Commonwealth Games

130px Seal of the Commonwealth Games Federation
165px Commonwealth Games Federation Flag
Abbreviation	CG
Motto	Humanity – Equality – Destiny
First event	1930
Occur every	every 4 years
Purpose	Commonwealth Sports
Headquarters	London, United Kingdom
President	Prince Tunku Imran
Website	Commonwealth Games Federation

The Commonwealth Games is an international, multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930 and takes place every four years.

It was initially known as the British Empire Games and was renamed to the British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1954 and the British Commonwealth Games in 1970, before finally gaining its current title for the 1978 edition. The Games are overseen by the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF), which also controls the sporting programme and selects the host cities. A host city is selected for each edition and eighteen cities in seven countries have hosted the event.

As well as many Olympic sports, the Games also include some sports that are played mainly in Commonwealth countries, such as lawn bowls, rugby sevens and netball.^[1] Only six teams have attended every Commonwealth Games: Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland and Wales. Australia has been the highest achieving team for eleven games, England for seven and Canada for one.

Although there are 54 members of the Commonwealth of Nations, 71 teams participate in the Commonwealth Games as a number of British overseas territories, Crown dependencies, and island states compete under their own flag. The four Home Nations of the United Kingdom – England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland – also send separate teams.

History[link]

A sporting competition bringing together the members of the British Empire was first proposed by the Reverend Astley Cooper in 1891 when he wrote an article in The Times suggesting a "Pan-Britannic-Pan-Anglican Contest and Festival every four years as a means of increasing the goodwill and good understanding of the British Empire".

In 1911, the Festival of the Empire was held in London to celebrate the coronation of King George V. As part of the festival an Inter-Empire Championships was held in which teams from Australia, Canada, South Africa and the United Kingdom competed in events such as boxing, wrestling, swimming and athletics.

In 1928, Melville Marks Robinson of Canada was asked to organise the first British Empire Games. The first Games were held in 1930 in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The name changed to British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1954, to British Commonwealth Games in 1970 and assumed the current name of the Commonwealth Games in 1978.^[2]

At the 1930 games, women competed in the swimming events only.^[3] From 1934, women also competed in some athletics events^{[citation needed]}.

The Commonwealth Paraplegic Games were held alongside the Commonwealth Games from 1962 to 1974.^[4] In the regular Commonwealth Games, athletes with a disability were first included in exhibition events at the 1994 Victoria, Canada Games.^[5] At the 2002 Manchester Games they were included as full members of their national teams, making them the first fully inclusive international multi-sport games. This meant that results were included in the medal count.^[6]

The Empire Games flag was donated in 1931 by the British Empire Games Association of Canada. The year and location of subsequent games were added until the 1950 games. The name of the event was changed to the British Empire and Commonwealth Games and the flag was retired as a result.

• Commonwealth Winter Games
• Commonwealth Youth Games

The 2006 relay passing through Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia

Traditions[link]

• From 1930 to 1950, the parade of nations was led by a single flagbearer carrying the Union Flag.
• Since 1958, the Queen's Baton Relay has taken place, in which athletes carry a baton from Buckingham Palace to the games opening ceremony. This baton has within it Queen Elizabeth II's message of greeting to the athletes. The baton's final bearer is usually a famous sporting personage of the host nation.
• All other nations march in English alphabetical order, except that the first nation marching in the Parade of Athletes is the host nation of the previous games, and the host nation of the current games marches last. In 2006 countries marched in alphabetical order in geographical regions.

The Big helium aerostat with traditional Indian Rajasthani puppets attached, during the 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony

• Three national flags fly from the stadium on the poles that are used for medal ceremonies: Previous host nation, Current host nation, Next host nation.
• The military is more active in the Opening Ceremony than in the Olympic Games. This is to honour the British Military traditions of the Old Empire.

      Countries that have hosted, or plan to host, the event
      Other countries that enter the games
      Countries that have entered the games but no longer do so
0•0 Host cities and year of games

Editions[link]

The first edition of the event was the 1930 British Empire Games and eleven nations took part. The quadrennial schedule of the games was interrupted by the Second World War and the 1942 Games (set to be held in Montreal) and the 1946 Games were abandoned.^[7] The games were continued in 1950 and underwent a name change four years later with the first British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1954.^[2] Over 1000 athletes participated in the 1958 Games as over thirty teams took part for the first time.^[8]

The event was briefly known as the British Commonwealth Games for the 1970 and 1974 editions and the 1978 Games, held in Edmonton, Canada, were the first to be held under the title of the "Commonwealth Games".^[2] The Edmonton event marked a new high as almost 1500 athletes from 46 countries took part.^[8]

Participation at the 1986 Games was affected by a boycott by some African and Caribbean nations in protest to the participation of New Zealand, following the All Blacks Rugby tour of Apartheid era South Africa in 1985, but the Games rebounded and continued to grow thereafter. The 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia saw the sporting programme grow from 10 to 15 sports as team sports were allowed for the first time.^[2] Participation also reached new levels as over 3500 athletes represented 70 teams at the event. At the Games in Melbourne in 2006, over 4000 athletes took part in sporting competitions.^[8]

The three nations to have hosted the games the most number of times are Australia (5), Canada (4) and New Zealand (3). Furthermore, six editions have taken place, or will take place, in the countries within the United Kingdom (Scotland 3, England 2 and Wales 1). Two cities have held the games on multiple occasions: Auckland (1950 and 1990), and Edinburgh (1970 and 1986).

Games	Year	Host	Dates	Sports	Events	Nations	Competitors
British Empire Games
I	1930	Hamilton, Canada	16 – 23 August	6	59	11	400
II	1934	London, England	4 – 11 August	6	68	16	500
III	1938	Sydney, Australia	5 – 12 February	7	71	15	464
IV	1950	Auckland, New Zealand	4 – 11 February	9	88	12	590
British Empire and Commonwealth Games
V	1954	Vancouver, Canada	30 July – 7 August	9	91	24	662
VI	1958	Cardiff, Wales	18 – 26 July	9	94	36	1122
VII	1962	Perth, Australia	22 November – 1 December	9	104	35	863
VIII	1966	Kingston, Jamaica	4 – 13 August	9	110	34	1050
British Commonwealth Games
IX	1970	Edinburgh, Scotland	16 – 25 July	9	121	42	1383
X	1974	Christchurch, New Zealand	24 January – 2 February	9	121	38	1276
Commonwealth Games
XI	1978	Edmonton, Canada	3 – 12 August	10	128	46	1474
XII	1982	Brisbane, Australia	30 September — 9 October	10	142	46	1583
XIII	1986	Edinburgh, Scotland	24 July – 2 August	10	163	26	1662
XIV	1990	Auckland, New Zealand	24 January – 3 February	10	204	55	2073
XV	1994	Victoria, Canada	18 – 28 August	10	217	63	2557
XVI	1998	Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	11 – 21 September	15	213	70	3633
XVII	2002	Manchester, England	25 July – 4 August	171	281	72	3679
XVIII	2006	Melbourne, Australia	15 – 26 March	162	245	71	4049
XIX	2010	Delhi, India	3 – 14 October	173	272	71	6700
XX	2014	Glasgow, Scotland	23 July – 3 August
XXI	2018	Gold Coast, Australia	4 April – 15 April
XXII	2022	TBA	TBA

Notes

¹Includes 3 team sports ²Includes 4 team sports ³Includes 3 team sports

Total Commonwealth Games by country[link]

Rank	Country	Region	Editions hosted
1	Australia	Oceania	5 (1938, 1962, 1982, 2006, 2018)
2	Canada	Americas	4 (1930, 1954, 1978, 1994)
3	New Zealand	Oceania	3 (1950, 1974, 1990)
	Scotland	Europe	3 (1970, 1986, 2014)
5	England	Europe	2 (1934, 2002)
6	India	Asia	1 (2010)
	Malaysia	Asia	1 (1998)
	Jamaica	Caribbean	1 (1966)
	Wales	Europe	1 (1958)

Approved sports[link]

There are a total of 21 sports (with two multi-disciplinary sports) and a further seven para-sports which are approved by the Commonwealth Games Federation. They are categorised into three types. Core sports must be included on each programme. A number of optional sports may be picked by the host nation, which may include some team sports such as basketball. Recognised sports are sports which have been approved by the CGF but which are deemed to need expansion; host nations may not pick these sports for their programme until the CGF's requirements are fulfilled.^[9]

Participation[link]

Nations/dependencies that have competed[link]

Only six teams have attended every Commonwealth Games: Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland and Wales. Australia has been the highest scoring team for eleven games, England for seven and Canada for one.

Notes:

1. ^ Aden became South Arabia which left the Commonwealth in 1968.
2. ^ Became Guyana in 1966.
3. ^ Became Belize in 1973.
4. ^ Became Sri Lanka in 1972.
5. ^ Suspended from the Commonwealth and Games in 2009.^[12]
6. ^ Became Ghana in 1957.
7. ^ Left the Commonwealth when handed over to China in 1997.
8. ^ Ireland was represented as a team from the whole of Ireland in 1930, and from both the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland in 1934. The Irish Free State became Ireland in 1937 (but also known by its name in Irish Éire), formally left the Commonwealth when it declared that it was a Republic on 1 January 1949.
9. ^ Competed from 1958–1962 as part of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
10. ^ Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore federated as Malaysia in 1963. Singapore left the federation in 1965.
11. ^ Joined Canada in 1949.
12. ^ Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia federated with Nyasaland from 1953 as Rhodesia and Nyasaland which lasted till 1963.
13. ^ Divided into Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia in 1953.
14. ^ Zanzibar and Tanganyika federated to form Tanzania in 1964.
15. ^ Withdrew from the Commonwealth in 2003.

Commonwealth nations/dependencies/disputed territories yet to send teams[link]

Very few Commonwealth dependencies and nations have yet to take part:

• Tokelau was expected to take part in the 2010 Games in Delhi but did not do so.
• The Pitcairn Islands' tiny population (currently 50 to 60 people) would appear to prevent this British overseas territory from competing.
• The British Indian Ocean Territory currently has no permanent population although there is a sizeable population who were born in the BIOT but currently live in Mauritius and the United Kingdom and so would be eligible to compete on birth criteria.
• The lack of a permanent population would seem to prevent the British overseas territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and British Antarctic Territory, the New Zealand territory of Ross Dependency and the Australian external territories of Australian Antarctic Territory, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands and Heard Island and McDonald Islands from competing.
• Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has made applications to the CGF to send teams.
• Other states, territories and territorial autonomies with native populations within the Commonwealth that may be eligible include Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Rodrigues, Nevis and Zanzibar.
• It is also conceivable that any future members of the Commonwealth such as applicants (for example Sudan and Yemen) may participate in future games. The Colony of Aden and Federation of South Arabia, precursors to modern Yemen, participated before in 1962 and in 1966. Sudan was an Anglo-Egyptian protectorate until independence in 1956.
• South Sudan likely to compete at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.^[13]
• Cornwall, represented by the Cornwall Commonwealth Games Association (CCGA), sent a bid for participation in the 2006 Commonwealth Games, however, their application was rejected by the CGF, who stated that the constitutional status of Cornwall was not an issue that should be resolved through this medium. However, in 2010, the CCGA sought to launch a legal challenge to the decision of the CGF, stating that the Cornish bid of 2006 fulfilled the entire criterion of the CGF, and by rejecting the bid, the CGF had violated their own code, failing to follow their own criteria for participation. The Cornwall team will therefore seek competition in the 2014 games.^[14]

Notable competitors[link]

Lawn bowler Willie Wood from Scotland is the first competitor to have competed in seven Commonwealth Games, from 1974 to 2002. Also, Greg Yelavich, a sports shooter from New Zealand, has won 12 medals in seven games from 1986 to 2010.

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Commonwealth Games

• All-time medal tally of Commonwealth Games
• All-Africa Games
• Asian Games
• Commonwealth Mountain and Ultradistance Running Championships
• Indian Empire Games
• Jeux de la Francophonie
• Kingdom Games
• Lusophony Games
• Olympic Games
• Pan American Games
• Universiade
• World Games

References[link]

External links[link]

• Commonwealth Games official website
• Statistics (1911 to 2006)
• Flags and emblems of the Commonwealth Games – evolution of the emblems of the Games

Lerone Clarke

Personal information
Nationality	Jamaica
Born	(1981-07-07) 7 July 1981 (age 30) Trelawny, Jamaica
Sport
Sport	Track and field
Achievements and titles
Personal best(s)	60m: 6.47 100m: 9.99
Medal record Competitor for  Jamaica Men’s athletics World Championships Gold 2009 Berlin 4×100 m relay CAC Championships Gold 2011 Mayagüez 4×100 m relay Silver 2009 Havana 100 m Commonwealth Games Gold 2010 Delhi 100 m Silver 2010 Delhi 4×100 m relay Pan American Games Gold 2011 Guadalajara 100 m

Lerone Ephraime Clarke (born 7 July 1981) is a Jamaican track and field sprinter who specialises in the 100 metres and the 60 metres. He is the reigning Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games champion in the 100 m. His personal best for that distance is 9.99 seconds, set in 2009. He has represented Jamaica three times at the IAAF World Indoor Championships and holds the Jamaican record of 6.47 seconds in the 60 m sprint.

Career[link]

Early career[link]

Like multiple Olympic champion Usain Bolt and former Jamaican sprinter Michael Green, Clarke is a former student of William Knibb Memorial High School. He attended Lincoln University of Missouri in the United States and competed for their Blue Tigers athletic team in 2002 and 2003.^[1]

His first international appearance for Jamaica came at the 2002 NACAC Under-25 Championships in Athletics, where he led off the Jamaican 4×100 metres relay team to take the bronze medal.^[2] He set a personal best of 10.24 seconds at the 2005 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics, coming sixth in the 100 m final and was also part of the relay team which finished in fifth place.^[3] This led to his first selection for Jamaica on the world stage: he finished fourth in 4 x 100 m relay at the 2005 World Championships, together with teammates Dwight Thomas, Ainsley Waugh and Michael Frater.^[4]

He earned a spot in the 60 metres at the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships and set a personal best of 6.66 seconds in the semi-finals of the event.^[5] Outdoors, he represented Jamaica at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games and ran a season's best of 10.28 seconds in the 100 m semi-finals. He was slower in the final, finishing fourth, but led of the relay team to the bronze medals.^[6] He had a low key 2007 season, although he achieved a 60 m best of 6.64 seconds at the Millrose Games and a 100 m best of 10.15 seconds in Kingston, Jamaica.^[7]

Sub-10 runner[link]

At the start of 2008 he won the 60 m sprint at the Tyson Invitational,^[8] he but had a poor performance at the 2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships, being eliminated in the heats after a slow start.^[7] He competed in only two competitions over 100 m that year: he was a semi-finalist at the Jamaican National Championships and was seventh in the 100 m at the 2008 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics.^[9]

Driven on the by success of Jamaica at the 2008 Summer Olympics, he competed extensively in the 2009 outdoor season.^[9] He was fifth at the Jamaican Championships and took the 100 m silver medal at the 2009 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics with a significant personal best of 10.08 seconds. He also led off the Jamaican relay team which finished as runners-up.^[10] He was selected as a first heat relay runner at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and received a gold medal as the Jamaican quartet went on to win the title.^[7] He competed at a number of smaller meets in the European circuit before going on to set a personal best time of 9.99 seconds at the Weltklasse Zürich in August, becoming the 70th man to have broken the 10-second barrier with an official, legal time.^[11] Following this he set a meeting record at Rovereto, Italy, recording 10.11 seconds into a headwind to beat Asafa Powell's previous meet best.^[12]

Commonwealth champion[link]

In the 2010 indoor season he won at the BW-Bank Meeting, Sparkassen Cup and Erdgas Athletics Meeting (setting a 60 m best of 6.55 seconds at the latter). He was chosen for the third time running to run for Jamaica at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships, but was surprisingly eliminated in the heats against lesser opposition.^[13] He ran two sub-10-second times at the Doha Athletic Grand Prix, albeit wind-assisted and was a regular competitor on the 2010 IAAF Diamond League circuit. He came fourth at the Jamaican Championships then went on to win a 100 m bronze medal and relay silver medal at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games.^[9] With the top Jamaican sprinters opting out of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, Clarke was selected to represent his country in the 100 m. He had a fast start in the final and held his lead to win the gold medal, succeeding Asafa Powell as the Commonwealth champion for the event. However, the lack of top athletes was evident from his 10.12-second winning time – the slowest to win the title since Don Quarrie in 1974.^[14] He also won a silver medal with the Jamaican relay team.

The year after he led off a Jamaican quartet to win the relay gold medal at the 2011 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics and achieved his season's best of 10.01 seconds to win the individual 100 m title at the 2011 Pan American Games.^[15] At the 2012 Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix he caused an upset by defeating both Asafa Powell and Nesta Carter over 60 m as he ran a Jamaican record time of 6.47 seconds to win the race.^[16]

References[link]

External links[link]

• IAAF profile for Lerone Clarke