- published: 26 May 2010
- views: 191662
- author: NotPercy203
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- 2,N,N-TMT
- 2-Aminoindane
- 2-Aminotetralin
- 2-Benzylpiperazine
- 2-Benzylpiperidine
- 2-Bromo-LSD
- 2-Fluoroamphetamine
- 2-MDP
- 2-Methyl-MDA
- 2-OH-NPA
- 25B-NBOMe
- 25I-NBF
- 25I-NBMD
- 25I-NBOH
- 25I-NBOMe
- 2C-B
- 2C-B-BZP
- 2C-B-Dragonfly
- 2C-B-FLY
- 2C-C
- 2C-C-FLY
- 2C-C-NBOMe
- 2C-CN-NBOMe
- 2C-D
- 2C-D-FLY
- 2C-D-NBOMe
- 2C-E
- 2C-E-FLY
- 2C-E-NBOMe
- 2C-EF
- 2C-F
- 2C-F-NBOMe
- 2C-G
- 2C-G-NBOMe
- 2C-H-NBOMe
- 2C-I
- 2C-I-FLY
- 2C-N
- 2C-N-NBOMe
- 2C-O
- 2C-O-4
- 2C-P
- 2C-SE
- 2C-T
- 2C-T-13
- 2C-T-15
- 2C-T-17
- 2C-T-2
- 2C-T-21
- 2C-T-4
- 2C-T-4-NBOMe
- 2C-T-7
- 2C-T-7-FLY
- 2C-T-7-NBOH
- 2C-T-8
- 2C-T-9
- 2C-TFM
- 2C-TFM-NBOMe
- 2C-YN
- 2CB-Ind
- 2CBCB-NBOMe
- 2CBFly-NBOMe
- 2CD-5EtO
- 3,4-Dihydroxystyrene
- 3-CPMT
- 3-Fluoroamphetamine
- 3-Iodothyronamine
- 3-Iodotyrosine
- 3-MeO-PCP
- 3-Methoxyamphetamine
- 3-Methoxytyramine
- 3-Methylamphetamine
- 3-PPP
- 3C-AL
- 3C-BZ
- 3C-E
- 3C-P
- 4'-Fluorococaine
- 4,N,N-TMT
- 4-Acetoxy-DET
- 4-Acetoxy-DIPT
- 4-Acetoxy-DPT
- 4-Acetoxy-MiPT
- 4-Benzylpiperidine
- 4-Bromomethcathinone
- 4-Ethylamphetamine
- 4-Fluoroamphetamine
- 4-HO-DET
- 4-HO-DIPT
- 4-HO-DPT
- 4-HO-MET
- 4-HO-MPMI
- 4-IBP
- 4-MeO-PCP
- 4-Methamphetamine
- 4-Methyl-AET
- 4-Methyl-AMT
- 4-Methylaminorex
- 4-Methylamphetamine
- 4-NEMD
- 4-PPBP
- 4-Propionyloxy-DMT
- 5,N,N-TMT
- 5-AcO-DMT
- 5-APB
- 5-APDB
- 5-Ethyl-DMT
- 5-HT1 receptor
- 5-HT1A receptor
- 5-HT1B receptor
- 5-HT1D receptor
- 5-HT1E receptor
- 5-HT1F receptor
- 5-HT2 receptor
- 5-HT2A receptor
- 5-HT2B receptor
- 5-HT2C receptor
- 5-HT3 receptor
- 5-HT4 receptor
- 5-HT5A receptor
- 5-HT6 receptor
- 5-HT7 receptor
- 5-HTP
- 5-Hydroxytryptophan
- 5-I-R91150
- 5-IAI
- 5-Iodo-2-aminoindane
- 5-MeO-2,N,N-TMT
- 5-MeO-4,N,N-TMT
- 5-MeO-AET
- 5-MeO-AMT
- 5-MeO-DALT
- 5-MeO-DET
- 5-MeO-DIPT
- 5-MeO-DMT
- 5-MeO-DPT
- 5-MeO-EiPT
- 5-MeO-MET
- 5-MeO-MIPT
- 5-MeO-MPMI
- 5-MeO-NBpBrT
- 5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT
- 5-Methoxytryptamine
- 5-Methyl-MDA
- 6-APB
- 6-APDB
- 6-Br-APB
- 6-CAT
- 6-Hydroxydopamine
- 6-Methyl-MDA
- 7,N,N-TMT
- 7-OH-DPAT
- 8-Chlorotheophylline
- 8-OH-DPAT
- 8-OH-PBZI
- 8-Phenyltheophylline
- A-366,833
- A-372,159
- A-412,997
- A-68,930
- A-77636
- A-84,543
- A-86,929
- Abanoquil
- ABC News
- ABT-202
- ABT-418
- ABT-670
- ABT-724
- AC-90179
- Acebutolol
- Acepromazine
- Acetylcholine
- Acute (medicine)
- Adamantane
- Adaphenoxate
- Adaprolol
- Adapromine
- Adatanserin
- Adenosine receptor
- Adenylyl cyclase
- Adimolol
- Adrafinil
- Adrenergic
- Adrenergic receptor
- Adrenochrome
- Adulterants
- Afobazole
- Afurolol
- Aggression
- AGN-2979
- Agomelatine
- Agonist
- AHN-1055
- Ajmalicine
- AL-1095
- AL-34662
- AL-37350A
- AL-38022A
- AL-LAD
- Alaproclate
- Alazocine
- Alcoholic beverage
- ALD-52
- Aleph (psychedelic)
- Alertness
- Alexander Shulgin
- Alfetamine
- Alfuzosin
- Alizapride
- Alkyl nitrites
- Allylescaline
- Almotriptan
- Alnespirone
- Alniditan
- Alosetron
- Alpha-Methyldopamine
- Alpha-Methyltyramine
- Alprenolol
- Alprenoxime
- Altanserin
- Altinicline
- Altropane
- Amanita muscaria
- Amantadine
- Amedalin
- Amfecloral
- Amfepentorex
- Amfepramone
- Amfonelic acid
- Amibegron
- Amidephrine
- Amiflamine
- Amineptine
- Aminophylline
- Aminorex
- Amiphenazole
- Amisulpride
- Amitraz
- Amitriptyline
- Amosulalol
- Amoxapine
- Amperozide
- Amphetamine
- Amphetaminil
- Amyl nitrite
- Anabasine
- Anabolism
- Analgesia
- Analgesic
- Anatoxin-a
- Ancarolol
- Angina pectoris
- Anisodamine
- Anisodine
- Ann Shulgin
- Anterograde amnesia
- Anticholinergic
- Antipsychotic
- Anton Köllisch
- Anxiety
- APD-215
- Aplindore
- Apomorphine
- Apraclonidine
- Aptazapine
- Aptiganel
- Aquayamycin
- AR-A000002
- AR-R17779
- Arbutamine
- Areca
- Arecoline
- Arformoterol
- Aripiprazole
- Armodafinil
- Arnolol
- Arotinolol
- Arousal
- Arylcyclohexylamine
- AS-19 (drug)
- AS-8112
- Ascorbic acid
- Asenapine
- ATC code N A
- ATC code N06
- Atenolol
- Atipamezole
- Atiprosin
- Atomoxetine
- Atropa belladonna
- Atropine
- Australia
- Australian dollar
- AV965
- Avitriptan
- Awareness
- Ayahuasca
- Azaperone
- Azapirone
- Azasetron
- Baeocystin
- Baltimore
- Bambuterol
- Barbiturate
- Batanopride
- Bay R 1531
- Bayer
- Bazinaprine
- BD-1,008
- BD-1,047
- BD-1,063
- Befiradol
- Befloxatone
- Befol
- Befunolol
- Bemegride
- Bemesetron
- Benactyzine
- Benfluorex
- Benmoxin
- Benocyclidine
- Benoxathian
- Benperidol
- Benserazide
- Benzatropine
- Benzazepine
- Benzedrone
- Benzodiazepine
- Benzoic acid
- Benzphetamine
- Benzydamine
- Benzylpiperazine
- Berberine
- Betaxolol
- Bethanidine
- Bevantolol
- BGC20-760
- Bicifadine
- Bicuculline
- Bifeprunox
- BIMU8
- Binospirone
- Biological half-life
- Biperiden
- Bisoprolol
- Bitolterol
- Blonanserin
- Blood plasma
- Blood stream
- Blood sugar
- Blood vessel
- BMY-14,802
- BMY-14802
- BMY-7,378
- BOH (drug)
- Bopindolol
- Bormetolol
- Bornaprolol
- BP-897
- Brasofensine
- Brazil
- Breathing
- Brefonalol
- Bremazocine
- Brephedrone
- Bretylium
- Brimonidine
- BRL-15,572
- BRL-44408
- BRL-54443
- BRN-1484501
- Brofaromine
- Bromantane
- Bromo-DragonFLY
- Bromocriptine
- Bromopride
- Bromperidol
- Brompheniramine
- Broxaterol
- Bruxism
- BTS 74,398
- BTS-74,398
- BU-LAD
- Bucindolol
- Bucumolol
- Bufetolol
- Buflomedil
- Bufotenin
- Buftiralol
- Bufuralol
- Bulbocapnine
- Bunazosin
- Bunitrolol
- Bunolol
- Buphedrone
- Buphenine
- Bupicomide
- Bupranolol
- Buprenorphine
- Bupropion
- Burocrolol
- Buspirone
- Butaclamol
- Butane
- Butaxamine
- Butidrine
- Butofilolol
- Butorphanol
- Butriptyline
- Butylone
- BVT-5182
- BVT-74316
- BW-723C86
- Cabergoline
- Cafedrine
- Caffeine
- Calea zacatechichi
- Camfetamine
- Camphor
- Canada
- Cannabidiol
- Cannabinoid
- Cannabinol
- Cannabis (drug)
- Cannabis cultivation
- Cannabis smoking
- Cannabivarin
- Capsinolol
- CAR-226,086
- CAR-301,060
- CAR-302,196
- CAR-302,282
- CAR-302,368
- CAR-302,537
- CAR-302,668
- Carazolol
- Carbidopa
- Carbon
- Carbuterol
- Cardamom Mountains
- Cardiac arrhythmia
- Cardiac cycle
- Cardiogenic shock
- Cardiotoxicity
- Cariprazine
- Caroxazone
- Carpindolol
- Carpipramine
- Carteolol
- Carvedilol
- CAS registry number
- Catabolism
- Catecholamine
- Cathine
- Cathinone
- CB1 receptor
- Celiprolol
- Cerlapirdine
- Cetamolol
- CGS-12066A
- CGS-15943
- CGS-19281A
- ChEBI
- ChEMBL
- Chemical analogue
- Chemical formula
- ChemSpider
- Chest pain
- Chlodantane
- Chlorofluorocarbons
- Chloroform
- Chloropyramine
- Chlorphenamine
- Chlorpheniramine
- Chlorphentermine
- Chlorpromazine
- Chlorprothixene
- CI-926
- Cianopramine
- Ciclazindol
- Cicloprolol
- Ciladopa
- Cilansetron
- Cilobamine
- Cimaterol
- Cimoxatone
- Cinamolol
- Cinanserin
- Cinitapride
- Cinnamedrine
- Cirazoline
- Cisapride
- Citalopram
- CJ-033,466
- Claudio Naranjo
- Clebopride
- Clemastine
- Clenbuterol
- Clinical trial
- Clobenzorex
- Clocapramine
- Clofenciclan
- Cloforex
- Clominorex
- Clomipramine
- Clonidine
- Clopenthixol
- Cloranolol
- Clorgiline
- Clorgyline
- Clorotepine
- Clortermine
- Clozapine
- Club drug
- CM156
- Coca
- Cocaethylene
- Cocaine
- Cocoa bean
- Codeine
- Coercion
- Coffee
- Cognitive deficit
- Cognitive therapy
- Colin Blakemore
- Comedown (drugs)
- Compassion
- COMT inhibitor
- Concentration
- Convulsion
- Correlated
- Corynanthine
- Cotinine
- CP-135,807
- CP-286,601
- CP-39,332
- CP-47,497
- CP-55,244
- CP-55,940
- CP-809,101
- CP-93,129
- CP-94,253
- Criminalization
- CRL-40,941
- Cropropamide
- Crotetamide
- CS-27349
- CSP-2503
- CY-208,243
- Cyanopindolol
- Cyclazocine
- Cyclazodone
- Cyclic compound
- Cyclizine
- Cyclobenzaprine
- Cyclopentamine
- CYP-LAD
- CYP2D6
- CYP3A4
- CYP450
- Cypenamine
- Cyprenorphine
- Cyprodenate
- Cyproheptadine
- Cytisine
- Cytoplasm
- D-161
- D-Deprenyl
- D-DOPA
- D2 receptor
- Dalbraminol
- Daledalin
- Dallas
- DAM-57
- Dance party
- DanceSafe
- Dapiprazole
- Dapoxetine
- Date-rape drug
- Datura
- David E. Nichols
- David Nutt
- Dazopride
- DBL-583
- Decriminalization
- Deliriant
- Delirium
- Delusion
- Demand reduction
- Denopamine
- Depersonalization
- Depressant
- Deramciclane
- Derealization
- Deserpidine
- Designer drug
- Desipramine
- Desire (emotion)
- Desmethylcitalopram
- Desmethylsertraline
- DESOXY
- Desoxypipradrol
- Desvenlafaxine
- Deterenol
- Detomidine
- Dexfenfluramine
- Dexmedetomidine
- Dexmethylphenidate
- Dexoxadrol
- Dexpropranolol
- Dextrallorphan
- Dextroamphetamine
- Dextromethorphan
- Dextropropoxyphene
- Dextrorphan
- Dezocine
- DFMDA
- Diacetolol
- Diallyllysergamide
- Diallyltryptamine
- Dianicline
- Dibutyltryptamine
- Dichloroisoprenaline
- Dichloropane
- Diclofensine
- Dicyclomine
- Diethyl ether
- Diethyltryptamine
- Dieticyclidine
- Difemetorex
- Difluoropine
- Dihydrexidine
- Dihydroalprenolol
- Dihydroergocryptine
- Dihydroergotamine
- Dilevalol
- Dimemebfe
- Dimemorfan
- Dimenhydrinate
- Dimethazan
- Dimethocaine
- Dimethoxyamphetamine
- Dimethylamphetamine
- Dimethylcathinone
- Dimethylheptylpyran
- Dimethyltryptamine
- Dimetofrine
- Dinapsoline
- Dinoxyline
- Diphenhydramine
- Diphenylprolinol
- Diphenylpyraline
- Dipivefrine
- Diprafenone
- Dipropyltryptamine
- Disorientation
- Dissociative
- Distortion
- Disulfiram
- Ditolylguanidine
- Ditran
- Diuretics
- Dizocilpine
- DL-017
- DMCM
- DMMDA
- DMMDA-2
- DOB-FLY
- Dobutamine
- Dolasetron
- DOM-FLY
- Domesticine
- Domperidone
- Dopamine
- Dopamine agonist
- Dopamine receptor
- Dopamine transporter
- Dopaminergic
- Dopastin
- Dopexamine
- DOPR
- Dosulepin
- Dotarizine
- DOTFM
- DOV-102,677
- DOV-21,947
- DOV-216,303
- Doxanthrine
- Doxazosin
- Doxepin
- Doxylamine
- Draquinolol
- Droperidol
- Dropranolol
- Drug court
- Drug culture
- Drug effect
- Drug liberalization
- Drug metabolism
- Drug overdose
- Drug paraphernalia
- Drug policy
- Drug Policy Alliance
- Drug policy of India
- Drug policy reform
- Drug possession
- Drug rehabilitation
- Drug test
- Drug tolerance
- Drug tourism
- Drug-related crime
- DrugBank
- Dry mouth
- Duloxetine
- Dyspnea
- E-5,842
- E-55888
- E-6801
- E-6837
- EA-3167
- EA-3443
- EA-3580
- EA-3834
- Ebalzotan
- Ecastolol
- Echinopsidine
- Echinopsis pachanoi
- Echinopsis peruviana
- Eclanamine
- Ecopipam
- Edivoxetine
- EDMA
- Efaroxan
- Efavirenz
- Efficacy
- EGIS-12,233
- EGIS-7625
- Elemicin
- Eletriptan
- Eltoprazine
- Elzasonan
- EMD-386,088
- EMD-57,445
- EMDT
- Emotional insecurity
- Empathy
- Enadoline
- Enantiomer
- Endurance
- Enflurane
- Enilospirone
- Entacapone
- Entactogen
- Entheogen
- Enzyme
- Enzyme inhibitor
- Epanolol
- Ephedra
- Ephedrine
- Epibatidine
- Epiboxidine
- Epicriptine
- Epinephrine
- Epinine
- Eplivanserin
- EPPTB
- Eptapirone
- Ergine
- Ergoline
- Ergometrine
- Ergotamine
- Ericolol
- Erowid
- Ersentilide
- Esatenolol
- Escaline
- Escitalopram
- Esketamine
- Esmirtazapine
- Esmolol
- Esprolol
- Esproquin
- Esreboxetine
- Esuprone
- Eszopiclone
- Etafedrine
- Etamivan
- ETH-LAD
- Ethanol
- Ethcathinone
- Ethers
- Ethocybin
- Ethylamphetamine
- Ethylnorepinephrine
- Ethylone
- Ethylphenidate
- Eticlopride
- Eticyclidine
- Etilefrine
- Etilevodopa
- Etolorex
- Etoperidone
- Etoxadrol
- Etybenzatropine
- Eugenodilol
- Eugeroic
- Euphoria
- Eutylone
- Exaprolol
- Excretion
- EXP-561
- F-11,461
- F-12,826
- F-13,714
- F-14,679
- F-15,063
- F-15,599
- Falintolol
- Famprofazone
- Fananserin
- Fatigue (medical)
- FE-ß-CPPIT
- FE-β-CPPIT
- Fear
- Femoxetine
- Fenbutrazate
- Fencamfamine
- Fencamine
- Fenclonine
- Fenethylline
- Fenfluramine
- Fenmetozole
- Fenmetramide
- Fenoldopam
- Fenoterol
- Fenozolone
- Fenpentadiol
- Fenproporex
- Fenspiride
- Feprosidnine
- Ferrous
- Fezolamine
- Flavoxate
- Flephedrone
- Flesinoxan
- Flestolol
- Flibanserin
- Flopropione
- Fludorex
- Fluminorex
- Fluoxetine
- Fluparoxan
- Flupentixol
- Fluperlapine
- Fluphenazine
- Flurothyl
- Flusoxolol
- Fluspirilene
- Fluvoxamine
- Folic acid
- Forgiveness
- Formoterol
- FP-ß-CPPIT
- FP-β-CPPIT
- FR-260,010
- Frovatriptan
- Furazolidone
- Furfenorex
- Fusaric acid
- G-130
- GABAA receptor
- Gabazine
- Gaboxadol
- Gacyclidine
- Gamfexine
- Gasoline
- GBR-12,935
- GBR-12783
- GBR-12935
- GBR-13069
- GBR-13098
- GBR-13119
- Genistein
- George A. Ricaurte
- Gepefrine
- Gepirone
- Gevotroline
- Gilutensin
- Ginkgo biloba
- Glaucine
- Glemanserin
- Gludantane
- Glutathione
- Glycine
- GR-113,808
- GR-125,487
- GR-127,935
- GR-46611
- Granisetron
- GSK1360707F
- GTS-21
- Guanabenz
- Guanadrel
- Guanazodine
- Guanclofine
- Guanethidine
- Guanfacine
- Guanoxabenz
- Guanoxan
- GW-742,457
- GYKI-12,743
- GYKI-16,084
- GYKI-52,895
- GYKI-52895
- Half-life
- Hallucination
- Hallucinogen
- Haloalkanes
- Haloperidol
- Halothane
- Hard and soft drugs
- Harm reduction
- Harmala alkaloid
- Harmaline
- Harmine
- Hash oil
- Hashish
- HDMP-28
- Hearing (sense)
- Hemorrhage
- Heptaminol
- Herkinorin
- Heroin
- Hexacyclonate
- Hexapradol
- Hexoprenaline
- Higenamine
- Hippie
- Hordenine
- Hormone
- Hostility
- HOT-17
- HOT-2
- HOT-7
- HU-210
- Hugging
- Hydralazine
- Hydrastinine
- Hydrocodone
- Hydrogen
- Hydromorphone
- Hydroxyamphetamine
- Hydroxycarteolol
- Hydroxytertatolol
- Hydroxyzine
- Hyoscyamine
- Hyoscyamus niger
- Hyperactivity
- Hyperreflexia
- Hypertensive crisis
- Hyperthermia
- Hypervigilance
- Hypomania
- Hyponatremia
- HZ-2
- Ibogaine
- Ibopamine
- Ibotenic acid
- Ibuprofen
- ICI-118,551
- ICS-205,930
- Idazoxan
- Idropranolol
- Ifoxetine
- Igmesine
- Illegal drug trade
- Iloperidone
- Imipramine
- Indacaterol
- Indalpine
- Indanidine
- Indanorex
- Indantadol
- Indanylaminopropane
- Indatraline
- Indeloxazine
- Indenolol
- Indonesia
- Indopanolol
- Indoramin
- Indorenate
- Ingestion
- Inhalant
- Inhalant abuse
- Inhalation
- Injection (medicine)
- Inner peace
- Intimacy
- Introspection
- Iodocyanopindolol
- Iofetamine
- Ioflupane (123I)
- Iometopane
- Iproclozide
- Iprocrolol
- Iproniazid
- Ipsapirone
- Iron
- Isamoltane
- Isoaminile
- Isocarboxazid
- Isoetarine
- Isoethcathinone
- Isoflurane
- Isomerization
- Isometheptene
- Isoniazid
- Isoprenaline
- Isopropylamphetamine
- Isoproscaline
- Isosafrole
- Isoxaprolol
- Isoxsuprine
- Ispronicline
- Jealousy
- Jimscaline
- JNJ-7925476
- JO-1,784
- JSTOR
- Just Say No
- JWH-018
- JWH-030
- JWH-073
- JWH-081
- JWH-200
- JWH-250
- JZ-IV-10
- Kava
- Kerosene
- Ketamine
- Ketanserin
- Ketazocine
- Ketotifen
- Khat
- Kidney
- KML-010
- Kratom
- L-687,384
- L-694,247
- L-745,870
- L-765,314
- L-772,405
- L-Deprenyl
- L-DOPA
- L-DOPS
- L-Norpseudoephedrine
- L-Phenylalanine
- L-Tyrosine
- Labetalol
- Ladostigil
- LAE-32
- Lamotrigine
- Landiolol
- Lasmiditan
- Latrepirdine
- Lazabemide
- Lecozotan
- Lefetamine
- Legality of cannabis
- Leo Zeff
- Leptacline
- Lerisetron
- Lesopitron
- Levoamphetamine
- Levobetaxolol
- Levobunolol
- Levocicloprolol
- Levodopa
- Levofenfluramine
- Levomethamphetamine
- Levomilnacipran
- Levomoprolol
- Levonordefrin
- Levophacetoperane
- Levopropylhexedrine
- Levosalbutamol
- Ligand
- Linezolid
- Lisdexamfetamine
- Lisuride
- Litoxetine
- Liver
- Lofepramine
- Lofexidine
- Lomevactone
- Lophophine
- Lorcaserin
- Lortalamine
- Loxapine
- LP-12
- LP-44
- LPD-824
- LPK-26
- LR-5182
- LSD
- LSD-Pip
- LSM-775
- Lu 28-179
- Lu AE58054
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- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- You Me And He - Mtume
- Juicy Fruit - Mtume
- Cod (i'll Deliver) - Mtume
There’s somethin’ I wanna say
Try and understand
There’s another in my life
He’s my lover and I’m your wife
You, me and he
What we gonna do, baby
You, me and he
What we gonna do, baby
I was too blind, blind to see
I never thought, never thought it could happen to me
Then I knew (Yeah) things had changed
‘Cause when we made love, you called out his name
So much tension
‘Cause we’re livin’ a lie by and by
Whoa, whoa, whoa, not to mention
Can we give it a try
The truth’s so, so very hard to say, ooh, baby
This pain I feel grows each day
Can we find a way
So much tension
‘Cause we’re livin’ a lie by and by
Whoa, whoa, whoa, not to mention
Can we give it a try
You, me and he
What we gonna do, baby
You, me and he
What we gonna do, baby
You, me and he
What we gonna do, baby
You, me and he
What we gonna do, baby
I don’t wanna let you go
Yeah
(I like it, ooh...ho...)
(I like it, ooh...ho...)
I need it, I need it
Oh, girl
You know very well
What you are
You’re my sugar thing
My chocolate star
I’ve had a few
But not that many
But you’re the only love
That gives me good and plenty
Juicy fruit (Juicy)
Juicy (Yeah...eah...eah...hey...)
Juicy fruit (Juicy)
Juicy
Candy rain
Comin’ down
Taste you in my mind
And spread you all around
Here I am
Oh, this love’s for you
Hey, baby
Sweet as honey dew
Close my eyes
Oh, what fantasy
And you’re right here with me
Juicy
Cherry blossom kiss
What you’re givin’
Makes my body rock
Keeps me sizzlin’
Do what you want
I don’t care
I’ll be your lollipop
[You can lick me everywhere]
Juicy fruit (You’re so)
Juicy (Juicy)
Juicy fruit (Yeah...hey...hey...hey...hey...)
Juicy
Here I am
This love’s for you
Hey, baby
You’re sweet as honey dew [Dew]
Close my eyes
Oh, what fantasy
And you’re right here with me
Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah
Juicy fruit
Juicy
Juicy fruit (Juicy)
Juicy (I like it, I like it)
Juicy fruit (In the morning, oh, babe)
Juicy (Oh...oh...)
Juicy fruit (Candy rain comin’ down)
Juicy (Turns me all around)
Juicy fruit (I like it, I like it)
Hey boy, I know it's what you wanted
Closer to me
Sweet thing, I know just how to flaunt it
Can't you see
I'll Deliver C.O.D.
I'll Dleiver C.O.D.
Let me
Make it right
Turn you
On all night
Just call my name
In a Hurry
Ooh Baby it's not the same
Why don't you
Tell me, do you feel like I do
So Free
Softly, i'll be deep inside you
Don't you see
I'll Deliver C.O.D.
I'll Deliver C.O.D.
Just call me name
In a Hurry
It's not the same
Without you
Da Da Da Da
I'll Deliver C.O.D.
I'll Deliver C.O.D.
I'll Deliver C.O.D.
I'll Deliver C.O.D.
I'll Deliver C.O.D.
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MDMA. So... why do people use it?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Updated: 02 Aug 2013
MDMA. So... why do people use it. PLEASE NOTE: This is ONLY the positives. MDMA, like any drug, comes with a side effect profile as well as a positive effect...
http://wn.com/MDMA_So_why_do_people_use_it?
MDMA. So... why do people use it. PLEASE NOTE: This is ONLY the positives. MDMA, like any drug, comes with a side effect profile as well as a positive effect...
MDMA pills & powders - all that glistens is not gold
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:56
- Updated: 01 Aug 2013
As MDMA crystal becomes the favoured and most common form of E, drugs meter minutes look into what's in pills and powders in 2012/13. We visit a toxicology l...
http://wn.com/MDMA_pills_powders_all_that_glistens_is_not_gold
As MDMA crystal becomes the favoured and most common form of E, drugs meter minutes look into what's in pills and powders in 2012/13. We visit a toxicology l...
- published: 18 Apr 2013
- views: 16477
- author: GlobalDrugSurvey
What MDMA is doing to your brain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 01 Aug 2013
This animation will explain what MDMA is doing to your brain. Before following any advice given in the comments, please consult your doctor. Animation: Saski...
http://wn.com/What_MDMA_is_doing_to_your_brain
This animation will explain what MDMA is doing to your brain. Before following any advice given in the comments, please consult your doctor. Animation: Saski...
- published: 10 Dec 2011
- views: 112436
- author: SaskiaQuax
"The Molly Challenge": KeithFromUpDaBlock Pops Molly (MDMA) [OFFICIAL]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:27
- Updated: 03 Aug 2013
http://piff.me/12d39e4 (FREE DOWNLOAD) I decided to experiment with taking the popular drug "MOLLY" to show side effects and dispell rumors. DO NOT TRY THIS ...
http://wn.com/The_Molly_Challenge_KeithFromUpDaBlock_Pops_Molly_MDMA_OFFICIAL_
http://piff.me/12d39e4 (FREE DOWNLOAD) I decided to experiment with taking the popular drug "MOLLY" to show side effects and dispell rumors. DO NOT TRY THIS ...
- published: 01 Apr 2013
- views: 49731
- author: keithfromupdablock
Ecstasy Rising MDMA Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:28
- Updated: 06 Jul 2013
Ecstasy Rising MDMA Documentary.
http://wn.com/Ecstasy_Rising_MDMA_Documentary
Ecstasy / MDMA / E - My take on it
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:44
- Updated: 26 Jul 2013
My experience.
http://wn.com/Ecstasy_MDMA_E_My_take_on_it
MDMA vs Ecstasy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 03 Aug 2013
MDMA vs Ecstasy by http://www.NeuroSoup.com When I began to examine the data from the MDMA Facebook survey, I discovered that over 50% of those who responded...
http://wn.com/MDMA_vs_Ecstasy
MDMA vs Ecstasy by http://www.NeuroSoup.com When I began to examine the data from the MDMA Facebook survey, I discovered that over 50% of those who responded...
- published: 02 Mar 2013
- views: 50448
- author: NeuroSoup
The Great Alexander Shulgin Talks About MDMA-(Ecstasy)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 29 Jul 2013
The Great Legend himself talks a little bit about the substance and his first time on it.
http://wn.com/The_Great_Alexander_Shulgin_Talks_About_MDMA-Ecstasy
The Great Legend himself talks a little bit about the substance and his first time on it.
- published: 10 Dec 2008
- views: 173955
- author: ForeverC00l
first time ever doing mdma
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:28
- Updated: 02 Aug 2013
my roommate ate a hamburger with my secret ingredient, Mdma.
http://wn.com/first_time_ever_doing_mdma
my roommate ate a hamburger with my secret ingredient, Mdma.
- published: 20 Nov 2012
- views: 35052
- author: noah m
XTC MDMA Ecstacy Drugstest Nr 3 Spuiten en Slikken (English Subtitles)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:40
- Updated: 04 Aug 2013
Spuiten en slikken", crazy dutch TV-show with this hillarious guy who tests a new drug each episode. Now with English Subtitles.
http://wn.com/XTC_MDMA_Ecstacy_Drugstest_Nr_3_Spuiten_en_Slikken_English_Subtitles
Spuiten en slikken", crazy dutch TV-show with this hillarious guy who tests a new drug each episode. Now with English Subtitles.
- published: 28 Apr 2011
- views: 1009353
- author: Biervrienden
Joe Rogan Podcast With Duncan Trussell Talking MDMA And More JRE #130)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 07 Jun 2013
Check out more videos like this at http://www.jreclips.com For video updates follow me on twitter https://twitter.com/jreclips.
http://wn.com/Joe_Rogan_Podcast_With_Duncan_Trussell_Talking_MDMA_And_More_JRE_130
Check out more videos like this at http://www.jreclips.com For video updates follow me on twitter https://twitter.com/jreclips.
- published: 04 May 2013
- views: 1094
- author: ExtremeMonkeyNinja
Teeth jitters on mdma
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 03 Jul 2013
This video was uploaded from an Android phone.
http://wn.com/Teeth_jitters_on_mdma
This video was uploaded from an Android phone.
- published: 11 Jul 2011
- views: 53924
- author: LittleYodaDog
Emmure - MDMA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 22 Jul 2013
Emmure "MDMA" is from their album, Slave To The Game, available now. iTunes: http://bit.ly/12QKJAs Amazon: http://amzn.to/13mkroP Direct (CD / Vinyl): http:/...
http://wn.com/Emmure_MDMA
Emmure "MDMA" is from their album, Slave To The Game, available now. iTunes: http://bit.ly/12QKJAs Amazon: http://amzn.to/13mkroP Direct (CD / Vinyl): http:/...
- published: 09 Jul 2012
- views: 909970
- author: emmureVEVO
'X-files' Strike Dateline Interview - MDMA - Part 4 of 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:11
- Updated: 03 Jul 2013
Part 4 of 5.
http://wn.com/'X-files'_Strike_Dateline_Interview_MDMA_Part_4_of_5
MattyBoh Ft. Samantha Gracie- M.D.M.A (Final Mix) HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:31
- Updated: 08 Jul 2013
I DON'T OWN THIS SONG! No copyright intended. For commercial use only. MattyBoh Ft. Samantha Gracie- M.D.M.A (Final Mix) Download: http://www.mediafire.com/?...
http://wn.com/MattyBoh_Ft_Samantha_Gracie_MDMA_Final_Mix_HD
I DON'T OWN THIS SONG! No copyright intended. For commercial use only. MattyBoh Ft. Samantha Gracie- M.D.M.A (Final Mix) Download: http://www.mediafire.com/?...
- published: 21 Aug 2011
- views: 72353
- author: MrStraft
Breaking Convention: MDMA Debate - Its Place in Medicine, Society and Politics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 82:50
- Updated: 24 Jul 2013
Help us caption and translate this video on Amara.org: http://www.amara.org/en/v/Bp6s/ http://breakingconvention.co.uk Breaking Convention hosted the United ...
http://wn.com/Breaking_Convention_MDMA_Debate_Its_Place_in_Medicine,_Society_and_Politics
Help us caption and translate this video on Amara.org: http://www.amara.org/en/v/Bp6s/ http://breakingconvention.co.uk Breaking Convention hosted the United ...
- published: 08 Mar 2012
- views: 5827
- author: MAPS
MDMA: Molly vs Ecstasy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:51
- Updated: 01 Aug 2013
Last Fridays Trip Story http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoqR5NBsXW4 MOLLY VS ECSTASY Molly and Ecstasy are in what seems to be a fight. Whats better, worse, h...
http://wn.com/MDMA_Molly_vs_Ecstasy
Last Fridays Trip Story http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoqR5NBsXW4 MOLLY VS ECSTASY Molly and Ecstasy are in what seems to be a fight. Whats better, worse, h...
- published: 19 Mar 2013
- views: 14674
- author: TheLudovicoTreatment
Meine erste Ecstasy - Erinnerung an meine Drogenzeit (MDMA, XTC)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:00
- Updated: 03 Aug 2013
wem der Einstieg zu langatmig ist/ wer nur von der Rauschwirkung hören will, der steige etwa bei 6:20 Minute ein Sprecher und musikalisches Arrangement: Arne...
http://wn.com/Meine_erste_Ecstasy_Erinnerung_an_meine_Drogenzeit_MDMA,_XTC
wem der Einstieg zu langatmig ist/ wer nur von der Rauschwirkung hören will, der steige etwa bei 6:20 Minute ein Sprecher und musikalisches Arrangement: Arne...
- published: 15 Mar 2013
- views: 3395
- author: Wortmutation-Kanal - Arne Pahlke
The Truth about Ecstasy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Updated: 23 Jul 2013
This is a clip from the BBC Horizon documentary, 'Is Alcohol Worse than Ecstasy?' Check out these articles on the TRUE effects of ecstasy on Times Magazine &...
http://wn.com/The_Truth_about_Ecstasy
This is a clip from the BBC Horizon documentary, 'Is Alcohol Worse than Ecstasy?' Check out these articles on the TRUE effects of ecstasy on Times Magazine &...
- published: 05 May 2011
- views: 52956
- author: Tony H
Los efectos del MDMA en el cerebro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:06
- Updated: 19 Jul 2013
http://www.recursosdeautoayuda.com/ Un breve extracto de un documental que muestra los efectos del MDMA en el cerebro. http://www.recursosdeautoayuda.com/
http://wn.com/Los_efectos_del_MDMA_en_el_cerebro
http://www.recursosdeautoayuda.com/ Un breve extracto de un documental que muestra los efectos del MDMA en el cerebro. http://www.recursosdeautoayuda.com/
- published: 04 Nov 2011
- views: 29154
- author: Videosuperacion
Drugs, Inc. - MDMA Therapy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Updated: 02 Aug 2013
Drugs, Inc: Ecstasy : SUN JAN 8 9p et/pt : http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/drugs-inc MDMA, though illegal, can be extremely helpful in psychoth...
http://wn.com/Drugs,_Inc_MDMA_Therapy
Drugs, Inc: Ecstasy : SUN JAN 8 9p et/pt : http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/drugs-inc MDMA, though illegal, can be extremely helpful in psychoth...
- published: 29 Dec 2011
- views: 120312
- author: NationalGeographic
ecstacy Real MDMA A Story on XTC Making it Part 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:20
- Updated: 17 Jul 2013
part 3.
http://wn.com/ecstacy_Real_MDMA_A_Story_on_XTC_Making_it_Part_3
MDMA Pharmacology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:59
- Updated: 16 Jul 2013
MDMA Pharmacology by http://www.neurosoup.com In this video, Krystle Cole discusses the pharmacology of MDMA. The neurotransmitters are described as well as ...
http://wn.com/MDMA_Pharmacology
MDMA Pharmacology by http://www.neurosoup.com In this video, Krystle Cole discusses the pharmacology of MDMA. The neurotransmitters are described as well as ...
- published: 10 Jan 2013
- views: 26118
- author: NeuroSoup
photo: Public Domain / Estormiz
02 Aug 2013
Relic found within small stone chest. The archaeologists came across a small stone chest while working in the ruins of the Balatlar Church. The chest bore two crosses which were carved into the stone. Inside the chest were a number of relics believed to be associated with the crucifixion including a splinter of wood believed to possibly be a part of the cross on which Jesus died. May be one of four pieces of the cross ... 10th century B.C ... E....(size: 5.0Kb)
photo: AP Photo / Intel Center, HO
03 Aug 2013
CAIRO — Al-Qaida's leader is condemning the overthrow of President Mohammed Morsi, but also blaming the ousted Egyptian leader for trying to "satisfy America" by abandoning jihad. Ayman al-Zawahri spoke in a 15-minute Internet audio message posted late Friday, his second this week ... Morsi was Egypt's first freely elected president ... Emotional Victory for Mickelson's Caddie of 21 Years ... . Inside NYTimes.com ... Editorial ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
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PR Newswire
05 Aug 2013
LONDON, Aug. 5, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Lightlake Therapeutics Inc., ("Lightlake" or the "Company") (OTC BB ... Roger Crystal, Chief Executive Officer of Lightlake ... Fromer ... About Lightlake Therapeutics ... The Company holds patents covering the use of intranasal naloxone to treat Binge Eating Disorder ("BED") as well as patents covering addiction to drugs including cocaine, amphetamine, and MDMA ... For more information please visit ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / calmdownlove
04 Aug 2013
Miley Cyrus has transformed herself from the do no bad Disney girl of yesteryear to a hardcore partying, MDMA swallowing, Hollywood party girl. So what has made Miley change so dramatically over the last few years?. According to the former Disney star her hardcore partying ways are just part of growing up ... Her first track from that album, the club going, MDMA supporting track We Can’t Stop has reached No ... Cyrus admits. ... James Kosur....(size: 2.0Kb)
Edit
noodls
03 Aug 2013
(Source. UNSW - The University of New South Wales). OPINION ... When the online drug marketplace Silk Road began operating in 2011, drugs users around the world could order illicit substances such as cannabis and MDMA and have them shipped to their home ... Surveying the market ... Cannabis and EPS were sold by the largest number of Silk Road retailers, followed by MDMA and pharmaceuticals (primarily benzodiazepines and sildenafil) ... What we found....(size: 5.2Kb)
Edit
Deccan Chronicle
03 Aug 2013
His father is an iconic figure in the field of journalism, his sister is a savvy journalist too and he, an acclaimed, award-winning writer. But his life wasn't always this rosy and his autobiographical account Narcopolis reveals exactly that ... Writing about addiction is not easy, for multiple reasons ... “I really didn't expect such a tremendous response ... I was on heroin and opiates, drugs like MDMA can fry your brain ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
Edit
Sydney Morning Herald
01 Aug 2013
From August 2012 to February 2013 researchers reported a 32 per cent jump in the number of sellers using the Silk Road marketplace – a marketplace much like eBay where transactions are encrypted, anonymous and made using the online currency Bitcoin – to sell cannabis, ecstasy and MDMA ... Advertisement ....(size: 1.5Kb)
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BBC News
01 Aug 2013
An academic and his partner were guilty of "serious errors" over the drugs death of a 15-year-old girl at their home, an inquest has found. Isobel Jones-Reilly died in 2011 after taking ecstasy at a party in the north Kensington home of Brian Dodgeon ... A narrative verdict was recorded over the "tragic and preventable" death ... Continue reading the main story “Start Quote ... She died of MDMA poisoning the next day ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
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Belfast Telegraph
01 Aug 2013
A former university academic and his partner were guilty of "serious failures" over the death of a teenage girl who took class A drugs at an unsupervised party at their house, a coroner said ... About 30 teenagers, aged 14 and 15, attended the party, having been invited on Facebook ... She was pronounced dead on the morning of April 23, and the inquest heard she died of MDMA poisoning ... "I would have expected more to have been put in place." ... ....(size: 5.6Kb)
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The Daily Telegraph
01 Aug 2013
Other countries could well soon follow the lead of Uruguay, which has taken a major step towards legalising the growth, production and possession of marijuana. Photo. EPA. By Alex Spillius. 1.35PM BST 01 Aug 2013. Comments. The centre-left government last night narrowly won a vote in the lower house to create a legal market for the drug ... The proliferation of “legal highs" is making a nonsense of prohibiting MDMA and cannabis ... ... ....(size: 7.5Kb)
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Canberra Times
01 Aug 2013
5.08pm. That's nine to five for the day. Here are the latest traffic updates, drive safe!. FREEWAYS ... CONGESTION WITHIN PERTH CBD. ... 5.07pm ... Photo ... From August 2012 to February 2013 researchers reported a 32 per cent jump in the number of sellers using the Silk Road marketplace – a marketplace much like eBay where transactions are encrypted, anonymous and made using the online currency Bitcoin – to sell cannabis, ecstasy and MDMA....(size: 26.5Kb)
 |
This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (May 2012) |
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|---|---|
 |
|
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| (RS)-1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine | |
| Clinical data | |
| Pregnancy cat. | C[1] |
| Legal status | Prohibited (S9) (AU) Schedule III (CA) CD Lic (UK) Schedule I (US) |
| Routes | Oral, sublingual, insufflation, inhalation (vaporization), injection,[2] rectal |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Hepatic, CYP450 extensively involved, especially CYP2D6 |
| Half-life | 6–10 hours (though duration of effects is typically actually 3–5 hours) |
| Excretion | Renal |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 42542-10-9  N |
| ATC code | N/A |
| PubChem | CID 1615 |
| DrugBank | DB01454 |
| ChemSpider | 1556  Y |
| UNII | KE1SEN21RM Y |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:1391 Y |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL43048 Y |
| Synonyms | (±)-1,3-benzodioxolyl-N-methyl-2-propanamine; (±)-3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methyl-α-methyl-2-phenethylamine; DL-3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine; methylenedioxymethamphetamine |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C11H15NO2 |
| Mol. mass | 193.25 g/mol |
| SMILES | eMolecules & PubChem |
|
|
 N (what is this?) (verify) |
|
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine; methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is an entactogenic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes of drugs. In popular culture, MDMA has become widely known as "ecstasy", usually referring to its street pill form, although this term may also include the presence of possible adulterants. The terms "molly" (allegedly derived from "molecule") and "mandy" (a corruption of "MDMA") colloquially refer to MDMA in crystalline and/or powder form, usually implying purity.
MDMA can induce euphoria, a sense of intimacy with others, and diminished anxiety. Many studies, particularly in the fields of psychology and cognitive therapy, have suggested that MDMA has therapeutic benefits and facilitates therapy sessions in certain individuals, a practice for which it had formally been used in the past. Clinical trials are now testing the therapeutic potential of MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety associated with terminal cancer.[3][4]
MDMA is criminalized in most countries, though some important civil society initiatives, such as the Global Commission on Drug Policy, are not concerned with putting a stop to it, but with educating the public about the drug,[5] and its possession, manufacture, or sale may result in criminal prosecution, although some limited exceptions exist for scientific and medical research. For 2008 the UN estimated between 10–25 million people globally used ecstasy at least once in the past year. This was broadly similar to the number of cocaine, amphetamine and opiate users, but far fewer than the global number of cannabis users.[6] It is taken in a variety of contexts far removed from its roots in psychotherapeutic settings and is commonly associated with dance parties (or "raves") and electronic dance music.[7]
Regulatory authorities in several locations around the world have approved scientific studies administering MDMA to humans to examine its therapeutic potential and its effects.[8]
Contents |
Medical use[link]
See also: Effects of MDMA on the human body
There have long been suggestions that MDMA might be useful in psychotherapy, facilitating self-examination with reduced fear.[9][10][11] Indeed, some therapists, including Leo Zeff, Claudio Naranjo, George Greer, Joseph Downing, and Philip Wolfson, used MDMA in their practices until it was made illegal. George Greer synthesized MDMA in the lab of Alexander Shulgin and administered it to about 80 of his clients over the course of the remaining years preceding MDMA's Schedule I placement in 1985. In a published summary of the effects,[12] the authors reported patients felt improved in various, mild psychiatric disorders and experienced other personal benefits, especially improved intimate communication with their significant others. In a subsequent publication on the treatment method, the authors reported that one patient with severe pain from terminal cancer experienced lasting pain relief and improved quality of life.[13]
Three neurobiological mechanisms for the therapeutic effects of MDMA have been suggested: "1) MDMA increases oxytocin levels, which may strengthen the therapeutic alliance; 2) MDMA increases ventromedial prefrontal activity and decreases amygdala activity, which may improve emotional regulation and decrease avoidance, and 3) MDMA increases norepinephrine (NE) release and circulating cortisol levels, which may facilitate emotional engagement and enhance extinction of learned fear associations."[14]
The first phase-II double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial into the potential therapeutic benefits of using the drug as an augment to psychotherapy showed that most patients in the trial given psychotherapy treatment along with doses of MDMA experienced statistically significant reductions in the severity of their condition after two months, compared with a control group receiving psychotherapy and a placebo.[15] The authors concludes "MDMA-assisted psychotherapy can be administered to posttraumatic stress disorder patients without evidence of harm, and it may be useful in patients refractory to other treatments."[15]
The possible therapeutic potential of MDMA is being tested in several ongoing studies, some sponsored by the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS). Studies in the U.S., Switzerland, and Israel are evaluating the efficacy of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treating those diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or anxiety related to cancer.
Small doses of MDMA are used as an entheogen to enhance meditation by some Buddhist Monks.[16]
Recreational use[link]
- Prices are from cited sources, they may differ in reality.
The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction notes that, although there are some reports of tablets being sold for as little as €1, most countries in Europe now report typical retail prices in the range of €3 to €9 per tablet.[17] The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime claimed in its 2008 World Drug Report that typical U.S. retail prices are lower, costing 20 to 25 per tablet, or from 3 to 10 per tablet if bought in batches[18] MDMA is expensive in Australia, costing A$20–A,0 per tablet, but in the Asian community it is A 0–30, depending on the size. In terms of purity data for Australian MDMA, the average is around 34%, ranging from less than 1% to about 85%. The majority of tablets contain 70–85 mg of MDMA. Most MDMA enters Australia from different markets, the Netherlands, the UK, Asia, and the U.S.[19]
Main article: Poly drug use
MDMA is occasionally known for being taken in conjunction with psychedelic drugs, such as LSD or psilocybin mushrooms, or even common drugs such as cannabis. As this practice has become more prevalent, most of the more common combinations have been given nicknames, such as "candy flipping", for MDMA combined with LSD, "MX Missile" (or "Hippy Flipping" in some circles) for MDMA with psilocybin, or "kitty flipping" for MDMA with ketamine.[20] The term "flipping" may come from the subjective effects of using MDMA with a psychedelic in which the user may shift rapidly between a more lucid state and a more psychedelic state several times during the course of their experience. Many users use mentholated products while taking MDMA for its cooling sensation while experiencing the drug's effects. Examples include menthol cigarettes, Vick's Vapo Rub, NyQuil,[21] and lozenges.
Subjective effects[link]
The primary effects attributable to MDMA consumption are predictable and fairly consistent among users. In general, users report feeling effects within 45 minutes to an hour of consumption, hitting a peak at approximately 2 1/2 to 3 hours, reaching a plateau that lasts about 2–3 hours, followed by a comedown of a few hours. After the drug has run its course, many users report feeling fatigue; other, more long-lasting effects such as diminished mental capacity, permanent sensitivity to light, paranoia, and impaired cognitive ability have also been reported.
The most common effects reported by users include:[22]
- A general and subjective alteration in consciousness
- A strong sense of inner peace and self-acceptance
- Diminished aggression, hostility, and jealousy
- Diminished fear, anxiety, and insecurity
- Extreme mood lift with accompanying euphoria
- Feelings of empathy, compassion, and forgiveness toward others
- Feelings of intimacy and even love for others
- Improved self-confidence
- The ability to discuss normally anxiety-provoking topics with marked ease
- An intensification of all of the bodily senses (hearing, touch, smell, vision, taste)
- Substantial enhancement of the appreciation of music quality
- Mild psychedelia, consisting of mental imagery and auditory and visual distortions
- Stimulation, arousal, and hyperactivity (e.g., many users get an "uncontrollable urge to dance" while under the influence)
- Increased energy and endurance
- Increased alertness, awareness, and wakefulness
- Increased desire, drive, and motivation
- Analgesia or decreased pain sensitivity
Adverse effects[link]
In January 2001, an overview of the subjective side-effects of MDMA was published by Liechti, Gamma, and Vollenweider in the journal Psychopharmacology. Their paper was based on clinical research conducted over several years involving 74 healthy volunteers. The researchers found that there were a number of common side-effects and that many of the effects seemed to occur in different amounts based on gender. The top side-effects reported were difficulty concentrating, jaw clenching, grinding of the teeth during sleep, lack of appetite, and dry mouth/thirst (all occurring in more than 50% of the 74 volunteers). Liechti, et al. also measured some of the test subjects for blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature against a placebo control but no statistically significant changes were seen.[23][24]
A 2011 study carried out by Harvard Medical School and published in the journal Addiction found no signs of cognitive impairment due to ecstasy use, and that it did not decrease mental ability. The report also raised concerns that previous methods used to conduct that research on ecstasy had been flawed, and the experiments overstated the cognitive differences between ecstasy users and nonusers.[25]
However, a study from John Hopkins Medical School in 2008 found a slight, but significant correlation of cognitive deficiency in MDMA users, but admitted that this data may be confounded by other illicit drug use. The significant finding of the article was the serotonergic neurotoxicity in stacked doses and a lasting decrease in serotonin reuptake (SERT) binding. In rats, high doses and in high temperatures, serotonergic neurotoxicity is limited and dopaminergic neurotoxicity occurs. However, rats may not be a generalizable model for human neurotoxicity studies. [26]
After-effects[link]
Effects reported by some users once the acute effects of MDMA have worn off include:
- Psychological
- Anxiety and paranoia[27]
- Depression[27][28][29][30][31][32]
- Irritability[30]
- Fatigue[31][32]
- Impaired attention, focus, and concentration,[29] as well as drive and motivation (due to depleted serotonin levels)[28]
- Residual feelings of empathy, emotional sensitivity, and a sense of closeness to others (afterglow)
- Physiological
- Dizziness, lightheadedness, or vertigo[32]
- Loss of appetite[28][29]
- Gastrointestinal disturbances, such as diarrhea or constipation[27]
- Insomnia[27][28][29]
- Aches and pains, usually from excessive physical activity (e.g., dancing)[28][29][31]
- Exhaustion[30][32]
- Jaw soreness, from bruxism[32][33][34]
A slang term given to the depressive period following MDMA consumption is Tuesday Blues (or "Suicide Tuesday"), referring to the low mood that can be experienced midweek by depleted serotonin levels following weekend MDMA use. Some users report that consuming 5-HTP, L-Tryptophan and vitamins the day after use can reduce the depressive effect by replenishing serotonin levels (magnesium supplements are also used prior to or during use).[35]
Overdose[link]
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009) |
Upon overdose, the potentially serious serotonin syndrome, stimulant psychosis, and/or hypertensive crisis, among other dangerous adverse reactions, may come to prominence, the symptoms of which can include the following:
- Psychological
- Disorientation and/or confusion
- Anxiety, paranoia, and/or panic attacks
- Hypervigilance or increased sensitivity to perceptual stimuli, accompanied by significantly increased threat detection
- Hypomania or full-blown mania
- Derealization and/or depersonalization
- Hallucinations and/or delusions[36]
- Thought disorder or disorganized thinking
- Cognitive and memory impairment potentially to the point of retrograde or anterograde amnesia[37]
- Acute delirium
- Physiological
- Myoclonus or involuntary and intense muscle twitching
- Nystagmus or involuntary eye movements
- Hyperreflexia or overresponsive or overreactive reflexes[38]
- Tachypnoea or rapid breathing and/or dyspnea or shortness of breath
- Palpitations or abnormal awareness of the beating of the heart
- Angina pectoris or severe chest pain, as well as pulmonary hypertension (PH)[39]
- Cardiac arrhythmia or abnormal electrical activity of the heart
- Circulatory shock or cardiogenic shock
- Vasculitis or destruction of blood vessels[40]
- Cardiotoxicity or damage to the heart[41]
- Cardiac dysfunction, arrest, myocardial infarction, and/or heart failure[42][43][44]
- Hemorrhage and/or stroke[45][46]
- Severe hyperthermia, potentially resulting in organ failure[47][48]
- Syncope or fainting or loss of consciousness
- Organ failure (as mentioned above)
- Possible brain damage
- Coma or death
Chronic use[link]
Some studies indicate that repeated recreational users of MDMA have increased rates of depression and anxiety, even after quitting the drug.[49][50] A meta-analytic review of the published literature on memory show that ecstasy users may suffer short-term and long-term verbal memory impairment—with 70–80% of ecstasy users displaying impaired memory. Moreover, this research shows the amount of doses consumed does not significantly predict memory performance.[51] Other meta analyses have reported possibility of impairment of executive functioning.[52] Despite these findings many factors including total lifetime MDMA consumption, the duration of abstinence between uses, dosage, the environment of use, poly-drug use/abuse, quality of mental health, various lifestyle choices, and predispositions to develop clinical depression and other disorders have made the results of many studies difficult to verify. A study that attempted to eliminate these confounding factors was published in February, 2011 by Addiction, and found few differences in the cognitive functioning of MDMA-using ravers versus non-MDMA-using ravers, "In a study designed to minimize limitations found in many prior investigations, we failed to demonstrate marked residual cognitive effects in ecstasy users. This finding contrasts with many previous findings-including our own-and emphasizes the need for continued caution in interpreting field studies of cognitive function in illicit ecstasy users."[53] MDMA use has been occasionally associated with liver damage,[54] excessive wear of teeth,[55] and (very rarely) hallucinogen persisting perception disorder.[56]
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Short-term health concerns[link]
Short-term physical health risks of MDMA consumption include hyperthermia,[59][60] and hyponatremia.[61] Continuous activity without sufficient rest or rehydration may cause body temperature to rise to dangerous levels, and loss of fluid via excessive perspiration puts the body at further risk as the stimulatory and euphoric qualities of the drug may render the user oblivious to their energy expenditure for quite some time. Diuretics such as alcohol may exacerbate these risks further.
Long-term effects on serotonin and dopamine[link]
MDMA causes a reduction in the concentration of serotonin transporters (SERTs) in the brain. The rate at which the brain recovers from serotonergic changes is unclear. One study demonstrated lasting serotonergic changes in some animals exposed to MDMA.[62] Other studies have suggested that the brain may recover from serotonergic damage.[63][64]
Some studies show that MDMA may be neurotoxic in humans.[65][66] Other studies, however, suggest that any potential brain damage may be at least partially reversible following prolonged abstinence from MDMA.[64][67] Depression and deficits in memory have been shown to occur more frequently in long-term MDMA users.[68][69] However, some recent studies have suggested that MDMA use may not be associated with chronic depression.[70][71]
One study on MDMA toxicity, by George A. Ricaurte of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, which claimed that a single recreational dose of MDMA could cause Parkinson's Disease in later life due to severe dopaminergic stress, was actually retracted by Ricaurte himself after he discovered his lab had administered not MDMA but methamphetamine, which is known to cause dopaminergic changes similar to the serotonergic changes caused by MDMA.[72] Ricaurte blamed this mistake on a labeling error by the chemical supply company that sold the material to his lab, but the supply company responded that there was no evidence of a labeling error on their end. Most studies have found that levels of the dopamine transporter (or other markers of dopamine function) in MDMA users deserve further study or are normal.[73][74][75][76][77][78][79]
Several studies have indicated a possible mechanism for neurotoxicity is a metabolite of MDMA, through the reaction of Alpha-Methyldopamine, a principal metabolite, and glutathione, the major antioxidant in the human body. One possible product of this reaction, 2,5-bis-(glutathion-S-yl)-alpha-methyldopamine, has been demonstrated to produce the same toxic effects observed in MDMA, while MDMA, and alpha-methyldopamine themselves have been shown to be non-neurotoxic. It is, however, impossible to avoid the metabolism of MDMA in the body, and the production of this toxic metabolite.[80][81][82] Some studies have demonstrated possible ways to minimize the production of this particular metabolite, though evidence at this point is sparse at best.
Purity and dosage of "ecstasy"[link]
Another concern associated with MDMA use is toxicity from chemicals other than MDMA in ecstasy tablets. Due to its near-universal illegality, the purity of a substance sold as ecstasy is unknown to the typical user. The MDMA content of tablets varies widely between regions and different brands of pills and fluctuates somewhat each year. Pills may contain other active substances meant to stimulate in a way similar to MDMA, such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, caffeine, all of which may be comparatively cheap to produce and can help to boost overall profits. In some cases, tablets sold as ecstasy do not even contain any MDMA. Instead they may contain an assortment of undesirable drugs and substances, such as paracetamol, ibuprofen, talcum powder, etc.[83]
There have been a number of deaths attributed to para-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA), a potent and highly neurotoxic hallucinogenic amphetamine, being sold as ecstasy.[84][85] PMA is unique in its ability to quickly elevate body temperature and heart rate at relatively low doses, especially in comparison to MDMA. Hence, a user believing he is consuming two 120 mg pills of MDMA could actually be consuming a dose of PMA that is potentially lethal, depending on the purity of the pill. Not only does PMA cause the release of serotonin but it also acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, MAOI. When combined with an MDMA or an MDMA-like substance, serotonin syndrome can result.[86] Combining MAO inhibitors with certain legal prescription and over the counter medications can also lead to (potentially fatal) serotonin syndrome.
EU trends in MDxx sales and piperazines[link]
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Benzylpiperazine (BZP), 3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TMFPP) and meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) are three substances that were common in over the counter legal highs until recently, BZP being listed in the UK controlled substances act as of 2009. They belong to the phenylpiperazines, as opposed to the phenethylamines that account for MDMA ('ecstasy'), MDA, MDEA, amphetamine ('speed'), methamphetamine ('crystal meth'), etc. Despite being temporarily legal and belonging to an entirely different class of compound, they (in particular BZP) were able to produce effects comparable to the already illegal amphetamines; particularly those of amphetamine itself.
Their amphetamine like qualities were noticed in the 1970s but remained overshadowed by actual phenethylamines, narrowly avoiding addition to the amphetamine controls. During the early 1990s, the DEA noticed BZP being used as a cut or adulterant in synthetic street drugs. During this period, Total Synthesis 2 was published, The Hive had come online, numerous phenethylamine based 'Research Chemicals' (e.g. 2C-B) were flooding out and many small scale labs were set up in the West, producing materials such as MDA / MDMA. These were already illegal, whereas substances such as 2C-I and 2C-B were not. However, Europe (and particularly the Netherlands at the time) were the main producers of these substances. Over the course of the late 1990s, suppliers to the labs became more cautious with regards to certain precursors or necessary reagents for amphetamine production. It is possible that larger commercial scale laboratories suspected a ban on 2C's may be set in place soon after. BZP and the other piperazine based compounds became of more commercial interest and began appearing as over the counter highs.
Between 2001 and 2004, a number of key events occurred, such as the shutting down of the hive and the placing of safrole (the most easily available and direct precursor to MDxx) under EU regulation. Safrole was also rapidly removed from perfumes, soaps and food additives. As the oil is produced by trees not native to Europe and preferring sunny climates, this made production of MDxx considerably more tedious. There has been a gradual drop in MDMA seizures within Europe since 2004. Instead, producers of amphetamines moved closer to the sources of precursor and a large market to sell through; East and South East Asia.
Simultaneously, suspicions that BZP was being passed off as MDMA were raised by users. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, as well as the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, have now discovered this to be correct, with the percentage of piperazine increasing in the 'ecstasy-group' (MDxx) seizures, particularly around Europe.
According the annual EU and UN reports, up to 50% of what was being sold as 'MDMA', 'X', 'Xtc' or 'Ecstasy' during the period of 2005 to 2010 was piperazine based rather than amphetamine. Some frequent drug users have claimed an ability to differentiate between regular amphetamines and substances such as BZP, often noting BZP to be a somewhat 'softer' version of amphetamine and, in particular and when taken alone, a distinct lack of MDMAs hallmark depth of empathy. This was addressed, to an extent, in the legal highs, with TMFPP and mCPP (also from the piperazines) being taken alongside BZP to increase the depth of empathy felt. Despite this, BZP (prior to it's prominence as a legal high) had proven indistinguishable from actual amphetamine ('speed') in a 1970's trial for the European Journal of Pharmacology involving former amphetamine users. As a legal high, it enjoyed a recognizable product placement for about a decade (from around 1995 to 2009 with regards to the UK ban). During this period, legal high manufacturers and others felt the piperazines to be a viable harm reduction tool, with some customers preferring to buy the standardised piperazines over street obtained amphetamines. Tens of millions of doses were sold over the span with only a handful of serious medical complications being noted. The effects are largely those of amphetamine, but with a tolerance build rate that seems to prevent multiday / week long runs (these often being the starting point of the more serious negative impacts of routine amphetamine and methamphetamine abuse). This would appear to make it a safer alternative than some amphetamine analogues; e.g. para-methoxyamphetamine and the potent Bromo-DragonFly.
As of 2009, the European Commission requested all member states place BZP under control, adding it as a listed substance on the UN Convention for Psychotropics.
Passing off of piperazines as amphetamines of some sort (speed or MDxx for example) was predictable given the similar effect profiles; these would likely have convinced the vast majority of new, infrequent and many frequent users into thinking that they had bought MDxx or amphetamine. As importantly, the piperazines could be easily and cheaply obtained, then resold by dealers as more exotic (and costly) illegal substances, with a gram of street MDMA costing from £35 to £50 in London and potentially being only 20 to 50% pure, versus BZP at tens of pence or less per pure gram (containing ten, full 100mg doses).
Tailing off was also predictable; although UK sellers where given three months to clear their remaining stock, with the full EU ban being implemented after a year's notice, there could easily have been old stock remaining in storage around Europe.
The UN Office on Drugs and Crime 2011 report, covering 2010, did not comment on the presence of piperazine substitution in these amphetamine markets, but it mentions approximately 3,000 litres in total of safrole being seized in Latvia and Lithuania, with Eastern Europe member states beginning to present higher usage rates of MDMA. In general the presence of piperazine substitution will have undoubtedly skewed numerous MDxx / amphetamine user figures for the previous five or ten year period. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) commented on active MDMA pill contents in EU member states ranging from 3 to 100 and in some cases 130mg for Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Turkey, Germany and Bulgaria. In general, though, a steady decline in MDMA content has occurred since 2004 (coinciding with the control of safrole and closure of the Hive).
The 2011 EMCDDA report goes on to mention piperazine prevalence in amphetamines around Europe still remaining notably high. The price of MDxx, in general, has been declining. It would be reasonable to propose this is in part due to long term users encountering piperazine materials. With the piperazines being so cheap on their departure from a legal product status, there will be greater incentive for resellers to cut prices and move stock; something that would be less feasible with actual MDxx given the increasing difficultly in obtaining the precursor.
A questionable reappearance in 2010 is that of PMA and PMMA being sold as MDxx. This has curiously appeared predominately in the Netherlands, a country with a history of being an MDxx and piperazine production hotspot, both of which are safer than PMA. Autria and Norway were simultaneously affected by PMA. All three reported hospitalisations and deaths.
110 new psychoatives were reported to the EMCDDA from 1997 to 2009. In 2009, the European early-warning system received 24 notifications of possible new problem trends. For the year 2010, this jumped to more than 40. Some of these were phenethylamine based, the others being tryptamines, synthetic cannabinoids ('Spice'), cathinones (mephedrone) and piperazines. The European markets have come under a form of legal high, analogue bombardment. Worryingly, in light of the UK's drug advisory board fracturing over David Nutt's forced retirement, a number of EU member states have looked into implementing 'emergency / generic' control acts.
Harm assessment[link]
The UK study placed great weight on the risk for acute physical harm, the propensity for physical and psychological dependency on the drug, and the negative familial and societal impacts of the drug. They did not evaluate or rate the negative impact of ecstasy on the cognitive health of ecstasy users, e.g., impaired memory and concentration. Based on these factors, the study placed MDMA at number 18 in the list of 20 popular drugs.[87]
David Nutt, a former chairman of the UK Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, stated in the Journal of Psychopharmacology in January 2009 that ecstasy use compared favorably with horse riding in terms of risk, with ecstasy leading to around 30 deaths a year in the UK compared to about 10 from horse riding, and "acute harm to person" occurring in approximately 1 in 10,000 episodes of ecstasy use compared to about 1 in 350 episodes of horse riding.[88] Dr. Nutt notes the lack of a balanced risk assessment in public discussions of MDMA:[88]
The general public, especially the younger generation, are disillusioned with the lack of balanced political debate about drugs. This lack of rational debate can undermine the trust in government in relation to drug misuse and thereby undermining the government's message in public information campaigns. The media in general seem to have an interest in scare stories about illicit drugs, though there are some exceptions (Horizon, 2008).[89] A telling review of 10-year media reporting of drug deaths in Scotland illustrates the distorted media perspective very well (Forsyth, 2001).[90] During this decade, the likelihood of a newspaper reporting a death from paracetamol was in [sic] per 250 deaths, for diazepam it was 1 in 50, whereas for amphetamine it was 1 in 3 and for ecstasy every associated death was reported.
A spokesperson for the ACMD said that "The recent article by Professor David Nutt published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology was done in respect of his academic work and not as chair of the ACMD."[91]
The most carefully designed study so far was published in February 2011[92] in the journal Addiction, comparing the effect on cognitive skills in 52 ecstasy users against 59 very closely matched non-users. The study, performed by the group of Prof. Halpern of Harvard Medical School, eliminated potential confounding factors like the use of other drugs and history of drug-use. The study found no short- or long-term differences in cognitive skills in the test group (users) versus the control group (non-users).
Drug interactions[link]
There are a number of reported potentially dangerous possible interactions between MDMA and other drugs, including serotonergic drugs.[93] Several cases have been reported of death in individuals who ingested MDMA while taking ritonavir (Norvir), which inhibits multiple CYP450 enzymes. Toxicity or death has also been reported in people who took MDMA in combination with certain monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) such as phenelzine (Nardil), tranylcypromine (Parnate), or moclobemide (Aurorix, Manerix).[94] On the other hand, MAOB inhibitors like selegiline (Deprenyl; Eldepryl, Zelapar, Emsam) do not seem to carry these risks when taken at selective doses, and have been used to completely block neurotoxicity in rats.[95]
Commercial sassafras oil generally is a by-product of camphor production in Asia or comes from related trees in Brazil. Safrole is a precursor for the clandestine manufacture of MDMA (ecstasy), and as such, its transport is monitored internationally. Roots of Sassafras can also be steeped to make tea and were used in the flavoring of traditional root beer until being banned for mass production by the FDA. Laboratory animals that were given oral doses of sassafras tea or sassafras oil that contained large doses of safrole developed permanent liver damage or various types of cancer. In humans liver damage can take years to develop and it may not have obvious signs.
Chemistry[link]
Safrole, a colorless or slightly yellow oily liquid, extracted from the root-bark or the fruit of the sassafras tree is the primary precursor for all manufacture of MDMA. There are numerous synthetic methods available in the literature to convert safrole into MDMA via different intermediates.[96][97][98][99] One common route is via the MDP2P (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone, also known as piperonyl acetone) intermediate. This intermediate can be produced in at least two different ways. One method is to isomerize safrole to isosafrole in the presence of a strong base and then oxidize isosafrole to MDP2P. Another, reportedly better,[citation needed] method is to make use of the Wacker process to oxidize safrole directly to the MDP2P (3,4-methylenedioxy phenyl-2-propanone) intermediate. This can be done with a palladium catalyst. Once the MDP2P intermediate has been prepared, a reductive amination leads to MDMA, a racemate {1:1 mixture of (R)-1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine and (S)-1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine}. Another method for the synthesis of racemic MDMA is addition of hydrogen bromide to safrole and reaction of the adduct with methylamine.
Relatively small quantities of essential oil are required to make large numbers of MDMA pills. The essential oil of Ocotea cymbarum typically contains between 80 and 94% safrole. This would allow 500 ml of the oil, which retails at between $20 and $100, to be used to produce an estimated 1,300 to 2,800 tablets containing approximately 120 mg of MDMA each.[100]
Pharmacology[link]
For more details on this topic, see Effects of MDMA on the human body.
MDMA acts as a releasing agent of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (DA).[101] It enters neurons via carriage by the monoamine transporters.[101] Once inside, MDMA inhibits the vesicular monoamine transporter, which results in increased concentrations of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the cytoplasm,[102] and induces their release by reversing their respective transporters through a process known as phosphorylation.[103]
MDMA has been identified as a potent agonist of TAAR1, a newly discovered GPCR important for regulation of monoaminergic systems in the brain.[104] Activation of TAAR1 increases cAMP production via adenylyl cyclase activation and inhibits transporter function.[104][105][106][107][108] These effects increase monoamine efflux and prolong the amount of time monoamines remain in the synapse. It also acts as a weak 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor agonist, and its more efficacious metabolite MDA likely augments this action.[109][110][111][112]
MDMA's unusual entactogenic effects have been hypothesized to be, at least partly, the result of indirect oxytocin secretion via activation of the serotonin system.[113] Oxytocin is a hormone released following events like hugging, orgasm, and childbirth, and is thought to facilitate bonding and the establishment of trust.[114] Based on studies in rats, MDMA is believed to cause the release of oxytocin, at least in part, by both directly and indirectly agonizing the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor. A placebo-controlled study in 15 human volunteers found that 100 mg MDMA increased blood levels of oxytocin, and the amount of oxytocin increase was correlated with the subjective prosocial effects of MDMA.[115]
Pharmacokinetics[link]
MDMA reaches maximal concentrations in the blood stream between 1.5 and 3 hours after ingestion.[116] It is then slowly metabolized and excreted, with levels of MDMA and its metabolites decreasing to half their peak concentration over approximately 8 hours.[117] Thus, there are still high MDMA levels in the body when the experiential effects have mostly ended, indicating that acute tolerance has developed to the actions of MDMA. Taking additional supplements of MDMA at this point, therefore, produces higher concentrations of MDMA in the blood and brain than might be expected based on the perceived effects.
Metabolites of MDMA that have been identified in humans include 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-methamphetamine (HMMA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA), 3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (DHA) (also called alpha-methyldopamine (α-Me-DA)), 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylacetone (MDP2P), and N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDOH). The contributions of these metabolites to the psychoactive and toxic effects of MDMA are an area of active research. Sixty-five percent of MDMA is excreted unchanged in the urine (in addition, 7% is metabolized into MDA) during the 24 hours after ingestion.[118]
MDMA is known to be metabolized by two main metabolic pathways: (1) O-demethylenation followed by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)-catalyzed methylation and/or glucuronide/sulfate conjugation; and (2) N-dealkylation, deamination, and oxidation to the corresponding benzoic acid derivatives conjugated with glycine. The metabolism may be primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes (CYP2D6 (in humans, but CYP2D1 in mice), and CYP3A4) and COMT. Complex, nonlinear pharmacokinetics arise via autoinhibition of CYP2D6 and CYP2D8, resulting in zeroth order kinetics at higher doses. It is thought that this can result in sustained and higher concentrations of MDMA if the user takes consecutive doses of the drug.
Because the enzyme CYP2D6 is deficient or totally absent in some people,[119] it was once hypothesized that these people might have elevated risk when taking MDMA. However, there is still no evidence for this theory and available evidence argues against it.[120] It is now thought that the contribution of CYP2D6 to MDMA metabolism in humans is less than 30% of the metabolism. Indeed, an individual lacking CYP2D6 was given MDMA in a controlled clinical setting and a larger study gave MDMA to healthy volunteers after inhibiting CYP2D6 with paroxetine. Lack of the enzyme caused a modest increase in drug exposure and decreases in some metabolites, but physical effects did not appear appreciably elevated. While there is little or no evidence that low CYP2D6 activity increases risks from MDMA, it is likely that MDMA-induced CYP2D inhibition will increase risk of those prescription drugs that are metabolized by this enzyme. MDMA-induced CYP2D inhibition appears to last for up to a week after MDMA exposure.
MDMA and metabolites are primarily excreted as conjugates, such as sulfates and glucuronides.[121]
MDMA is a chiral compound and has been almost exclusively administered as a racemate. However, the two enantiomers have been shown to exhibit different kinetics. (S)-MDMA is more effective in eliciting 5-HT, NE, and DA release, while (D)-MDMA is overall less effective, and more selective for 5-HT and NE release (having only a very faint efficacy on DA release).[122] The disposition of MDMA may also be stereoselective, with the S-enantiomer having a shorter elimination half-life and greater excretion than the R-enantiomer. Evidence suggests[123] that the area under the blood plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) was two to four times higher for the (R)-enantiomer than the (S)-enantiomer after a 40 mg oral dose in human volunteers. Likewise, the plasma half-life of (R)-MDMA was significantly longer than that of the (S)-enantiomer (5.8 ± 2.2 hours vs 3.6 ± 0.9 hours). However, because MDMA excretion and metabolism have nonliniar kinetics,[124] the half-lives would be higher at more typical doses (100 mg is sometimes considered a typical dose[116]). Given as the racemate MDMA has a half-life of around 8 hours.
Detection of use[link]
MDMA and MDA may be quantitated in blood, plasma or urine to monitor for abuse, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or a sudden death. Some drug abuse screening programs rely on hair, saliva, or sweat as specimens. Most commercial amphetamine immunoassay screening tests cross-react significantly with MDMA or its major metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances. The concentrations of MDA in the blood or urine of a person who has taken only MDMA are, in general, less than 10% those of the parent drug.[125][126][127]
History[link]
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The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United Kingdom and United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (July 2010) |
MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by Merck chemist Anton Köllisch. At the time, Merck was interested in developing substances that stopped abnormal bleeding. Merck wanted to evade an existing patent, held by Bayer, for one such compound: hydrastinine. At the behest of his superiors Walther Beckh and Otto Wolfes, Köllisch developed a preparation of a hydrastinine analogue, methylhydrastinine. MDMA was an intermediate compound in the synthesis of methylhydrastinine, and Merck was not interested in its properties at the time.[128] On 24 December 1912, Merck filed two patent applications that described the synthesis of MDMA[129] and its subsequent conversion to methylhydrastinine.[130]
Over the following 65 years, MDMA was largely forgotten. Merck records indicate that its researchers returned to the compound sporadically. In 1927, Max Oberlin studied the pharmacology of MDMA and observed that its effects on blood sugar and smooth muscles were similar to ephedrine's. Researchers at Merck conducted experiments with MDMA in 1952 and 1959.[128] In 1953 and 1954, the United States Army commissioned a study of toxicity and behavioral effects in animals of injected mescaline and several analogues, including MDMA. These originally classified investigations were declassified and published in 1973.[131] The first scientific paper on MDMA appeared in 1958 in Yakugaku Zasshi, the Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. In this paper, Yutaka Kasuya described the synthesis of MDMA, a part of his research on antispasmodics.[132]
MDMA was being used recreationally in the United States by 1970.[133] In the mid-1970s, Alexander Shulgin, then at University of California, Berkeley, heard from his students about unusual effects of MDMA; among others, the drug had helped one of them to overcome his stutter. Intrigued, Shulgin synthesized MDMA and tried it himself in 1976.[134] Two years later, he and David E. Nichols published the first report on the drug's psychotropic effect in humans. They described "altered state of consciousness with emotional and sensual overtones" that can be compared "to marijuana, and to psilocybin devoid of the hallucinatory component".[135]
Shulgin took to occasionally using MDMA for relaxation, referring to it as "my low-calorie martini", and giving the drug to his friends, researchers, and other people who he thought could benefit from it. One such person was psychotherapist Leo Zeff, who had been known to use psychedelics in his practice. Zeff was so impressed with the effects of MDMA that he came out of his semi-retirement to proselytize for it. Over the following years, Zeff traveled around the U.S. and occasionally to Europe, training other psychotherapists in the use of MDMA.[134][136][137] Among underground psychotherapists, MDMA developed a reputation for enhancing communication during clinical sessions, reducing patients' psychological defenses, and increasing capacity for therapeutic introspection.[138]
In the early 1980s in the U.S., MDMA rose to prominence as "Adam" in trendy nightclubs and gay dance clubs in the Dallas area.[139] From there, use spread to raves in major cities around the country, and then to mainstream society. The drug was first proposed for scheduling by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in July 1984[140] and was classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the U.S. on 31 May 1985.[141]
In the late 1980s MDMA, known by that time as "ecstasy", began to be widely used in the UK and other parts of Europe, becoming an integral element of rave culture and other psychedelic-influenced music scenes. Spreading along with rave culture, illicit MDMA use became increasingly widespread among young adults in universities and later in high schools. MDMA became one of the four most widely used illicit drugs in the U.S., along with cocaine, heroin, and cannabis.[142] According to some estimates as of 2004, only marijuana attracts more first time users in the U.S.[142]
After MDMA was criminalized, most medical use stopped, although some therapists continued to prescribe the drug illegally. Later Charles Grob initiated an ascending-dose safety study in healthy volunteers. Subsequent legally-approved MDMA studies in humans have taken place in the U.S. in Detroit (Wayne State University), Chicago (University of Chicago), San Francisco (UCSF and California Pacific Medical Center), Baltimore (NIDA–NIH Intramural Program), and South Carolina, as well as in Switzerland (University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zürich), the Netherlands (Maastricht University), and Spain (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona).[143]
In 2010, the BBC reported that use of MDMA had decreased in the UK in previous years. This is thought to be due to increased seizures and decreased production of the precursor chemicals used to manufacture MDMA. The availability of legal alternatives to MDMA such as mephedrone, or methylone, is also thought to have contributed to its decrease in popularity.[144]
Legal status[link]
MDMA is legally controlled in most of the world under the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances and other international agreements, although exceptions exist for research. In general, the unlicensed use, sale or manufacture of MDMA are all criminal offenses.
United Kingdom[link]
MDMA was made illegal in 1977 by a modification order to the existing Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Although MDMA was not named explicitly in this legislation, the order extended the definition of Class A drugs to include various ring-substituted phenethylamines,[145] thereby making it illegal to sell, buy, or possess the drug without a license. Penalties include a maximum of seven years and/or unlimited fine for possession; life and/or unlimited fine for production or trafficking. See list of drugs illegal in the UK for more information. In February 2009 an official independent scientific advisory board to the UK government recommended that MDMA be re-classified to Class B, but this recommendation was immediately rejected by the government (see Recommendation to downgrade MDMA). This 2009 report on MDMA stated:[146]
The original classification of MDMA in 1977 under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 as a Class A drug was carried out before it had become widely used and with limited knowledge of its pharmacology and toxicology. Since then use has increased enormously, despite it being a Class A drug. As a consequence, there is now much more evidence on which to base future policy decisions.... Recommendation 1: A harm minimisation approach to the widespread use of MDMA should be continued.... Recommendation 6: MDMA should be re-classified as a Class B drug.
In 2000, the UK Police Foundation issued the Runciman Report, which reviewed the medical and social harms of MDMA and recommended: "Ecstasy and related compounds should be transferred from Class A to Class B."[147] In 2002, the Home Affairs Committee of the UK House of Commons, issued a report, The Government's Drugs Policy: Is it working?, which also recommended that MDMA should be reclassified to a Class B drug.[148] The UK government rejected both recommendations, saying that re-classification of MDMA would not be considered without a recommendation from the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, the official UK scientific advisory board on drug abuse issues.[149]
In February 2009, the UK Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs issued A review of MDMA ('ecstasy'), its harms and classification under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, which recommended that MDMA be re-classified in the UK from a class A drug to a class B drug.[146]
From the Discussion section of the ACMD report on MDMA:
Physical harms: (10.2) Use of MDMA is undoubtedly harmful. High doses may lead to death: by direct toxicity, in situations of hyperthermia/dehydration, excessive water intake, or for other reasons. However, fatalities are relatively low given its widespread use, and are substantially lower than those due to some other Class A drugs, particularly heroin and cocaine. Although it is no substitute for abstinence, the risks can be minimised by following advice such as drinking appropriate amounts of water (see Annex E). (10.3) Some people experience acute medical consequences as a result of MDMA use, which can lead to hospital admission, sometimes with the requirement for intensive care. MDMA poisonings are not currently increasing in number and are less frequent than episodes due to cocaine. (10.4) MDMA appears not to have a high propensity for dependence or withdrawal reactions, although a number of users seek help through treatment services. (10.5) MDMA appears to have little acute or enduring effect on the mental health of the average user, and, unlike amphetamines and cocaine, it is seldom implicated in significant episodes of paranoia. (10.6) There is at the present time little evidence of longer-term harms to the brain in terms of either its structure or its function. However, there is evidence for some small decline in a variety of domains, including verbal memory, even at low cumulative dose. The magnitude of such deficits appears to be small and their clinical relevance is unclear. The evidence shows that MDMA has been misused in the UK for 20 years, but it should be noted that long-term effects of use cannot be ruled out. (10.7) Overall, the ACMD judges that the physical harms of MDMA more closely equate with those of amphetamine than of heroin or cocaine.
Societal harms: (10.8) MDMA use seems to have few societal effects in terms of intoxication-related harms or social disorder. However, the ACMD notes the very small proportion of cases where ‘ecstasy’ use has been implicated in sexual assault. (10.9) Disinhibition and impulsive, violent or risky behaviours are not commonly seen under the influence of MDMA, unlike with cocaine, amphetamines, heroin and alcohol. (10.10) The major issue for law enforcement is ‘ecstasy's’ position, alongside other Class A drugs, as a commodity favoured by organised criminal groups. It is therefore generally associated with a range of secondary harms connected with the trafficking of illegal drugs.
The UK Home Office rejected the recommendation of its independent scientific advisory board to downgrade MDMA to Class B, "saying it is not prepared to send a message to young people that it takes ecstasy less seriously".[150][151]
The government's veto was criticized in scientific publications. Colin Blakemore, Professor of Neuroscience, Oxford, stated in the British Medical Journal, "The government's decisions compromise its commitment to evidence based policy".[152] Also in response, an editorial in the New Scientist noted "A much larger percentage of people suffer a fatal acute reaction to peanuts than to MDMA.... Sadly, perspective is something that is generally lacking in the long and tortuous debate over illegal drugs."[153]
United States[link]
In the U.S., MDMA was legal and unregulated until 31 May 1985, at which time it was emergency scheduled to DEA Schedule I, for drugs deemed to have no medical uses and a high potential for abuse. During DEA hearings to schedule MDMA, most experts recommended DEA Schedule III prescription status for the drug, due to beneficial usage of MDMA in psychotherapy. The Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) overseeing the hearings, Francis Young, also recommended that MDMA be placed in Schedule III. The DEA however classified MDMA as Schedule I.[154][155] However, in Grinspoon v. Drug Enforcement Administration, 828 F.2d 881 (1st Cir. 1987), the First Circuit Court of Appeals remanded the scheduling determination for reconsideration by the DEA.[156] MDMA was temporarily removed from Schedule I.[157] Ultimately, in 1988, the DEA re-evaluated its position on remand and subsequently placed MDMA into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act.[158] In 2001, responding to a mandate from the U.S. Congress, the U.S. Sentencing Commission, resulted in an increase in the penalties for MDMA by nearly 3,000%.[159] The increase in penalties was opposed by the Federation of American Scientists.[160] The increase makes 1 gram of MDMA (four pills at 250 mg per pill's total weight regardless of purity, standard for Federal charges) equivalent to 1 gram of heroin (approximately fifty doses) or 2.2 pounds (1 kg) of cannabis for sentencing purposes at the federal level.[161] See also the RAVE Act of 2003.
World Health Organization[link]
In 1985 the World Health Organization's Expert Committee on Drug Dependence recommended that MDMA be placed in Schedule I of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, despite noting:[162]
No data are available concerning its clinical abuse liability, nature and magnitude of associated public health or social problems.
The decision to recommend scheduling of MDMA was not unanimous:[162]
One member, Professor Paul Grof (Chairman), felt that the decision on the recommendation should be deferred awaiting, in particular, the data on the substance's potential therapeutic usefulness and that at this time international control is not warranted.
The 1971 Convention has a provision in Article 7(a) that allows use of Schedule I drugs for "scientific and very limited medical purposes." The committee's report stated:[162][163]
The Expert Committee held extensive discussions concerning therapeutic usefulness of 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. While the Expert Committee found the reports intriguing, it felt that the studies lacked the appropriate methodological design necessary to ascertain the reliability of the observations. There was, however, sufficient interest expressed to recommend that investigations be encouraged to follow up these preliminary findings. To that end, the Expert Committee urged countries to use the provisions of article 7 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances to facilitate research on this interesting substance.
Environmental concerns[link]
Demand for safrole, a substance used in the manufacture of MDMA, is causing rapid and illicit harvesting of the Cinnamomum parthenoxylon tree in Southeast Asia, in particular the Cardamom Mountains in Cambodia.[164] Demand for safrole, mostly for industrial use but also for MDMA production, depletes around 500,000 trees per year in China, Brazil, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos.[165][better source needed] In 2008 alone, Australian and Cambodian authorities blocked and destroyed the export of 33 tons of safrole, capable of producing 245 million ecstasy tablets; with a street value of 7.6 billion dollars.[166] Only a small proportion of illicitly harvested safrole is going toward MDMA production, as over 90% of the global safrole supply (approx 2000 metric tons per year) is used to manufacture pesticides, fragrances, and other chemicals.[166][167] Sustainable harvesting of safrole is possible from leaves and sticks of certain plants.[166][167]
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- ^ a b Bunzow, J. R.; Sonders, M. S.; Arttamangkul, S.; Harrison, L. M.; Zhang, G.; Quigley, D. I.; Darland, T.; Suchland, K. L. et al. (2001). "Amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are agonists of a rat trace amine receptor". Molecular Pharmacology 60 (6): 1181–1188. PMID 11723224. edit
- ^ Nation, Sober. "Stimulant Abuse among College Students". Recovery Resources. Sober Nation. http://www.sobernation.com/stimulant-abuse-with-college-students/. Retrieved 12/7/11. edit
- ^ Borowsky, B.; Adham, N.; Jones, K. A.; Raddatz, R.; Artymyshyn, R.; Ogozalek, K. L.; Durkin, M. M.; Lakhlani, P. P. et al. (2001). "Trace amines: Identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (16): 8966–8971. DOI:10.1073/pnas.151105198. PMC 55357. PMID 11459929. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55357. edit
- ^ Xie, Z.; Westmoreland, S. V.; Miller, G. M. (2008). "Modulation of Monoamine Transporters by Common Biogenic Amines via Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 and Monoamine Autoreceptors in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells and Brain Synaptosomes". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 325 (2): 629–640. DOI:10.1124/jpet.107.135079. PMID 18310473. edit
- ^ Xie, Z.; Westmoreland, S. V.; Bahn, M. E.; Chen, G. -L.; Yang, H.; Vallender, E. J.; Yao, W. -D.; Madras, B. K. et al. (2007). "Rhesus Monkey Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Signaling: Enhancement by Monoamine Transporters and Attenuation by the D2 Autoreceptor in Vitro". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 321 (1): 116–127. DOI:10.1124/jpet.106.116863. PMID 17234900. edit
- ^ Battaglia G, Brooks BP, Kulsakdinun C, De Souza EB (1988). "Pharmacologic profile of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) at various brain recognition sites". European Journal of Pharmacology 149 (1–2): 159–63. DOI:10.1016/0014-2999(88)90056-8. PMID 2899513.
- ^ Lyon RA, Glennon RA, Titeler M (1986). "3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): stereoselective interactions at brain 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors". Psychopharmacology 88 (4): 525–6. PMID 2871581.
- ^ Nash JF, Roth BL, Brodkin JD, Nichols DE, Gudelsky GA (1994). "Effect of the R(-) and S(+) isomers of MDA and MDMA on phosphatidyl inositol turnover in cultured cells expressing 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors". Neuroscience Letters 177 (1–2): 111–5. DOI:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90057-4. PMID 7824160.
- ^ Setola V, Hufeisen SJ, Grande-Allen KJ, et al. (2003). "3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") induces fenfluramine-like proliferative actions on human cardiac valvular interstitial cells in vitro". Molecular Pharmacology 63 (6): 1223–9. DOI:10.1124/mol.63.6.1223. PMID 12761331.
- ^ "Ecstasy Really Does Unleash the Love Hormone.". New Scientist. 4 April 2007. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11530-ecstasy-really-does-unleash-the-love-hormone.html.
- ^ Theodoridou A, Rowe AC, Penton-Voak IS, Rogers PJ (2009). "Oxytocin and social perception: oxytocin increases perceived facial trustworthiness and attractiveness". Horm Behav 56 (1): 128–32. DOI:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.03.019. PMID 19344725.
- ^ Dumont GJ, Sweep FC, van der Steen R, Hermsen R, Donders AR, Touw DJ, van Gerven JM, Buitelaar JK, Verkes RJ. (2009). "Increased oxytocin concentrations and prosocial feelings in humans after ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) administration". Soc Neurosci 4 (4): 359–366. DOI:10.1080/17470910802649470. PMID 19562632. http://www.maps.org/w3pb/new/2009/2009_Dumont_23083_1.pdf.
- ^ a b R. De La Torre1, M. Farré1, J. Ortuño1, M. Mas1, R. Brenneisen2, P. N. Roset1, J. Segura1, J. Camí1 (February 2000). "Non-linear pharmacokinetics of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) in humans". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 49 (2): 104–109. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2000.00121.x.
- ^ R. DE LA TORRE*, M. FARRÉ, P. N. ROSET, C. HERNÁNDEZ LÓPEZ, M. MAS, J. ORTUÑO, E. MENOYO, N. PIZARRO, J. SEGURA, J. CAMÍ (September 2000). "Pharmacology of MDMA in humans". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 914 (1): 225–237. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05199.x.
- ^ Verebey K, Alrazi J, Jaffe JH (1988). "The complications of 'ecstasy' (MDMA)". JAMA 259 (11): 1649–1650. DOI:10.1001/jama.259.11.1649. PMID 2893845. http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=1015.
- ^ eMedicine – Toxicity, MDMA: Article by David Yew. Emedicine.com. Retrieved on 11 June 2011.
- ^ de la Torre R, Farré M, Roset PN, et al. (2004). "Human pharmacology of MDMA: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and disposition". Ther Drug Monit 26 (2): 137–44. DOI:10.1097/00007691-200404000-00009. PMID 15228154. http://www.maps.org/w3pb/new/2004/2004_de_20593_2.pdf.
- ^ Shima N, Kamata H, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H, Sakuma T, Nemoto N (2007). "Direct Determination of Glucuronide and Sulfate of 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine, the Main Metabolite of MDMA, in Human Urine". J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 857 (1): 123–129. DOI:10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.07.003. PMID 17643356.
- ^ Michael H. Baumann and Richard B. Rothman (6 November 2009). "NEURAL AND CARDIAC TOXICITIES ASSOCIATED WITH 3,4-METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE (MDMA)". INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 88 (1): 257–296. DOI:10.1016/S0074-7742(09)88010-0. PMID 19897081.
- ^ J. K. Fallon, A. T. Kicman, J. A. Henry, P. J. Milligan, D. A. Cowan, A. J. Hutt (1 July 1999). "Stereospecific Analysis and Enantiomeric Disposition of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) in Humans". Clinical Chemistry 45 (7): 1058–1069. PMID 10388483.
- ^ Melanie Mueller, Frank T. Peters, Hans H. Maurer, Una D. McCann and George A. Ricaurte (October 2008). "Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") and Its Major Metabolites in Squirrel Monkeys at Plasma Concentrations of MDMA That Develop After Typical Psychoactive Doses". JPET 327 (1): 38–44. DOI:10.1124/jpet.108.141366.
- ^ Kolbrich EA, Goodwin RS, Gorelick DA, Hayes RJ, Stein EA, Huestis MA. Plasma pharmacokinetics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine after controlled oral administration to young adults. Ther. Drug Monit. 30: 320–332, 2008.
- ^ Barnes, AJ; De Martinis, BS; Gorelick, DA; Goodwin, RS; Kolbrich, EA; Huestis, MA (2009). "Disposition of MDMA and metabolites in human sweat following controlled MDMA administration". Clinical chemistry 55 (3): 454–62. DOI:10.1373/clinchem.2008.117093. PMC 2669283. PMID 19168553. http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/reprint/55/3/454.pdf.
- ^ R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 9th edition, Biomedical Publications, Seal Beach, California, 2011, pp. 1078–1080.
- ^ a b Bernschneider-Reif S, Oxler F, Freudenmann RW (2006). "The Origin of MDMA ("Ecstasy")--Separating the Facts From the Myths". Pharmazie 61 (11): 966–972. DOI:10.5555/phmz.61.11.966. PMID 17152992. http://www.atypon-link.com/GVR/doi/abs/10.5555/phmz.61.11.966.
- ^ Firma E. Merck in Darmstadt (16 May 1914). "German Patent 274350: Verfahren zur Darstellung von Alkyloxyaryl-, Dialkyloxyaryl- und Alkylendioxyarylaminopropanen bzw. deren am Stickstoff monoalkylierten Derivaten.". Kaiserliches Patentamt. http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=DE&NR=274350C&FT=D. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ^ Firma E. Merck in Darmstadt (15 October 1914). "German Patent 279194: Verfahren zur Darstellung von Hydrastinin Derivaten.". Kaiserliches Patentamt. http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=DE&NR=279194C&FT=D.
- ^ Hardman HF, Haavik CO, Seevers MH (1973). "Relationship of the Structure of Mescaline and Seven Analogs to Toxicity and Behavior in Five Species of Laboratory Animals". Toxicology Applied Pharmacology 25 (2): 299–309. DOI:10.1016/S0041-008X(73)80016-X. PMID 4197635. http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDoc1&ID=639.
- ^ Kasuya Y (1958). "Antispasmodics. XI. Synthesis of Aralkylamines and Their Quarternary Ammonium Derivatives". Yakugaku Zasshi 78: 509–511. http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/jnlpdf.php?cdjournal=yakushi1947&cdvol=78&noissue=5&startpage=509&chr=en.
- ^ The first confirmed sample was seized and identified by Chicago Police in 1970, seeSreenivasan VR (1972). "Problems in Identification of Methylenedioxy and Methoxy Amphetamines". Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology & Police Science (The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, Vol. 63, No. 2) 63 (2): 304–312. DOI:10.2307/1142315. JSTOR 1142315. http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDoc1&ID=1149.
- ^ a b Ann Shulgin; Alexander Shulgin (1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Part I. Chapter 12.. Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-0-5.
- ^ Shulgin AT; Nichols DE (1978). "Characterization of Three New Psychotomimetics". In Willette, Robert E.; Stillman, Richard Joseph. The Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogens.. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 74–83. ISBN 0-08-021938-1. http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=961&C=MDMA.
- ^ Bennett, Drake (30 January 2005). "Dr. Ecstasy.". New York Times Magazine. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/30/magazine/30ECSTASY.html.
- ^ Myron J. Stolaroff (2005). The Secret Chief Revealed.. MAPS. pp. 16–18. ISBN 0-9660019-6-6. http://www.maps.org/books/scr/.
- ^ Doblin, Rick. A Clinical Plan for MDMA (Ecstasy) in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Partnering with the FDA. Referenced 2011-10-23 from http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v12n3/12305dob.html
- ^ ''The Austin Chronicle'' – "Countdown to Ecstasy." by Marc Savlov. Weeklywire.com. Retrieved on 11 June 2011.
- ^ "Pharmaceutical Company Unravels Drug's Chequered Past". 2005. http://www.mdma.net/merck/history-ecstasy.html.
- ^ Erowid MDMA Vault: Info No. 3 on Scheduling. Erowid.org. Retrieved on 11 June 2011.
- ^ a b ''Primetime'' with Peter Jennings. Video.google.com. Retrieved on 11 June 2011.
- ^ Bibliography of Psychadelic Research Studies. collected by the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
- ^ "Why ecstasy is 'vanishing' from UK nightclubs". BBC News. 19 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8468372.stm. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
- ^ Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Statutelaw.gov.uk (5 January 1998). Retrieved on 11 June 2011.
- ^ a b A review of MDMA ('ecstasy'), its harms and classification under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD), 11 February 2009
- ^ Drugs and the law: Report of the inquiry into the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 London: Police Foundation, 2000, Runciman Report
- ^ "The Government's Drugs Policy: Is it working?" House of Commons, Home Affairs Committee, May 2002
- ^ [Fifth Report], UK House of Commons, Science and Technology Committee, (July 2006) Drug classification: Making a hash of it?
- ^ Kmietowicz Z (2009). "UK government rejects advice from drugs adviser to downgrade ecstasy". BMJ 338: b592. DOI:10.1136/bmj.b592. PMID 19218326.
- ^ Campbell A (Home Office minister). Letter to professor David Nutt (chair of the ACMD). (2009)
- ^ Blakemore C (2009). "Classification of cannabis and ecstasy in the UK". BMJ 338 (1): b731. DOI:10.1136/bmj.b731. PMID 19233870.
- ^ Editorial: Drugs drive politicians out of their minds New Scientist (11 February 2009).
- ^ MAPS. "Documents from the DEA Scheduling Hearing of MDMA,". http://www.maps.org/dea-mdma/.
- ^ MDMA (Ecstasy) Law & Policy Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics
- ^ Grinspoon v. Drug Enforcement Administration, 828 F.2d 881 (1st Cir. 1987)
- ^ Schedules of Controlled Substances; Deletion of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) From Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, 53 Fed. Reg. 2,225 (DEA 1988).
- ^ Schedules of Controlled Substances; Scheduling of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act; Remand, 53 Fed. Reg. 5,156 (DEA 22 Feb 1988).
- ^ Gullo, Karen. (21 March 2001) SF Gate News 21 March 2001. Erowid.org. Retrieved on 11 June 2011.
- ^ FAS MDMA Sentencing Stmt2. (PDF) . Retrieved on 11 June 2011.
- ^ U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines (2007)[dead link]
- ^ a b c 22nd report of the Expert Committee on Drug Dependence World Health Organization, 1985
- ^ E for Ecstasy by Nicholas Saunders, Appendix 1: Reference Section. Ecstasy.org. Retrieved on 11 June 2011.
- ^ Campbell, Sam (30 August 2009). "Harvested to make Ecstasy, Cambodia's trees are felled one by one.". GlobalPost. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/asia/090812/drugs-ecstasy-cambodia?page=0,0. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
- ^ http://www4.ncsu.edu/~rjdoming/
- ^ a b c Harvesting Trees to Make Ecstasy Drug Tom Blickman (3 February 2009)
- ^ a b Piper hispidinervum: A Sustainable Source of Safrole Rocha S.F.R. and Lin Chau Ming. 1999. In: J. Janick (ed.), Perspectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, Virginia.
Further reading[link]
- Julie Holland – "Ecstasy: The Complete Guide: A Comprehensive Look at the Risks and Benefits of MDMA" Park Street Press (2001).
- Jerome Beck, Marsha Rosenbaum – "Pursuit of Ecstasy: The MDMA Experience" SUNY Press (1994).
- Leslie Iversen – "Speed, Ecstasy, Ritalin: The Science of Amphetamines" Oxford University Press (2008).
- David Pearce – "Utopian Pharmacology: Mental Health in the Third Millenium: MDMA and Beyond" (2008).
- Kobie Whetstone – "The Brain Damage of MDMA ("Ecstasy"): Causes and Prevention for the Recreational User" (2009).
- Kobie Whetstone – "An Analysis of MDMA-induced Neurotoxicity" (2009).
- Earth Erowid – "Do Antioxidants Protect Against MDMA Hangover, Tolerance, and Neurotoxicity?" Erowid Extracts (2001).
- Marsha Rosenbaum, Rick Doblin – "Why MDMA Should Not Have Been Made Illegal" SAGE Publications (1991).
- Nature News – "Ecstasy Could Augment the Benefits of Psychotherapy" (2008).
- Nature News – "Party drug could ease trauma long term" (2010).
- Reuters Health – "Ecstasy May Help PTSD Victims Get Better" (2009).
- The Economist – "Agony and Ecstasy: Ecstasy May Be Good For Those Who Can’t Get Over Something Truly Horrible" (2008).
- New Scientist – "Ecstasy's Long-Term Effects Revealed" (2009).
- Matt Palmquist Miller-McCune – "The Ecstasy and the Agony" (August 2009).
- ACMD – "MDMA (Ecstasy): A Review of its Harms and Classification Under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971" UK Home Office (2009).
- NIDA InfoFacts – "MDMA (Ecstasy)" (August 2008).
External links[link]
- Alexander Shulgin & Ann Shulgin – PiHKAL: "No. 109 MDMA: MDM; ADAM; Ecstasy; 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine" (1991).
- ABC News – "Primetime Special: Peter Jennings – Ecstasy Rising" (2004).
- The Vaults of Erowid: "MDMA ("Ecstasy")".
- Erowid Experience Vaults: "MDMA ("Ecstasy", "E", "X") Reports".
- DanceSafe: "What is Ecstasy?".
- MAPS: "R&D Medicines > MDMA".
- EcstasyData.org: Providing Access to Lab Testing Results for Street Ecstasy Tablets.
- PillReports.com: Ecstasy Test Results Database by Enlighten.
- Fifteen Minutes: E is for Ecstasy
- Jessica Winter, “Can a Single Pill Change Your Life?” O Magazine, February 15, 2011
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http://wn.com/MDMA
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the scientist. For the musician, see Alexander Shulgin (musician).
| Alexander Shulgin | |
|---|---|
 Alexander Shulgin (3rd from right) |
|
| Born | (1925-06-17) June 17, 1925 (age 87) Berkeley, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Ph.D. from UC Berkeley in Biochemistry, post-doctoral work in the fields of psychiatry and pharmacology |
| Occupation | Psychopharmacologist |
| Title | "The Godfather of Psychedelics" [1] |
| Spouse | Ann Shulgin |
| Website | |
| CaringBridge website | |
Alexander "Sasha" Theodore Shulgin[2] (born June 17, 1925) is an American pharmacologist, chemist, artist, and drug developer.
Shulgin is credited with the popularization of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, especially for psychopharmaceutical use and the treatment of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. In subsequent years, Shulgin discovered, synthesized, and bioassayed over 230 psychoactive compounds. In 1991 and 1997, he and his wife Ann Shulgin authored the books PiHKAL and TiHKAL on the topic of psychoactive drugs. Shulgin discovered many noteworthy phenethylamines including the 2C* family of which 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-E, 2C-I, and 2C-B are most well known. Additionally, Shulgin performed seminal work into the descriptive synthesis of compounds based on the organic compound tryptamine.
Contents |
Life and career[link]
Shulgin was born in Berkeley, California to Theodore Stevens Shulgin (1893–1978)[3] and Henrietta D. Shulgin (1888–1960).[4] Theodore was born in Orenburg, Russia, which is just north of Kazakhstan, and immigrated to the United States in 1923, while Henrietta was born in Illinois. Both Theodore and Henrietta were public school teachers in Alameda County.[5]
Shulgin began studying organic chemistry as a Harvard University scholarship student. In 1943, at the age of 19, he dropped out of school, and joined the U.S. Navy, where he eventually became interested in pharmacology.[6] After serving in the Navy (a veteran of World War II), he returned to Berkeley, California, and in 1954 earned his Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of California, Berkeley. Through the late 1950s, Shulgin completed post-doctoral work in the fields of psychiatry and pharmacology at University of California, San Francisco. After working at Bio-Rad Laboratories as a research director for a brief period, he began work at Dow Chemical Company as a senior research chemist.[6]
It was at this time that he had a series of psychedelic experiences that helped to shape his further goals and research, beginning with an experience with mescaline.[7]
I first explored mescaline in the late '50s, Three-hundred-fifty to 400 milligrams. I learned there was a great deal inside me.
He would later write that everything he saw and thought "had been brought about by a fraction of a gram of a white solid, but that in no way whatsoever could it be argued that these memories had been contained within the white solid ... I understood that our entire universe is contained in the mind and the spirit. We may choose not to find access to it, we may even deny its existence, but it is indeed there inside us, and there are chemicals that can catalyze its availability."[6]
Shulgin's professional activities continued to lean in the direction of psychopharmacology, furthered by his personal experiences with psychedelics. But during this period he was unable to do much independent research. His opportunity for further research came with his development of Zectran, the first biodegradable pesticide, a highly profitable product. Showing unusual humility in his famous book PIHKAL, Dr. Shulgin limits his pesticide days at Dow Chemical to a one sentence in 978 pages. However, Dow Chemical Company, in return for Zectran's valuable patent, gave Shulgin great freedom. During this time, he created and patented drugs when Dow asked, and published findings on other drugs in journals such as Nature and the Journal of Organic Chemistry. Eventually, Dow Chemical requested that he no longer use their name on his publications.[6]
In 1965, Shulgin left Dow to pursue his own interests, and became a private consultant, also frequently teaching classes in the local universities and at the San Francisco General Hospital. Through his friend Bob Sager, head of the U.S. DEA's Western Laboratories, Shulgin formed a relationship with the DEA and began holding pharmacology seminars for the agents, supplying the DEA with samples of various compounds, and occasionally serving as an expert witness in court. He also authored a definitive law enforcement reference book[8] on controlled substances[6] and received several awards from the DEA.[6]
In recent years, Shulgin has worked on a series of N-allylated tryptamines including 5-MeO-DALT and 5-MeO-MALT.[9] On April 8, 2008, at the age of 82, he underwent surgery to replace a defective aortic valve.[10] On November 16, 2010, Dr. Shulgin suffered a stroke. He is expected to fully recover.[11] In December 2010, he suffered another stroke, followed by skin-grafting surgery to save his left foot from an amputation. Due to Alexander and Ann's serious financial trouble for some years, the website at CaringBridge has been started to receive donations for paying for medical services to treat the ulcer.[12]
Independent research[link]
In order to carry out consulting work with the DEA, Shulgin obtained a DEA Schedule I license for an analytical laboratory, which allowed him to possess and synthesize any otherwise illicit drug. Shulgin set up a chemical synthesis laboratory in a small building behind his house, which gave him a great deal of career autonomy. Shulgin used this freedom to synthesize and test the effects of psychoactive drugs.
In 1976, Shulgin was introduced to MDMA (ecstasy) by a graduate student in the medicinal chemistry group he advised at San Francisco State University. MDMA had been synthesized in 1912 by Merck and patented in 1912 as an intermediate of another synthesis in order to block competitors, but was never explored in its own right. Shulgin went on to develop a new synthesis method, and in 1976, introduced the chemical to Leo Zeff, a psychologist from Oakland, California. Zeff used the substance in his practice in small doses as an aid to talk therapy. Zeff introduced the substance to hundreds of psychologists around the nation, including Ann Shulgin, whom Alexander Shulgin met in 1979, and married in 1981.[6]
After judicious self-experiments, Shulgin enlisted a small group of friends with whom he regularly tested his creations, starting in 1960. They developed a systematic way of ranking the effects of the various drugs, known as the Shulgin Rating Scale, with a vocabulary to describe the visual, auditory and physical sensations. He personally tested hundreds of drugs, mainly analogues of various phenethylamines (family containing MDMA and mescaline), and tryptamines (family containing DMT and psilocybin). There are a seemingly infinite number of slight chemical variations, all of which produce variations in effect—some pleasant and some unpleasant, depending on the person, substance, and situation—all of which are meticulously recorded in Shulgin's lab notebooks. Shulgin published many of these objective and subjective reports in his books and papers.[6]
In 1994, two years after the publication of PiHKAL, the DEA raided his lab. The agency requested that Shulgin turn over his license for violating the license's terms, and he was fined $25,000 for possession of anonymous samples sent to him for quality testing. In the 15 years preceding the publication of PiHKAL, two announced and scheduled reviews failed to find any irregularities.[13] Richard Meyer, spokesman for DEA's San Francisco Field Division, has stated that, "It is our opinion that those books are pretty much cookbooks on how to make illegal drugs. Agents tell me that in clandestine labs that they have raided, they have found copies of those books."[6]
Bibliography[link]
Books[link]
- with Manning, Tania &; Daley, Paul (2011). The Shulgin Index Vol 1: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds. Berkeley: Transform Press. ISBN 978-0-9630096-3-0 .
- with Perry, Wendy (2002). The Simple Plant Isoquinolines. Berkeley: Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-2-1 .
- with Shulgin, Ann (1997). "A New Vocabulary". In Forte, Robert. Entheogens and the Future of Religion. Berkeley: Council on Spiritual Practices. ISBN 1-889725-01-3 .
- with Shulgin, Ann (1997). TiHKAL: The Continuation. Berkeley: Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-9-9 .
- with Shulgin, Ann (1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Berkeley: Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-0-5 .
- (1988). Controlled Substances: Chemical & Legal Guide to Federal Drug Laws. Berkeley: Ronin Publishing. ISBN 0-914171-50-X .
Other notable publications[link]
- 1960-1979 lab notebooks of Dr. Shulgin
- 1963. "Psychotomimetic agents related to mescaline". Experientia 19: 127. 19
- 1963. "Composition of the myristicin fraction from oil of nutmeg". Nature 197: 379. 20
- 1963. "Concerning the pharmacology of nutmeg". Mind 1: 299-302. 23
- 1964. "3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy amphetamine, a new psychotomimetic agent". Nature 201: 1120-1121. 29
- 1964. "Psychotomimetic amphetamines: methoxy 3,4-dialkoxyamphetamines". Experientia 20: 366. 30
- 1964. with H. O. Kerlinger. "Isolation of methoxyeugenol and trans-isoelemicin from oil of nutmeg". Naturwissenschaften 15: 360-361. 31
- 1965. "Synthesis of the trimethoxyphenylpropenes". Can. J. Chem. 43: 3437-3440. 43
- 1966. "Possible implication of myristicin as a psychotropic substance". Nature 210: 380-384. 45
- 1966. "The six trimethoxyphenylisopropylamines (trimethoxyamphetamines)". J. Med. Chem. 9: 445-446. 46
- 1966. with T. Sargent, and C. Naranjo. "Role of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamin in schizophrenia". Nature 212: 1606-1607. 48
- 1967. with T. Sargent, and C. Naranjo. "The chemistry and psychopharmacology of nutmeg and of several related phenylisopropylamines". In D. H. Efron [ed.]: Ethnopharmacologic search for psychoactive drugs. U. S. Dept. of H. E. W., Public Health Service Publication No. 1645. Pp. 202–214. Discussion: ibid. pp. 223–229. 49
- 1967. with T. Sargent. "Psychotropic phenylisopropylamines derived from apiole and dillapiole". Nature 215: 1494-1495. 50
- 1967. with Sargent, T. W., D. M. Israelstam, S. A. Landaw, and N. N. Finley. "A note concerning the fate of the 4-methoxyl group in 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMPEA)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 29: 126-130. 52
- 1967. with Naranjo, C. and T. Sargent. "Evaluation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) as an adjunct to psychotherapy". Med. Pharmacol. Exp. 17: 359-364. 53
- 1968. "The ethyl homologs of 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylisopropylamine". J. Med. Chem. 11: 186-187. 54
- 1969. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "Structure activity relationships of one-ring psychotomimetics". Nature 221: 537-541. 57
- 1969. "Recent developments in cannabis chemistry". J. Psyched. Drugs 2: 15-29. 58
- 1969. "Psychotomimetic agents related to the catecholamines". J. Psyched. Drugs 2(2): 12-26. 59
- 1970. "Chemistry and structure-activity relationships of the psychotomimetics". In D. H. Efron [ed.]. "Psychotomimetic Drugs". Raven Press, New York. Pp. 21–41. 60
- 1970. "The mode of action of psychotomimetic drugs; some qualitative properties of the psychotomimetics". Neur. Res. Prog. Bull. 8: 72-78. 61
- 1970. "4-alkyl-dialkoxy-alpha-methyl-phenethylamines and their pharmacologically-acceptable salts". U. S. Patent 3,547,999, issued Dec. 15, 1970. 63
- 1971. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine, a new centrally active amphetamine analog". Pharmacology 5: 103-107. 64
- 1971. "Chemistry and sources". In S. S. Epstein [ed]. "Drugs of abuse: their genetic and other chronic nonpsychiatric hazards". The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Pp 3–26. 65
- 1971. "Preliminary studies of the synthesis of nitrogen analogs of Delta1-THC". Acta Pharm. Suec. 8: 680-681. 66
- 1972. "Hallucinogens, CNS stimulants, and cannabis. In S. J. Mulé and H. Brill [eds.]: Chemical and biological aspects of drug dependence". CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio. Pp. 163–175. 67
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- 1973. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "Animal pharmacology and human psychopharmacology of 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine (MMDA)". Pharmacology 10: 12-18. 71
- 1974. with Kalbhen, D. A., T. Sargent, G. Braun, H. Stauffer, N. Kusubov, and M. L. Nohr. "Human pharmacodynamics of the psychodysleptic 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine labelled with [82]Br". IRCS (Int. Res. Comm. Sys.) 2: 1091. 73
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References[link]
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FA8ddx_iC_g DIRTY PICTURES - Alexander Shulgin documentary movie trailer, SXSW 2010
- ^ Ancestry.com. California Birth Index, 1905-1995 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005. Original data: State of California. California Birth Index, 1905-1995. Sacramento, CA, USA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.
- ^ Ancestry.com. California Death Index, 1940-1997 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2000. Original data: State of California. California Death Index, 1940–1997. Sacramento, CA, USA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.
- ^ Ancestry.com. California Death Index, 1940–1997 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2000. Original data: State of California. California Death Index, 1940–1997. Sacramento, CA, USA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.
- ^ Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2002. Year: 1930; Census Place: Berkeley, Alameda, California; Roll 111; Page: 1B; Enumeration District: 320; File: 1029.0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bennett, Drake (2005-01-30). "Dr. Ecstasy". New York Times Magazine (New York Times). http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/30/magazine/30ECSTASY.html. Retrieved 2006-07-08.
- ^ a b Romero, Dennis (1995-09-05). "Sasha Shulgin, Psychedelic Chemist". Los Angeles Times. http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/shulgin_alexander/shulgin_alexander_interview1.shtml. Retrieved 2006-07-08.
- ^ Shulgin, Alexander (1988). Controlled Substances: Chemical & Legal Guide to Federal Drug Laws. Ronin Publishing. ISBN 0-914171-50-X.
- ^ "Vice Magazine – The Last Interview With Alexander Shulgin". http://www.viceland.com/int/v17n5/htdocs/the-last-interview-with-alexander-shulgin-423.php.
- ^ "MAPS News 6/19/2008". http://www.maps.org/sys/nq.pl?id=1610.
- ^ "Psychedelic Research - Sasha Shulgin". http://psychedelicresearch.org/?p=125.
- ^ "Donate to Alexander Shulgin to fight the foot ulcer". http://www.caringbridge.org/visit/shura/mystory.
- ^ "DEA Raid of Shulgin's Laboratory". Erowid. 2004-01-08. http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/shulgin_alexander/shulgin_alexander_raid.shtml. Retrieved 2006-07-08.
External links[link]
- The Shulgin Legacy Project; a new initiative of the Alexander Shulgin Research Institute
- Matrixmasters Podcasts featuring the Shulgins
- Erowid Character Vaults : Alexander Shulgin
- His 'Ask Dr. Shulgin' Blog
- Dr. Alexander Shulgin on Twitter
- Altered Statesman
- Video: Natural origins of psychedelic drugs – Alexander Sasha Shulgin: A Chemical Performance
- Vice Magazine: The Last interview with Alexander Shulgin
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Shulgin, Alexander Theodore |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American pharmacologist |
| Date of birth | 1925-06-17 |
| Place of birth | Berkeley, California |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Alexander_Shulgin
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Shulgin
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Joe Rogan | |
|---|---|
 Joe Rogan performs at a comedy club after UFC 70 |
|
| Birth name | Joseph James Rogan[1] |
| Born | (1967-08-11) August 11, 1967 (age 44) Newark, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Medium | Stand-up, Presenter, Announcer, Podcaster |
| Nationality | American |
| Years active | 1988—present |
| Genres | Satire/political satire, blue comedy, observational comedy |
| Subject(s) | Recreational drug use, self-deprecation, race relations, marriage, everyday life, parenting, current events, politics, religion |
| Influences | Richard Pryor, Bill Hicks, Sam Kinison |
| Spouse | Jessica Rogan (2009–present) 2 children, 1 step daughter |
| Notable works and roles | Joe Garrelli in NewsRadio Co-Host of The Man Show Host of Fear Factor Commentator for the UFC Author of the Book Space Monkey Host of The Joe Rogan Experience |
| Joe Rogan | |
|---|---|
| Team | 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu |
| Rank | 2nd degree black belt in Taekwondo brown belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu green belt in Judo |
Joseph James "Joe" Rogan (born August 11, 1967) is an American martial artist, stand-up comedian, actor, writer and color commentator. He is best known for playing Joe Garrelli on the NBC sitcom NewsRadio, commentating for the Ultimate Fighting Championship, hosting the NBC reality show Fear Factor and The Joe Rogan Experience podcast.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Rogan was born in Newark, New Jersey.[2] His paternal grandfather was Irish and the remainder of his ancestry is Italian.[3]
Career[link]
Martial arts[link]
In 1981, at age fourteen, he became a practitioner of Kenpo Karate before transitioning to Taekwondo.[4] He eventually gained a 2nd dan black belt.[5] A four-time state champion in Massachusetts, in 1987 he was the USA Taekwondo U.S. Open Champion.[6] In 1996, he began training in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Jean Jacques Machado, eventually earning his brown belt.[7] In addition, he holds a brown belt in 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu under Eddie Bravo.[8][9]
He also practiced and competed in kickboxing.[10]
Acting[link]
In 1994, he co-starred on the Fox comedy Hardball as Frank Valente, the young, ego-centric star player on a fictional professional baseball team.[11] From 1995 to 1999, he co-starred on the comedy NewsRadio. He portrayed Joe Garrelli, the electrician at WNYX, a news radio station in New York City.[12] In 2002, he appeared on the episode "A Beautiful Mind" of Just Shoot Me as Chris, Maya Gallo's boyfriend.[13] In 2011, Rogan played his first major character in a movie in the Kevin James movie Zookeeper.[14] He is slated to play himself in an upcoming action-comedy starring Kevin James called Here Comes the Boom, set to be released in the summer of 2012.[15]
Color commentary[link]
Rogan began working for the UFC in 1997, making his debut interviewing fighters at UFC 12: Judgement Day in Dothan, Alabama, before eventually becoming a color commentator for the promotion.[16] He won the Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards in two occasions as Best Television Announcer. He was also named "MMA Personality of the Year" in the 2011 World MMA Awards.[17]
Stand-up comedy[link]
Rogan has toured as a stand-up comedian and recorded several albums and specials, including Shiny Happy Jihad and Joe Rogan: Talking Monkeys in Space.
In 2007 Rogan confronted comedian Carlos Mencia on stage, accusing him of joke thievery.[18] A video of the incident, created with Brian Redban, included evidence and supporting comments from other comedians, including George Lopez, Reverend Bob Levy, Bobby Lee and Ari Shaffir.[19]
Hosting[link]
Rogan worked on the TV series Fear Factor, as a host of the United States version of the show. He hosted from June 11, 2001 through September 12, 2006. Rogan returned as the host of Fear Factor in the rebooted edition of the show, which aired December 12, 2011 on NBC.
In 2003, Rogan and Doug Stanhope replaced Jimmy Kimmel and Adam Carolla as co-hosts of The Man Show.[20] They continued through the end of the show's run in 2004.
In December 2009, Rogan began hosting a regular podcast with concurrent live Ustream availability.[21] Co-hosted by his friend and the show's producer Brian Redban, the podcast features an array of guests from the pursuits of comedy, acting and Mixed Martial Arts.[citation needed] Now known as The Joe Rogan Experience, the show is regularly found in the Apple iTunes top 10 most downloaded comedy, and was named one of iTunes "Best of 2010" audio podcasts in its first year.
Personal life[link]
In 2008, Rogan and his wife to be, Jessica, had a baby girl.[22] The couple married in 2009. In 2010, Rogan announced the birth of a second baby. Rogan also has a step daughter with his wife Jessica.[23][24]
Although raised Roman Catholic,[25] Rogan stated in September 2010, during a guest appearance on the Alex Jones radio show, that he does not follow any organized religions because he feels it is all the work of man. Rogan also said that he is not completely opposed to the concept of a "higher power" such as a God; however, he views the concept of God as part of nature that exists in everything.
Rogan has argued for the possibility of the moon landings being a hoax.[26][27]
One of the recurring themes in his stand-up comedy and life is the use and support of cannabis, psilocybin mushrooms, and DMT. Rogan supports the medical and recreational use of cannabis.[28] He has also starred in the marijuana documentary The Union: The Business Behind Getting High.[29] Rogan was featured in the 2010 History Channel documentary, Marijuana: A Chronic History, as an advocate of legalized medical use of marijuana. He is also the presenter of the 2010 documentary, DMT: The Spirit Molecule, released in October 2010.
Comedy recordings[link]
- I'm Gonna Be Dead Someday (CD) (August 22, 2000)
- Live from the Belly of the Beast (DVD) (May 4–5, 2001)
- Joe Rogan: Live (DVD) (September 1, 2006)
- Shiny Happy Jihad (CD) (April 10, 2007)
- Talking Monkeys in Space (CD & DVD) (2010) Comedy Central Records
Awards and recognition[link]
- World MMA Awards
- 2011 Personality of the Year
- Wrestling Observer Newsletter
- Teen Choice Award,
- Choice TV Reality/Variety Host for Fear Factor (2003, Nominated)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Rogan, Joe (July 7, 2011). The Joe Rogan Experience Video Blog, Episode 8. Vimeo
- ^ Schneider, Ryan (December 2002). Joe Rogan. Black Belt
- ^ Rogan, Joe (June 25, 2011). "I'm 3/4 Italian 1/4 Irish." via official Twitter
- ^ Rogan, Joe (2004). The Ultimate Fighting Championship: The Great Savior of the Art of Fighting. In Krauss, Erich Warriors of the ultimate fighting championship. Citadel Press, ISBN 978-0-8065-2657-7
- ^ Wagenheim, Jeff (August 27, 2010). UFC 118 has grand appeal in Boston. ESPN
- ^ Graham, Renee (February 5, 1997). 'NewsRadio' flash: Local boy makes good: Joe Rogan revels in new-found fame. Boston Globe
- ^ Jean Jacques Machado Official Student Rankings Accessed on February 4, 2011.
- ^ Wayne,Mark (September 10, 2010). Joe Rogan, Mark Cuban Comment On New York Assemblyman Bob Reilly's Tirade Against MMA. FightLine
- ^ Schafer, Joe (February 21, 2010). Commentary: After The Dust Settles From UFC 110. FightLine
- ^ Budzak, Gary March 5, 2009. Funnymen well-armed to battle for chuckles throughout city. The Columbus Dispatch
- ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Digital, ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4
- ^ News Radio – Joe Rogan via TBS
- ^ Gonzalez, Erika (April 5, 2002). Now 'Fear' This: Joe Rogan uncensored. Rocky Mountain News
- ^ O'Connell, Sean (July 8, 2011). If he could talk to the animals. Washington Post
- ^ Buan-Deveza, Reyma (April 5, 2011). Charice filming 2nd Hollywood movie with Salma Hayek? ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs
- ^ UFC 126: Joe Rogan previews card on ESPN 1100 Accessed on February 4, 2011]
- ^ (February 22, 2012).Fighters Only World MMA Awards 2011.
- ^ Raustiala, Kal; Sprigman, Chris (March 30, 2010). The Vigilantes of Comedy. New York Times
- ^ Lussier, Germain (February 15, 2007).Joe Rogan and Carlos Mencia face off at comedy club. Times-Herald Record
- ^ Chocano, Carina (August 15, 2003). The Man Show. Entertainment Weekly
- ^ "Joe Rogan: Weekly Podcasts Have Begun". http://blog.joerogan.net/archives/1669.
- ^ Fadroski, Kelli Skye (July 23, 2008).(Comic Joe Rogan gets into fatherhood, Zen, ultimate fighting. Orange County Register
- ^ "Joe Rogan brings trippy humor to Palm Beach Improv". PBPULSE.com. 2009-07-13. http://www.pbpulse.com/bars-and-clubs/2009/07/13/joe-rogan-brings-trippy-humor-to-palm-beach-improv/. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
- ^ "Joe Rogan accuses rivals of stealing his material". DALLASNEWS.com. 2010-02-26. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/ent/stories/DN-rogan_0226gd.ART.State.Edition1.4bce4a3.html. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
- ^ TV personality-turned comedian offers offbeat advice on life. Dailyorange.com. October 16, 2006. Retrieved on 2011-12-23.
- ^ [1], Discover Magazine Blogs, Feb 26, 2007
- ^ [2], Joe Rogan Live, at 1:10:00
- ^ "Joe Rogan – Cure for Life", Youtube.com,
- ^ "Joe Rogan flotation tank", YouTube, Aug 3, 2006
- ^ Meltzer, Dave (January 30, 2012). "Jan 30 Wrestling Observer Newsletter: Gigantic year-end awards issue, best and worst in all categories plus UFC on FX 1, death of Savannah Jack, ratings, tons and tons of news". Wrestling Observer Newsletter (Campbell, CA). ISSN 10839593.
External links[link]
- Official website
- Joe Rogan on Twitter
- Joe Rogan on Youtube
- Fear Factor
- Interview from August 2008
- Joe Rogan at the Internet Movie Database
- Joe Rogan on his UFC career
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rogan, Joe |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1967-08-11 |
| Place of birth | Bridgewater, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Joe_Rogan
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Rogan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
