Look up buffalo or buffaloe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Buffalo (or buffaloe) may refer to:

Animals[link]

Bovine[link]

• African Buffalo or Cape Buffalo, (Syncerus caffer)
• American "Buffalo" or Bison, (Bison bison)
• European Bison or Wisent, (Bison bonasus)
• Water Buffalo, (Bubalus bubalis) domesticated bovid from southeast Asia
• Wild Water Buffalo, (Bubalus arnee), the ancestor of the domestic water buffalo
• Dwarf Buffalo, Anoa, or Sapiutan: (Bubalus quarlesi) and (Bubalus depressicornis)

Fish[link]

• Ictiobus or Buffalo fish

Places[link]

Australia[link]

• Buffalo, Victoria

Canada[link]

• Buffalo, Alberta, a ghost town north of Medicine Hat
• Buffalo National Park, former national park in eastern Alberta, Canada
• Buffalo No. 409, Saskatchewan, a rural municipality in north-central Saskatchewan
• Calgary-Buffalo, a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, Canada
• Province of Buffalo, one of several proposals for what eventually became Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada

South Africa[link]

• Buffalo City Local Municipality, Eastern Cape Province

United States[link]

• Buffalo, Illinois
• Buffalo Township, Ogle County, Illinois
• Buffalo, Indiana
• Buffalo, Iowa
• Buffalo, Kansas
• Buffalo, Kentucky
• New Buffalo, Michigan
• Buffalo, Minnesota
• Buffalo Township, Wright County, Minnesota
• Buffalo, Missouri
• Buffalo, Montana
• Buffalo County, Nebraska
• Buffalo, New York, largest city named Buffalo
  • University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
  • Buffalo State College
• Buffalo, North Dakota
• Buffalo Township, Noble County, Ohio
• Buffalo, Oklahoma
• Buffalo Township, Pennsylvania (disambiguation), any of four townships in Pennsylvania
• Buffalo, South Carolina
• Buffalo, South Dakota
• Buffalo County, South Dakota
• Buffalo, Texas
• Buffalo, West Virginia
• Buffalo County, Wisconsin
  • Buffalo City, Wisconsin
  • Buffalo, Buffalo County, Wisconsin
• Buffalo, Marquette County, Wisconsin
• Buffalo, Wyoming

People[link]

• Black Buffalo (wrestler) (born 1974), Japanese professional wrestler
• Buffalo or Beshekee, Ojibwa chief of the Leech Lake Band
• Buffalo Bill (1845–1917), American soldier, buffalo hunter and showman
• Buffalo Bob Smith (1917–1998), host of the children's show Howdy Doody
• Chief Buffalo (disambiguation)
• James Barrier, or Buffalo Jim (1953–2008), an American wrestling promoter
• John Buffalo Mailer (born 1978), author, playwright and journalist
• Norton Buffalo (born 1951), singer-songwriter

Companies and organizations[link]

• Buffalo Airways, a charter and scheduled airline based in Hay River, Canada
• Buffalo Exchange, a chain of second-hand clothing stores based in Tucson, Arizona, United States
• Buffalo Technology, a Japanese-based company that manufactures computer peripherals
• Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes British/Australian social and benevolent organisation.

Arts and entertainment[link]

Music[link]

• Buffalo Springfield, a 1960s rock band
• Buffalo (album), a live album by Frank Zappa
• Buffalo (The Phoenix Foundation album), a studio album by The Phoenix Foundation
• Buffalo (band), an Australian heavy metal band
• Donna the Buffalo an American band from Trumansburg, New York
• Grant Lee Buffalo, a 1990s rock band

Sculpture[link]

• World's Largest Buffalo, a 60-ton sculpture of an American Bison located in Jamestown, North Dakota USA

Sport[link]

• Buffalo Bills, an NFL football team from Buffalo, New York
• Buffalo Sabres, an NHL hockey team from Buffalo, New York
• Buffalo Bulls, the intercollegiate athletic teams of the University at Buffalo
• Basingstoke Buffalo, an ice hockey team from Basingstoke, Hampshire, England
• Buffaloes, nickname of the South Africa national Australian rules football team
• Calgary Buffaloes, former name of Calgary Centennials, a former junior ice hockey team in Calgary, Canada
• Calgary Buffaloes (AJHL), a former junior ice hockey team in Calgary, Canada
• Colorado Buffaloes, the intercollegiate athletic teams of the University of Colorado at Boulder
• Darwin Buffaloes, an Australian Rules Football team in Northern Territories, Australia
• Green Buffaloes F.C., a football (soccer) club based in Lusaka, Zambia
• Manitoba Buffalo, a Canadian rugby union team based in Winnipeg, Manitoba
• Vélodrome Buffalo and Stade Buffalo, former cycling tracks in Paris
• Vientiane Buffalos RUFC, a semi-pro rugby union football club from Vientiane, Lao P.D.R., consisting mostly of expatriate players
• Orix Buffaloes, a Japanese professional baseball team
• Kintetsu Buffaloes, a former Japanese professional baseball team

Technology[link]

Coins[link]

• American Buffalo (coin), a one-ounce 24-karat gold bullion coin introduced by the United States Mint on 22 June 2006
• Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel, an American nickel five-cent piece minted from 1913 to 1938

Computers[link]

• Buffalo AirStation, a line of wireless routers and interface cards
• Buffalo network-attached storage series, computer storage devices
• BUFFALO: Bit User Fast Friendly Aid to Logical Operation the standard bootloader for the 68HC11 family of microprocessors.

Military[link]

• Avro 571 Buffalo, a 1920s prototype carrier-based British torpedo bomber
• Brewster Buffalo, or Brewster F2A, a U.S. fighter plane which saw extensive service with both Allied and Axis air forces during World War II
• Buffalo (mine protected vehicle), a military vehicle that allows its operator to examine land mines safely
• Buffalo or Water Buffalo, British designation for Landing Vehicle Tracked, an amphibious vehicle used by Allied forces during World War II
• HMS Buffalo, any of several British Royal Navy ships
• USS Buffalo, any of several United States Navy ships
• MV Buffalo Soldier (T-AK-9301), a United States Navy Military Sealift Command Maritime Prepositioning ship
• Buffalo Soldier, a nickname for several black cavalry and infantry regiments of the United States Army
• de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo, a V-STOL aircraft produced between 1964 to 1987
• Operation Buffalo (disambiguation), any of three military operations

Transport[link]

• Buffalo (1872–1892), any of the ten South Devon Railway Buffalo class steam locomotives
• Buffalo (1901 automobile), a US automobile
• Buffalo Electric Vehicle Company, a US automobile company
• GM Buffalo bus, a slang term for several models of intercity motorcoach

Other[link]

• Buffalo Commons, a conceptual proposal to create a vast nature reserve in the Great Plains area
• Buffalo jump, a cliff used historically by Native American people to kill American bison
• Buffalo pound, an enclosure used historically by Native American people to catch and kill American bison
• Buffalo Boots, a brand of shoe
• Buffalo (drinking game)
• Buffalo wings, a spicy chicken snack originating in Buffalo, NY
• To "buffalo" (as a verb) is to pistol-whip someone with the barrel of a gun, rather than with the butt.

See also[link]

• American buffalo (disambiguation)
• Buffalo Soldier (disambiguation)
• Buffalo Trace (disambiguation)
• New Buffalo (disambiguation)
• White Buffalo (disambiguation)
• Wood buffalo (disambiguation)
• Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo, linguistics specimen
• Bubalornis
• Ictiobus
• Black fly
• Búfalo, a Mexican hot sauce
• Buffalo treehopper
• Thermopsis rhombifolia
• Mucuna pruriens
• Trifolium stoloniferum
• Ribes aureum
• Buffalo gourd
• Anthoxanthum odoratum
• Bouteloua dactyloides
• Hierochloe odorata
• St. Augustine grass
• Eucalyptus mitchelliana
• Buffalo Narrows, Saskatchewan
• Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump
• Wood Buffalo, Alberta, a municipality in northern Alberta
• Buffalo Grove, Illinois
• Buffalo Lake, Minnesota
• Buffalo Gap, Texas
• Buffalo Bayou
• Buffalo River (disambiguation)
• Buffalo Creek (disambiguation)
• Little Buffalo River (Tennessee)
• Buffalo Gap National Grassland
• Buffalo Hills
• Buffalo Ridge
• Buffalo Speedway
• Mount Buffalo National Park
• Wood Buffalo National Park
• Black Buffalo Woman
• Buffalo Bird Woman
• Buffalo Calf Road Woman
• Buffalo Hump
• Buffalo Point First Nation
• Buffalo Six
• The Buffalo Nine

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

A modern raised-relief world globe

A globe is a three-dimensional scale model of Earth (terrestrial globe) or other spheroid celestial body such as a planet, star, or moon. It may also refer to a spherical representation of the celestial sphere, showing the apparent positions of the stars and constellations in the sky (celestial globe). The word "globe" comes from the Latin word globus, meaning round mass or sphere.

Terrestrial and planetary[link]

A globe is the only representation of the earth that does not distort either the shape or the size of large features; flat maps are created using a map projection that inevitably introduces an increasing amount of distortion the larger the area that the map shows. A typical scale for a terrestrial globe is roughly 1:40 million.

Sometimes a globe has surface texture showing topography; in these, elevations are exaggerated, otherwise they would be hardly visible. Most modern globes are also imprinted with parallels and meridians, so that one can tell the approximate coordinates of a specific place. Globes provide the best view of Earth today.

Celestial[link]

A German celestial globe c.1770

Celestial globes show the apparent positions of the stars in the sky. They omit the Sun, Moon and planets because the positions of these bodies vary relative to those of the stars, but the ecliptic, along which the Sun moves, is indicated.

A potential issue arises regarding the "handedness" of celestial globes. If the globe is constructed so that the stars are in the positions they actually occupy on the imaginary celestial sphere, then the star field will appear back-to-front on the surface of the globe (all the constellations will appear as their mirror images). This is because the view from Earth, positioned at the centre of the celestial sphere, is of the inside of the celestial sphere, whereas the celestial globe is viewed from the outside. For this reason, celestial globes may be produced in mirror image, so that at least the constellations appear the "right way round". Some modern celestial globes address this problem by making the surface of the globe transparent. The stars can then be placed in their proper positions and viewed through the globe, so that the view is of the inside of the celestial sphere, as it is from Earth.

History[link]

The "Erdapfel" of Martin Beheim is the oldest surviving terrestrial globe. The Americas are not yet included. 1491-1493. Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg

The sphericity of the Earth was established by Hellenistic astronomy in the 3rd century BC, and the earliest terrestrial globe appeared from that period. The earliest known example is the one constructed by Crates of Mallus in Cilicia (now Çukurova in modern-day Turkey), in the mid-2nd century BC.

No terrestrial globes from Antiquity or the Middle Ages have survived. An example of a surviving celestial globe is part of a Hellenistic sculpture, called the Farnese Atlas, surviving in a 2nd century AD Roman copy in the Naples Museum, Italy.^[1]

Early terrestrial globes depicting the entirety of the Old World were constructed in the Islamic world.^[2][3] According to David Woodward, one such example was the terrestrial globe introduced to Beijing by the Persian astronomer, Jamal ad-Din, in 1267.^[4]

The oldest surviving terrestrial globe is the Erdapfel, created by Martin Behaim in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1492.^[1] A facsimile globe showing America was made by Martin Waldseemueller in 1507. Another early globe, the Hunt-Lenox Globe, ca. 1507, is thought to be the source of the phrase "Here be dragons". Another "remarkably modern-looking" terrestrial globe of the Earth was constructed by Taqi al-Din at the Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din during the 1570s.^[5]

An unusually high proportion of vintage 20th century world globes feature the Australian town of Birdum, which no longer exists but once held an important position at the end of the Northern Australian Railway.

Globus IMP electro-mechanical devices including five-inch globes have been used in Soviet and Russian spacecraft from 1961 to 2002 as navigation instruments. In 2001, the TMA version of the Soyuz spacecraft replaced this instrument with a virtual globe.^[6]

Manufacture[link]

A short, 1955, Dutch film showing the manufacture of globes

Traditionally, globes were manufactured by gluing a printed paper map onto a sphere, often made from wood.

The most common type has long, thin gores (strips) of paper that narrow to a point at the poles,^[7] small disks cover over the inevitable irregularities at these points. The more gores there are, the less stretching and crumpling is required to make the paper map fit the sphere. From a geometric point of view, all points on a sphere are equivalent – one could select any arbitrary point on the Earth, and create a paper map that covers the Earth with strips that come together at that point and the antipodal point.

A thermoplastic globe hemisphere, before the excess plastic has been trimmed off.

Modern globes are often made from thermoplastic. Flat, plastic disks are printed with a distorted map of one of the Earth's Hemispheres. This is placed in machine which molds the disk into a hemispherical shape. The hemisphere is united with its opposite counterpart to form a complete globe.

A globe is usually mounted at a 23.5° angle on a meridian. In addition to making it easy to use this mounting also represents the angle of the planet in relation to its sun and the spin of the planet. This makes it easy to visualize how days and seasons change.

Notable examples[link]

• The Unisphere in Queens, New York, at 120 feet (36.6 m) in diameter, is the world's largest global structure.
• Eartha, currently the world's largest rotating globe (41 ft or 12 m in diameter), at the Delorme headquarters in Yarmouth, Maine
• The Mapparium, three-story, stained glass globe at the Mary Baker Eddy Library in Boston, which visitors walk through via a 30-foot (9.1 m) glass bridge.
• The Babson globe in Wellesley, Massachusetts, a 26-foot-diameter (7.9 m) globe which originally rotated on its axis and on its base to simulate day and night and the seasons
• The giant globe in the lobby of The News Building in New York City.
• The Hitler Globe, also known as the Führer globe, was formally named the Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders. Two editions existed during Hitler's lifetime, created during the mid-1930s on his orders. (The second edition changed the name of Abyssinia to Italian East Africa). These globes were "enormous" and very costly. According to the New York Times, "the real Columbus globe was nearly the size of a Volkswagen and, at the time, more expensive." Several still exist, including three in Berlin: one at a geographical institute, one at the Märkisches Museum, and another at the Deutsches Historisches Museum. The latter has a Soviet bullet hole through Germany. One of the two in public collections in Munich has an American bullet hole through Germany. There are several in private hands inside and out of Germany. A much smaller version of Hitler's globe was mocked by Charlie Chaplin in The Great Dictator, a film released in 1940.^[8]

Gallery[link]

• 

  Top view of 1765 de l'Isle globe

• 

  The Unisphere, attributed to "uribe"/Uri Baruchin

• 

  1594, Mechanised Celestial Globe

• 

  A Globus IMP navigation instrument from a Voskhod spacecraft.

• 

  Eartha, the largest rotating globe in the world.

• 

  A map of Mars that circulated commercialy in the 19th century. It is an example of how maps are printed in order to be folded around a sphere to form a globe.

• 

  Muhammad Salih Tahtawi of Sindh, headed the task of creating a massive, seamless celestial globe using a secret wax casting method in the Mughal Empire, the famous celestial globe of Muhammad Salih Tahtawi is inscribed with Arabic and Persian inscriptions and was completed in the year 1631.^[9][10]

• 

  Multitouch spherical Globe with digital EARTH based on multitouch software

See also[link]

• Armillary sphere
• Cartography
• Dymaxion map
• Emery Molyneux
• Google Earth
• NASA World Wind
• Johannes Schöner globe
• Virtual globe
• Voskhod Spacecraft "Globus" IMP navigation instrument

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b} Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2003.
2. ^ Medieval Islamic Civilization By Josef W. Meri, Jere L Bacharach, page 138-139 - available via google books - http://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA138&lpg=PA138&dq=al-Ma%3Fmun%3Fs+globe&source=bl&ots=TSmSiEUZXk&sig=NGzhTsbRRoSmH4UiPQCh0Y1sO_c&hl=en&ei=NMxYSvbsBeS6jAfNjNwa&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8
3. ^ Covington, Richard (2007), Saudi Aramco World, May–June 2007: 17–21, http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.third.dimension.htm, retrieved 2008-07-06 
4. ^ David Woodward (1989), "The Image of the Spherical Earth", Perspecta (MIT Press) 25: 3–15 [9], JSTOR 1567135 
5. ^ Soucek, Svat (1994), "Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries", Studia Islamica (Maisonneuve &#38) 79 (79): 121–142 [123 & 134–6], DOI:10.2307/1595839, JSTOR 1595839 
6. ^ Tiapchenko, Yurii. "Information Display Systems for Russian Spacecraft: An Overview". Computing in the Soviet Space Program (Translation from Russian: Slava Gerovitch). http://web.mit.edu/slava/space/essays/essay-tiapchenko1.htm. 
7. ^ http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/globe.jpg
8. ^ "The Mystery of Hitler's Globe Goes Round and Round", by Michael Kimmelman, September 18, 2007. Accessed September 18, 2007.
9. ^ Savage-Smith, Emilie (1985), Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 
10. ^ Kazi, Najma (24 November 2007). "Seeking Seamless Scientific Wonders: Review of Emilie Savage-Smith's Work". FSTC Limited. http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?articleID=832. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Globe

• ppmglobe - generate strips to glue onto a sphere
• 3D VRML globe
• 3D Java Globe with coastlines, parallels, meridians, etc.
• How to orient a globe in homothetic position to the Earth

For Real was an American R&B and soul quartet, that formed in 1993.^[1] In the latter part of that decade they were nominated for a Grammy, Billboard Music Award, and Soul Train Music Award.

Biography[link]

For Real secured their recording contract by accident. "We were picking up our manager from the airport. So we decided to greet him with an acappella song. Someone from A&M Records just happened to be in the airport and heard them perform. Not long after, they were signed," said Latanyia Baldwin.^[2]

The band released their debut album, It's a Natural Thang, with production from Brian McKnight on A&M Records in 1994, and it became a critical success, including a rare four stars from Rolling Stone magazine.^[3] Their first single, "You Don't Wanna Miss" hit #28 on the Billboard chart, courtesy of a danceable new jack swing remix by Steve "Silk" Hurley, which was featured in the song's video. A second single, "Easy to Love", peaked at #65 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The album scored another chart hit with the a cappella love song, "You Don't Know Nothin'", which was written and produced by Mervyn Warren, and which peaked at #27. The song peaked at #54 in the UK Singles Chart in July 1995.^[4] The album sold over one million copies worldwide, and peaked at #80 on the Billboard 200.

In 1995, the band appeared in Italian Vogue, modeling men's suits. They toured alongside Stevie Wonder,^[5] and lent their voices to the Martin Scorsese film project Grace of My Heart. The foursome also forayed into acting with appearances in the film Shake, Rattle and Rock! starring Renée Zellweger and Howie Mandel^[6] on Showtime.

They also hit the US Top 20 with the single "Freedom (Theme from Panther)" featuring Aaliyah, TLC, En Vogue, BlackGirl, SWV, and Vanessa Williams from the film Panther. They also recorded a duet with Stevie Wonder called "Stubborn Kind of Fellow", which appeared on the Marvin Gaye tribute album, Inner City Blues: The Music of Marvin Gaye.^[7] For Real also recorded songs for the soundtracks of the films Waiting to Exhale and Fled.

After a label change from A&M to Dallas Austin's Arista imprint Rowdy Records in 1996, For Real struck again with the Austin-produced, 60s-leaning single "Like I Do", from their second album Free. "Like I Do" hit #10 on the Billboard singles chart. The video also earned a Billboard nomination for Best R&B Clip; the album made the Top 100, and sold nearly 400,000 copies in the US. The album's next and last single was the Diane Warren-penned pop ballad "The Saddest Song I Ever Heard" which hit #65 on the Top 100 singles chart. The band performed "Saddest Song" on the TV series All That. Free included production from top R&B/pop producers like Babyface, Mario Winans, and Jon B..

The band also recorded three songs ("I Do", "Born to Love That Boy" and "Unwanted Number") and appeared in the critically acclaimed film Grace of My Heart. The film's soundstrack won a Satellite Award in 1997.^[9][10]

In January 1997, the band won an American Music Award for their work on the Waiting to Exhale soundtrack, in Summer 1997, the group earned a Soul Train Award nomination for Album of the Year (By a Group, Band or Duo) for Free.

In 1999, Wendi Williams lent her voice to the Emmy-winning film Introducing Dorothy Dandridge with Halle Berry, in which Berry plays a singer but Williams is behind her singing voice.^[11]

In 2002, their song "Love Will Be Waiting at Home" appeared in the film Two Can Play That Game, which starred Vivica A. Fox and Morris Chestnut.

In 2009, CoryLavel began to work with Josina Elder on her new album.

Discography[link]

• It's a Natural Thang (1994)
• Free (1996)

Awards and nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• SingingFool.com Streaming music videos for "Like I Do" and "The Saddest Song I Ever Heard"
• Allmusic^{[dead link]} Discography, biographies, and pictures
• IUMA Group photos, lyrics, message board, audio streams, and biography
• Google Album info, photos, and lyrics