Overview of human "circadian biological clock" with some physiological parameters.

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Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms.^[1] These cycles are known as biological rhythms. Chronobiology comes from the ancient Greek χρόνος (chrónos, meaning "time"), and biology, which pertains to the study, or science, of life. The related terms chronomics and chronome have been used in some cases to describe either the molecular mechanisms involved in chronobiological phenomena or the more quantitative aspects of chronobiology, particularly where comparison of cycles between organisms is required.

Chronobiological studies include but are not limited to comparative anatomy, physiology, genetics, molecular biology and behavior of organisms within biological rhythms mechanics.^[1] Other aspects include development, reproduction, ecology and evolution.

Description[link]

The variations of the timing and duration of biological activity in living organisms occur for many essential biological processes. These occur (a) in animals (eating, sleeping, mating, hibernating, migration, cellular regeneration, etc.), (b) in plants (leaf movements, photosynthetic reactions, etc.), and in microbial organisms such as fungi and protozoa. They have even been found in bacteria, especially among the cyanobacteria (aka blue-green algae, see bacterial circadian rhythms). The most important rhythm in chronobiology is the circadian rhythm, a roughly 24-hour cycle shown by physiological processes in all these organisms. The term circadian comes from the Latin circa, meaning "around" and dies, "day", meaning "approximately a day."

The circadian rhythm can further be broken down into routine cycles during the 24-hour day:^[2]

• Diurnal, which describes organisms active during daytime
• Nocturnal, which describes organisms active in the night
• Crepuscular, which describes animals primarily active during the dawn and dusk hours (ex: white-tailed deer, some bats)

Many other important cycles are also studied, including:

• Infradian rhythms, which are cycles longer than a day, such as the annual migration or reproduction cycles found in certain animals or the human menstrual cycle.
• Ultradian rhythms, which are cycles shorter than 24 hours, such as the 90-minute REM cycle, the 4-hour nasal cycle, or the 3-hour cycle of growth hormone production.
• Tidal rhythms, commonly observed in marine life, which follow the roughly 12-hour transition from high to low tide and back.
• Gene oscillations – some genes are expressed more during certain hours of the day than during other hours.

Within each cycle, the time period during which the process is more active is called the acrophase.^[3] When the process is less active, the cycle is in its bathyphase or trough phase. The particular moment of highest activity is the peak or maximum; the lowest point is the nadir. How high (or low) the process gets is measured by the amplitude.

History[link]

A circadian cycle was first observed in the 18th century in the movement of plant leaves by the French scientist Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan (for a description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin see this page). In 1751 Swedish botanist and naturalist Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) designed a floral clock using certain species of flowering plants. By arranging the selected species in a circular pattern, he designed a clock that indicated the time of day by the flowers that were open at each given hour. For example, among members of the daisy family, he used the hawk's beard plant which opened its flowers at 6:30 am and the hawkbit which did not open its flowers until 7 am.

The 1960 symposium at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory laid the groundwork for the field of chronobiology.^[4]

It was also in 1960 that Patricia DeCoursey invented the phase response curve, one of the major tools used in the field since.

Franz Halberg of the University of Minnesota, who coined the word circadian, is widely considered the "father of American chronobiology." However, it was Colin Pittendrigh and not Halberg who was elected to lead the Society for Research in Biological Rhythms in the 1970s. Halberg wanted more emphasis on the human and medical issues while Pittendrigh had his background more in evolution and ecology. With Pittendrigh as leader, the Society members did basic research on all types of organisms, plants as well as animals. More recently it has been difficult to get funding for such research on any other organisms than mice, rats, humans^[5][6] and fruit flies.

Recent developments[link]

More recently, light therapy and melatonin administration have been explored by Dr. Alfred J. Lewy (OHSU), Dr. Josephine Arendt (University of Surrey, UK) and other researchers as a means to reset animal and human circadian rhythms. Additionally, the presence of low-level light at night accelerates circadian re-entrainment of hamsters of all ages by 50%; this is thought to be related to simulation of moonlight.^[7]

Humans can be morning people or evening people; these variations are called chronotypes for which there are various assessment tools and biological markers.

In the second half of 20th century, substantial contributions and formalizations have been made by Europeans such as Jürgen Aschoff and Colin Pittendrigh, who pursued different but complementary views on the phenomenon of entrainment of the circadian system by light (parametric, continuous, tonic, gradual vs. nonparametric, discrete, phasic, instantaneous, respectively; see this historical article, subscription required).

There is also a food-entrainable biological clock, which is not confined to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The location of this clock has been disputed. Working with mice, however, Fuller et al. concluded that the food-entrainable clock seems to be located in the dorsomedial hypothalamus. During restricted feeding, it takes over control of such functions as activity timing, increasing the chances of the animal successfully locating food resources.^[8]

Other fields[link]

Chronobiology is an interdisciplinary field of investigation. It interacts with medical and other research fields such as sleep medicine, endocrinology, geriatrics, sports medicine, space medicine and photoperiodism.^[9][10][11]

The notion of biorhythms, a classic example of pseudoscience, which attempts to describe a set of cyclic variations in human behavior based on physiological and emotional cycles, is not a part of chronobiology.^{[citation needed]}

See also[link]

v t e Ethology and parts of the day Diurnality · Nocturnality · Cathemeral Crepuscular (Matutinal · Vespertine) Circadian rhythm · Chronotype

• Bacterial circadian rhythms
• Circaseptan, 7-day biological cycle
• Sense of time
• Suprachiasmatic nucleus
• Alexander Chizhevsky
• Michel Siffre

References[link]

Further reading[link]

External articles[link]

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Steven Gerrard

Gerrard playing for Liverpool
Personal information
Full name	Steven George Gerrard[1]
Date of birth	(1980-05-30) 30 May 1980 (age 32)[1]
Place of birth	Whiston, England
Height	1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)[2]
Playing position	Midfielder
Club information
Current club	Liverpool
Number	8
Youth career
1987–1998	Liverpool
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
1998–	Liverpool	405	(89)
National team‡
1999	England U21	4	(1)
2000–	England[3]	91	(19)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 18:00, 25 May 2012 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 22:00, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

Steven George Gerrard MBE ( /ˈdʒɛrɑrd/; born 30 May 1980) is an English footballer who plays for and captains Premier League club Liverpool. He also has 91 caps for the England national team. He has played much of his career in a centre midfield role, but he has also been used as a second striker and right winger.^[4]

Gerrard, who has spent his entire career at Anfield, made his début in 1998 and cemented his place in the first team in 2000, succeeding Sami Hyypiä as team captain in 2003. His honours include two FA Cups, three League Cups, one UEFA Champions League, one UEFA Cup, and two Super Cups. In 2005, Gerrard came third in voting for the Ballon d'Or.

Gerrard made his international debut in 2000 and has represented England at the Euro 2000 and Euro 2004, as well as the 2006 World Cup where he was the team's top goalscorer with two goals. Gerrard first captained his country at the 2010 World Cup in the absence of regular captain Rio Ferdinand, who missed the tournament through injury.^[5] He was named again as England captain for the Euro 2012.

Gerrard is widely regarded as one of the greatest English footballers ever. Gerrard came second only to Kenny Dalglish in the "100 Players Who Shook The Kop" - a Liverpool fan poll.^[6] Zinedine Zidane said in 2009 that he considered Gerrard one of the best footballers in the world.^[7] In 2010, The Guardian named Gerrard to their World XI team, which compiled the greatest footballers of all time onto one squad.

Early life[link]

Born in Whiston, Merseyside,^[1] Gerrard started out playing for hometown team Whiston Juniors, where he was noticed by Liverpool scouts. He joined the Reds' youth academy at the age of nine.^[8] Gerrard then had trials with various clubs at fourteen, but his success wasn't immediate — Gerrard never made it into the England Schoolboys team. Gerrard's trials included Manchester United, which he claimed in his 2006 autobiography was "to pressure Liverpool into giving me a YTS contract."^[9] He signed his first professional contract with Liverpool on 5 November 1997.^[9]

Liverpool career[link]

Beginnings (1998-2003)[link]

Gerrard made his Liverpool first-team debut on 29 November 1998 in a match against Blackburn Rovers as a last minute substitute for Vegard Heggem.^[10] He made thirteen appearances in his debut season, filling in the midfield position for injured captain Jamie Redknapp^[8] and playing on the right wing, but he scarcely contributed in the short on-pitch time he received, due to nervousness affecting his play.^[11] Gerrard recalled in a November 2008 interview with The Guardian, "I was out of position and out of my depth." The Liverpool hierarchy nonetheless remained convinced that he would improve.^[11] Gerrard saw himself as a defensive player primarily, looking to make key tackles rather than push the team forward.^[10]

Gerrard partnered Redknapp in central midfield for the 1999–00 season. After starting the derby match against Everton on the bench, he replaced Robbie Fowler in the second half but received his first career red card for a late foul on Everton's Kevin Campbell.^[12] Later that season, Gerrard scored his first senior goal in a 4–1 victory over Sheffield Wednesday.^[13] However, he began to suffer from nagging back problems, which sports consultant Hans-Wilhelm Müller-Wohlfahrt later diagnosed as a result of accelerated growth, coupled with excessive playing, during his teenage years.^[9] He was then beset by groin injuries that required four separate operations.^[9]

Gerrard shooting for Liverpool

In 2000–01, he made fifty starts in all competitions and scored ten goals as Liverpool won the League Cup, FA Cup, and the 2001 UEFA Cup.

Struggles and uncertainty (2003-2004)[link]

Gerrard replaced Sami Hyypiä as Liverpool captain in October 2003, as manager Gérard Houllier said that he recognised Gerrard had demonstrated leadership qualities early on, but needed to mature.^[14] He chose to extend his contract at the club, signing a new four-year deal.^[15]

Houllier quit after a trophyless 2003–04 campaign, and Gerrard was linked with a move to Chelsea during the offseason. He admitted he was not "happy with the progress Liverpool has made", and that "for the first time in my career I've thought about the possibility of moving on."^[16] In the end, Gerrard turned down a £20 million offer from Chelsea to stay with Liverpool and new coach Rafael Benítez.^[17]

Breakthrough and trophies (2004-2007)[link]

Liverpool were wracked with injury early in the 2004–05 season, and a foot injury suffered in a September league match against Manchester United shelved Gerrard until late November. He returned to score in the last five minutes of a Champions League group stage match against Olympiacos to secure Liverpool's advancement to the knockout round.^[18] He claimed that this was his most important, if not his best, goal for Liverpool to date.^[19] However, Gerrard netted an own goal during the 2005 League Cup final on 27 February, which proved decisive in Liverpool's 3–2 loss to Chelsea.^[20]

During a six-minute stretch in the second half of the 2005 Champions League final against A.C. Milan, Liverpool came back from a three-goal deficit to tie the match at 3–3 after extra time, with Gerrard scoring one of the goals. Liverpool's third goal was gained as a penalty from a foul awarded to Liverpool when Gennaro Gattuso fouled Gerrard in Milan's penalty box. Gerrard did not participate in the penalty shootout, which Liverpool won 3–2 as they claimed their first Champions League trophy in twenty years,^[21] though he was named the Man of the Match, and later received the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year award.^[22]

In regards to his contract issues with Liverpool, Gerrard told the press after the final, "How can I leave after a night like this?"^[23] But negotiations soon stalled and on 5 July 2005, after Liverpool turned down another lucrative offer from Chelsea, Gerrard rejected a club-record £100,000-a-week offer. Liverpool chief executive Rick Parry conceded the club had lost Gerrard, saying, "Now we have to move on. We have done our best, but he has made it clear he wants to go and I think it looks pretty final."^[24] The next day, Gerrard signed a new four-year deal as Parry blamed the earlier breakdown of talks on miscommunication between the two sides.^[25][26]

Gerrard during the 2006–07 season

Gerrard scored 23 goals in 53 appearances in 2005–06, and in April became the first Liverpool player since John Barnes in 1988 to be voted the PFA Player of the Year.^[27] He scored twice in the 2006 FA Cup final against West Ham United, including an equalizer that sent the match into extra time, and Liverpool won their second consecutive major trophy on penalties. The goals made him the only player to have scored in the FA Cup, League Cup, UEFA Cup and Champions League finals.^[28] Gerrard netted a penalty as Liverpool eliminated league rival Chelsea in the 2006–07 Champions League semi-finals to return to their second final in three seasons, which they lost 2–1 to Milan.^[29][30]

Gerrard suffered a hairline toe fracture in an August 2007 Champions League qualifier against Toulouse F.C.,^[31] but returned four days later to play the entirety of a 1–1 league draw against Chelsea.^[32] On 28 October 2007, Gerrard played his 400th game for Liverpool in a league match against Arsenal, in which he scored.^[33][34] He scored in all but one of Liverpool's domestic and European matches during the month of November, and after scoring the only goal in a Champions League away tie against Olympique de Marseille on 11 December, he became the first Liverpool player since John Aldridge in 1989 to score in seven consecutive games in all competitions.^[35]

Continued success and stardom (2007-)[link]

Gerrard made his 300th Premier League appearance on 13 April 2008 in a match against Blackburn Rovers, scoring the opening goal,^[36][37] and finished the season with twenty-one goals in all competitions, surpassing his total from the 2006–07 season. Gerrard was selected for the PFA Team of the Year and he was also one of the nominees or the PFA Player of the Year, alongside teammate Fernando Torres.^[38][39]

Gerrard needed to undergo groin surgery at the beginning of the 2008–09 season, but the problem was not serious and he quickly returned to training.^[40] He scored what appeared to be his hundredth career Liverpool goal against Stoke City on 20 September, but it was disallowed after Dirk Kuyt was ruled offside.^[41] He achieved the milestone eleven days later in a 3–1 Champions League group stage win over PSV.^[42]

He made his 100th appearance in European club competition for Liverpool on 10 March 2009 against Real Madrid and scored twice in a 4–0 win.^[43] Four days after the impressive victory over Real, Gerrard would score at Old Trafford for the first time from the penalty spot, putting Liverpool ahead on their way to a 4–1 victory over Manchester United.^[44] Following these results, three-time FIFA World Player of the Year Zinedine Zidane hailed the Liverpool skipper, saying "Is he the best in the world? He might not get the attention of Messi and Ronaldo but yes, I think he might be."^[45] On 22 March 2009, Gerrard scored his first ever hat-trick in the Premier League, against Aston Villa, in a 5–0 victory.^[46] On 13 May 2009, Gerrard was named as the 2009 Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year, becoming the first Liverpool player to win the award in nineteen years. Gerrard had pipped Manchester United duo Ryan Giggs and Wayne Rooney in the poll voted for by journalists, beating Ryan Giggs by just 10 votes. Upon receiving the award, he was quoted as saying "I'm delighted but I'm a little bit surprised", he commented. "When you look at the quality of the players there are in this league, it's a great privilege to win this kind of award."^[47] He ended the 2009–10 season with a total of 12 goals and 9 assists from 46 matches.

Following the 2009–10 season, Rafael Benítez departed Liverpool after six years and was succeeded as manager by Roy Hodgson, who quickly assured fans that Gerrard would not be sold.[2] To further eliminate any speculation surrounding his future at the club, Gerrard made a statement emphasising his excitement at the coming season with Liverpool and praising the signing of Joe Cole.^[48] Gerrard soon played his first pre-season match of the 2010–11 season against Borussia Mönchengladbach on 1 August 2010 alongside new signing Joe Cole.^[49]

Gerrard before Jamie Carragher's Testimonial Match (2010)

Gerrard scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season from the penalty spot in a Europa League qualifier against Macedonian side FK Rabotnički on 5 August 2010.^[50]

His next two goals came on 19 September at Old Trafford in a 3–2 loss against Manchester United; he scored from a penalty kick in the 64th minute and a free-kick 6 minutes later to level the game at 2–2.^[51] He followed this up with the equaliser in a 2–2 home draw with Sunderland.^[52] 11 days later Gerrard came off the bench to score a second-half hat-trick in a 3–1 win over Napoli in the Europa League.^[53]

Gerrard missed the start of English Premier League season 2011–2012 due to groin injury which had kept him away for much of the 2010–2011 season as well.^[54] Gerrard made his first start for Liverpool squad in the October match at Anfield against fierce rivals Manchester United. Gerrard scored the club's only goal in the match, from a free kick, which ended in a 1-1 draw. On October 29, Gerrard underwent a treatment to clear an infection in his right ankle, which was placed in a protective plaster cast. He was forced to miss Liverpool's league match against West Bromwich that day and was ruled out for at least the following week's match against Swansea the following week and England's friendly matches against Sweden and Spain the week after.^[55] After a prolonged ankle injury recuperation, Gerrard returned to first team action in the match against Blackburn Rovers, coming off the bench. On 30 December, Gerrard came off the bench against Newcastle United and scored a fine goal.^[56] Gerrard helped Liverpool reach their first cup final at Wembley Stadium in 18 years as Liverpool prevailed 3-2 on aggregate over Manchester City. Gerrard fired home a penalty during both legs to secure a trip to the Carling Cup Final against Cardiff in February 2012, which Liverpool won on penalties.

On his 400th league appearance for Liverpool, Gerrard scored a hat-trick to give Liverpool a 3-0 victory over rivals Everton in the Merseyside Derby on 13 March 2012.

International career[link]

Gerrard made his international debut against Ukraine on 31 May 2000.^[57] That summer, he was called up for Euro 2000, making only one appearance as a substitute in a 1–0 win over Germany before England were eliminated in the group stage.^[58][59] Gerrard scored his first international goal in the famous 5–1 victory over Germany in a 2002 World Cup qualifier in September 2001, and while England qualified, Gerrard was forced to pull out of the squad due to his ongoing groin problems after pulling up in Liverpool's final match of the season against Ipswich.^[60]

He was a regular starter in Euro 2004, scoring once – against Switzerland – before England were eliminated by Portugal in the quarter-finals on penalties.^[61] He participated in his first World Cup in 2006 and two goals, both in the group stage, against Trinidad & Tobago and Sweden, although his spot kick was one of three saved by goalkeeper Ricardo as England again bowed out to Portugal in the quarter-finals on penalties.^[62] He was England's top scorer in the tournament.

Gerrard was made vice-captain of the England team by coach Steve McClaren,^[63] and while he filled in for John Terry as captain, England suffered back-to-back losses to Russia and Croatia that ended their Euro 2008 qualifying hopes.^[64] After new coach Fabio Capello took over the team in early 2008, Gerrard was given a trial run as captain but Capello settled on Terry for the role.^[65][66] Gerrard was subsequently replaced as England vice-captain by Rio Ferdinand.^[67]

Gerrard helped England qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, scoring two goals in England's 5–1 win over Croatia.^[68]

John Terry was replaced by Rio Ferdinand as captain in 2010, following revelations about the former's private life,^[69] and Gerrard subsequently became vice-captain again. When the England team left for the 2010 World Cup, Gerrard was the most experienced player in the squad with 80 caps. During preparations for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, however, Rio Ferdinand was injured, meaning that Gerrard was appointed by Capello as captain for the tournament.^[5] After the tournament Gerrard, part of a group of England players dubbed the "Golden Generation", confirmed that he would continue to be available for selection, despite suggestions from Capello that he would seek to re-build the team.^[70]

In August 2010, Gerrard scored twice in a friendly match against Hungary and helped England to a 2–1 win.^[71] Due to Ferdinand's continued absence through injury, Gerrard retained the captaincy for the opening match of the Euro 2012 qualifying campaign against Bulgaria, which England won 4–0. He was later named captain by new coach Roy Hodgson

International goals[link]

Scores and results list England's goal tally first.

#	Date	Venue	Opponent	Score	Result	Competition
1	1 September 2001	Olympiastadion, Germany	Germany	2–1	5–1	2002 FIFA World Cup Qualifying[72]
2	16 October 2002	St Mary's Stadium, England	Macedonia	2–2	2–2	UEFA Euro 2004 Qualifying[73]
3	3 June 2003	Walkers Stadium, England	Serbia and Montenegro	1–0	2–1	Friendly[74]
4	17 June 2004	Estádio Cidade de Coimbra, Portugal	Switzerland	3–0	3–0	UEFA Euro 2004[75]
5	4 September 2004	Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Austria	Austria	2–0	2–2	2006 FIFA World Cup Qualifying[76]
6	30 March 2005	St James' Park, England	Azerbaijan	1–0	2–0	2006 FIFA World Cup Qualifying[77]
7	30 May 2006	Old Trafford, England	Hungary	1–0	3–1	Friendly[78]
8	15 June 2006	Frankenstadion, Germany	Trinidad and Tobago	2–0	2–0	2006 FIFA World Cup[79]
9	20 June 2006	RheinEnergie Stadion, Germany	Sweden	2–1	2–2	2006 FIFA World Cup[80]
10	2 September 2006	Old Trafford, England	Andorra	2–0	5–0	UEFA Euro 2008 Qualifying[81]
11	28 March 2007	Olympic Stadium, Spain	Andorra	1–0	3–0	UEFA Euro 2008 Qualifying[82]
12				2–0
13	28 May 2008	Wembley Stadium, England	United States	2–0	2–0	Friendly[83]
14	15 October 2008	Dinamo Stadium, Belarus	Belarus	1–0	3–1	2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying[84]
15	9 September 2009	Wembley Stadium, England	Croatia	2–0	5–1	2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying
16				4–0
17	12 June 2010	Royal Bafokeng Stadium, South Africa	United States	1–0	1–1	2010 FIFA World Cup
18	11 August 2010	Wembley Stadium, England	Hungary	1–1	2–1	Friendly[85]
19				2–1

Personal life[link]

Gerrard is a practising Catholic.^[86] He and his wife, fashion journalist Alex Curran, married in a Catholic^[86] ceremony at the Cliveden mansion in Buckinghamshire on 16 June 2007.^[87][88] He has an older brother, Paul (not to be confused with former Everton goalkeeper Paul Gerrard), and his cousin Anthony plays for Cardiff. Steven and Alex have three daughters, Lilly-Ella (born 23 February 2004), Lexie (9 May 2006) and Lourdes (born 2 November 2011).^[89]

In September 2006, Gerrard published his autobiography, Gerrard: My Autobiography, ghost-written by journalist Henry Winter, which went on to win the Sports Book of the Year honour at the British Book Awards.^[90]

The autobiography ends with "I play for Jon-Paul." Gerrard's cousin, Jon-Paul Gilhooley, was killed in the 1989 Hillsborough Tragedy, when Gerrard was eight. Jon-Paul, who was 10 when he died, was the youngest of the 96 victims of the tragedy.^[91]"It was difficult knowing one of your cousins had lost his life", Gerrard said. "Seeing his family's reaction drove me on to become the player I am today."^[92]

On 1 October 2007, Gerrard was involved in a low-speed collision in Southport when the car he was driving hit a ten-year-old cyclist, who had shot into the street and inadvertently crossed Gerrard's path. He later visited the boy in the hospital and presented him with a pair of boots signed by Wayne Rooney, the boy's favourite player, after which he stayed to sign autographs for other young patients.^[93]

Councillors of Knowsley voted to make Gerrard a Freeman of the Borough on 13 December 2007,^[94] and two weeks later, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire by The Queen in The Queen's New Year Honours List, for services to sport.^[95] He received an honorary fellowship from Liverpool John Moores University on 26 July 2008 as recognition for his contribution to sport.^[96]

On 29 December 2008, Gerrard was taken into custody outside the Lounge Inn in Southport on suspicion of a section 20 assault.^[97] He and two others were later charged with assault occasioning actual bodily harm and affray, relating to an incident which left the bar's disc jockey with a broken tooth and cuts to his forehead.^[98][99] The three men were given police to court bail and were required to appear at North Sefton Magistrates' Court on 23 January 2009,^[99] where they all pleaded not guilty.^[100] The case was adjourned until 20 March when the assault charge was dropped but Gerrard was required to attend Liverpool Crown Court to face trial for affray.^[101] On 3 April, Gerrard pleaded not guilty.^[102]

The case went to trial in Liverpool Crown Court. Gerrard's co-defendants pleaded guilty before the trial but Gerrard maintained his innocence. Gerrard admitted hitting Marcus McGee but claimed it was in self defence and on July 24, Gerrard was found not guilty by the jury. Following the verdict, Gerrard said he was looking forward to getting back to playing football and putting the experience behind him.^[103]

In 2011 Gerrard appeared in the film Will.

A newly opened hotel located in Indonesia in 2011 was named Stevie G in honour of him by the Liverpool supporting owners.^[104]

Career statistics[link]

As of 25 May 2012

* Includes appearance in FA Community Shield that season

^ Includes two appearances and one goal in FIFA Club World Championship

Honours[link]

Liverpool

• FA Cup (2): 2000–01, 2005–06
• League Cup (3): 2000–01, 2002–03, 2011–12
• FA Community Shield (2): 2001, 2006
• UEFA Champions League (1): 2004–05
• UEFA Cup (1): 2000–01
• UEFA Super Cup (2): 2001, 2005

Individual[link]

• FWA Footballer of the Year: 2009
• PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2006
• PFA Young Player of the Year: 2001
• PFA Fans' Player of the Year: 2001, 2009
• PFA Team of the Year: 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
• FA Premier League Player of the Month: March 2001, March 2003, December 2004, April 2006, March 2009
• Liverpool Top Goalscorer: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008–09
• UEFA Club Footballer of the Year: 2005
• UEFA Champions League Final Man of the Match: 2005
• UEFA Team of the Year: 2005, 2006, 2007
• FIFA/FIFPro World XI: 2007, 2008, 2009^[105]
• FA Cup Final Man of the Match: 2006
• Goal of the Season: 2006
• England Player of the Year: 2007
• Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE): 2007
• Honorary Fellowship from Liverpool John Moores University: 2008
• BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award 3rd Place: 2005

Awards[link]

Gerrard has been nominated on numerous occasions for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year Award.

Ballon d'Or[link]

• 2001 – 25th
• 2005 – 3rd
• 2006 – nominated (top 50)
• 2007 – 13th
• 2008 – 10th
• 2009 – 10th^[106]

FIFA World Player of the Year[link]

• 2001 – 28th
• 2005 – 7th
• 2006 – 12th
• 2007 – 6th
• 2008 – 6th
• 2009 – 8th^{[107][where?]}

References[link]