Baybayin
Type	Abugida
Languages	Tagalog, Visayan, Kapampangan
Time period	c. 13th–19th century
Parent systems	Origins of Brahmi script unclear. On Aramaic origin hypothesis: Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brāhmī Detailed descent of Baybayin script from Brahmi is unclear. Hypothesis of Kawi origin: Pallava Old Kawi Baybayin
Sister systems	Directly related modern scripts: Buhid Hanunó'o Tagbanwa Kulitan Other family relationships unclear. Sister scripts on hypothesis of common Kawi origin: Balinese Batak Javanese Lontara Old Sundanese Rencong Rejang
ISO 15924	Tglg, 370
Direction	Left-to-right
Unicode alias	Tagalog
Unicode range	U+1700–U+171F
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols.

This article contains Baybayin script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Baybayin characters.

Baybayin (pre-kudlit: ᜊᜊᜌᜒ, post-kudlit: ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔) (known in Unicode as Tagalog script; see below), is a pre-Spanish Philippine writing system. It is a member of the Brahmic family and is recorded as being in use in the 16th century.^[1] It continued to be used during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines up until the late 19th Century.^{[citation needed]}

The term Baybay literally means "to spell" in Tagalog. Baybayin was extensively documented by the Spanish.^[2] Some have attributed it the name Alibata,^[3] but this name is incorrect. (The term "Alibata" was coined by Paul Rodríguez Verzosa after the arrangement of letters of the Arabic alphabet^[4] alif, ba, ta (alibata), “f” having been eliminated for euphony's sake." )

Modern scripts in the Philippines, descended from Baybayin, are Hanunó'o, Buhid, Tagbanwa and Kapampangan script.

Baybayin is one of a number individual writing systems used in Southeast Asia, nearly all of which are abugidas where any consonant is pronounced with the inherent vowel a following it— diacritical marks being used to express other vowels (this vowel occurs with greatest frequency in Sanskrit, and also probably in all Philippine languages). Many of these writing systems descended from ancient scripts used in India over 2000 years ago. Although the baybayin does share some, there is no evidence that it is this old.^[1]

Overview[link]

Origins[link]

Baybayin was noted by the Spanish priest Pedro Chirino in 1604 and Antonio de Morga in 1609 to be known by most, and was generally used for personal writings, poetry, etc. According to William Henry Scott, there were some datus from the 1590s who could not sign affidavits or oaths, and witnesses who could not sign land deeds in the 1620s.^[5] There is no data on when this level of literacy was first achieved, and no history of the writing system itself. There are at least six theories about the origins of Baybayin

Kawi[link]

Kawi originated in Java, and was used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia.

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the earliest known written document found in the Philippines.

The "Butuan Ivory Seal", containing text in the Kawi script.

It is a legal document, and has inscribed on it a date of Saka era 822, corresponding to April 21, 900 AD Laguna Copperplate Inscription#cite note-bibingka-1. It was written in the Kawi script in a variety of Old Malay containing numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and a few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin is ambiguous between Old Javanese and Old Tagalog. One hypothesis therefore reasons that, since Kawi is the earliest attestation of writing on the Philippines, then Baybayin may be descended from Kawi.

A second example of Kawi script can be seen on the Butuan Ivory Seal, though it has not been dated.

An earthenware burial jar, called the "Calatagan Pot," found in Batangas is inscribed with characters strikingly similar to Baybayin, and is claimed to have been inscribed ca. 1300 AD. However, its authenticity has not yet been proven.

Old Sumatran "Malay" scripts[link]

Another hypothesis states that a script or script used to write one of the Malay languages was adopted and became Baybayin. In particular, the Pallava script from Sumatra is attested to the 7th century [1].

Sulawesi[link]

The Bugis-Makassarese script of Sulawesi could have been introduced or borrowed and adapted into Baybayin.

Old Assamese[link]

Assamese is a precursor to Devanagari. This hypothesis states that a version of this script was introduced to the Philippines via Bengal, which evolved into Baybayin.

Cham[link]

Finally, an early Cham script from Champa—in what is now southern Vietnam and southeastern Cambodia—could have been introduced or borrowed and adapted into Baybayin.

Characteristics[link]

The writing system is an abugida system using consonant-vowel combinations. Each character, written in its basic form, is a consonant ending with the vowel "A". To produce consonants ending with the other vowel sounds, a mark is placed either above the consonant (to produce an "E" or "I" sound) or below the consonant (to produce an "O" or "U" sound). The mark is called a kudlit. The kudlit does not apply to stand-alone vowels. Vowels themselves have their own glyphs. There is only one symbol for D or R as they were allophones in most languages of the Philippines, where D occurred in initial, final, pre-consonantal or post-consonantal positions and R in intervocalic positions. The grammatical rule has survived in modern Filipino, so that when a d is between two vowels, it becomes an r, as in the words dangál (honour) and marangál (honourable), or dunong (knowledge) and marunong (knowledgeable), and even raw for daw (he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly) and rin for din (also, too) after vowels.^[1] This variant of the script is not used for Ilokano, Pangasinan, Bikolano, and other Philippine languages to name a few, as these languages have separate symbols for D and R.

Two styles of writing[link]

An early Christian book in Spanish and Tagalog (1593)

Pre-Spanish "style"[link]

In the original form of the Baybayin script, a stand-alone consonant (consonants not ending with any vowel sound) cannot be indicated unambiguously; therefore, such consonants were simply not written, and the reader would fill in the missing consonants through context. For example, the letters n and k in a word like bundók (mountain) were omitted, so that it was spelled bu-do.

Virama Kudlit "style"[link]

The original writing method was particularly difficult for the Spanish priests who were translating books into the vernaculars. Because of this, Francisco López introduced his own kudlit in 1620 that cancelled the implicit a vowel sound. The kudlit was in the form of a "+" sign,^[6] in reference to Christianity. This cross-shaped kudlit functions exactly the same as the virama in the Devanagari script of India. In fact, Unicode calls this kudlit the Tagalog Sign Virama. See sample above in Characteristics Section.

"Nga" character[link]

A single character represented "nga". The current version of the Filipino alphabet still retains "ng" as a digraph, viz, a single letter composed of two characters.

Punctuation[link]

Words written in baybayin were written in a continuous flow, and the only form of punctuation was a single vertical line, or more often, a pair of vertical lines (||). These vertical lines fulfill the function of a comma, period, or unpredictably separate sets of words.^[1]

Usage[link]

Baybayin historically was used in Tagalog and to a lesser extent Kapampangan speaking areas. Its use spread to Ilokanos when the Spanish promoted its use with the printing of Bibles. Related scripts, such as Hanunóo, Buhid, and Tagbanwa are still used today, along with Kapampangan script. Currently, Baybayin itself is experiencing an artistic revival of sorts, used to convey a pre-Hispanic feeling as well as a symbol of Filipino identity. Most activist groups used Baybayin as part of their logo using the script for the acronyms (such as the Baybayin K for Anakbayan) alongside the use of a baybayin-inspired Latin script. Baybayin tattoos and brush calligraphy are growing in popularity. It is also used in the latest Philippine Banknotes issued in the last quarter of 2010. The word used in the bills was "Pilipino" and is used not only as an artistic embellishment but a security feature.

Characters[link]

Character Order[link]

In the Doctrina Cristiana, the Baybayin letter order was recorded as A O/U E/I H P K S L T N B M G D/R Y NG W.^[7]

Unicode[link]

Baybayin was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2002 with the release of version 3.2.

Block[link]

The Unicode block for Baybayin, called Tagalog, is U+1700–U+171F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points:

Representation of the character "Ra"[link]

Although it is not included in the unicode standard, U+170D is becoming the de facto standard for representing the character Ra (ᜍ), due to its use as such in commonly-available Baybayin fonts.^[8]

Philippines National Keyboard Layout with Baybayin[link]

It is now possible to type Baybayin directly from the keyboard, without the need to use online typepads. The Philippines National Keyboard Layout^[9] includes different sets of Baybayin layout for different keyboard users. QWERTY, Capewell-Dvorak, Capewell-QWERF 2006, Colemak, and Dvorak, all available in Microsoft Windows and GNU/Linux 32-bit and 64-bit installations.

The keyboard layout with Baybayin can be downloaded at this page.

Examples[link]

[edit] The Lord's Prayer (Ama Namin) Pre-Kudlit

ᜀᜋᜈᜋᜒ

ᜐᜓᜋᜐᜎᜅᜒᜃ

ᜐᜊᜑᜒᜀ ᜅᜎᜋᜓ

ᜋᜉᜐᜀᜋᜒᜀᜃᜑᜍᜒᜀᜋᜓ

ᜐᜓᜇᜀᜎᜓᜂᜋᜓ

ᜇᜒᜆᜓᜐᜎᜓᜉ᜵ᜉᜍᜈᜐᜎᜅᜒ

ᜊᜒᜌᜋᜓᜃᜋᜒᜅᜌᜓᜀᜀᜋᜒᜃᜃᜁᜐᜀᜍᜀᜍ

ᜀᜉᜆᜏᜍᜒᜋᜓᜃᜋᜒᜐᜀᜋᜒᜋᜅᜐᜎ

ᜉᜍᜈᜉᜉᜆᜏᜈᜋᜒ

ᜐᜋᜅᜈᜃᜃᜐᜎᜐᜀᜋᜒ

ᜀᜑᜓᜏᜋᜓᜃᜋᜒᜁᜉᜑᜒᜆᜓᜎᜓᜐᜆᜓᜐᜓ

ᜀᜁᜀᜌᜋᜓᜃᜋᜒᜐᜎᜑᜈᜋᜐᜋ

ᜐᜉᜃᜁᜌᜓᜀᜃᜑᜍᜒᜀ᜵ᜀᜃᜉᜌᜍᜒᜑ

ᜀᜀᜃᜇᜃᜒᜎᜀ᜵ᜋᜉᜃᜁᜎᜋ᜶

[edit] The Lord's Prayer (Ama Namin) Post-Kudlit

ᜀᜋ ᜈᜋᜒᜈ᜔,

ᜐᜓᜋᜐᜎᜅᜒᜆ᜔ ᜃ,

ᜐᜋ᜔ᜊᜑᜒᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜅᜎᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ;

ᜋᜉᜐᜀᜋᜒᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜑᜍᜒᜀᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ;

ᜐᜓᜈ᜔ᜇᜒᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜎᜓᜂᜊ᜔ ᜋᜓ

ᜇᜒᜆᜓ ᜐ ᜎᜓᜉ, ᜉᜍ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜐ ᜎᜅᜒᜆ᜔.

ᜊᜒᜄ᜔ᜌᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜅᜌᜓᜈ᜔ ᜅ᜔ ᜀᜋᜒᜅ᜔ ᜃᜃᜈᜒᜈ᜔ ᜐ ᜀᜍᜏ᜔-ᜀᜍᜏ᜔;

ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜉᜆᜏᜍᜒᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜐ ᜀᜋᜒᜅ᜔ ᜋᜅ ᜐᜎ;

ᜉᜍ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜉᜉᜆᜏᜇ᜔ ᜈᜋᜒᜈ᜔ ᜐ ᜋᜅ ᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜐᜎ ᜐ ᜀᜋᜒᜈ᜔;

ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜑᜓᜏᜄ᜔ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜁᜉᜑᜒᜈ᜔ᜆᜓᜎᜓᜆ᜔ ᜐ ᜆᜓᜃ᜔ᜐᜓ,

ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜁᜀᜇ᜔ᜌ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜐ ᜎᜑᜆ᜔ ᜅ᜔ ᜋᜐᜋ.

[ᜐᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜆ᜔ ᜁᜌᜓ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜑᜍᜒᜀᜈ᜔, ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜉᜅ᜔ᜌᜍᜒᜑᜈ᜔, ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜇᜃᜒᜎᜀᜈ᜔, ᜋᜄ᜔ᜉᜃᜌ᜔ᜎᜈ᜔ᜋᜈ᜔.]

ᜀᜋᜒᜈ᜔/ᜐᜒᜌ ᜈᜏ.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights[link]

ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜎᜑᜆ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜆᜂ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜁᜐᜒᜈᜒᜎᜅ᜔ ᜈ ᜋᜎᜌ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ ᜐ ᜃᜍᜅᜎᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜃᜍᜉᜆᜈ᜔‖ ᜐᜒᜎ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜉᜒᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜎᜓᜂᜊᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜊᜓᜇ᜔ᜑᜒ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜇᜉᜆ᜔ ᜋᜄ᜔ᜉᜎᜄᜌᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜁᜐᜆ᜔ᜁᜐ ᜐ ᜇᜒᜏ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜆᜒᜍᜈ᜔‖

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Baybayin

• Laguna Copperplate Inscription
• Hanunó'o script
• Tagbanwa
• Buhid script
• Kawi script
• Filipino orthography

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the study of Philippine History. New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0226-4. http://books.google.com/?id=bR2XAQAACAAJ 

External links[link]

• Ang Baybayin by Paul Morrow
• Unicode Tagalog Range 1700-171F (in PDF)
• Yet another Baybayin chart
• Baybayin online translator
• Baybayin video tutorial
• Tagalog keyboard layout for Mac OS X
• First Baybayin Library Online/Baybayin-Only Blog
• JC John Sese-Cuneta's Baybayin Unicode Typepad
• Philippines National Keyboard Layout with Baybayin, for Microsoft Windows and GNU/Linux both 32-bit and 64-bit
• 1st Baybayin mobile translator application
• Nordenx's Baybayin Unicode Typepad

Font downloads[link]

• Paul Morrow's Baybayin Fonts
• Baybayin Modern Fonts
• Christian Cabuay's Baybayin Brush Font

Auraeus Solito
Auraeus Solito, Palawan filmmaker
Born	Manila, Philippines
Occupation	Director Writer
Website
http://www.busongpalawanfate.com/index.htm

Auraeus Solito is an internationally acclaimed and award-winning Filipino filmmaker and indigenous peoples rights advocate who comes from a lineage of Shaman-Kings from the Palawan tribe but is one of the first to be born outside of his tribal land of South Palawan. He was born in the city of Manila and after graduating from the Philippine Science High school studied theater at the University of the Philippines, where he received a degree in Theater Arts.

One of the leading independent filmmakers in the Philippines, he was recently chosen in Take 100, The Future of Film which presents an emerging generation of the most talented filmmakers around the world. This book, published by Phaidon Press, New York, is a survey featuring 100 exceptional emerging film directors from around the world who have been selected by 10 internationally prominent film festival directors.

His first feature film "Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros (The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros)” won 15 international awards including 3 awards at the Berlinale (The Teddy award, International Jury Prize at the Kinderfest and Special Mention from the Children's Jury of the Kinderfest). It is also the first Philippine film nominated for Best Foreign film at the Independents' Spirit Awards in the US and has been shown in more than 50 film festivals around the world.

“Tuli (Circumcision)”, his second feature film won Best Picture and Best Director at the Digital Competition at the 2005 CineManila Film Festival; won the NETPAC Jury Prize at the Berlinale, International Forum for New Cinema and the Best International feature Film at Outfest in Los Angeles. Solito is the first Filipino to make it to the premiere independent film festival in the world, the SUNDANCE Film Festival in Park City, Utah, USA, two years in a row (with “The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros” and “Tuli”). His films have been screened in major festivals around the world including Berlin, Sundance, Montreal, Pusan, Toronto and Rotterdam.

Solito recently finished a screenplay development program at the Binger Film Lab in Amsterdam. His latest film "Busong (Palawan Fate)" was selected at the prestigious Cannes Directors' Fortnight.

Filmography[link]

Full Features

• 2005: Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros (The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros)
• 2005: Tuli
• 2007: Pisay (Philippine Science)
• 2009: BoY
• 2011: Busong (Palawan Fate)

Full Feature Documentary

• 2002: "Basal Banar" (The Sacred Ritual of Truth)

Short Films

• 1998 "Impeng Negro" (Black Nuisance)
• 1996 "Ang Huling El Bimbo" (The Last El Bimbo Dance) - music video
• 1995 "Ang Maikling Buhay ng Apoy, Act 2, Scene 2: Suring at ang Kuk-ok" (The Brief Lifespan of Fire, Act 2, Scene 2: Suring and the Kuk-ok)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Auraeus Solito

• Auraeus Solito at the Internet Movie Database

This article about a Filipino film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012)

Josephine "Yeng" Constantino, born on December 4, 1988, is a Filipina singer and host. She won as "Grand Star Dreamer" of Pinoy Dream Academy, the Philippine edition of Endemol's reality TV show Star Academy.

She is currently residing in Montalban.

Early life[link]

Josephine "Yeng" Eusebio Constantino is the youngest of five siblings in the Constantino family. Her parents are Lito and Susan and her siblings are Donna, Jocelyn, Nano and Cookie. She is the 4th degree cousin of Robi Domingo, 2nd Runner Up of Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Edition Plus. She is a Born-Again Christian^{[citation needed]}.

Career[link]

Yeng Constantino won the Pinoy Dream Academy becoming the first "Grand Star Dreamer.", followed by Jay-R Siaboc, as the first runner-up.

After winning as the Pinoy Dream Academy Grand Champion, Star Records launched Yeng's debut album entitled Salamat, containing 10 songs, in which 7 of it were Yeng's original compositions. Her album reached its "Gold Record" two weeks after its release and then later took its "Platinum Record" after a month, followed by "3x Platinum Record" after several month of its release.

When Star Records saw the great achievement of the preppy-rocker, they produced her second album after the multi-platinum success of her debut album. On February 28, 2008, her second album Journey was launched. The carrier single of the said album is "Ikaw Lang Talaga". The album contains 12 tracks, some of which were written by Yeng herself, The album reached Gold after several months.

LAPIT, her third studio Album was released digitally via Star Records Official Website on October 9, 2009 then later released in physical in Music Stores Nationwide, a week after the album was pulled out due to some technical errors in the album track listing and was re-release before its grand album launch on November 1, 2009.

Filmography[link]

Television[link]

Discography[link]

Solo albums[link]

Other albums[link]

• Himala (with Jay-R Siaboc), Jay-R Siaboc (2007)
• Wag Mong Iwan Ang Puso Ko, Ysabella (2007)
• Sikat Ang Pinoy (with Emman Abatayo), PBB Celebrity Edition 2 (2007)
• Sabihin Mo Na, My Girl (Philippine TV series) (2008)

Singles[link]

Awards and recognition[link]

2012

• MYX Music Awards 2012: "Favorite Female Artist"

2011

• MYX Music Awards 2011: "Favorite Music Video" - "Jeepney Love Story"
• MYX Music Awards 2011: "Favorite Song" - "Jeepney Love Story"
• MYX Music Awards 2011: "Favorite Female Artist"
• MYX Music Awards 2011: "Favorite Collaboration" - "Kung Wala Na Nga – 6cyclemind Feat. Kean Cipriano & Yeng Constantino"
• MYX Music Awards 2011: "Favorite Myx Celebrity VJ"
• ASAP 24K Gold Award - "Yeng Versions Live"

2010

• Tambayan 101.9 OPM Awards 2010: "Female Artist of the Year"
• Awit Awards 2010: "Texters' Choice Song of the Year" - "Lapit"
• PMPC Star Awards for Music 2010: "Album of the Year" - "Lapit"

2009

• Philippine Digital Music Awards 2009: "Best Female Artist"
• 1st Waki OPM Awards 2009 - "Album of the Year"
• Star Magic 3rd Annual Ball 2009 - "Most Fashion Forward"
• ASAP 24K Gold Award - "Journey" Album

2008

• Pop Music Video ("Himig ng Pag-Ibig"): ASAP Pop Viewer's Choice Awards 2008
• Awit Awards 2008: "Best Album of the year" - "Salamat"
• Awit Awards 2008: "Best inspirational/religious song" - "Salamat"
• Awit Awards 2008: "Best-selling album of the year" - "Salamat"
• Awit Awards 2008: "People's Choice Favorite Song of the Year" - "Salamat"
• Awit Awards 2008: "People's Choice FAvorite Music Video" - "Time-In"

2007

• Best Theme Song (Kasal Kasali Kasalo's "Hawak Kamay"): 32nd Metro Manila Film Festival^[1]
• Most Promising Female Recording/Concert Artist: 2006 Box Office Entertainment Awards.
• Best New Female Singer: Guillermo Mendoza Memorial Awards
• Female Artist Awardee: ASAP '07 24K Awards
• Pop Movie Theme Song (Kasal Kasali Kasalo's "Hawak Kamay"): ASAP Pop Viewer's Choice Awards 2007
• Pop Music Video ("Time In"): ASAP Pop Viewer's Choice Awards 2007
• Compilation Awardee ("Nagmamahal Kapamilya Album"): 3rd ASAP Platinum Circle Awards
• Female Awardee ("Salamat"): 3rd ASAP Platinum Circle Awards
• Best New Artist: 2007 Aliw Awards
• Favorite New Artist: 1st OPM Songhits 2007 Awards^[2]
• Top 40 Brand Award: 1st OPM Songhits 2007 Awards
• Best Theme Song (Kasal Kasali Kasalo's "Hawak Kamay"): 55th FAMAS Awards 2007
• Breakthrough Artist: 1st OPM Songhits Awards 2007
• Hitmaker Of The Year: Yeng Constantino (7 hit songs for the year 2007): 1st Megamixx Radio Music Awards (Guam)
• Most Popular Song by a Duo ("If we fall in love" with RJ Jimenez): 2nd IFM Pinoy Music Awards^[3]
• Extremely Requested Videoke Song ("Hawak Kamay"): 2nd IFM Pinoy Music Awards^[3]

See also[link]

• Pinoy Dream Academy
• ABS-CBN
• Star Records
• ASAP (variety show)
• Star Magic

References[link]

External links[link]

• Yeng Constantino at the Internet Movie Database
• Yeng's Video and News
• Yeng Constantino's profile at ABS-CBN.com Beta
• Yeng Constantino's Lucena City Album Tour
• Yeng Constantino's Live Chat event - Journey, An Album Launch