"Coin-op" redirects here. For other coin-operated machines, see
Vending machine.
An arcade game is a coin-operated entertainment machine, usually installed in public businesses, such as restaurants, bars, and particularly amusement arcades. Most arcade games are video games, pinball machines, electro-mechanical games, redemption games, and merchandisers (such as claw cranes).
The golden age of arcade video games was from the late 1970s to the 1980s. While arcade games were still relatively popular during the 1990s, this type of media saw a continuous decline in popularity in the Western world when video game consoles made the transition from 2D to 3D. Despite this, arcades remain popular in Asia through to the present day.
The term "arcade game" is also, in recent times, used to refer to a video game that was designed to look like a classic arcade game (adopting an isometric view, 2D graphics, scores, lives, etc.) but instead released on platforms such as XBLA or PC.
The first popular "arcade games" were early amusement park midway games such as shooting galleries, ball toss games, and the earliest coin-operated machines, such as those that claim to tell a person their fortune or played mechanical music. The old midways of 1920s-era amusement parks (such as Coney Island in New York) provided the inspiration and atmosphere of later arcade games.
In the 1930s, the earliest coin-operated pinball machines were made. These early amusement devices were distinct from their later electronic cousins in that they were made of wood, did not have plungers or lit-up bonus surfaces on the playing field, and used mechanical instead of electronic scoring readouts. By around 1977, most pinball machines in production switched to using solid state electronics for both operation and scoring.[1]
In 1966, Sega introduced an electro-mechanical game called Periscope.[2] It was an early submarine simulator and light gun shooter,[3] which used lights and plastic waves to simulate sinking ships from a submarine.[4] It became a worldwide success in Japan, Europe, and North America,[5] where it was the first arcade game to cost a quarter per play,[2] which would remain the standard price for arcade games for many years to come.[5] In 1967, Taito released an electro-mechanical arcade game of their own, Crown Soccer Special, a two-player sports game that simulated association football, using various electronic components, including electronic versions of pinball flippers.[6]
Sega later produced gun games which resemble first-person shooter video games, but were in fact electro-mechanical games that used rear image projection in a manner similar to the ancient zoetrope to produce moving animations on a screen.[7] The first of these was the light gun game Duck Hunt,[8] which Sega released in 1969;[9] it featured animated moving targets on a screen, printed out the player's score on a ticket, and had sound effects that were volume controllable.[8] That same year, Sega released an electro-mechanical arcade racing game Grand Prix, which had a first-person view, electronic sound, a dashboard with a racing wheel and accelerator,[10] and a forward-scrolling road projected on a screen.[11] Another Sega release that year was Missile, a shooter and vehicle combat simulation that featured electronic sound and a moving film strip to represent the targets on a projection screen. It was also the earliest known arcade game to feature a joystick with a fire button, which was used as part of an early dual-control scheme, where two directional buttons are used to move the player's tank and a two-way joystick is used to shoot and steer the missile onto oncoming planes displayed on the screen; when a plane is hit, an explosion is animated on screen along with an explosion sound.[12] In 1970,[13] the game was released in North America as S.A.M.I. by Midway.[12] That same year, Sega released Jet Rocket, a combat flight simulator featuring cockpit controls that could move the player aircraft around a landscape displayed on a screen and shoot missiles onto targets that explode when hit.[14]
Throughout the 1970s, electro-mechanical arcade games were gradually replaced by electronic video games, following the release of Pong in 1972.[15] In 1972, Sega released an electro-mechanical game called Killer Shark, a first-person light gun shooter known for appearing in the 1975 film Jaws.[7] In 1974, Nintendo released Wild Gunman, a light gun shooter that used full-motion video projection from 16 mm film to display live-action cowboy opponents on the screen.[16] One of the last successful electro-mechanical arcade games was F-1, a racing game developed by Namco and distributed by Atari in 1976;[17] the game was shown in the films Dawn of the Dead (1978)[18] and Midnight Madness (1980), as was Sega's Jet Rocket in the latter film. The 1978 video game Space Invaders, however, dealt a yet more powerful blow to the popularity of electro-mechanical games.[19]
In 1971, students at Stanford University set up the Galaxy Game, a coin-operated version of the Spacewar video game. This is the earliest known instance of a coin-operated video game. Later in the same year, Nolan Bushnell created the first mass-manufactured such game, Computer Space, for Nutting Associates.
In 1972, Atari was formed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari essentially created the coin-operated video game industry with the game Pong, the first successful electronic ping pong video game. Pong proved to be popular, but imitators helped keep Atari from dominating the fledgling coin-operated video game market.
Taito's Space Invaders, in 1978, proved to be the first blockbuster arcade video game.[20] Its success marked the beginning of the golden age of arcade video games. Video game arcades sprang up in shopping malls, and small "corner arcades" appeared in restaurants, grocery stores, bars and movie theaters all over the United States, Japan and other countries during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Space Invaders (1978), Galaxian (1979), Pac-Man (1980), Battlezone (1980), Defender (1980), and Donkey Kong (1981) were especially popular. By 1981, the arcade video game industry was worth $8 billion.[21]
During the late 1970s and 1980s, chains such as Chuck E. Cheese's, Ground Round, Dave and Busters, and Gatti's Pizza combined the traditional restaurant and/or bar environment with arcades.[22] By the late-1980s, the arcade video game craze was beginning to fade due to advances in home video game console technology. By 1991, US arcade video game revenues had fallen to $2.1 billion.[23]
In the early 1990s, the arcades experienced a major resurgence with the 1991 release of Capcom's Street Fighter II,[24] which popularized competitive fighting games and revived the arcade industry to a level of popularity not seen since the days of Pac-Man.[25] Its success led to a wave of other popular fighting games, such as Mortal Kombat by Midway Games,[26] Fatal Fury: King of Fighters (1992) by SNK, Killer Instinct (1994) by Rare, and The King of Fighters (1994–2005) by SNK. Arcade video games thus experienced a resurgence with the advent of two-player fighting games.
Following the rise of 3D graphics in the early-mid 1990s, racing games[25] and light gun shooters[27] would also gain considerable popularity in the arcades.[25] By 1994, arcade games in the United States were generating revenues of $7 billion[28] in quarters (equivalent to $11 billion in 2011),[29] in comparison to home console game sales of $6 billion,[28] with many of the best-selling home video games in the early 1990s often being arcade ports.[30] Combined, total arcade and console game revenues in 1994 was nearly two and a half times the $5 billion revenue grossed by movies in the United States at the time.[28]
Around the mid-1990s, the fifth-generation home consoles, Sega Saturn, PlayStation, and Nintendo 64, began offering true 3D graphics. By 1996, personal computers followed, with 3D accelerator cards. While arcade systems such as the Sega Model 3 remained more advanced than home systems,[31] consoles and computers began approaching technological parity with arcade equipment. The technological advantage that arcade games had, in their ability to customize and use the latest graphics and sound chips, narrowed, and the convenience of home games caused a rapid decline in arcade gaming. By 1998, Sega's 128-bit console, the Dreamcast, could produce 3D graphics on-par with arcade machines at the time.
Arcade video games had declined in popularity so much by the late 1990s, that revenues in the United States dropped to $1.33 billion in 1999,[32] and reached a low of $866 million in 2004.[33] Furthermore, by the early 2000s, networked gaming via computers and then consoles across the Internet had also appeared,[34] replacing the venue of head to head competition and social atmosphere once provided solely by arcades.[35]
The arcades also lost their status as the forefront of new game releases. Given the choice between playing a game at an arcade three or four times (perhaps 15 minutes of play for a typical arcade game), and renting, at about the same price, exactly the same game—for a video game console—the console became the preferred choice. Fighting games were the most attractive feature for arcades, since they offered the prospect of face-to-face competition and tournaments, which correspondingly led players to practice more (and spend more money in the arcade), but they could not support the business all by themselves.
Recent 20th anniversary arcade machine, combining two classic video games.
To remain viable, arcades added other elements to complement the video games such as redemption games, merchandisers, and food service. Referred to as "fun centers" or "family fun centers",[36] some of the longstanding chains such as Chuck E. Cheese's and Gatti's Pizza ("GattiTowns")[37] also changed to this format. Many old video game arcades have long since closed, and classic coin-operated games have become largely the province of dedicated hobbyists.
Today's arcades have found a niche in games that use special controllers largely inaccessible to home users. An alternative interpretation (one that includes fighting games, which continue to thrive and require no special controller) is that the arcade game is now a more socially-oriented hangout, with games that focus on an individual's performance, rather than the game's content, as the primary form of novelty. Examples of today's popular genres are rhythm games such as Dance Dance Revolution (1998) and DrumMania (1999), and rail shooters such as Virtua Cop (1994), Time Crisis and House of the Dead (1996).
In the Western world, the arcade video game industry still exists today but in a greatly reduced form. Video arcade game hardware is often based on home game consoles to facilitate porting a video arcade game to a home system; there are video arcade versions of Dreamcast (NAOMI, Atomiswave), PlayStation 2 (System 246), Nintendo GameCube (Triforce), and Microsoft Xbox (Chihiro) home consoles. Some arcades have survived by expanding into ticket-based prize redemption and more physical games with no home console equivalent, such as skee ball and whack-a-mole. Some genres, particularly dancing and rhythm games (such as Konami's Dance Dance Revolution), continue to be popular in arcades.
In the Japanese gaming industry, on the other hand, arcades have remained popular through to the present day. As of 2009, out of Japan's $20 billion gaming market, $6 billion of that amount is generated from arcades, which represent the largest sector of the Japanese video game market, followed by home console games and mobile games at $3.5 billion and $2 billion, respectively.[38] In 2005, arcade ownership and operation accounted for a majority of Namco's revenues, for example.[39] However, due to the country's economic recession, the Japanese arcade industry has also been steadily declining, from ¥702.9 billion (US$8.7 million) in 2007 to ¥504.3 billion ($6.2 billion) in 2010.[40]
Worldwide, arcade game revenues gradually increased from $1.8 billion in 1998 to $3.2 billion in 2002, rivalling PC game sales of $3.2 billion that same year.[41] In particular, arcade video games are a thriving industry in China, where arcades are widespread across the country.[42] The US market has also experienced a slight resurgence, with the number of video game arcades across the nation increasing from 2,500 in 2003 to 3,500 in 2008, though this is significantly less than the 10,000 arcades in the early 1980s. As of 2009, a successful arcade game usually sells around 4000 to 6000 units worldwide.[43]
The relative simplicity yet solid gameplay of many of these early games has inspired a new generation of fans who can play them on mobile phones or with emulators such as MAME. Some classic arcade games are reappearing in commercial settings, such as Namco's Ms. Pac-Man 20 Year Reunion / Galaga Class of 1981 two-in-one game,[44] or integrated directly into controller hardware (joysticks) with replaceable flash drives storing game ROMs. Arcade classics have also been reappearing as mobile games, with Pac-Man in particular selling over 30 million downloads in the United States by 2010.[45]
Zynga, the social gaming giant launched its first arcade game, Bubble Safari.[46]
Virtually all modern arcade games (other than the very traditional midway-type games at county fairs) make extensive use of solid state electronics and integrated circuits. In the past coin-operated arcade video games generally used custom per-game hardware often with multiple CPUs, highly specialized sound and graphics chips, and the latest in computer graphics display technology. Recent arcade game hardware is often based on modified video game console hardware or high-end PC components.
Arcade games frequently have more immersive and realistic game controls than either PC or console games, including specialized ambiance or control accessories: Fully enclosed dynamic cabinets with force feedback controls, dedicated lightguns, rear-projection displays, reproductions of automobile or airplane cockpits, motorcycle or horse-shaped controllers, or highly dedicated controllers such as dancing mats and fishing rods. These accessories are usually what set modern video games apart from other games, as they are usually too bulky, expensive, and specialized to be used with typical home PCs and consoles.
Arcade games often have short levels, simple and intuitive control schemes, and rapidly increasing difficulty. This is due to the environment of the Arcade, where the player is essentially renting the game for as long as their in-game avatar can stay alive (or until they run out of tokens).
Games on consoles or PCs can be referred to as "arcade games" if they share these qualities or are direct ports of arcade titles. Many independent developers are now producing games in the arcade genre that are designed specifically for use on the Internet. These games are usually designed with Flash/Java/DHTML and run directly in web-browsers.
Arcade racing games have a simplified physics engine and do not require much learning time when compared with racing simulators. Cars can turn sharply without braking or understeer, and the AI rivals are sometimes programmed so they are always near the player (rubberband effect).
Arcade flight games also use simplified physics and controls in comparison to flight simulators. These are meant to have an easy learning curve, in order to preserve their action component. Increasing numbers of console flight video games, from Crimson Skies to Ace Combat and Secret Weapons Over Normandy indicate the falling of manual-heavy flight sim popularity in favor of instant arcade flight action.[47]
Emulators such as MAME, which can be run on modern computers and a number of other devices, aim to preserve the games of the past.
Legitimate emulated titles started to appear on the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, with CD-ROM compilations such as Arcade's Greatest Hits: The Atari Collection 1, and on the PlayStation 2 and GameCube with DVD-ROM titles such as Midway Arcade Treasures.
Arcade games are currently being downloaded and emulated through the Nintendo Wii Virtual Console Service starting in 2009 with Gaplus, Mappy, Space Harrier, Star Force, The Tower of Druaga, Tecmo Bowl, Altered Beast and many more. Other classic arcade games such as Asteroids, Tron, Discs of Tron, Yie Ar Kung-Fu, Pac-Man, Joust, Battlezone, Dig Dug, Robotron: 2084, and Missile Command are emulated on PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade.
In addition to restaurants and video arcades, arcade games are also found in bowling alleys, college campuses, dormitories, laundromats, movie theatres, supermarkets, shopping malls, airports, ice rinks, corner shops, truck stops, bar/pubs, hotels, and even bakeries. In short, arcade games are popular in places open to the public where people are likely to have free time.
For arcade games, success was usually judged by either the number of arcade hardware units sold to operators, or the amount of revenue generated, from the number of coins (such as quarters or 100 yen coins) inserted into machines,[48] and/or the hardware sales (with arcade hardware prices often ranging from $1000 to $4000). This list only includes arcade games that have either sold more than 1000 hardware units or generated a revenue of more than US$1 million. Most of the games in this list date back to the golden age of arcade video games, though some are also from before and after the golden age.
| Game |
Release year |
Hardware units sold |
Gross revenue
(US$ without inflation) |
Gross revenue
(US$ with 2012 inflation)[29] |
| Pac-Man |
1980 |
400,000 (up to 1982)[49] |
3500 !$3.5 billion (up to 1999)[n 1] |
7610 !$7.61 billion[n 2] |
| Space Invaders |
1978 |
360,000 (up to 1980)[50] |
2600 !$2.702 billion (up to 1982)[n 3] |
6930 !$7.25 billion[n 4] |
Street Fighter II
(includes The World Warrior and Champion Edition) |
1991 |
200,000 (up to 1992)
(The World Warrior and Champion Edition)[n 5] |
1500 !$1.5 billion (up to 1993)[53] |
2400 !$2.4 billion |
| Street Fighter II': Champion Edition |
1992 |
140,000 (in Japan as of 1992)[51] |
0182 !$182 million (up to 1992)
(Japan hardware sales)[51] |
0323.3 !$323.3 million[n 6]
(Japan hardware sales) |
| Donkey Kong |
1981 |
132,000 (up to 1982)[n 7] |
0280 !$280 million (up to 1982)
(US hardware sales)[56] |
0684 !$684 million[n 8]
(US hardware sales) |
| Ms. Pac-Man |
1981 |
125,000 (up to 1988)[57][58] |
|
|
| Asteroids |
1979 |
100 !100,000 (up to 2001)[59][58] |
0800 !$800 million (up to 1991)[60][61] |
1300 !$1.3 billion |
| Street Fighter II: The World Warrior |
1991 |
060 !60,000[52] (up to 1992) |
|
|
| Defender |
1981 |
060 !60,000 (up to 2002)[62][63] |
1000 !$1 billion (up to 2002)[64][65] |
1200 !$1.2 billion |
| Galaxian |
1979 |
040 !40,000 (in the US up to 1982)[66][67] |
|
|
| Donkey Kong Jr. |
1982 |
030 !30,000 (in the US up to 1982)[n 7] |
|
|
| Mr. Do! |
1982 |
030 !30,000 (in the US up to 1982)[68] |
|
|
| Mortal Kombat II |
1993 |
27,000 (up to 2002)[26] |
|
|
| Mortal Kombat |
1992 |
24,000 (up to 2002)[26] |
0570 !$570 million (up to 2002)[26] |
0718 !$718 million |
| Mushiking: King of the Beetles |
2003 |
013.5 !13,500 (up to 2005)[69] |
0530 !$530 million (up to 2007)[n 9] |
0588.13 !$588.13 million |
| Oshare Majo: Love and Berry |
2004 |
010.3 !10,300 (up to 2006)[72][73] |
0302.68 !$302.68 million (up to 2007)[n 10] |
0335.88 !$335.88 million |
| Centipede |
1981 |
055 !55,988 (up to 1991)[74] |
0115 !$115.65 million (up to 1991)[74] |
0193 !$193.31 million |
| Dragon's Lair |
1983 |
016 !16,000 (up to 1983)[75][76] |
0048 !$68.8 million (up to 1983)[75][77] |
0109 !$157.26 million |
| World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs |
2008 |
001.689 !1,689 (up to 2009)[n 11] |
0137.21 !$144 million (up to 2012)[n 12] |
0147.34 !$147.34 million[n 13] |
| Tempest |
1981 |
030 !29,000 (up to 1983)[84] |
0062 !$62.408 million (up to 1983)[74] |
0142 !$142.65 million |
| Q*bert |
1982 |
025 !25,000 (up to 2001)[85] |
|
|
| Robotron: 2084 |
1982 |
023 !23,000 (up to 1983)[84] |
|
|
| Pole Position |
1982 |
021 !21,000 (in the US up to 1983)[84] |
0062 !$60.933 million (up to 1983)[74][84]
(US hardware sales) |
0139 !$139.28 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Popeye |
1982 |
020 !20,000 (in the US up to 1982)[55] |
|
|
| Out Run |
1986 |
020 !20,000 (up to 1987)[86] |
|
|
| StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins |
2011 |
|
0040.8 !$125.8 million (up to 2012)[n 14] |
00125.8 !$125.8 million |
| Dig Dug |
1982 |
022.228 !22,228[74] (in the US up to 1983)[87] |
0046.3 !$46.3 million (up to 1983)[74]
(US hardware sales) |
0105.83 !$105.83 million
(US hardware sales) |
|
| Jungle Hunt |
1982 |
018 !18,000 (in the US up to 1983)[87] |
|
|
| Stargate |
1983 |
015 !15,000 (up to 1983)[84] |
|
|
| Space Duel |
1982 |
012.038 !12,038 (up to 1991)[74] |
|
|
| Sega Network Mahjong MJ3 |
2005 |
007.608 !7,608 (up to 2006)[88] |
|
|
| Hang-On |
1985 |
007.5 !7,500 (up to 1985)[89] |
|
|
| Dinosaur King |
2005 |
007 !7,000 (up to 2006)[90] |
|
|
| Sega Network Mahjong MJ2 |
2003 |
005.486 !5,486 (up to 2005)[n 15] |
|
|
| Donkey Kong 3 |
1983 |
005 !5,000 (in the US up to 1982)[n 7] |
|
|
| Sangokushi Taisen 2 |
2006 |
004.041 !4,041 (up to 2007)[n 16] |
|
|
| Initial D Arcade Stage 4 |
2007 |
003.904 !3,904 (up to 2007)[n 17] |
|
|
| Border Break |
2009 |
002.998 !2,998 (up to 2009)[79] |
0100.223 !$100.223 million (up to 2012)[n 18] |
0102.96 !$102.96 million[n 19] |
| Initial D Arcade Stage |
2001 |
002.534 !2,534 (up to 2004)[96] |
|
|
| Sangokushi Taisen |
2005 |
001.942 !1,942 (up to 2006)[n 20] |
|
|
| The House of the Dead 4 |
2005 |
001.008 !1,008 (up to 2005)[97] |
|
|
| Tron |
1982 |
000.8 !800 (in the US up to 1982)[98] |
0045 !$45 million (up to 1983)[99] |
0102 !$102 million |
| Sengoku Taisen |
2010 |
|
0094.04 !$94.04 million (up to 2012)[n 21] |
0095.85 !$95.85 million[n 22] |
| Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road |
2007 |
|
0078.2 !$78.2 million (up to 2008)[n 23] |
0083.57 !$83.57 million |
| Asteroids Deluxe |
1981 |
022.399 !22,399 (up to 1999)[102] |
0046.1 !$46.1 million (up to 1999)[102] |
0063 !$63 million |
| Pump It Up |
1999 |
020 !20,000 (up to 2005)[103] |
|
|
| Mahjong Fight Club 3 |
2004 |
013 !13,000 (up to 2004)[104] |
|
|
| Dance Dance Revolution |
1998 |
003.5 !3,500 (in Japan as of 1999)[105] |
|
|
| Samba de Amigo |
1999 |
003 !3,000 (up to 2000)[106] |
0047.11 !$47.11 million (up to 2000)[n 24] |
0062.76 !$62.76 million |
| StarHorse2 |
2005 |
038.614 !38,614 (up to 2009)[n 25] |
0059.321 !$59.321 million (up to 2011)
(Fifth Expansion)[n 26] |
0061.61 !$61.61 million
(Fifth Expansion)[n 27] |
| Missile Command |
1980 |
019.9 !19,999 (up to 2010)[108] |
0036.8 !$36.8 million (up to 1991)[102] |
0061.5 !$61.5 million |
| Big Buck Hunter Pro |
2006 |
010 !10,000 (up to 2009)[109][110] |
|
|
| Snake Pit |
1983 |
009 !9,000 (up to 1983)[111] |
|
|
| Bagman |
1983 |
005 !5,000 (in the US up to 1983)[87] |
|
|
| Big Buck Safari |
2008 |
005.5 !5,500 (up to 2009)[109] |
|
|
| Mario Bros. |
1983 |
003.8 !3,800 (in the US up to 1983)[84] |
|
|
| Zoo Keeper |
1982 |
003 !3,000 (in the US up to 1983)[87] |
|
|
| Shining Force Cross |
2009 |
002.289 !2,389 (up to 2009)[79] |
|
|
| Pengo |
1982 |
002 !2,000 (in the US up to 1983)[87] |
|
|
| Sangokushi Taisen 3 |
2007 |
|
0054.4 !$54.4 million (up to 2011)[n 28] |
0056.2 !$56.2 million[n 29] |
| Pong |
1972 |
010 !8,500–19,000[112][113] |
0011 !$11 million (up to 1973)[114] |
0056 !$56 million |
| Lord of Vermilion |
2008 |
|
0050.443 !$50.443 million (up to 2008)[n 30] |
0053.91 !$53.91 million |
| Sega Network Mahjong MJ4 |
2008 |
012.892 !12,892 (up to 2009)[n 31] |
0047 !$47 million (up to 2010)[n 32] |
0049.44 !$49.44 million |
| Kangaroo |
1982 |
009.803 !9,803[74] (up to 1983)[87] |
0020.58 !$20.58 million (up to 1983)
(US hardware sales)[74] |
0047.04 !$47.04 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Hard Drivin' |
1989 |
003.118 !3,318 (up to 1989)[74] |
0022.9 !$22.9 million (up to 1989)[74] |
0042 !$42 million |
| Gauntlet |
1985 |
007.848 !7,848 (up to 1985)[74] |
0018.01 !$18.01 million (up to 1985)[74] |
0038.11 !$38.11 million |
| Sega Network Mahjong MJ5 |
2011 |
|
0034.87 !$34.87 million (up to 2012)[n 33] |
0034.87 !$34.87 million |
| Millipede |
1982 |
009.99 !9,990 (up to 1991)[74] |
0020 !$20.669 million (up to 1991)[74] |
0034 !$34.55 million |
| Race Drivin' |
1990 |
003.525 !3,525 (up to 1991)[74] |
0020.03 !$20.03 million (up to 1991)[74] |
0033.48 !$33.48 million |
| Time Traveler |
1991 |
|
0018 !$18 million (up to 1991)[77] |
0030 !$30 million |
| Space Ace |
1984 |
|
0013 !$13 million (up to 1984)[77] |
0028 !$28 million |
| Lunar Lander |
1979 |
004.830 !4,830 (up to 1979)[102] |
0008.19 !$8.19 million (up to 1979)[102] |
0025.68 !$25.68 million |
| Xevious |
1982 |
005.295 !5,295 (in the US up to 1983)[74] |
0011.1 !$11.1 million (up to 1983)[74]
(US hardware sales) |
0025.4 !$25.4 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Atari Football |
1978 |
011.306 !11,306 (up to 1999)[102] |
0017.266 !$17.266 million (up to 1999)[102] |
0023.59 !$23.59 million |
| Final Lap |
1987 |
001.15 !1,150 (in the US up to 1988)[74] |
0009.5 !$9.5 million (up to 1988)[74]
(US hardware sales) |
0018.42 !$18.42 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Paperboy |
1984 |
003.442 !3,442 (up to 1985)[74] |
0008.6 !$8.6 million (up to 1985)[74] |
0018.2 !$18.2 million |
| Star Wars |
1983 |
012.695 !12,695 (up to 1983)[74] |
0007.595 !$7.595 million (up to 1983)[74] |
00$17.49 !$17.49 million |
| Beatmania |
1997 |
025 !25,000 (up to 2000)[115] |
0012.4 !$12.4 million (up to 1998)
(Japan hardware sales)[n 34] |
0017.45 !$17.45 million
(Japan hardware sales) |
| Sprint 2 |
1976 |
008.2 !8,200 (up to 1999)[102] |
0012.669 !$12.669 million (up to 1999)[102] |
0017.31 !$17.31 million |
| Championship Sprint |
1986 |
003.595 !3,595 (up to 1986)[74] |
0008.26 !$8.26 million (up to 1986)[74] |
0017.16 !$17.16 million |
| Pole Position II |
1983 |
002.4 !2,400 (in the US up to 1983)[74] |
0007.43 !$7.43 million (up to 1983)[74]
(US hardware sales) |
0016.98 !$16.98 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Breakout |
1976 |
011 !11,000 (up to 1999)[102] |
0012.045 !$12.045 million (up to 1999)[102] |
0016.46 !$16.46 million |
| Sea Wolf |
1976 |
010 !10,000 (up to 2000)[116] |
|
|
| Super Sprint |
1986 |
008.2 !2,232 (up to 1999)[102] |
0007.8 !$7.8 million (up to 1999)[102] |
0010.66 !$10.66 million |
| Marble Madness |
1984 |
004 !4,000 (up to 1985)[117] |
0006.3 !$6.3 million (up to 1991)[74] |
0010.5 !$10.5 million |
| Sea Wolf II |
1978 |
004 !4,000 (up to 2000)[118] |
|
|
| Rolling Thunder |
1986 |
002.406 !2,406 (in the US up to 1987)[74] |
0004.8 !$4.8 million (up to 1987)[74]
(US hardware sales) |
0009.62 !$9.62 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Tetris |
1989 |
005.771 !5,771 (in the US up to 1989)[74] |
0005.2 !$5.2 million (up to 1989)[74]
(US hardware sales) |
0009.55 !$9.55 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Gun Fight |
1975 |
002 !2,000+ (up to 1976)[119] |
|
|
| Blasteroids |
1987 |
002 !2,000 (up to 1988)[74] |
0004.69 !$4.69 million (up to 1988)[74] |
0009.62 !$9.03 million |
| Arabian |
1983 |
001.95 !1,950 (in the US up to 1983)[87] |
0003.9 !$3.9 million (up to 1983)[74]
(US hardware sales) |
0008.91 !$8.91 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Super Breakout |
1978 |
004.805 !4,805 (up to 1999)[102] |
0005.7 !$5.7 million (up to 1999)[102] |
0007.79 !$7.79 million |
| Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |
1985 |
002.825 !2,825 (up to 1985)[74] |
0003.2 !$3.2 million (up to 1985)[74] |
0006.77 !$6.77 million |
| Pac-Mania |
1987 |
001.412 !1,412 (in the US up to 1987)[74] |
0002.82 !$2.82 million (up to 1987)[74]
(US hardware sales) |
0005.65 !$5.65 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Radar Scope |
1980 |
001 !1,000 (in the US up to 1980)[120] |
|
|
| Four Trax |
1989 |
000.205 !205 (in the US & EU as of 1989)[74] |
0002.9 !$2.9 million (up to 1989)[74]
(US & EU hardware sales) |
0005.32 !$5.32 million
(US & EU hardware sales) |
| Gauntlet II |
1986 |
003.52 !3,520 (up to 1986)[74] |
0002.4 !$2.4 million (up to 1986)[74] |
0005 !$5 million |
| Assault |
1988 |
001.079 !1,079 (in the US up to 1988)[74] |
0002.5 !$2.5 million (up to 1988)[74]
(US hardware sales) |
0004.81 !$4.81 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Drag Race |
1977 |
001.9 !1,900 (up to 1999)[102] |
0002.8 !$2.8 million (up to 1999)[102] |
0003.8 !$3.8 million |
| Star Wars: Return of the Jedi |
1984 |
000.8 !800 (up to 1984)[74] |
0001.68 !$1.68 million (up to 1984)[74] |
0003.68 !$3.68 million |
| Night Driver |
1976 |
002.1 !2,100 (up to 1999)[102] |
0011.165 !$2.4675 million (up to 1999)[102] |
0015.26 !$3.37 million |
| I, Robot |
1984 |
000.7 !750-1,000[74][121] |
0001.5 !$1.5 million (up to 1984)[74] |
0003.29 !$3.29 million |
| R.B.I. Baseball |
1987 |
003.945 !3,945 (in the US up to 1987)[74] |
0001.4 !$1.6 million (up to 1987)[74]
(US hardware sales) |
0003.21 !$3.21 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Computer Space |
1971 |
001.5 !1,500–2,000 (up to 1984)[122][123] |
|
|
| Death Race |
1976 |
001 !1,000 (up to 1976)[119] |
|
|
| Dunk Shot |
1986 |
000.556 !556 (in the US up to 1987)[74] |
0001.4 !$1.4 million (up to 1987)[74]
(US hardware sales) |
0002.81 !$2.81 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Dragon Spirit |
1987 |
000.6 !600 (in the US up to 1987)[74] |
0001.2 !$1.2 million (up to 1987)[74]
(US hardware sales) |
0002.4 !$2.4 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Triple Hunt |
1977 |
000.865 !865 (up to 1999)[102] |
0001.2 !$1.2 million (up to 1999)[102] |
0001.6 !$1.6 million |
These are the combined hardware sales of at least two or more arcade games that are part of the same franchise. This list only includes franchises that have sold at least 5,000 hardware units or grossed at least $10 million revenues.
| Franchise |
Original release year |
Total hardware units sold |
Gross revenue
(US$ without inflation) |
Gross revenue
(US$ with 2012 inflation)[29] |
| Pac-Man |
1980 |
526,412 (up to 1988)[n 35] |
3503 !$3.503 billion (up to 1999)[n 36] |
7616 !$7.616 billion[n 37] |
| Street Fighter |
1987 |
500,000 (up to 2002)[124][125] |
1500 !$1.5 billion (up to 1993)
(Street Fighter II)[53] |
2400 !$2.4 billion
(Street Fighter II) |
| Space Invaders |
1978 |
360,000 (up to 1980)[50] |
2600 !$2.702 billion (up to 1982)[n 3] |
6930 !$7.25 billion[n 4] |
| Pac-Man Clones |
1980 |
300,000 (up to 2002)[126] |
|
|
| Mario |
1981 |
170,800 (up to 1983)[n 38] |
0280 !$280 million (up to 1982)
(US hardware sales)[56] |
0684 !$684 million[n 8]
(US hardware sales) |
| Donkey Kong |
1981 |
167,000 (up to 1983)[n 7] |
0280 !$280 million (up to 1982)
(US hardware sales)[56] |
0684 !$684 million[n 8]
(US hardware sales) |
| Asteroids |
1979 |
136,437 (up to 1999)[n 39] |
0800 !$850.79 million (up to 1999)[n 40] |
1370 !$1.37 billion[n 41] |
| Golden Tee Golf |
1989 |
100,000 (up to 2011)[127] |
|
|
| Defender |
1981 |
075 !75,000 (up to 2002)[n 42] |
1000 !$1 billion (up to 2002)[64] |
1200 !$1.2 billion |
| Centipede |
1981 |
0 !65,978 (up to 1991)[n 43] |
0136.3 !$136.3 million (up to 1991)[n 44] |
0227.86 !$227.86 million[n 45] |
| Mortal Kombat |
1993 |
0 !51,000 (up to 2002)[26] |
1000 !$1 billion (up to 1995)[128] |
1500 !$1.5 billion |
| Galaxian |
1979 |
040 !40,986 (in the US up to 1988)[n 46] |
|
|
| Starhorse |
2000 |
038.734 !38,734 (up to 2009)[n 47] |
0100.121 !$185.121 million (up to 2012)[n 48] |
0103.22 !$187.41 million[n 49] |
| e-Amusement |
2002 |
032 !32,000 (up to 2004)[129] |
|
|
| Big Buck |
2000 |
030 !30,500 (up to 2009)[n 50] |
|
|
| Mr. Do! |
1982 |
030 !30,000 (in the US up to 1982)[68] |
|
|
| Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road |
2007 |
|
0078.2 !$78.2 million (up to 2008)[n 23] |
0083.57 !$83.57 million |
| Lord of Vermilion |
2008 |
|
0050.443 !$50.443 million (up to 2008)[n 30] |
0053.91 !$53.91 million |
| Bemani |
1997 |
045 !28,500 (up to 2000)[n 51] |
0012.4 !$12.4 million (up to 1998)
(Japan hardware sales)[n 34] |
0017.45 !$17.45 million
(Japan hardware sales) |
| Sega Network Mahjong |
2000 |
025.986 !25,986 (up to 2006)[n 52] |
0081.87 !$81.87 million (up to 2012)[n 53] |
0084.28 !$84.28 million[n 54] |
| Pole Position |
1982 |
0 !24,550 (in the US up to 1983)[n 55] |
0077.9 !$77.9 million (up to 1988)
(US hardware sales)[n 56] |
0174.7 !$174.7 million
(US hardware sales)[n 57] |
| Dig Dug |
1982 |
022.228 !22,228[74] (in the US up to 1983)[87] |
0046.3 !$46.3 million (up to 1983)[74]
(US hardware sales) |
0105.83 !$105.83 million
(US hardware sales) |
| Pump It Up |
1999 |
020 !20,000 (up to 2005)[103] |
|
|
| Pong |
1972 |
010 !8500–19,000[112][113] |
0011 !$11 million (up to 1973)[114] |
0056 !$56 million |
| Breakout |
1976 |
015.805 !15,805 (up to 1999)[102] |
0017.745 !$17.745 million (up to 1999)[102] |
0024.25 !$24.25 million |
| Star Wars |
1983 |
0 !14,039 (up to 1991)[74] |
0009.275 !$9.275 million (up to 1983)[74] |
0021.17 !$21.17 million |
| Sprint |
1976 |
014.027 !14,027 (up to 1999)[102] |
0028.729 !$28.729 million (up to 1999)[102] |
0045.13 !$45.13 million |
| Mushiking |
2003 |
013.5 !13,500 (up to 2005)[69] |
0530 !$530 million (up to 2007)[n 9] |
0588.13 !$588.13 million |
| Sea Wolf |
1976 |
0 !14,000 (up to 2000)[116] |
|
|
| Mahjong Fight Club |
2002 |
013 !13,000 (up to 2004)[104] |
|
|
| Gauntlet |
1985 |
0 !11,368 (up to 1991)[74] |
0020.41 !$20.41 million (up to 1985)[74] |
0043.11 !$43.11 million |
| Love and Berry |
2004 |
010.3 !10,300 (up to 2006)[72] |
0302.68 !$302.68 million (up to 2007)[n 10] |
0335.88 !$335.88 million |
| Sangokushi Taisen |
2005 |
009.929 !9,929 (up to 2008)[n 58] |
0148.44 !$148.44 million (up to 2012)[n 59] |
0152.05 !$152.05 million[n 60] |
| Hang-On |
1985 |
007.5 !7,500 (up to 1985)[89] |
|
|
| Initial D Arcade Stage |
2001 |
007.111 !7,111 (up to 2005)[n 61] |
|
|
| Dinosaur King |
2005 |
007 !7,000 (up to 2006)[90] |
|
|
| Hard Drivin' |
1989 |
006.843 !6,843 (up to 1991)[74] |
0022.9 !$42.93 million (up to 1991)[74] |
0075.48 !$75.48 million |
| Xevious |
1982 |
005.295 !5,295 (in the US up to 1983)[74] |
|
|
| Samba de Amigo |
1999 |
003 !3,000 (up to 2000)[106] |
0047.11 !$47.11 million (up to 2000)[n 24] |
0062.76 !$62.76 million |
| Border Break |
2009 |
002.998 !2,998 (up to 2009)[79] |
0100.223 !$100.223 million (up to 2012)[n 18] |
0102.96 !$102.96 million[n 19] |
| World Club Champion Football |
2002 |
002.479 !2,479 (up to 2009)[n 62] |
0696.3 !$696.3 million (up to 2012)[n 63] |
0739.67 !$739.67 million[n 64] |
- ^ a b Pac-Man:
- Estimated 10 billion quarters ($2.5 billion) by 1999:
- Chris Morris (10 May 2005). "Pac Man turns 25: A pizza dinner yields a cultural phenomenon – and millions of dollars in quarters". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2005/05/10/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/index.htm. Retrieved 23 April 2011. "In the late 1990s, Twin Galaxies, which tracks video game world record scores, visited used game auctions and counted how many times the average Pac Man machine had been played. Based on those findings and the total number of machines that were manufactured, the organization said it believed the game had been played more than 10 billion times in the 20th century."
- Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, ABC-CLIO, p. 73, ISBN 0-313-33868-X, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&pg=PA73, retrieved 10 April 2011, "It would go on to become arguably the most famous video game of all time, with the arcade game alone taking in more than a billion dollars, and one study estimated that it had been played more than 10 billion times during the twentieth century."
- Estimated 7 billion coins (7 billion quarters / $1.75 billion) by 1982.[49]
- $1 billion cabinet sales by 1982:
- $1 billion revenue in 1980:
- ^ a b Inflation:[29]
- $1 billion revenue in 1980: $2.75 in 2012
- Additional $1.75 billion revenue in 1982: $4.11 billion in 2012
- Additional 3 billion quarters / $0.75 billion in 1999: $1.02 billion in 2012
- ^ a b Space Invaders:
- $2 billion (4 billion quarters) by 1982: "Making millions, 25 cents at a time". The Fifth Estate (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). 23 November 1982. http://archives.cbc.ca/arts_entertainment/media/clips/15869/. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
- $1 billion (8 billion quarters) by 1981: Glinert, Ephraim P. (1990), Visual Programming Environments: Applications and Issues, IEEE Computer Society Press, p. 321, ISBN 0-8186-8974-9, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NMtWAAAAMAAJ, retrieved 10 April 2011, "As of mid-1981, according to Steve Bloom, author of Video Invaders, more than four billion quarters had been dropped into Space Invaders games around the world"
- $600 million Japan cabinet sales in 1978: "Can Asteroids Conquer Space Invaders?". Electronic Games 1 (1): 30–33 [31]. Winter 1981. http://www.digitpress.com/library/magazines/electronic_games/electronic_games_winter81.pdf. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
- $102 million US cabinet sales by 1979.[26]
- ^ a b Inflation:[29]
- $600 million Japan cabinet sales in 1978: $2.09 billion in 2012
- $102 million US cabinet sales in 1979: $318.45 million in 2012
- $1 billion (4 billion quarters) in 1981: $2.49 billion in 2012
- Additional $1 billion (4 billion quarters) in 1982: $2.35 billion in 2012
- ^ Street Fighter II:
- ^ Street Fighter II': Champion Edition
- ^ a b c d e Donkey Kong:
- ^ a b c Inflation:[29]
- $180 million in 1981: $448.84 million in 2012
- $100 million in 1982: $234.89 million in 2012
- ^ a b Mushiking:
- ^ a b Love and Berry:
- ^ a b World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs
- World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2006-2007 - 831 units from June 2008 to March 2009[78]
- World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008–2009 - 858 units from April 2009 to December 2009[79]
- ^ a b World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥4.2 billion[80]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥3.8 billion[81]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥3.6 billion[82][83]
- Currency conversion:[54]
- ¥4.2 billion = $51.9159 million
- ¥3.8 billion = $46.9716 million
- ¥3.6 billion = $44.8253 million
- ^ a b Inflation:[29]
- $51.9159 million in 2010 = $54.61 million in 2012
- $46.9716 million in 2011 = $47.9 million in 2012
- $44.8253 million in 2012
- ^ a b c Fiscal year ended March 2012: ¥10.1 billion[82]
- ¥10.1 billion = $125.8 million[54]
- ^ a b Sega Network Mahjong MJ2:
- April 2004 to March 2005: 4,984[91]
- April 2005 to June 2005: 502[92]
- ^ Sangokushi Taisen 2:
- 3,211 units during April-September 2006.[90]
- 830 units during April-September 2007.[93]
- ^ a b Initial D Arcade Stage 4:
- 3,056 units in fiscal year ending March 2007.[94]
- 848 units during April-September 2007.[93]
- ^ a b Border Break:
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.3 billion[80]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.5 billion[81]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥2.3 billion[82][95]
- Currency conversion:[54]
- ¥3.3 billion = $40.7317 million
- ¥2.5 billion = $30.8542 million
- ¥2.3 billion = $28.6371 million
- ^ a b Inflation:[29]
- $40.7317 million in 2010 = $42.85 million in 2012
- $30.8542 million in 2011 = $31.47 million in 2012
- $28.6371 million in 2012
- ^ a b Sangokushi Taisen:
- As of March 2005: 421[91]
- April 2005 to March 2006: 1,521[88]
- ^ a b Sengoku Taisen:
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥6.4 billion[81]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥1.2 billion[82]
Currency conversion:[54]
- ¥6.4 billion = $79.1 million
- ¥1.2 billion = $14.94 million
- ^ a b Sengoku Taisen, inflation:
- $79.1 million in 2011 = $80.91 in 2012
- $14.94 million in 2012
- ^ a b Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road
- ¥4.5 billion from June 2007 to March 2008[100]
- Currency conversion: $56.731 million[54]
- ¥1.7 billion from April 2008 to September 2008[101]
- Currency conversion: $21.4317 million[54]
- ^ a b Samba de Amigo: ¥3.84 billion
- Currency conversion: $47.11 million[54]
- ^ a b StarHorse2:
- From April 2005 to March 2007: 18,079 units
- StarHorse2: New Generation – 7,819 units from April 2005 to June 2006 (6,020 units in fiscal year ended March 2006,[88] and 1,799 units during April-June 2006)[90]
- StarHorse2: Second Fusion - 10,260 units from April 2006 to March 2007 (8,105 conversion kits during April-December 2006,[72] and 2,155 body and satellite units in fiscal year ending March 2007)[94]
- From April 2007 to March 2008: 10,275 units (756 body and satellite units of StarHorse2: Second Fusion during April-September 2007,[93] and 9,519 conversion kits in fiscal year ended March 2008)[107]
- From April 2009 to December 2009: 10,657 units of StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion[79]
- ^ a b StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion:
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥2.8 billion[80]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2 billion[81]
- Currency conversion:[54]
- ¥2.8 billion = $34.6039 million
- ¥2 billion = $24.7171 million
- ^ a b StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion, inflation:[29]
- $34.6039 million in 2010 = $36.4 million in 2012
- $24.7171 million in 2011 = $25.21 million in 2012
- ^ a b Sangokushi Taisen 3:
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥1.8 billion[80]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.6 billion[81]
- Currency conversion:[54]
- ¥1.8 billion = $22.2401 million
- ¥2.6 billion = $32.1248 million
- ^ a b Inflation:[29]
- $22.2401 million in 2010 = $23.4 million in 2012
- $32.1248 million in 2011 = $32.76 million in 2012
- ^ a b Lord of Vermilion: ¥4 billion[101]
- Currency conversion: $50.443 million[54]
- ^ a b Sega Network Mahjong MJ4:
- Fiscal year ended March 2008: 10,427[107]
- Fiscal year ended March 2009: 2,465[78]
- ^ a b Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.8 billion[80]
- Currency conversion: $47 million[54]
- ^ a b Fiscal year ended March 2012: ¥2.8 billion[82]
- Currency conversion: $34.87 million[54]
- ^ a b Beatmania:
- ¥1 billion in May 1998[105]
- Yen-Dollar currency conversion: $12.4 million[54]
- ^ Pac-Man series:
- ^ Pac-Man series:
- ^ Pac-Man series:
- ^ Mario series:
- ^ Asteroids series:
- ^ Asteroids series:
- ^ Asteroids series:[29]
- ^ Defender series:
- ^ Centipede series:[74][84]
Millipede: 9,990
- ^ Centipede series:[74]
Millipede: $20.669 million
- ^ Centipede series:[74]
Millipede: $34.55 million
- ^ Galaxian series:
- ^ StarHorse series:
- Starhorse Progress – 120 in fiscal year ended March 2005[91]
- StarHorse2 – 38,614 up to 2009[n 25]
- ^ Starhorse series, 2009–2011:
- Starhorse2 – $59.321 million[n 26]
- StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins – $125.8 million[n 14]
- ^ StarHorse series, inflation:
- Starhorse2 – $61.61 million million[n 27]
- StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins – $125.8 million[n 14]
- ^ Big Buck series:
- Big Buck Hunter series sales up until April 2007: 22,500 units, including 7,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units.[110]
- Series sales after April 2007 until September 2009: additional 2,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units and 5,500 Big Buck Safari units.[109]
- ^ Bemani series, sales:
- ^ Sega Network Mahjong MJ series:
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ2 from April 2004 to June 2005: 5,486 units[n 15]
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ3 from April 2005 to March 2006: 7,608 units[88]
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ4 from April 2007 to March 2009: 12,892[n 31]
- ^ Sega Network Mahjong MJ series, 2009–2012:
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ4: $47 million in fiscal year 2010[n 32]
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ5: $34.87 million in fiscal year 2012[n 33]
- ^ Sega Network Mahjong MJ series, inflation:[29]
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ4: $49.44 million
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ5: $34.87 million
- ^ Pole Position series US sales:
- ^ Pole Position series US sales:[74][84]
- ^ Pole Position series US sales with 2012 inflation:[29]
- ^ Sangokushi Taisen series:
- Sales from January 2005 to September 2006: 5,153 units
- Sangokushi Taisen from January 2005 to March 2006: 1,942 units[n 20]
- Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April-September 2006: 3,211 units[90]
- Sales from April 2007 to March 2008: 4,776
- 166 body units of Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April-September 2007[93]
- 4,610 satellite units of Sangokushi Taisen from April 2007 to March 2008[107]
- ^ Sangokushi Taisen series, 2009–2011:
- Sangokushi Taisen 3: $54.4 million[n 28]
- Sengoku Taisen: $94.04 million[n 21]
- ^ Sangokushi Taisen series inflation:
- Sangokushi Taisen 3: $56.2 million million[n 29]
- Sengoku Taisen: $95.85 million[n 22]
- ^ Initial D series:
- Initial D Arcade Stage: 2,534 units from April 2004 to September 2004[96]
- Initial D Arcade Stage Ver. 3: 673 units from April 2004 to March 2005[91]
- Initial D Arcade Stage 4: 3,904 units from April 2006 to September 2007[n 17]
- ^ World Club Champion Football series, unit sales:
- World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004–2005 - 514 units in fiscal year ending March 2006[88]
- World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004–2005 Ver. 2 - 276 units during April-September 2006 (240 satellite units during April-June 2006,[130] and 36 body units during April-September 2006)[90]
- World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008–2009 - 1,689 units from June 2008 to December 2009[n 11]
- ^ World Club Champion Football series, revenue:
- Series revenues up until March 2009 - $552.3 million
- 480 million player cards sold. Prices could range from ¥300 for a single card from an arcade machine to ¥1000 for a starter pack.[131] A ¥1000 starter pack consists of 11 player cards, equivalent to ¥90.91 each.[132] Total revenues from player card sales thus range from ¥43.64 billion (at ¥90.91 per card) to ¥144 billion (at ¥300 per card). In US dollars, this is equivalent to a range of $552.3 million to $1.82244 billion.[54] The lowest value of $552.3 million will be assumed.
- World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs revenues from April 2009 to March 2012 - $144 million[n 12]
- ^ World Club Champion Football series, inflation:
- $552.3 million as of March 2009 = $592.33 million in 2012
- World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs inflation from April 2009 to March 2012 - $147.34 million[n 13]
- ^ Vintage Coin Operated Fortune Tellers, Arcade Games, Digger/Cranes, Gun Games and other Penny Arcade games, pre-1977 from Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum
- ^ a b Steven L. Kent (2000), The First Quarter: A 25-Year History of Video Games, p. 83, BWD Press, ISBN 0-9704755-0-0
- ^ Brian Ashcraft (2008) Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers, p. 133, Kodansha International
- ^ Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond: the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world, p. 102, Prima, ISBN 0-7615-3643-4
- ^ a b Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, p. 149, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 0-313-33868-X
- ^ Crown Soccer Special at the Killer List of Videogames
- ^ a b D.S. Cohen, Killer Shark: The Undersea Horror Arcade Game from Jaws, About.com, http://classicgames.about.com/od/arcadegames/p/KillerShark.htm, retrieved 3 May 2011
- ^ a b "1969 Sega Duck Hunt (Arcade Flyer)". pinrepair.com. http://www.pinrepair.com/arcade/sduckhu.htm. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
- ^ Duck Hunt (1969) at the Killer List of Videogames
- ^ Grand Prix at the Killer List of Videogames
- ^ Bill Loguidice & Matt Barton (2009), Vintage games: an insider look at the history of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the most influential games of all time, p. 198, Focal Press, ISBN 0-240-81146-1
- ^ a b Missile at the Killer List of Videogames
- ^ S.A.M.I. at the Killer List of Videogames
- ^ Jet Rocket at the Killer List of Videogames
- ^ Brian Ashcraft (2008) Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers, p. 134, Kodansha International
- ^ Wild Gunman (1974) at the Killer List of Videogames
- ^ F-1 at the Killer List of Videogames
- ^ Mall Arcade (Dawn Of The Dead) on YouTube
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