastián International Film Festival for his film Mamá cumple cien años.
• 1981 - Golden Bear at the 31st Berlin International Film Festival for his film Deprisa, deprisa.
• 1982 - Special Prize of the Jury at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival for his film Bodas de sangre.
• 1983 - Technical Grand Prize and the Award for Best Artistic Contribution at the 1983 Cannes Film Festival for his film Carmen.
• 1983 - BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Language Film for his film Carmen.
• 1984 - CEC Award - Best Director at the Cinema Writers Circle Awards, Spain, for his film Carmen.
• 1984 - Best European Film at the 1984 Bodil Awards for his film Carmen.
• 1985 - Guild Film Award - Silver: Foreign Film at the Guild of German Art House Cinemas for his film Carmen.
• 1991 - Goya Award for Best Director at the 1991 Goya Awards for his film ¡Ay, Carmela!.
• 1995 - Grand Prix Special des Amériques ("On the occasion of the centennial of cinema, for his exceptional contribution to the cinematographic art") at the Montréal World Film Festival.
• 1997 - Best Director at the 1997 Montréal World Film Festival for his film Pajarico.
• 1998 - Special Award (Film Direction with a Special Visual Sensitivity) at the Camerimage.
• 1999 - Jules Verne Award at the Nantes Spanish Film Festival for his film Pajarico.
• 1999 - SDFCS Award - Best Foreign Language Film at the San Diego Film Critics Society Awards for his film Tango.
• 1999 - Prize of the Ecumenical Jury and Best Artistic Contribution at the 1999 Montréal World Film Festival for his film Goya en Burdeos.
• 1999 - Lifetime Achievement Award at the Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival.
• 2000 - Sant Jordi - Best Film at the Sant Jordi Awards for his film Goya en Burdeos.
• 2000 - Special Prize for Outstanding Contribution to World Cinema at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.
• 2002 - Best Artistic Contribution at the 2002 Montréal World Film Festival for his film Salomé.
• 2002 - Lifetime Achievement Award at the Istanbul International Film Festival.
• 2002 - Special Career Award at the Fantasporto.
• 2004 - Best Director at the 2004 Montréal World Film Festival for his film El séptimo día.
• 2004 - Lifetime Achievement Award at the European Film Awards.
• 2007 - International Award at the Barcelona Film Awards.
• 2011 - Special Award for Lifetime Achievement at the Fotogramas de Plata.

References[link]

External links[link]

• IMDb profile (IMDb)
• Official Webpage in Spanish
• Carlos Saura biography and flamenco-related films
• Interview: Camera is My Memory: Carlos Saura
• Carlos Saura, cineasta - Escritos de José Antonio Bielsa / Carlos Saura - El poder de la palabra (Spanish)

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Dance portal

Maria Espinosa is a Latina novelist, poet, and translator.^[1][2]

Life[link]

She studied at Harvard University and Columbia University, and graduated from San Francisco State University with an MA in Creative Writing. She taught at New College of California, and at City College of San Francisco.

She lived in Paris and married the Chilean writer Mario Espinosa Wellmann (died 1991); they had a daughter, Carmen. They moved to California. In 1978 she married Walter Selig, who has three children by a former marriage: Lisa, Naomi, and David.

Awards[link]

• 1996 American Book Award

Works[link]

Poetry[link]

• Love Feelings, Four Winds, 1967
• Night Music, The Tides, 1969

Novels[link]

• Longing. Cayuse Press. 1986. ISBN 978-0-933529-01-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=ADSC0hAzz6EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Maria+Espinosa&client=firefox-a&cd=1#v=onepage&q=Maria%20Espinosa&f=false.  (reprint Arte Publico Press, 1995, ISBN 978-1-55885-145-0)
• Dark Plums. Arte Publico Press. 1995. ISBN 978-1-55885-128-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=AIH2QFABrHEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Maria+Espinosa&client=firefox-a&cd=2#v=onepage&q=Maria%20Espinosa&f=false. 
• Incognito: Journey of a Secret Jew. Wings Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-930324-79-7. 
• Dying Unfinished. Wings Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-916727-45-1. 

Translation[link]

• George Sand (1982). Lélia. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20246-8. 

Anthologies[link]

• Roberta Fernández, ed. (1994). In other words: literature by Latinas of the United States. Arte Público Press. ISBN 978-1-55885-110-8. 

References[link]

External links[link]

• "Author's website"
• "Maria Espinosa", Red Room
• "Ample Substance: Maria Espinosa on Pamela Uschuk’s Crazy Love", Gently Read Literature