Fort Orange

Friday, 08 February 2013

Orange Supporter (Elephants 2010) Tres tres fort!

Fort William Red Route downhill GoPro hd 15th sept 2011 unfit pedro

Tattoo Time Lapse- JEREMY MILLER *Ink Master*

Jericho Rosales dances the CHOWKING ORANGE CHICKEN dance

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Albany Free School
The Free School, located in Albany, New York, is a day school for 60 students aged two to fourteen founded in 1969 by Mary Leue, with approximately half of the kids coming from the city and half coming from outer-lying areas. It is the oldest urban free school in the United States.
The school describes itself as a school that offers "... a unique alternative to traditional models of education by giving children complete freedom over their learning. Students at the school, many whom [sic] have slipped through the cracks of today's increasingly regimented school system, flourish in a nurturing environment that allows them the freedom to chart their own course of learning while fostering their emotional growth." It has been cited as an influence for other urban free schools.
Member School:
Participating School:
Coordinates: 42°38′44″N 73°45′28″W / 42.64561°N 73.75779°W / 42.64561; -73.75779

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Albany Law School
Coordinates: 42°39′08.51″N 73°46′38.40″W / 42.6523639°N 73.777333°W / 42.6523639; -73.777333
Albany Law School is an ABA accredited law school based in Albany, New York. It was founded in 1851 by Amos Dean (its dean until 1868), Amasa Parker, Ira Harris and others.
Albany Law is the only law school located within New York's Capital District. Its location gives Albany Law students extensive access to internships and job opportunities. The State Legislature, New York Court of Appeals, The Appellate Division 3rd Department, countless state agencies, the Federal District Court for the Northern District of New York, the New York State Bar Association, and a large number of private law firms call Albany home. In addition, Albany Law School operates several public interest clinics providing students with hands-on legal experience. Some of the clinics available include the Health Law, Introduction to Litigation, Low Income Taxpayer, Civil Rights and Disabilities, Domestic Violence, and Securities Arbitration.

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Belgium
Belgium (ⁱ/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.

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Brooklyn
Coordinates: 40°41′34″N 73°59′25″W / 40.69278°N 73.99028°W / 40.69278; -73.99028
Brooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with approximately 2.5 million residents, and the second-largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, after New York County (Manhattan). It is also the westernmost county on Long Island.
Brooklyn was an independent city until it was annexed by New York City in 1898. It continues to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves where particular ethnic groups and cultures predominate.
Brooklyn's official motto is Eendraght Maeckt Maght. Written in the (early modern spelling of the) Dutch language, it is inspired by the motto of the United Dutch Provinces and translated "Unity makes strength". The motto is displayed on the borough seal and flag, which also feature a young robed woman bearing fasces, a traditional emblem of republicanism. Brooklyn's official colors are blue and gold.

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Capital District
New York's Capital District, also known as the Capital Region, is a region in upstate New York that generally refers to the four counties surrounding Albany, the capital of the state: Albany County, Schenectady County, Rensselaer County, and Saratoga County. Often the other counties of the Albany-Schenectady-Amsterdam Combined Statistical Area and Greene County are included, especially for economic and demographic compilations and regional planning.
The Capital District is notable for many historical and industrial events. The Battle of Saratoga and the Albany Plan of Union are two historical events from before American independence which are now considered of national and sometimes also of international importance. Many multinational corporations were founded in the Capital District including New York Central Railroad,American Express,General Electric, American Locomotive Company, and International Paper.
The Capital District was first settled by the Dutch in the early 17th century and came under British control in 1664. Albany has been the permanent capital of the state of New York since 1797.

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Fort Amsterdam
For the historic fort on the island of Saint Martin, see Fort Amsterdam (Sint Maarten)
Fort Amsterdam (subsequently named Fort James, Fort Willem Hendrick, Fort James (again), Fort William, Fort Anne and Fort George) was a fort on the southern tip of Manhattan that was the administrative headquarters for the Dutch and then British rule of New York from 1625 until being torn down in 1790 after the American Revolution.
The fort was to change hands eight times in various battles including the Battle of Long Island in the American Revolution when volleys were exchanged between the fort and British emplacements on Governor's Island.
The construction of the fort marked the official founding date of New York City as recognized by the Seal of New York City. In October 1683 what would become the first session of the New York legislature convened at the fort.
Guns at the fort formed the original battery that is today called Battery Park (New York). The fort's site is now occupied by the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House, which currently houses the George Gustav Heye Center, part of the National Museum of the American Indian.

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Fort Beversreede
Fort Beversreede (after 1633–1651) was a Dutch-built palisaded factorij located near the confluence of the Schuylkill River and the Delaware River. It was an outpost of the colony of New Netherland, which was centered around its capital, New Amsterdam (Manhattan), on the North River (Hudson River).
The exact location of the fort is uncertain. A 1655 Swedish map shows it on the west bank of the Schuylkill River, on Providence Island (now part of the mainland), just south of Minquas (also known as Eagle's Nest or Mingo) Creek. Scharf & Westcott put it on the east bank of the Schuylkill River, opposite Minquas Creek. A 1770s map of Philadelphia's naval defenses shows a fort on the island, but it is unidentified.
Directly adjacent to (or opposite) the fort was the terminus of the Great Minquas Path, an 80-mile (130 km) trail from the Susquehanna River to the Schuylkill River. This was the primary trade route for furs from the Susquehannock people, and the Dutch named the trail "Beversreede" or "Beaver Road."

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Fort Casimir
Fort Casimir was a Dutch settlement in 17th century colonial province of New Netherland. It was located on a no-longer existing barrier island at the end of Chestnut Street in what is now New Castle, Delaware. The trading post was named for Ernst Casimir of Nassau-Dietz, count of Nassau-Dietz and Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe in the Netherlands.
The Dutch called the Delaware River the Zuyd Rivier, or South River, and considered the lands along it banks and those of its bay to be the southern flank of its province of New Netherland. In 1638, the Delaware Valley began to be settled by Swedes, Finns, Dutch, and Walloons and became the colony of New Sweden, though this was not officially recognized by the Dutch Empire.
The fort changed hands several times.
Shortly after his arrival to take up his position as up as Director-General of New Netherland in 1648, Peter Stuyvesant, attempted to re-assert control of the region and its lucrative trade. In his initial attempt at control, he effected the construction of Fort Beversreede near the terminus of the Great Minquas Path, at the mouth of the Schuylkill. The location of earlier-built Fort Nassau on the east bank (now New Jersey) of the river, had proved disadvantageous since the richest fur-trapping area of the native Susquehannock and Lenape populations was inland to the west. In 1651, Stuyvesant had the fort dismantled and relocated to the western bank downstream from Fort Christina, the first and one of the larger Swedish settlements. He named it Fort Casimir. Fort Beversreede was abandoned and the Dutch presence was consolidated.

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Fort Wilhelmus
Fort Wilhelmus was a factorij in the 17th century colonial province of New Netherland, located on what had been named Verhulsten Island on the Zuyd Rivier, now Burlington Island| in the Delaware River in New jersey. More a trading post than a military installation, it was built in 1625 by colonists from The Netherlands in the employ of the Dutch West India Company, with the intention of establishing a physical claim to the new territory and to engage in the fur trade with the indigenous population of Lenape and Minqua. The Walloon families had originally arrived at Noten Island (Governors Island) across from Fort Amsterdam in the Upper New York Bay, They had been sent south in order to begin the population of the province of New Netherland. They were later recalled back to New Amsterdam since the Dutch West India Company had decided to concentrate their settlement efforts along the North River, or Hudson River
The fort was likely so called from Het Wilhelmus ( pronunciation (help·info)) (English translation: The William), a song which tells of Willem van Oranje, his life and why he is fighting for the Dutch people. It became, in 1932, the national anthem of the Netherlands and is the oldest national anthem in the world. Although it was not recognized as the official national anthem until 1932, it remained popular with the Dutch people since its creation.

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France
France (English ⁱ/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.

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Harlem
Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, which since the 1920s has been a major African-American residential, cultural and business center. Originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlem was annexed to New York City in 1873.
Harlem has been defined by a series of boom-and-bust cycles, with significant ethnic shifts accompanying each cycle. Black residents began to arrive en masse in 1904, with numbers fed by the Great Migration. In the 1920s and 1930s, the neighborhood was the focus of the "Harlem Renaissance", an outpouring of artistic and professional works without precedent in the American black community. However, with job losses in the time of the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly.
New York's revival in the late 20th century has led to renewal in Harlem as well. By 1995, Harlem was experiencing social and economic gentrification. Though the percentage of residents who are black peaked in 1950, the area remains predominantly black.

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Hudson River Way
Coordinates: 42°38′58.96″N 73°44′53.67″W / 42.6497111°N 73.7482417°W / 42.6497111; -73.7482417
The Hudson River Way is a pedestrian bridge that links Broadway in downtown Albany, New York with the Corning Preserve on the bank of the Hudson River. The bridge crosses Interstate 787.
The Hudson River Way was intended to spark downtown and riverfront growth in Albany. The bridge's 8.5 million dollar cost was covered by the municipal government, the New York State Department of Transportation ($3.3 million including an Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act grant), and over 11,000 individuals, businesses, and other organizations who purchased personalized bricks to support the bridge's construction, which started in April 2001. These bricks now pave the structure. The grand opening was on August 10, 2002.
The bridge has thirty concrete nine-foot obelisk-lampposts that feature trompe l'oeil still-life paintings by AlbanyMural Ltd [1]. The Hudson River Way paintings were awarded the Americans for the Arts Public Art Network Award in 2004 for exceptional quality.

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John McEneny
John "Jack" McEneny (born August 30, 1943, in Albany, New York) is an American politician of the Democratic Party, and is currently a member of the New York State Assembly, representing about half of Albany County in the 104th Assembly District.
McEneny went to the Christian Brothers Academy, graduating with fellow future assemblyman Ronald Canestrari. He graduated from Siena College with a bachelor's degree in history, and attended New Mexico State University and the Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. He served in the Peace Corps in Colombia, South America, and worked as a social worker and for the youth program in Albany. Long-time Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd appointed him to lead the Albany County office of CETA Job Corps from 1971–1984. He directed the 1980 United States Census for the Capital District. McEneny was married for many years to his wife, Barbara Leonard, and is widowed; they have four children, John, Rachel, Daniel and Maeve and a granddaughter, Madeline Maeve.

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Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England was, from 927 to 1707, a sovereign state to the northwest of continental Europe. At its height, the Kingdom of England spanned the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain (including both modern-day England and Wales) and several smaller outlying islands; what today comprises the legal jurisdiction of England and Wales. It had a land border with the Kingdom of Scotland to the north. At the start of the period its capital and chief royal residence was Winchester, but Westminster and Gloucester were accorded almost equal status, with Westminster gradually gaining preference.
England as a state began on 12 July 927 after a gathering of kings from throughout Britain at Eamont Bridge, Cumbria, but broadly traces its origins to the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain and the Heptarchy of petty states that followed and ultimately united. The Norman invasion of Wales from 1067–1283 (formalised with the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284) put Wales in England's control, and Wales came under English law with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. On 1 May 1707, England was united with Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707. Though no longer a sovereign state, modern England continues as one of the countries of the United Kingdom.

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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] ( listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.

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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba ([ˈalˠ̪apə] listen (help·info))) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland constitutes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.

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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.

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Wall Street
Wall Street refers to the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eight-block-long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower Manhattan. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, or signifying New York-based financial interests. It is the home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including NASDAQ, the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, and the former American Stock Exchange. Anchored by Wall Street, New York City is one of the world's principal financial centers.
There are varying accounts about how the Dutch-named "de Waal Straat" got its name. A generally accepted version is that the name of the street name was derived from an earthen wall on the northern boundary of the New Amsterdam settlement, perhaps to protect against English colonial encroachment or incursions by native Americans. A conflicting explanation is that Wall Street was named after Walloons -- possibly a Dutch abbreviation for Walloon being Waal. Among the first settlers that embarked on the ship "Nieu Nederlandt" in 1624 were 30 Walloon families.

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WCTW
WCTW ("98.5 The Cat") is a hot adult contemporary music formatted radio station licensed to Catskill, New York, and serving Columbia and Greene counties as well as the upper Hudson Valley, the southern Capital District, and Berkshire County, Massachusetts. The station is owned by Clear Channel Communications and broadcasts at 4.7 kW ERP from the center tower of the three tower array used by former sister station WCKL, on Route 9-G in Greenport, NY. WCTW's signal can be received as far north as Albany and as far south as Poughkeepsie; however, the station begins to mix with co-channel WCKM and WTRY-FM (on 98.3) north of Albany.
The 98.5 frequency, the first FM station in Greene County, first came into being in early 1988 as a construction permit bearing the WCKL-FM calls as a sister to WCKL. Originally, the plans for the station were to simulcast the popular standards format of WCKL but at some point in 1990 these plans were changed for the 98.5 frequency to go on its own under the WQKZ calls. With those calls, the station would begin testing late that August and on September 6 would sign on with a CHR format as Z98.5. Being an all-local station outside of signing off overnights and some weekend programming, Z98.5 did well but given its position as a station in a small, unrated market going against established rivals such as WSPK, WBPM, and WFLY the station began to lose money.

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WDDY
WDDY is an AM radio station licensed to Albany, New York. It broadcasts in HD Radio from facilities located in Delmar, New York, operating with 5000 watts of power on 1460 kHz. The station is owned by The Walt Disney Company, and is a full-time affiliate of Radio Disney.
What today is WDDY began its life in 1924 [1] as WOKO, at 1290 kHz [2] in New York City, moving in 1928 to Mount Beacon, New York in southern Dutchess County and serving Newburgh and Poughkeepsie at 1430 kHz. Billed "The Voice of the Clouds" [3] for its transmitter site on its namesake mountain, WOKO's signal into the areas it wanted to target was poorer than anticipated and in 1930 the station was sold and moved to Albany, New York becoming the first radio station licensed to that city.
With the move to Albany came an affiliation with CBS whose programming had been previously cleared partially on WGY. The early 1940s saw some key changes as the CBS affiliation went from WOKO to upstart WTRY and the station's frequency changed from 1430 to 1460 in the NARBA frequency shift of 1941. In light of these differences, WOKO evolved into a locally-based format consisting largely of music independent of any network, a rarity in a medium market in that era. Notably, WOKO was a radio affiliate of the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1950s before their move to Los Angeles.

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WEQX
WEQX is an FM radio station located at 102.7 MHz and broadcasting from Manchester, Vermont, USA at 1250 watts with an effective radiated power output of 50,000 watts (a repeater signal is located in Keene, New Hampshire on W251BE 98.1 and broadcasts at 10 watts). Their tower is located on nearby Equinox Mountain. Because of its location and power the station is able to reach Albany-Schenectady-Troy (while distantly), Saratoga Springs and Glens Falls along with southern and central Vermont, western Massachusetts, and western New Hampshire. It broadcasts an alternative music format which is more varied than most stations owned by larger corporations, although the station does frequently play the same music rotation.
Despite being located in Vermont, WEQX has been voted the best radio station for the Capital Region (Albany, New York) by the Metroland alternative newsweekly for fifteen years running (up to 2006) and voted best radio station of 2002 and 2006 by the Albany Times Union. It has also won Best Radio Station of the Year awards from Rolling Stone magazine in 1993, 1995 and 1996. In addition, the Album Network (a radio industry magazine) voted the station the Best Alternative Radio Station in the Country (small market), in 1995.

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WGDJ
WGDJ (Talk 1300) is an AM radio station broadcasting on 1300 kHz licensed to Rensselaer, New York. The station is owned and operated by Capital Broadcasting, Inc., which bought the station from Regent Communications and runs a talk radio format.
WGDJ started out in 1963 as WEEE, a 5,000-watt daytime-only radio station. The 1300 kHz frequency allocation was created for another station that was forced off the air a year earlier (1280 WRSA Saratoga Springs). The station played country music, but always had trouble competing against more powerful and popular WOKO, the leading country music station in the market. In 1970, the station changed hands and adopted the WQBK calls, initially doing an MOR format that eventually evolved to full time talk, by the late 1970s. In 1981, WQBK became a full time station with 5,000 watts of nighttime power and also became the New York Yankees radio affiliate for the market.
With the exception of upstart WWCN from 1985-1987 (now WDDY), WQBK was the only full-time talk radio station in the Albany area until WPTR and WGY moved to that format in 1994 and was the first Albany stop for a young Tom Leykis early in his career before he left for Miami's WNWS. Locally, market veterans Paul Vandenburgh (later of WROW, and future minority owner of the station as WGDJ) and Tom Mailey (now of WRGB) began their careers at the station. The talk format did well even against the larger signaled WPTR and the evolution of WGY to talk, however the sale of WQBK AM/FM to Radio Enterprises, Inc. in 1996 led to drastic changes. At literally a moment's notice, all local programming was canceled, most of the staff fired, and sports contracts were terminated (including the Yankees mere hours before first pitch of opening day).

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WKKF
WKKF (102.3 Kiss FM) is a Rhythmic Contemporary radio station licensed to Ballston Spa, New York and serving the Capital District and Adirondacks. The station is owned by Clear Channel Communications and broadcasts at 102.3 FM at 4.1 kilowatts ERP from a transmitter in Clifton Park, New York on a tower shared with WDCD-FM and WTMM-FM.
WKKF currently programs a Premium Choice rhythmic CHR format, including hip-hop, R&B, and dance music, however, the station has been through several iterations of CHR formats since 2000, including adult CHR and mainstream CHR. Its primary competitors include Mainstream CHR WFLY and Urban/Rhythmic CHR WAJZ.
Programming currently featured on WKKF is primarily under Clear Channel's Premium Choice banner, and includes Elvis Duran and the Morning Show weekday mornings from 6:00 AM to 10:00 AM and local jock D. Scott weekdays from 2:00 PM to 6:00 PM. Additionally, WKKF features American Top 40 hosted by Ryan Seacrest every Sunday from 8 a.m. to Noon.
The 102.3 frequency originally began in Saratoga Springs, New York in 1968 as WKAJ-FM, sister to WKAJ running an easy listening format. In 1979, WKAJ-FM changed its calls to WASM keeping the easy listening format though by the mid-1980s the station evolved to an Adult contemporary approach. In June 1987, WASM flipped to Top 40 WQQY (102 Double Q) and began to make a minor wave in the Albany ratings by giving WFLY and WGFM a run for its money in Saratoga County. Among the air talent at WQQY was Rob Dawes early in his career before moving back to the frequency.

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WPYX
WPYX (PYX 106) is a Classic Rock radio station licensed to Albany, New York and primarily serving New York's Capital Region, the Adirondacks, and surrounding areas. The station is owned by Clear Channel Communications and broadcasts at 106.5 MHz at 15.5 kilowatts ERP from a non-directional transmitter located from the Helderberg Mountains antenna farm in New Scotland.
Though billed as classic rock, WPYX plays a moderate amount of currents which puts it on a fringe alongside mainstream rock. Regardless of what format the station is filed under, WPYX is one of the longest lasting stations in the Capital District since it began on September 15, 1980.
During the NFL season, WPYX also broadcasts New York Giants football games.
The 106.5 frequency signed on in September 1967 as WDKC, operating as an MOR music station. It was owned by Kopps-Monahan Communications, Inc., owners of Top 40 powerhouse WTRY 980 (today's WOFX). In 1971, the call letters were changed to WTRY-FM. It continued as an MOR station during the day, but simulcasted WTRY's Top 40 format at night; returning to full-time MOR programming in 1972. In early 1973, the WTRY stations were sold, and WTRY-FM became WHSH, which then went to its first full-time rock format as the format was changed to a Top 40–Oldies hybrid with live DJs. The station was now known as "Wish" as well as "The Albany Stereo Giant" and "Your Albany Wish". Ownership automated the station a year later in 1974, and changed the format to Oldies. During Labor Day weekend, 1975, the format was flipped again, this time to beautiful music, while keeping the "Wish" nickname. The WHSH callsign supposedly meant "Herb Scott's Here", referring to Scott Broadcasting's ownership.

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WQSH
WQSH (105.7 FM, "105.7 Crush FM") are the call letters of a radio station licensed to Malta, New York and playing a 90s Hits format. The station is owned by Townsquare Media and broadcasts with 7.1 kilowatts ERP from the Bald Mountain tower formerly used by the now-defunct analog signal of WNYT , in the Town of Brunswick, Rensselaer County, New York. WQSH is the newest radio station in the Albany/Schenectady/Troy market, having signed on the air on November 28, 2006 as WBZZ when it began simulcasting (and became the new home of) the Buzz Hot Adult Contemporary format of sister station WABT (now WTMM-FM).
Prior to its move into the Capital District (Albany-Schenectady-Troy) market, the station was based in Queensbury outside Glens Falls until its signoff in May 2006.
WQSH's signal can be heard throughout the entirety of the Capital District, and reaches as far north as Warrensburg and Ticonderoga, and can be heard as far south as Poughkeepsie and Kingston. However, WQSH's signal is impeded significantly to the west due to WMRV-FM on 105.7 in Binghamton as well as to the east by WWEI in Easthampton, Massachusetts, on 105.5.

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WRUC
WRUC-FM (Independent Radio) is a college radio station owned by, and staffed by, the students of Union College in Schenectady, New York. The 100-watt station broadcasts on (89.7 FM) and streams on Internet radio at wruc.union.edu.. It is often referred to as "First Station in the Nation."
WRUC became the first student operated radio facility in the United States when it began broadcasting on October 14, 1920. The station is widely recognized as America's first college radio station,[1]. The New York Times noted in its April 25, 1921 edition that a broadcast by the Union College radio club could be heard 1,000 miles away. The paper also detailed one month later an experiment in which a baby being pushed in a carriage through Schenectady was able to receive a radio broadcast.
In 1920, the station was called 2ADD, the personal call letters of one of the members of the club at the time. The club has gone through numerous call letters including, "2XQ," "WRL," "UBS," and "UCRS."
The station previously aired on 640 AM and on 90.9 FM, before assuming its current dial position in the mid 1980s.

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WRVE
WRVE (99.5 The River) is a Hot Adult Contemporary radio station licensed to Schenectady, New York and serving the Capital District and Upper Hudson Valley of New York. It broadcasts at 99.5 FM at 14.5 kilowatts ERP from a transmitter in Guilderland, New York. The station is owned by Clear Channel Communications and is one of seven radio stations currently owned by the company in the Albany market.
Though billed (and reported by Arbitron and Mediabase) as a hot AC station, the station tends towards both classic hits and adult contemporary by playing hits from about 1970 to the present, somewhat of a rarity for stations under the format. Its main competitors include WYJB (B95.5) and WQAR (Star 101.3, a rimshot in the Saratoga/Glens Falls area).
Though the history of the station as WRVE and "The River" dates back only to March 1994, the station has a wildly successful past, a byproduct of the station being owned by General Electric with similarly pioneering sisters WGY and WRGB. WRVE traces its history to W2XDA Schenectady and W2XOY New Scotland, two experimental frequency modulation transmitters on 48.5 MHz which signed on in 1939. The two were merged into one station, with the W2XOY calls, on November 20, 1940 with the station taking the WGFM calls later in the decade and moving to 99.5 MHz when the FM band was relocated.

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WYAI
WYAI is a Christian radio station licensed to Scotia, New York and serving the Capital District and Mohawk Valley of New York. The station is currently owned by Educational Media Foundation and broadcasts at 93.7 MHz at 6 kilowatts ERP from a location in Pattersonville-Rotterdam Junction, New York. The station is an affiliate of EMF's Air 1 network.
The history of WYAI dates back to December 1981, when 93.5 signed on in Corinth, NY as country station WSCG. WSCG was a live 24 hour a day operation throughout the 1980s, that ran into financial difficulties in the early 1990s. In early 1991, WSCG left the air, returning under new ownership in the summer of 1991, as beautiful music station WZZM. WZZM encountered financial problems of its own by early 1993, and left the air itself. It returned to the air, during the summer of 1993, as an Oldies station. It abruptly left the air again in March 1994. It returned to the air in May 1994, still doing oldies, but flipped to country two weeks later as Z-Country 93.

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WYKV
WYKV is a Christian Contemporary radio station licensed to Ravena, New York and serving the Capital District and upper Hudson Valley of New York. The station is owned by Educational Media Foundation and broadcasts at 3 kilowatts ERP from a location in Selkirk, New York. It is an affiliate of EMF's K-LOVE network.
The 94.5 frequency signed on as WRAV-FM in November 1991 with a Jones "Adult Choice" satellite-fed Adult Contemporary format which tried to target Albany's southern suburbs. WRAV struggled from the outset with no less than three rivals in Albany and, soon after signing on, a rival in Catskill as well. As a result, the station struggled financially and was sold in November 1993 after nearly going dark; the new owners switched programming services to the ABC/SMN "Hot AC" format and relaunched the station as WEMX (Mix 94.5). Though WEMX was better off financially, it still struggled in terms of ratings and revenue.
In June 1995, WKLI/WABY(1400) owner Paul Bendat bought WEMX and that August (after five weeks of syndicated talk shows and hot adult contemporary music) changed the station's format to a simulcast of the adult standards format heard on WABY. Initially, the station had various prior commitments on weekends to clear and was forced to sign off overnights due to a programming service conflict between WABY and WCKL in Catskill. In May 1996, the station was granted a call letter change to WABY-FM. From the outset, the simulcast was wildly successful with ratings often being among the Top 5 stations (12+) in the Albany market. WKLI had always supported the WABY stations and although revenue at WABY improved, a misconception of the value of its audience due to poor sales staff never allowed it to reach its potential. A decline at WKLI coupled with the lure of money led to Bendat's days being numbered.

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WZCR
WZCR (93.5 FM, "Cruisin' 93.5") is an oldies radio station licensed to Hudson, New York, and serving Columbia and Greene counties as well as the upper Hudson Valley, the southern Capital District, and Berkshire County, Massachusetts. The station is owned by Clear Channel Communications and broadcasts from a tower located near the Hudson River in Hudson.
WZCR signed on in 1969 as WHUC-FM, sister to WHUC and the first FM station between Kingston and Albany. Initially airing automated easy listening music, the station would flip to a simulcast of WHUC's successful Top 40 format by 1971, a format it would keep for the next decade. During this time, it was not uncommon for the WHUC stations to appear in the ratings for the Albany market to the point that some Albany businesses advertised on the stations.
With The FCC requiring stations to stop simulcasting, the simulcast was broken in April 1981 with WHUC-FM flipping to Automated AC from Drake Chenault and taking the WRVW calls. This format was selected by the station's current General Manager. The station would take several variations of AC before flipping to country in 1988. Country would only last a couple of years before the station went through a variety of formats, including standards, big band, and an oldies format called 93Gold FM.

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Eight Men
The Council of eight men was an early representational democracy in New Netherland. It replaced the previous council of twelve men.
In 1643 Abraham Pietersen Van Deusen who had served on the council of twelve men was appointed to a new council of eight men. The council contacted the States-General and blamed governor Willem Kieft for the declining economic condition of the nascent colony, and the war with the Native Americans. They requested that a new Director-General of New Netherland be appointed and that the people themselves be given more influence in the new government. Director General Kieft was dismissed, and Peter Stuyvesant took his place and Stuyvesant remained in power until the colony was turned over to the British in 1664. Kieft returned to Holland, but the vessel was lost at sea and his body was never recovered. John Franklin Jameson (1859–1937) writes:
The commonalty were called together; they were sore distressed. They chose eight, in the stead of the previous twelve, persons to aid in consulting for the best; but the occupation every one had to take care of his own, prevented anything beneficial being adopted at that time. nevertheless it was resolved that as many Englishmen as were to be got in the country should be enlisted, who were indeed now proposing to depart; the third part of these were to be paid by the commonalty; this promise was made by the commonalty but was not followed by the pay.

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Erastus Corning
Erastus Corning I (December 14, 1794 – April 9, 1872) was an American businessman and politician
Corning was born in Norwich, Connecticut, the son of Bliss Corning. Corning moved to Troy, New York at the age of 13 to clerk in the hardware store of an uncle; six years later he moved to Albany, New York, where he joined the mercantile business under James Spencer. After some time at Spencer's firm, Corning became a partner, and eventually the senior partner upon Spencer's death in 1824. Corning combined the Spencer firm with holdings he inherited from his uncle to form Erastus Corning & Co.
Erastus Corning & Co. was much more than what modern readers think of as a hardware store. Corning bought and sold all manner of iron products, not merely tools and nails as one would expect but also stoves, farming equipment, and, eventually, rails and railroad iron parts and products. The company had a wharf and warehouse on the Hudson River in Albany, and the store itself served not only Albany and the surrounding towns, but hundreds of large customers from the west who visited Albany only two or three times a year to buy and sell products, restock their own supplies, and see what new was for sale. Corning's hardware store soon became one of the most significant businesses in Albany.

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Erastus Corning 2nd
Erastus Corning 2nd (October 7, 1909 – May 28, 1983) was an American politician. He was Mayor of Albany, New York for more than 40 years, from 1942 to 1983, when Albany County was controlled by one of the last two classic urban political machines in the United States. Albany's longest serving mayor, the Democrat died in office in 1983. His great-grandfather, Erastus Corning, was an industrialist who founded the New York Central Railroad and served as Albany's mayor from 1834 to 1837. His father, Edwin Corning, was Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1927 to 1928.
Corning referred to himself as "Erastus Corning 2nd", preferring that moniker to "Erastus Corning II".
Corning was born in Albany, New York, the son of Louise (née Maxwell) and Edwin Corning. His mother was born in Cawnpore, India, where her father was serving as a missionary, to American parents. He was educated at The Albany Academy and Groton School before attending Yale University. After earning his college degree, Corning started an insurance company and soon entered politics with his election to the New York State Assembly in 1935. He was elected to the New York State Senate in 1936.

wn.com/Erastus_Corning_2nd
Gerald Jennings
Gerald David "Jerry" Jennings (born July 31, 1948) is the mayor of Albany, New York, United States. A Democrat, Jennings won a shocking upset in the 1993 mayoral primary over Harold Joyce, who had the Democratic Party’s formal endorsement and had only recently been its chairman. In 1993, he won the general election, becoming the 74th mayor of Albany. Jennings is currently serving his fifth term.
The mayor often goes by the name Jerry. Born in North Albany he began his career in the Albany City School District after graduating from SUNY Brockport and the University at Albany (M.S. '76) and served for 13 years on the Albany Common Council representing the 11th Ward before being elected mayor. In a break from his party, Jennings endorsed George Pataki, a Republican, in the 2002 New York gubernatorial race. The mayor has also supported now-former U.S. Representative John E. Sweeney (R-Clifton Park). Jennings has been a strong proponent of the plan to build a convention center in downtown Albany. He hosts a call-in radio show on WGDJ every Friday from 9 a.m. to 10 a.m.

wn.com/Gerald_Jennings
James II of England
James II & VII (14 October 1633^O.S. – 16 September 1701) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Members of Britain's political and religious elite increasingly opposed him for being pro-French and pro-Catholic, and for his designs on becoming an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded, and leading nobles called on William III of Orange (his son-in-law and nephew) to land an invasion army from the Netherlands, which he did. James fled England (and thus was held to have abdicated) in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was replaced by William of Orange who became king as William III, ruling jointly with his wife (James's daughter) Mary II. Thus William and Mary, both Protestants, became joint rulers in 1689. James made one serious attempt to recover his crowns, when he landed in Ireland in 1689 but, after the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, James returned to France. He lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV.

wn.com/James_II_of_England
John McEneny
John "Jack" McEneny (born August 30, 1943, in Albany, New York) is an American politician of the Democratic Party, and is currently a member of the New York State Assembly, representing about half of Albany County in the 104th Assembly District.
McEneny went to the Christian Brothers Academy, graduating with fellow future assemblyman Ronald Canestrari. He graduated from Siena College with a bachelor's degree in history, and attended New Mexico State University and the Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. He served in the Peace Corps in Colombia, South America, and worked as a social worker and for the youth program in Albany. Long-time Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd appointed him to lead the Albany County office of CETA Job Corps from 1971–1984. He directed the 1980 United States Census for the Capital District. McEneny was married for many years to his wife, Barbara Leonard, and is widowed; they have four children, John, Rachel, Daniel and Maeve and a granddaughter, Madeline Maeve.

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Mahican
The Mahican (/məˈhikən/; also Mohican /moʊˈhikən/) are an Eastern Algonquian Native American tribe, originally settling in the Hudson River Valley (around Albany, NY). After 1680, many moved to Stockbridge, Massachusetts. During the early 1820s and 1830s, most of the Mahican descendants migrated westward to northeastern Wisconsin. The tribe's name for itself (autonym) was Muh-he-con-neok, or "People of the waters that are never still." Joining with the Munsee in Wisconsin, they have formed a federally recognized tribe known as the Stockbridge-Munsee Band of Mohican Indians.
The Mahican were living in and around the Hudson Valley at the time of their first contact with Europeans after 1609, during the settlement of New Netherland. The Mahican were a confederacy rather than a single tribe, and at the time of contact, there were five main divisions: Mohican proper, Westenhuck, Wawayachtonoc, Mechkentowoon, and Wiekagjoc. Over the next hundred years, tensions between the Mahican and the Iroquois Mohawk, as well as Dutch and English settlers, caused the Mahican to migrate eastward across the Hudson River into western Massachusetts and Connecticut. Many settled in the town of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where they gradually became known as the Stockbridge Indians.

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Mohawk people
Mohawk (borrowed from the Narraganset 'mohowaùuck', 'they eat (animate) things,' hence 'man-eaters') are the most easterly tribe of the Iroquois confederation. They call themselves Kanien'gehaga, people of the place of the flint. Kanien'kehá:ka ("People of the Place of Flint") are an Iroquoian-speaking indigenous people of North America originally from the Mohawk Valley in upstate New York. Their territory ranged to present-day southern Quebec and eastern Ontario. Their current settlements include areas around Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence River in Canada. Their traditional homeland stretched southward of the Mohawk River, eastward to the Green Mountains of Vermont, westward to the border with the Oneida Nation's traditional homeland territory, and northward to the St Lawrence River. As original members of the Iroquois League, or Haudenosaunee, the Mohawk were known as the "Keepers of the Eastern Door". For hundreds of years, they guarded the Iroquois Confederation against invasion from that direction by tribes from the New England and lower New York areas. Mohawk religion is predominantly Animist.

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New Netherlander
New Netherlanders were residents of New Netherland, the seventeenth century colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on the northeastern coast of North America, centered around the Hudson River and New York Bay, and at the end of the colony in the Delaware Valley.
The population of New Netherland was not all Dutch, but had a variety of ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, mostly western European, Algonquian, Iroquoian, and West African.
Though the colony officially existed only between 1609 and 1674, the descendants of the original settlers played a prominent role in colonial America. New Netherland culture characterized the region (today's Capital District, Hudson Valley, New York City, western Long Island and northern New Jersey) for two centuries. The concepts of civil liberties and pluralism introduced in the province would later become a mainstay of American political and social life.
Dutch in 1602 created the East India Company that acted with sovereign powers. The Company first essential base, was trade, but control of some goods go to occupy territories. The colonial administration was autonomous and the Company preferred to rule through agreements with local leaders.

wn.com/New_Netherlander
Patroon
In the United States, a patroon (from Dutch patroon, owner or head of a company) was a landholder with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the 17th century Dutch colony of New Netherland in North America. Through the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions of 1629, the Dutch West India Company first started to grant this title and land to some of its invested members. These inducements to foster immigration (also known as the "Rights and Exemptions"), are the basis for the patroon system.
The deeded tracts were called patroonships and could span 16 miles in length on one side of a major river, or 8 miles if spanning both sides. In 1640 the charter was revised to cut new plot sizes in half, and to allow any Dutch American in good standing to purchase an estate. The title of patroon came with powerful rights and privileges, similar to those of a lord in the feudal period. A patroon could create civil and criminal courts, appoint local officials and hold land in perpetuity. In return, he was commissioned by the Dutch West India Company to establish a settlement of at least 50 families within four years on the land. As tenants working for the patroon, these first settlers were relieved of the duty of public taxes for ten years, but were required to pay the patroon in money, goods, or services in kind. A patroonship had its own village and other infrastructure, including churches (which recorded births, baptisms, and marriages).

wn.com/Patroon
Peerage of Scotland
The Peerage of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Moraireachd na h-Alba) is the division of the British Peerage for those peers created in the Kingdom of Scotland before 1707. With that year's Act of Union, the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England were combined into the Kingdom of Great Britain, and a new Peerage of Great Britain was introduced in which subsequent titles were granted.
After the Union, the old Scottish Peers elected 16 representative peers to sit in the House of Lords. The Peerage Act 1963 allowed all Scottish Peers to sit in the House of Lords, a right which was lost along with all other hereditary peers after the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999. Unlike most other peerage titles, many Scottish titles can pass through female lines, and in the case of daughters only, these pass to the eldest daughter rather than go into abeyance.^{[citation needed]}
The ranks of the Scottish Peerage are Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, Lord of Parliament (lord baron). Scottish Viscounts differ from those of the other Peerages (of England, Great Britain, Ireland and the United Kingdom) in using of in their title, as in Viscount of Oxfuird. Though this is the theoretical form, most Viscounts drop the "of". The Viscount of Arbuthnott and to a lesser extent the Viscount of Oxfuird still actively use of. Scottish Peers had the right to sit in the Parliament of Scotland.

wn.com/Peerage_of_Scotland
Peter Minuit
Peter Minuit, Pieter Minuit, Pierre Minuit or Peter Minnewit (1580 – August 5, 1638) was a Walloon from Wesel, in present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, then part of the Duchy of Cleves. He was the Director of the Dutch colony of New Netherland from 1626 until 1633, and he founded the Swedish colony of New Sweden in 1638. According to tradition, Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from Native Americans on May 24, 1626 for goods to the value of 60 Dutch guilders, which in the 19th century was estimated to be the equivalent of $24 USD.
Peter Minuit was born in 1580 in Wesel. This was during a period of religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics polities following the Protestant Reformation that culminated in the Thirty Years' War. Minuit's Walloon family, originally from the French-speaking city of Tournai in modern day Belgium, was among those Protestants who migrated away from suppression under the Roman Catholic government of the Spanish Netherlands. In 1580, Minuit's family took refuge in the city of Wesel, which had become a haven for Protestants as early as 1540.

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Peter Stuyvesant
Peter Stuyvesant (c.1612 – August 1672), served as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was renamed New York. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City. Stuyvesant's accomplishments as director-general included a great expansion for the settlement of New Amsterdam beyond the southern tip of Manhattan. Among the projects built by Stuyvesant's administration were the protective wall on Wall Street, the canal that became Broad Street, and Broadway.
Although conventionally referred to in English today as "Peter Stuyvesant", Stuyvesant's given name was actually "Pieter" or "Petrus"; "Peter" is not found in historical records.
Stuyvesant was born in Peperga, Friesland in the Netherlands, to Balthazar Johannes Stuyvesant, a minister, and Margaretha Hardenstein around 1612. He grew up in Scherpenzeel. He studied languages and philosophy in Franeker, and joined the West India Company about 1635, and was director of the Dutch West India Company's colony of Curaçao from 1642 to 1644.

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Richard Nicolls
Richard Nicolls (1624 in Ampthill, Bedfordshire – 28 May 1672 on the North Sea, off Suffolk) was the first English colonial governor of New York province.
He commanded a royalist troop of horse during the English Civil War, and on the defeat of the king went into exile. Soon after the Restoration he became Groom of the Chamber to the Duke of York, through whose influence he was appointed in 1664 on a commission with Sir Robert Carr (d. 1667), George Cartwright and Samuel Maverick, to conquer New Netherland from the Dutch and to regulate the affairs of the New England colonies and settle disputes among them. The expedition set sail from Portsmouth on 25 May 1664, and New Amsterdam was surrendered to Nicolls on 8 September 1664. Under authority of a commission from the Duke (later King James) Nicolls assumed the position of deputy-governor of New Netherland (New York).

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Simeon De Witt
Simeon De Witt (December 25, 1756 Wawarsing, Ulster County, New York - December 3, 1834 Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York) was Geographer and Surveyor General of the Continental Army during the American Revolution and Surveyor General of the State of New York for the fifty years from 1784 until his death.
He was one of fourteen children of physician Dr. Andries De Witt and Jannetje Vernooy De Witt. He was the only graduate in the class of 1776 at Queens College (now Rutgers College of Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. After the capture of New Brunswick by the British during the war, De Witt fled to New York City where he joined the Revolutionary Army.
In June 1778, having been trained as a surveyor by James Clinton, the husband of Simeon's aunt Mary, De Witt was appointed as assistant to the Geographer and Surveyor of the Army Colonel Robert Erskine and contributed to a number of historically significant maps. After Erskine's death in 1780, De Witt was appointed to his post. In 1784, he was appointed New York State Surveyor General and died in office 50 years later, having been re-appointed and re-elected several times. Although he was a first cousin of DeWitt Clinton and a Democratic-Republican, he was never removed from office. Both Federalists and Bucktails recognized his outstanding qualification for the office. From 1810 to 1816, he was also a member of the first Erie Canal Commission.

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Twelve Men
The Council of Twelve Men was a group of 12 men, chosen on 29 August 1641 by the residents of New Netherland to advise the Director of New Netherland, Willem Kieft, on relations with the Native Americans due to the murder of Claes Swits. Although the council was not permanent, it was the first representational form of democracy in the Dutch colony. The next time a council was created it was a council of eight men.
They did not counsel war, as desired by Willem Kieft. They proposed a friendly request to be sent to the Indians to surrender the murderer. Displeased with the reply of the council of twelve, he disassembled the council on February 8, 1643.Kieft then ordered the Dutch West India Company soldiers to attack nearby Indian encampments at Pavonia and Corlears Hook. Escalating attacks and retaliations by the Indians and the Dutch West India Company soldiers during the next two years became known as Kieft's War and led to a near devastation of the New Netherland settlements on Staten Island, Long Island, and at Pavonia. Rensselaerswyck, a patroonship, outside the territory of the Lenape was unscathed, and profited from the conflict.

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Walloons
Walloons (/wɑːˈluːnz/; French: Wallons, IPA: [walɔ̃]; Walloon: Walons) are a French-speaking people who live in Belgium, principally in Wallonia. Walloons are a distinctive community within Belgium. Important historical and anthropological criteria (religion, language, traditions, folklore) bind Walloons to the French people. More generally, the term also refers to the inhabitants of the Walloon Region. They speak regional languages such as Walloon (with Picard in the West and Lorrain in the South).
The term Walloon is derived from *walha, a Proto-Germanic term used to refer to Celtic and Latin speakers.
Walloon originated in Romance languages alongside other related terms, but it supplanted them. Its oldest written trace is found in Jean de Haynin's Mémoires de Jean, sire de Haynin et de Louvignies in 1465, where it refers to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands. Its meaning narrowed yet again during the French and Dutch periods and at Belgian independence the term designated only Belgians speaking a Romance language (French, Walloon, Picard, etc.) The linguistic cleavage in the politics of Belgium adds a political content to «the emotional cultural, and linguistic concept».Walloon also designates the inhabitants of Wallonia — a monolingual French-speaking territory — as opposed to Flemish. The words Walloon and Wallons can be seen in the book of Charles White, The Belgic revolution (1835): "The restless Wallons, with that adventurous daring which is their historical characteristic, abandoned their occupations, and eagerly seizing the pike and the musket marched towards the center of the commotion.". The Spanish term Walon and Walona from XVII Century were referred to a Royal Guard Corps recruited in the Spanish Flanders. They were involved in many of the most significant battles of the Spanish Empire. The French word Wallons in English is also used in the Encyclopædia Britannica.

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Willem Kieft
Willem Kieft (September 1597, Amsterdam – September 27, 1647) was a Dutch merchant and director of New Netherland (of which New Amsterdam, later New York City, was the primary settlement), from 1638 until 1647. He formed the council of twelve men, the first representative body in New Netherland, but ignored its advice. Kieft attempted to tax and eventually drive out the Native Americans. He ordered attacks Pavonia and Corlears Hook on February 25, 1643 in a massacre (129 Dutch soldiers killed 120 Indians, including women and children), followed by retaliations resulting in what would become known as Kieft's War (1643–1645). The war took a huge toll on both sides. Kieft was fired by the Dutch West India Company Board of Directors. He died September 27, 1647 in the Princess Amelia shipwreck near Swansea, Wales, while en route to Amsterdam to defend himself along with many of his opponents as well, including the Rev. Everardus Bogardus. His archive was also lost, so his exact role cannot be established apart from what his opponents wrote of him. He is in Gods of Manhattan series by Scott Mebus.

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Willem Verhulst
Willem Verhulst was the second director of the Dutch West India Company. In 1625, Verhulst oversaw the decision to locate the company's main fortress and town on the tip of Manhattan Island in the colony of New Netherland. The settlement, which was given the name New Amsterdam, was the first permanent European settlement in what was to later New York City. Verhulst was not popular with the Dutch colonists and was quickly replaced by Peter Minuit
Fort Wilhelmus

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Wouter van Twiller
Wouter van Twiller (Nijkerk, May 22, 1606 – buried August 29, 1654, Amsterdam) was an employee of the Dutch West India Company and the Director-General of New Netherland from 1633 until 1638. Wouter van Twiller succeeded Peter Minuit, who was recalled by the Dutch West India authorities in Amsterdam for unknown reasons.
Van Twiller was chosen for the position because he had made two voyages to the colony of New Netherland prior to his appointment. He was a clerk in the warehouse of the Dutch West India company and he was a cousin of Kiliaen van Rensselaer who was married to a sister of Wouters father. He was employed by the latter to ship cattle to Rensselaerswyck, his colonial estate on the Hudson River. Van Twiller was somewhat acquainted with the geography of New Netherlands and the condition of its affairs. Largely through Van Rensselaer's influence he was chosen by the Dutch West India company Director-General of New Netherlands, sailing for New Amsterdam in the ship De Soutberg.
Among a considerable amount of land and properties, Van Twiller purchased 'Noten Eylant', later called Governors Island from a tribe of Canarsee Indians for two axe heads, a string of beads and some iron nails. During his time in office, settlers from New England wrested away the Connecticut Valley from New Netherland, but he was able to defend the Dutch territory in the Delaware Valley, where his soldiers captured a shipload of intending settlers from Virginia and expelled soldiers who had taken Fort Nassau.

wn.com/Wouter_van_Twiller

After The Fall - Fort Orange

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published: 19 Jan 2012

author: Marcel Tavares

Blood Orange, "I'm Sorry We Lied" Live at the FADER FORT Presented by Converse

Blood Orange does "I'm Sorry We Lied" Live at the FADER FORT Presented by Converse Video a...

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author: TheFaderTeam

Orange Supporter (Elephants 2010) Tres tres fort!

Le clip Orange supporter! On va supporter on va gagner! Elephants 2010! Orange supporte l'...

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author: orionstalion

Fort William Red Route downhill GoPro hd 15th sept 2011 unfit pedro

downhill run of the red route at fort william, filmed using a gopro 960 and riding a Orang...

published: 19 Sep 2011

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Tattoo Time Lapse- JEREMY MILLER *Ink Master*

Time lapse video of Jeremy Miller from Pigment Tattoos. Video Shot and Edited by Nelson Al...

published: 25 Feb 2011

author: IndXVisions

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Jericho Rosales, more known as Echo, dances the CHOWKING ORANGE CHICKEN dance earlier at t...

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Pete Scullion from Orange introduces BikeRadar to the new 322 downhill bike, developed in ...

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A walk around the tip of Valletta beneath Fort St. Elmo and the massive fortifications, fr...

published: 28 Dec 2012

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FORT WILLIAM WORLD CUP DOWNHILL TRACK

GoPro HD footage of my full run without stopping down the World Cup Downhill Track, Nevis ...

published: 20 Jun 2011

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Florida's Orange Juice - America's Heartland

Nowhere is the orange industry so critical as in Florida, which produces virtually all the...

published: 17 Feb 2009

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FORT WILLIAM DOWNHILL GOPRO HD HELMET CAMERA

First run on the new updated World Cup Downhill track at the Nevis Range, Fort William on ...

published: 17 May 2010

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photo: US Army / Chief Warrant Officer 4 Daniel McClinton

File - An air weapons team of two AH-64D Apaches from the 1st "Attack" Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment, 1st Air Cavalry Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, come in for a landing at Camp Taji, Iraq, after completing a reconnaissance mission in the skies over Baghdad, Iraq, Nov. 16, 2007.

Since the Iraq War Was Wrong, So Too Was the Surge

WorldNews.com

06 Feb 2013

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "The art of war is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin." Sun Tzu, "The Art of War," 4th Century BCE. During confirmation hearings for the next U.S. Defense Secretary, it was appalling to observe several senators haggling with Chuck Hagel over whether the surge during the disastrous U.S.-Iraqi preemptive war and military occupation was a success or not ... The U.S....(size: 6.2Kb)

photo: USAF / Senior Airman Larry E. Reid Jr.

File - An MQ-1B Predator unmanned aircraft takes off for a training mission at Creech Air Force Base, Nev.

Lawmakers to get classified info on drone strikes targeting U.S. citizens

Chicago Sun-Times

07 Feb 2013

Updated. February 7, 2013 12.29AM. WASHINGTON — President Barack Obama has directed the Justice Department to give Congress’ intelligence committees access to classified legal advice providing the government’s rationale for drone strikes against American citizens working with al-Qaida abroad, a senior administration official and Democratic lawmakers said Wednesday ... The unclassified memo says it is legal for the government to kill U.S ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)

photo: AP / World Vision

The destroyed Venga village following a Tsunami Wednesday Feb. 6, 2013, in Temotu province, Solomon Islands.

Solomon Islands tsunami: Death toll rises to nine

NZ Herald

07 Feb 2013

Aid workers struggled to reach remote, tsunami-ravaged villages in the Solomon Islands on Thursday, as the death toll rose with more bodies found in wrecked homes and debris in the South Pacific island chain ... Around 100 homes across five villages were damaged or destroyed ... Three more bodies were found Thursday, but Herming said details of how those victims died were not immediately available ... - AP. ....(size: 1.9Kb)

photo: Creative Commons / Adam Moss

Route 27 in Highland Park during the February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard. Upon entering Highland Park, Route 27 becomes two-lane Raritan Avenue, intersecting County Route 622 (River Road) and continuing through the downtown area of Highland Park.

Blizzard threatens New England; 1 to 2 feet feared

The Tribune San Luis Obispo

07 Feb 2013

Juror in Texas case wishes he heard more evidence. 12 minutes ago. Blizzard threatens New England; 1 to 2 feet feared. 17 minutes ago. UN. US air raids kill hundreds of Afghan children. 27 minutes ago. Ohio Amish set for sentencing in beard attacks. 44 minutes ago. Add-ons let semi-autos fire like military weapons. 1 hour ago. Deals!. View All. . . . . . ... St ... ....(size: 15.7Kb)

photo: WN / Arturo Ubaub

Tsunami like monster high waves - Philippines

Powerful Solomon Islands quake triggers tsunami

France24

06 Feb 2013

A powerful 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck near the Solomon Islands on Wednesday, triggering a small tsunami and prompting alerts across the South Pacific that were later cancelled. By News Wires (text).   ... Damage reports were limited, and there were no reports of casualties. The quake struck 340 km (211 miles) east of Kira Kira in the Solomons, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Hawaii said ... Hot spot ... (REUTERS). Date created ... ....(size: 8.1Kb)

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Winter storm cancels John Wayne Airport flights

MSNBC

08 Feb 2013

United Airlines passengers at John Wayne Airport were hardest hit by the massive winter storm in the Northeast on Friday, with five flights canceled; however, other Orange County travelers with connecting flights across the country also could find themselves stuck ... United canceled four early-morning departures from Orange County and one return flight Friday night from Newark, N.J....(size: 3.5Kb)

Committee to have 14-20 members

ESPN

08 Feb 2013

The BCS commissioners got closer to answering that question following their latest meeting Thursday at the Grand Hyatt Regency Dallas-Fort Worth ... After those four teams are selected, the league champion or top available team from the Pac-12 and Big Ten will play in the Rose Bowl presented by Vizio, SEC and Big 12 teams in the Allstate Sugar Bowl and ACC in the Discover Orange Bowl ... The Orange Bowl is also in the semifinal rotation ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)

Indulge in some sweets and savouries

Deccan Herald

08 Feb 2013

Right Ambiance. The quaint feel at Cafe Mondo, located on 27th Main at HSR Layout, grows on anyone who visits the small eatery ... “We were looking for a place which was on the main road and yet, does not look very commercialised ... In terms of dessert, there is an interesting variety, like whiskey fudge cake, almond nut torte, rum truffle, orange truffle and hazelnut coffee truffle ... “Our forte is the pizzas, though ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)

Orange ranks first worldwide for the quality of its job offers on mobiles and tablets (Orange SA)

noodls

08 Feb 2013

Orange SA) ... "This survey has once again demonstrated Orange's ability to maintain its position as a leading actor in innovation, including social innovation" ... The interface offered by Orange to potential candidates and anyone looking for professional opportunities provides a high-quality search engine that enables them to consult the Group's offers, particularly on mobiles and tablets....(size: 4.9Kb)

Don’t throw the orange peel away

The Times of India

08 Feb 2013

While eating oranges, we usually just peel them and throw the skin away ... Orange peel and apple skin are similar since most of the nutrients and benefits are in the skin of these fruits. According to Rebecca Wood, author of The New Whole Foods Encyclopedia, "One medium orange contains over 60 flavonoids and 170 different phytonutrients." ... Medicinal Properties of Orange Peels ... Beauty Properties of Orange Peels ... Orange Peels in Cooking....(size: 3.2Kb)

How to dress: the future's orange

The Guardian

08 Feb 2013

'Orange is suddenly every catwalk's go-to bright'. 'We are becoming incrementally more orange.' ... if you're trying to look chic, orange is not the first colour you turn to ... But not orange. Orange is the only colour we routinely use as an aesthetic insult. "She's a bit… orange" is the modern Mitford gal's put-down of someone who has been a little overenthusiastic with the St Tropez – not quite one of us, darling, goes the subtext....(size: 3.6Kb)

11-year-old arrested on arson charges in New Port Richey

Tampabay.com

08 Feb 2013

Times staff. Tampa Bay Times In Print. Friday, February 8, 2013. ADVERTISEMENT. ADVERTISEMENT. Story Tools Print this story Purchase reprints Contact the editor Email Newsletters. NEW PORT RICHEY. 11-year-old arrested on arson charges ... The call frequency increased in January. In the past week, police responded to four calls ... hed hed ... 16 at Shepherd of the Hills Lutheran Church, 37015 Orange Valley Lane (corner of Fort King and Clinton avenues)....(size: 3.5Kb)

5 shows to check out this weekend (9-11 February)

The Examiner

08 Feb 2013

Get some good vibrations with The Wailers at The Coach House in San Juan Capistrano (Friday). If you're feeling a little more aggressive, check out Finch at The Glass House in Pomona (Friday) ... AT The Detroit Bar in Costa Mesa, Restavrant, Dano Forte, The Abigails, and RT Valine are playing a benefit for Ryan Coffelt who has been diagnosed with brain cancer (Saturday) ... Suggested by the author. ... Gary Schwind, Orange County Music Examiner ... ....(size: 5.8Kb)

Hanania to open Infiniti dealership on Blanding Boulevard

The Florida Times Union

08 Feb 2013

Acura of Orange Park, Audi Jacksonville, Fiat of Orange Park, Hyundai of Orange Park, Westside Hyundai, Orange Park Mitsubishi, Volkswagen of Orange Park and Miami Acura ... should go to Acura of Orange Park....(size: 1.1Kb)

Crime Watch: Clay County property crimes Feb. 6-7

The Florida Times Union

08 Feb 2013

Four rims, tires and locking lug nuts were stolen from a vehicle parked in an apartment complex on Burwick Avenue, Orange Park ... An unattended cell phone was stolen from the restroom at the 7-Eleven convenience store on Blanding Boulevard, Orange Park. A report was taken regarding the theft of a Smith & Wesson semi-automatic handgun from a residence on Rainey Avenue West, Orange Park....(size: 3.3Kb)

Winter Storm Nemo KOs Millburn High School athletic contests

North Jersey

08 Feb 2013

9 include a freshman girls basketball game at Westfield High School, the Girls Basketball Tournament quarterfinal-round game at East Orange Campus High School, a varsity wrestling quadrangular match against , and Hills at High School and a varsity ice hockey game against West Orange High School at Richard J....(size: 8.3Kb)

Stock Show grand champs, through the years

Star Telegram

08 Feb 2013

FORT WORTH STAR-TELEGRAM. FORT WORTH 2704, Stetson Copus, 13, of Burkburnett is quiet as he turns to lead the Grand Champion Steer, "Seabiscuit", off to the truck that will take him away at the Fort Worth Stock Show in Fort Worth on Saturday February 7, 2004 ... FORT WORTH STAR-TELEGRAM ... He was eventually sold for $125,000 at the Fort Worth Stock Show on Saturday February 1, 2003 ... (Fort Worth Star-Telegram/Ron T....(size: 6.9Kb)

Wine Adviser

Seattle Times

08 Feb 2013

Proseccos are great, especially because they often have some sweetness, and sparkling moscatos, with their juicy orange flavor and extremely low alcohol, are another good choice ... Jim's traditional Valentine's Day offering, which he says is "super easy," features blood oranges. "Blood oranges come into season just before Valentine's Day," German explains, which is why this drink is always on the menu at this time of year....(size: 2.8Kb)

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"Fort Orange" redirects here. For other uses, see Fort Orange (disambiguation).

Significant dates
Fort Orange Archeological Site
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark

Location:	Albany, New York
Coordinates:	42°38′41.46″N 73°45′1.05″W / 42.64485°N 73.7502917°W / 42.64485; -73.7502917Coordinates: 42°38′41.46″N 73°45′1.05″W / 42.64485°N 73.7502917°W / 42.64485; -73.7502917
Built:	1624
Governing body:	State
NRHP Reference#:	93001620
Added to NRHP:	November 4, 1993
Designated NHL:	November 4, 1993

New Netherland series
Exploration
Fortifications:
• Fort Amsterdam • Fort Nassau (North) • Fort Orange • Fort Nassau (South) • Fort Goede Hoop • De Wal	• Fort Casimir • Fort Altena • Fort Wilhelmus • Fort Beversreede • Fort Nya Korsholm • De Rondout
Settlements:
• Noten Eylandt • New Amsterdam • Rensselaerswyck • New Haarlem • Noortwyck • Beverwijck • Wiltwyck • Bergen • Pavonia • Vriessendael • Achter Col • Vlissingen • Oude Dorpe	• Colen Donck • Greenwich • Heemstede • Rustdorp • Gravesende • Breuckelen • New Amersfoort • Midwout • New Utrecht • Boswyck • Swaanendael • New Amstel • Nieuw Dorp
The Patroon System Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
Directors of New Netherland: Cornelius Jacobsen May (1620-25) Willem Verhulst (1625-26) Peter Minuit (1626-32) Sebastiaen Jansen Krol (1632-33) Wouter van Twiller (1633-38) Willem Kieft (1638-47) Peter Stuyvesant (1647-64)
People of New Netherland New Netherlander Twelve Men Eight Men
Flushing Remonstrance

Fort Orange (Dutch: Fort Oranje) was the first permanent Dutch settlement in New Netherland and was on the site of the present-day city of Albany, New York. It was a replacement for Fort Nassau, which had been built on nearby Castle Island in the Hudson River, and which served as a trading post until 1617 or 1618, when it was abandoned due to frequent flooding. Both forts were named in honor of the Dutch House of Orange-Nassau.^[1] Due to a dispute between the Director-General of New Netherland and the patroonship of Rensselaerswyck regarding jurisdiction over the fort and the surrounding community, the fort and community became an independent municipality, paving the way for the future city of Albany. After conquest by the English, Fort Orange (renamed Fort Albany) was soon abandoned in favor of a new fort- Fort Frederick, constructed in 1676.

1 History
- 1.1 Subsequent occupation
2 Commanders of the fort
- 2.1 as Fort Albany under the English
- 2.2 as Fort Nassau under the Dutch
3 Excavations
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links

History [link]

Map of Castle Island and Fort Orange in 1629

In 1623 a ship with 30 Walloon (French Protestants from what is today Belgium) landed at New Netherlands, near present-day Albany. There they proceeded to build Fort Orange roughly 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Fort Nassau (North River), which was prone to flooding. Despite these additions, a 1628 publication on the population of New Netherland stated that "there are no families at Fort Orange... they keep five or six and twenty (25 or 26) persons, traders, there". ^[1] In 1626 the commander of Fort Orange and a company of men set out from the fort to assist the Mahicans in their war against the Mohawks. They were ambushed and three of the men were killed approximately a mile from the fort, roughly where Lincoln Park and Delaware Avenue are sited today.^[2]

Whereas later settlement would be through the purchase of land from the Native Americans, the Dutch built Fort Orange without any consent and continued to hold it only through the goodwill of the Mahicans and the occasional presents that they gave to them. When the Charter of Privileges and Exemptions was established in 1629 setting up the patroon system, Kiliaen van Rensselaer established his patroonship of Rensselaerswyck, surrounding Fort Orange on 24 miles (39 km) of shoreline along the Hudson River and 24 miles (39 km) inland on each side. This land patent was interpreted by van Rensselaer as including Fort Orange and the settlement that had begun outside its walls, and it was van Rensselaer who began purchasing and acquiring title to the lands. In 1630 Gillis Hoosett purchased in van Rensselaer's name the lands to the south and north of the fort from the natives. Later in 1630 the first real settlers and farmers came to Fort Orange and settled on the outskirts of the fort. Dispute soon arose between agents of the Dutch West India Company and agents of the patroon over control of Fort Orange and the surrounding settlement, first called the Fuyck and later Beverwyck. In the 1640s a French Jesuit priest named Isaac Jogues described Fort Orange as "a wretched little fort... built of stakes, with four or five pieces of cannon of Breteuil".^[1]

The director-general of New Netherland representing the West India Company was Pieter Stuyvesant, who saw the patroon's position, power, and land as a direct threat to the West India Company's ability to profit from the beaver pelt trade in Fort Orange. Several confrontations arose over the status of the fort and the right of settlers around it. Stuyvesant at first ordered all buildings within cannon shot to be destroyed, then lowered that circumference to that of musket shot. In response, the patroon's agent Commander van Schlechtenhorst decided to expand settlement to "within pistol shot of Fort Orange". After the yearly freshets had damaged much of the fort, the West India Company decided to reconstruct the fort using stone. In response, Van Schlechtenhorst declared it illegal for anyone to quarry stone within Rensselaerswyck for the fort or for anyone to sell the material to the fort's commander, Carl van Brugge. All material for the fort then had to be shipped in from outside the colony. Van Schlechtenhorst claimed that Fort Orange had been illegally built on the patroon's lands, while Stuyvesant pointed out that Fort Orange had been built 15 years prior to the establishment of Rensselaerswyck. In 1651 Stuyvesant declared the jurisdiction of the fort to extend 600 paces around the fort, thereby severing it from Rensselaerswyck. In 1652 Stuyvesant, with the intention of settling this dispute once and for all, set up a "Court of Justice for the Village of Beverwyck and its dependencies", the first municipal government for the future city of Albany.^[1]^[3] At the time when Beverwyck consisted of roughly 100 structures huddled next to the fort, Stuyvesant set up Beverwyck at a safer distance from the cannons of the fort and laid out future Albany's oldest streets- State Street and Broadway.^[4]

By the end of the 1650s the fort was in disrepair again,^[5] and both Fort Orange and Beverwyck were enclosed by a wooden stockade in 1660.^[6] In 1663 smallpox raged in Fort Orange, killing one person a day, which was a large percentage given the small population in the fort. On September 8, 1664 the English, after sending numerous war ships to New Amsterdam, demanded the surrender of New Netherland and came to terms; on that date New Netherland became the Province of New York with Colonel Richard Nicolls as the first English colonial governor, and New Amsterdam was renamed New York. Johannes De Decker sailed on that day from New Amsterdam to Fort Orange to rally the troops and settlers to resist English rule. On September 10 Governor Nicholls sent troops to demand the peaceful surrender of the "Fort Aurania", aurania being the Latin name for orange that the English used when referring to Fort Orange. It was not until September 24 that vice-director of New Netherland Johannes de Montagne surrendered the fort to the English and Colonel George Cartwright took command. On the 25th Captain John Manning was given control of the fort, which was renamed Fort Albany; Beverwyck was named Albany.^{[n 1]} In 1673 the Dutch retook New York City, which they named New Orange, on July 29 and Albany on August 3. In September Albany was renamed Willemstadt and Fort Albany became Fort Nassau. The Treaty of Westminster, signed on February 19, 1674, renamed New Orange and Willemstadt back to their English names; Fort Nassau became Fort Albany and Willemstadt became Albany.^[2]

In 1666 Jeremias van Rensselaer, then-patroon of Rensselaerswyck, petitioned the new government of Governor Nicholls to recognize Fort Albany (Fort Orange) as part of Rensselaerswyck. Governor Nicholls informed him that he would be wise to drop the matter until he heard from the Duke of York. In 1678 Governor Andros issued to the patroon's heirs a grant reaffirming the patroon's rights over Rensselaerswyck but leaving out Fort Albany and the immediate area around the fort.^[2]

The English abandoned Fort Orange and built a new fort on top of State Street Hill named Fort Frederick both to defend the settlement from the natives to the west and to be on high ground to remind the Dutch inhabitants of English rule. The land around the old fort was sold to the Dutch Reformed Church for use as pastureland, but the fort itself continued to deteriorate. It continued to be placed on maps during the 18th century, labeled as "ruins of an Old Fort", and Richard Smith observed that there was "nothing to be seen of Fort Orange... but the Ditch which surrounded it".^[5] After the US Revolutionary War the deteriorated site of the old fort was seen as a historic site and was home to many historical observances.^[4]

Subsequent occupation [link]

Simeon De Witt built a large house or mansion and a number of out buildings on the site of the old fort during the 1790s, and the address for the site of the old fort became 549 South Market Street (later Broadway).^[5]^[10] On his property traces of the old fort could still be seen as late as 1812.^[4] He lived at this location while he was the surveyor-general of New York.^[10] Following his death, the buildings became the Fort Orange Hotel, which burned down in 1848 but was rebuilt under the same name.^[5]

In 1886, as part of the bicentennial of Albany's incorporating document, the Dongan Charter, the city erected a bronze tablet at the site of the northeastern bastion. In the 1930s the tablet was moved during construction of the Dunn Memorial Bridge and for almost 100 years it did not sit on the site of Fort Orange. The Albany Institute of History and Art has a cannon ball that is marked with "Dug up at Fort Orange site July 22nd 1886", the date the bicentennial marker was placed, but no known excavations were done other than placing the sign. The tablet was moved again in 1971 after excavations discovered remnants of the fort during construction of Interstate 787 and the interchange with the South Mall Expressway. The marker then returned to the site of Fort Orange, but not to the location of the northeastern bastion which it refers to.^[4]

As the Fort Orange Archeological Site, the area of the fort was declared a National Historic Landmark (and therefore added to the National Register of Historic Places) on November 4, 1993.^[11]

Commanders of the fort [link]

Daniel van Krieckebeck
Hans Jorissen Houten
Carl van Brugge
Johannes Dyckman
Johannes de Decker
Johannes de la Montagne

as Fort Albany under the English [link]

Captain John Manning
Captain John Baker
Lieutenant Salisbury

as Fort Nassau under the Dutch [link]

Lieutenant Andries Draeyer

Excavations [link]

Historical marker on Broadway at Foot of State St.

Prior to the excavations that occurred in 1970, there had not been any 17th century Dutch artifacts discovered in Albany. The excavations were undertaken by the New York State Historic Trust with the New York State Department of Transportation from October 20, 1970 until March 1971. The first test hole was made in what had been the cellar of the De Witt house, which had obliterated all remnants of the old fort, but digging at a site that was under Broadway in front of the house turned up many pieces from the Dutch colonial past of Albany. Among those pieces were a Jew's harp, tobacco pipes, beads, Rhenish stoneware, and delftware.^[4] The excavations also revealed the south moat and counterscarp, a pebbled path from the east entrance of the fort, a brewery owned by Jean Labatie built in 1647, and parts of several houses owned by Hendrick Andriessen van Doesburgh, Abraham Staats, and Hans Vos.^[4]

From the excavations it was noted that venison made up the majority of the meat eaten by the settlers of the fort, seconded by that of pork. The greatest number of fish bones and scales were found in a pit 20 feet (6.1 m) south of the pebbled entrance path dating from before 1648. Sturgeon were found infrequently in later 17th century deposits. Eating and drinking utensils consisted of lead-glazed red-bodied and white/buff bodied earthenware, tin earthenware, Rhenish stoneware, Chinese porcelain, glass roemers, spechter glasses, and facon de Venise glassware. The tin-glazed earthenware, at least prior to 1650, were of the majolica variety and not the delft. The porcelain was rare and consisted of only a few shards.^[4]

Notes [link]

^ Beverwyck was named "Albany" in honor of the Duke of York and Duke of Albany (later James II of England). James Stuart (1633–1701), brother and successor of Charles II, was both the Duke of York and Duke of Albany before being crowned James II of England and James VII of Scotland in 1685. His title of Duke of York is the source of the name of the province of New York.^[7] Duke of Albany was a Scottish title given since 1398, generally to a younger son of the King of Scots.^[8] The name is ultimately derived from Alba, the Gaelic name for Scotland.^[9]

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Howell, George and Jonathan Tenney (1886). Bi-Centennial History of Albany: History of the County of Albany, N.Y., From 1609 to 1886. W.W. Munsell and Co.. http://books.google.com/?id=6UdbEIAEit8C&pg=PA504&dq=fort+orange+albany&q. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
^ ^a ^b ^c Reynolds, Cuyler (1906). Albany Chronicles: A History of the City Arranged Chronologically. J.B. Lyon Company. http://books.google.com/?id=XNU0AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=albany+chronicles&q=orange. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
^ Van Laer, A.J.F, ed. (1920). Minutes of the Court of Fort Orange and Beverwyck 1652-1656. I. The University of the State of New York. p. 8. http://books.google.com/?id=T_pYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=stuyvesant+beverwyck+1652&q=stuyvesant%20beverwyck%201652.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Huey, Paul R.. "The Archeology of Fort Orange and Beverwyck". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Bureau of Historic Sites. http://www.nnp.org/nnp/publications/ABAFB/9.4.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Fort Orange". New York State Museum Colonial Albany Social History Project. 2009-06-16. http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany//loc/fortorange.html. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
^ "Albany County Timeline Pre1300-1699". Albany County Hall of Records. http://www.albanycounty.com/achor/timeline/. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
^ Brodhead, John Romeyn (1874). History of the State of New York. New York City: Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 744. OCLC 458890237. http://books.google.com/?id=zEAOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA744#v=onepage&q.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (Albany, Dukes of). Encyclopædia Britannica Company. 1910. p. 487. OCLC 197297659. http://books.google.com/?id=RTEEAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22duke%20of%20albany%22%20scottish%20alba%201398&pg=PA487#v=onepage&q.
^ Leslie, Jhone (1888). E.G. Cody. ed. The Historie of Scotland. James Dalrymple. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. p. 354. OCLC 3217086. http://books.google.com/?id=56RHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA354#v=onepage&q.
^ ^a ^b "Simeon De Witt". New York State Museum Colonial Albany Social History Project. 2009-01-01. http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany//bios/d/sdewitt.html. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
^ National Historic Landmarks Survey, Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State: New York.

External links [link]

Gehring, Charles, ed. (2000). Fort Orange Records, 1656-1678. The Holland Society of New York. ISBN 0-8156-2821-8. http://books.google.com/?id=WBdCh9uazCQC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=fort+orange+commander&q=fort%20orange%20commander.
Fort Orange at the New York State Military Museum site
Fort Orange, 1635 (painting) - a visualization by artist Leonard Tantillo, at the University at Albany, SUNY, University Art Museum, site
Fort Orange Archeological Site:ArtifactsPDF (375 KB) (accompanying documentation to National Historic Landmark Nomination)
National Register Information System database (search by location)

Preceded by Fort Nassau 1614-1618	Forts of Albany, New York Fort Orange 1623-1676	Succeeded by Fort Frederick 1676-1789

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Category Portal WikiProject

Albany, New York

History

General	History (Prehistory–1664, 1664–1784, 1784–1860, 1860–1900, 1900–1942, 1942–1983, 1983–present) Architecture National Register of Historic Places listings

17th century	Mohawks Mahicans Dutch West India Company (1621–1791) Fort Nassau (1614) Fort Orange (1624) Rensselaerswijck (1629–1840) Beverwijck (1652–1664) Stadt Huys (1635, 1646, or 1673) Fort Frederick (1676–1789) Dongan Charter (1686)

18th century	Van Ostrande-Radliff House (1728) Quackenbush House (1736) Albany Plan of Union (1754) Schuyler Mansion (1765)

19th century	Clermont (1807) Erie Canal (1825) Albany Basin (1825) Albany Lumber District (1830s–1908) City Hall (1832) Governor's Mansion (1856) City Hall (1883) New York State Capitol (1899)

20th century	Albany Municipal Airport (1908) Miss Albany Diner (1941) W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus (1956–1994) Albany County Airport (1960) Empire State Plaza (1965–1978) Times Union Center (1990) Albany International Airport (1996–1998)

21st century	Hudson River Way (2002) Albany Convention Center (proposed)

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Mayor of Albany (current: Gerald Jennings)
Albany City Hall
Coat of arms
See also: Government of New York

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People

Thomas Dongan (1634–1715)
Peter Schuyler (1657–1724)
Erastus Corning (1794–1872)
Daniel P. O'Connell (1885–1977)
Erastus Corning 2nd (1909–1983)
John McEneny (1943–present)

Geography

Land	Albany Pine Bush Westerlo Island

Water	Buckingham Lake Hudson River (Valley) Normans Kill Patroon Creek Rensselaer Lake Tivoli Lake Washington Park Lake

Education

Secondary	Academy of the Holy Names The Albany Academy Albany Academy for Girls Albany Free School Bishop Maginn High School City School District of Albany (Albany High School) LaSalle School See also: List of school districts in New York's Capital District

Higher	Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Albany Law School Albany Medical College College of Saint Rose Excelsior College Maria College Mildred Elley Sage College of Albany SUNY Albany See also: List of colleges and universities in New York's Capital District

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v t e Broadcast television in the Capital District

Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television

Local stations	WRGB (6.1 CBS, 6.2 This TV) WTEN (10.1 ABC, 10.2 Weather, 10.3 RTV) WNYT (13.1 NBC, 13.2 Me-TV, 13.3 Weather Radar) WMHT (17.1 PBS, 17.2 ThinkBright, 17.3 HD) WXXA (23.1 Fox, 23.2 The Cool TV) WNGN-LP 35 / WNGX-LP 42 _Analog (FN) WCWN (45.1 The CW) WNYA / WNYA-CD (51.1 MNTV, 51.2 Antenna TV)

Outlying area stations	WVBK-CA 2 _Analog (Outside; Manchester, VT) W04AJ 4 (PBS; Glens Falls) W04BD 4 (PBS; Schoharie) WNCE-CA 8 _Analog (A1; Glens Falls) WYBN-CA 14 _Analog (RSN; Cobleskill) WCDC (19.1 ABC; Adams, MA) WVBG-LP 25 _Analog (RSN; Greenwich) W36AX 36 (PBS / VPT; Manchester, VT) W47CM 47 _Analog (silent; Glens Falls) WYPX (55.1 Ion, 55.2 qubo, 55.3 Life; Amsterdam) W53AS 53 (PBS / VPT; Bennington, VT)

Adjacent locals	WKTV (2.1 NBC, 2.2 The CW; Utica) WVER (28.1 HD, 28.2 PBS / VPT, 28.3 Create, 28.4 World; Rutland, VT) WRNN (48.1 Ind / AMGTV / JTV / News, 48.2 Al Jazeera English, 48.3 Arirang TV; Kingston)

Cable-only stations	YNN Capital Region TW3 YES SNY MSG Network

Defunct stations	WEDG-TV (UPN, cable-only) W52DF 52 (TBN)

Radio

v t e Radio stations in the Albany / Schenectady / Troy market

by FM frequency	88.3 89.1² 89.7 89.9 90.3² 90.7 90.7 90.7 90.9 91.1 91.5 92.3 92.9 93.1 93.5 93.7 94.5 94.7 94.9 95.5 95.9 96.3 96.7 97.3 97.5 97.7 97.9 98.3² 98.5 98.5 99.1 99.5² 100.3 100.9 101.3 101.7 101.9 102.3² 102.7 103.1² 103.5 103.9 104.5 104.9 105.7² 106.1 106.5² 107.1 107.7²

by AM frequency	560 590 810¹² 900 930 980² 1160 1190 1230 1240 1300 1330 1340 1400 1440 1460² 1490 1540 1570

NOAA Weather Radio frequency	162.550

by callsign	W226AC W235AY W256BU W291BY WABY WAJZ WAMC WAMC-FM² WBAR-FM WBPM WCDB WCKL WCKM-FM WCQL WCSS WCTW WDCD WDCD-FM WDDY² WENT WEQX WEXT WFFG-FM WFLY WFNY WGDJ WGNA-FM² WGXC WGY¹² WGY-FM² WHAZ WHAZ-FM WHUC WHVP WIZR WJIV WKBE WKKF² WKLI-FM WLJH WMHT-FM² WMYY WNYQ WOFX² WOPG WPGL WPYX² WQAR WQBJ WQBK-FM WQSH² WRIP WROW WRPI WRUC WRVE² WSDE WTMM-FM WTRY-FM² WUAM WVCR-FM WVKZ WVTL WXL34 WYAI WYJB WYKV WZCR WZMR

Defunct stations	WGFM WHRL WRSA WROW-FM WTRI WXKW

¹ = Clear-channel stations with extended nighttime coverage.; ² = Broadcasts in HD Radio

Capital District Portal

http://wn.com/Fort_Orange_(New_Netherland)

http://fr.wn.com/Fort Orange (Nouvelle-Néerlande)

http://nl.wn.com/Fort Oranje (Nieuw-Nederland)

http://de.wn.com/Fort Orange (New York)

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Orange_(New_Netherland)

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For the Minnesota state senator, see Jeremy Miller (politician).

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. It includes attribution to IMDb, which may not be a reliable source for biographical information. Please help by adding additional, reliable sources for verification. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2007)

Jeremy Miller
Born	Jeremy James Miller (1976-10-21) October 21, 1976 (age 35) Covina, California, U.S.
Years active	1982 - in activity
Spouse	Joanie Miller

Jeremy James Miller (born October 21, 1976) is an American actor and singer best known for his portrayal of Ben Seaver on Growing Pains and its two reunion movies. He also voiced Linus van Pelt in Happy New Year, Charlie Brown along with Chad Allen.

1 Career
2 Personal life
3 References
4 External links

Career [link]

Miller was cast in a few commercials, then a 1984 guest role in Punky Brewster before landing the role of Ben Seaver, the youngest son on Growing Pains. Miller was supposed to be a part of the cast of the PBS show Ghostwriter. The creator wanted to make him a mentor to the younger Ghostwriter members, but the producers decided it wasn't a good idea for the show to have an older ghostwriter team member and Miller was not invited back after shooting the pilot. Since there was room for one more character in the show's budget he was replaced by Todd Alexander's character Rob. As an actor, probably his most recognizable trademark is the "Ben Seaver Scream", which can be heard and seen in any number of Growing Pains episodes and during the closing credits of the movie Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star.

At about age fourteen, Miller received numerous letters from an older male stalker during the run of Growing Pains. The stalker threatened to molest and kill Miller in his letters and even listed the date he planned to come to the set to carry out the fantasy. Miller knew nothing of the letters nor the stalker's intent. Miller was stunned to find out that the heightened security presence around the set during this time was orchestrated to protect him. In another letter, the stalker was bold enough to actually write down his home address. The FBI arrested the individual shortly thereafter near the Philadelphia area. He was later convicted and sent to prison for his actions.^{[citation needed]}

Since Growing Pains, he has mostly taken a hiatus from acting, although he can be seen in in the film Milk and Fashion, in commercials for McDonald's "Dollar Menunaires" promotion shot as a parody of the VH1 series Best Week Ever and as the star of the 1990 Hanukah episode of Shalom Sesame (a Israeli version of Sesame Street).^[1] He has also been spotted in Boys and Girls Guide To Getting Down. He appeared in a special celebrity team-up episode of Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?; he and his partner got through to the bonus round in the end (but failed to win the big prize). In the Family Guy episode "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven", he appears and tries to convince the other characters to buy him a case of Sudafed, but an animated version of his TV dad Alan Thicke appears, with his neck bobbling rapidly. He tells his son "Be-en! What have I told you about trading sexual favors for Sudafed?" He can be seen in four movies in 2009: Ditching Party, Never Have I Ever, The Fish and Tar Beach.^[2]

Personal life [link]

Jeremy was born in Covina, California, the son of Sonja (née Morckel) and James Miller.

References [link]

^ Shalom Sesame Show 6: Channukah Amazon.com Retrieved December 21, 2008
^ Growing Pains Stars: Where Are They Now? Foxnews.com, December 18, 2008

External links [link]

Jeremy Miller at the Internet Movie Database

Persondata
Name	Miller, Jeremy
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	October 21, 1976
Place of birth	West Covina, California, U.S.
Date of death
Place of death

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Miller

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (July 2010)

Jericho Rosales
Born	Jericho Vibar Rosales (1979-09-22) September 22, 1979 (age 32) Quezon City, Philippines
Other names	Echo
Occupation	Actor, Singer
Years active	1996-present

Jericho Vibar Rosales (Echo), born September 22, 1979 in Quezon City, Philippines is a Filipino cinema and television actor, singer, and songwriter. He is the uncle of young actor John Manalo.

Jericho Rosales attended New Era University^[1] for his secondary education and was later discovered on the television program Eat Bulaga.

Jericho Rosales has acted in both television and cinema. His credits include Pangako Sa 'Yo, Trip, Forevermore, Ngayong Nandito Ka, Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas, Maalaala Mo Kaya: Gayuma, and Dahil May Isang Ikaw.

1 Filmography
- 1.1 Movies
2 Awards/Recognitions
3 Discography
4 References
5 External links

Filmography [link]

Television
Year	Title	Role	Network
2012	Dahil Sa Pag-Ibig	Oliver Falcon	ABS-CBN
2011	100 Days To Heaven	Tagabantay (a security guard)	ABS-CBN
2011	I Dare You	Himself/Host	ABS-CBN
2011	Green Rose	Jerome Delgado/Lee Jung Soo	ABS-CBN
2009	Dahil May Isang Ikaw	Atty. Miguel Ramirez	ABS-CBN
2009	I Love Betty La Fea	Aldo	ABS-CBN
2008	Kahit Isang Saglit	Francisco 'Rocky' Santillan, Jr.	ABS-CBN
2008	Maalaala Mo Kaya: Gayuma	Johnny	ABS-CBN
2008	Jericho Date	Jeircho Rosales	ABS-CBN
2007	Pangarap Na Bituin	Terrence Rodriguez	ABS-CBN
2007	Love Spell Presents: Ellay Enchanted	Elloy	ABS-CBN
2005–2006	Carlo J. Caparas' Ang Panday	Tristan	ABS-CBN
2005–2006	Bora: Sons of the Beach	Alon	ABS-CBN
2003–2004	Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas	Christian Soriano	ABS-CBN
2000–2002	Pangako Sa 'Yo	Angelo Buenavista	ABS-CBN
1998–2000	Richard Loves Lucy		ABS-CBN
1999–2002	Ang Munting Paraiso	Alberto Dionisio	ABS-CBN
1997–1999	Esperanza	Buboy	ABS-CBN
1997–present	ASAP	Himself	ABS-CBN
1997–2000	!Oka Tokat	Jeremy	ABS-CBN
1996–1998	Kaybol		ABS-CBN

Movies [link]

Film
Year	Title	Role	Film Producer
2011	Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow	Jacob	Regal Films
2011	Subject: I Love You^[2]^[3]	Victor	Radiant Studios
2010	I'll Be There	Tommy Santibañez	Star Cinema
2008	Baler	Celso Resurrecion	Viva Films
2006	Bilut	Gabriel	Mega Waja Sinar (Malaysia)
2006	Chinese School	Heric Gongan	Regal Films
2006	Pacquiao: The Movie	Manny Pacquiao	Star Cinema
2005	Nasaan Ka Man	Joven	Star Cinema
2004	Santa Santita	Mike	Unitel
2003	Noon At Ngayon	Levi	Star Cinema
2003	Ngayong Nandito Ka	Rocky	Star Cinema
2002	Kailangan Kita	Abel	Star Cinema
2002	Forevermore	Anton	Star Cinema
2001	Bagong Buwan	Lieutenant Ricarte	Star Cinema
2001	Trip	Erwin	Star Cinema
2000	Tanging Yaman	Rommel	Star Cinema
1999	Suspek		Star Cinema
1999	Wansapanataym: The Movie	Michael Arcangel	Star Cinema
1998	Magandang Hatinggabi	Darwin	Star Cinema
1997	Hanggang Kailan Kita Mamahalin?	Jojo	Star Cinema
1997	Biyudo Si Daddy, Biyuda Si Mommy	Robert	M-Zet Films/Star Cinema

Awards/Recognitions [link]

Showbiz
Movie/TV show	Category	Organization
Dahil May Isang Ikaw	New York Festival Awardee	2011 New York Festivals [1]
Baler	Best Actor	25th PMPC Star Awards for Movies 2009
Baler	Best Actor	11th GAWAD PASADO 2009
Pacquiao	Best Actor	9th GAWAD PASADO 2007
Pacquiao	Best Actor (tied with Piolo Pascual)	23rd PMPC Star Awards for Movies 2007
	One of Anak TV Seal's Most-Admired Male TV Personalities	Southeast Asian Foundation for Children’s Television 2006
Maalaala Mo Kaya "Pasa"	Best Single Performance by a Lead Actor	PMPC Star Awards for TV 2000
	Best Young Male Performer	Guillermo Mendoza Memorial Scholarship Foundation Awards 1999
Maalaala Mo Kaya "Pampang"	Best Single Performance by a Lead Actor	PMPC Star Awards for TV 1998
	Best New Male TV Performer	Parangal ng Bayan 1998
	Best New TV Personality	PMPC Star Awards for TV 1998

Discography [link]

Title	Group	Year
Change	Jericho Rosales	2009
Jericho	Jericho Rosales	2008
Loose Fit	Jeans	2006
Hunks Live	Hunks	2001

References [link]

^ Unknown, Author (Unknown Publication Date). "Jericho Rosales". Telebisyon.net. http://telebisyon.net/Jericho-Rosales/artista/. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
^ "Americans say ‘I love you’ to Echo’s 1st int’l film". ABS-CBN News. http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/05/02/11/americans-say-%E2%80%98i-love-you%E2%80%99-echo%E2%80%99s-1st-int%E2%80%99l-film. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
^ "Jericho dateless on US red carpet". The Manila Bulletin Newspaper:http://www.mb.com.ph. http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/316893/jericho-dateless-us-red-carpet. Retrieved 5 May 2011.

External links [link]

Jericho Rosales at the Internet Movie Database
Jericho Rosales at Telebisyon.net

Persondata
Name	Jericho Rosales
Alternative names	Echo
Short description	Actor, Singer/Songwriter & Model
Date of birth	September 22, 1979
Place of birth	Quezon City, Philippines
Date of death
Place of death	Age = 32

http://wn.com/Jericho_Rosales

http://es.wn.com/Jericho Rosales

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho_Rosales

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Playlist

Film Summary

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Contents

History [link]

Subsequent occupation [link]

Commanders of the fort [link]

as Fort Albany under the English [link]

as Fort Nassau under the Dutch [link]

Excavations [link]

See also [link]

Notes [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Fort_Orange_(New_Netherland)

Related pages:

http://fr.wn.com/Fort Orange (Nouvelle-Néerlande)

http://nl.wn.com/Fort Oranje (Nieuw-Nederland)

http://de.wn.com/Fort Orange (New York)

Contents

Career [link]

Personal life [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Jeremy_Miller

Related pages:

http://fr.wn.com/Jeremy Miller

http://de.wn.com/Jeremy Miller

http://it.wn.com/Jeremy Miller

http://id.wn.com/Jeremy Miller

http://es.wn.com/Jeremy Miller

Contents

Filmography [link]

Movies [link]

Awards/Recognitions [link]

Discography [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Jericho_Rosales

Related pages:

http://es.wn.com/Jericho Rosales