The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention (officially Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions) is a convention of the OECD aimed at reducing corruption in developing countries by encouraging sanctions against bribery in international business transactions carried out by companies based in the Convention member countries. Its goal is to create a truly level playing field in today's international business environment.

History[link]

In 1989, the OECD established ad hoc working group for comparative review of national legislations regarding the bribery of foreign public officials. In 1994, the OECD Ministerial Council adopted the Recommendation of the Council on Bribery in International Business Transactions; the revised recommendation was adopted in 2007. The ad hoc working group was replaced by the OECD Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions. The convention was signed on 17 December 1997 and came into force on 15 February 1999.^[1]

Principles[link]

Countries that have signed the convention are required to put in place legislation that criminalises the act of bribing a foreign public official. The OECD has no authority to implement the convention, but instead monitors implementation by participating countries. Countries are responsible for implementing laws and regulations that conform to the convention and therefore provide for enforcement. The OECD performs its monitoring function in a two-phased examination process. Phase I consists of a review of legislation implementing the conventions in the member country with the goal of evaluating the adequacy of the laws. Phase 2 assesses the effectiveness with which the legislation is applied.

Members[link]

The Convention is open to accession by any country which is a member of the OECD or has become a full participant in the OECD Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions. As of March 17, 2012 (2012 -03-17)^[update], 39 countries have acceded to the convention:

Colombia is invited to join the working group and to adhere to the convention.^[2] Other countries that have participated as observers in the Working Group include China, Peru, Indonesia, and Malaysia.

References[link]

External links[link]

• OECD Anti-Bribery Convention

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Andrey Ivanovich Denisov (Russian: Андре́й Ива́нович Дени́сов), born on October 3, 1952 in Kharkiv, is the First Deputy Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation. From 2004 to 2006, he was the Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations. He presented his credentials to the United Nations Secretary-General on August 4, 2004. Previously, he had been the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs from December 2001 to July 2004, and Russia's Ambassador to the Arab Republic of Egypt from May 2000 to December 2001. Andrey Denisov graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1974.

External links[link]

• The biography of Andrey I. Denisov at the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations website
• United Nations Heads of Mission

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Richard Trumka
Born	(1949-07-24) July 24, 1949 (age 62) Nemacolin, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Nationality	American
Occupation	Miner; Labor leader; Attorney/Litigator
Known for	President, United Mine Workers of America; Secretary-Treasurer, AFL-CIO; President, AFL-CIO
Union affiliation	United Mine Workers of America AFL-CIO
Strikes organized	against Peabody Coal in 1993 against the Pittston Coal Company in 1989

Richard Louis Trumka (born July 24, 1949)^[1] is an organized labor leader in the United States. He was elected President of the AFL-CIO on September 16, 2009, at the labor federation's convention in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.^[2] He served as the Secretary-Treasurer of the AFL-CIO, from 1995 to 2009, and prior to that was President of the United Mine Workers from 1982 to December 22, 1995. Mr. Trumka was named in Esquire Magazine's 2011 Americans of the Year.^[3]

Life and career[link]

Trumka was born in Nemacolin, Pennsylvania near Pittsburgh, to an Italian American mother,^[4] Eola Elizabeth (Bertugli), and a second-generation Polish American father, coal miner Frank Richard Trumka.^[1][5] He is a Roman Catholic.^[6] He went to work in the mines in 1968.^[5] He received a bachelor of science degree from Pennsylvania State University in 1971 and a law degree from Villanova University in 1974.^[1][7] He married Barbara Vidovich in 1982. They have one son.^[1][8]

National labor career[link]

From 1974 to 1979, Trumka was a staff attorney with the United Mine Workers at their headquarters in Washington, D.C.^[1] He was elected to the board of directors of UMWA District 4 in 1981 and became President of the United Mine Workers in 1982.^[1]

While President of the UMWA, Trumka led a successful nine-month strike against the Pittston Coal Company in 1989, which became a symbol of resistance against employer cutbacks and retrenchment for the entire labor movement.^[9] A major issue in the dispute was Pittston's refusal to pay into the industrywide health and retirement fund created in 1950. Trumka encouraged non-violent civil disobedience to confront the company and relied on a corporate campaign involving Wall Street investors.

The United Mine Workers conducted a nationwide strike against Peabody Coal in 1993. Trumka was asked to respond to the possibility that some coal companies might hire permanent replacement workers.^[10] He told the Associated Press in September 1993, "I'm saying if you strike a match and you put your finger in it, you're likely to get burned."^[11] He also said, "That doesn't mean I'm threatening to burn you. That just means if you strike the match, and you put your finger in it, common sense will tell you it'll burn your finger. Common sense will tell you that in these strikes, that when you inject scabs, a number of things happen. And a confrontation is one of the potentials that can happen. Do I want it to happen? Absolutely not. Do I think it can happen? Yes, I think it can happen."^[10] The Associated Press reported that he was not threatening violence, and noted that UMWA staff had spent "thousands of man hours trying to prevent anything from happening ... to our members or by our members."^[12]

Despite claims of non-violence by Trumka during the strike, a union coal miner, Jerry Dale Lowe, was eventually convicted in 1994 of killing Eddie York at a mine owned by the Arch Mineral Corporation. ^[13]

Besides his domestic labor activities, Trumka established an office that raised U.S. mineworker solidarity with the miners in South Africa while they were fighting apartheid.^[14] He further served as the U.S. Shell boycott chairman, which challenged the multinational Royal Dutch/Shell Group for its continued business dealings in South Africa. For these steps, Trumka received the 1990 Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Award.

During his tenure as Secretary-Treasurer of the AFL-CIO, Trumka focused on creating investment programs for the pension and benefit funds of the labor movement, capital market strategies,^[15] and demanding corporate accountability to America's communities. He chaired the AFL-CIO Industrial Union Council, a consortium of manufacturing unions focusing on key issues in trade, health care and labor law reform. He co-chairs the China Currency Coalition, an alliance of industry, agriculture, services, and worker organizations whose stated mission is to support U.S. manufacturing.^[16]

But Trumka's tenure as Secretary-Treasurer was not without controversy. In 1996, Teamsters president Ron Carey was locked in a tight reelection battle with James P. Hoffa, son of disappeared Teamsters president Jimmy Hoffa and a long-time Teamsters union attorney. Hoffa was also out-raising Carey in funds by more than 4-to-1, but the Carey campaign was convinced it could win if the campaign could bypass the local leadership (which supported Hoffa) and get his message directly to Teamsters members.^[17] Martin Davis, a Carey campaign consultant who owned The November Group (a direct-marketing company), allegedly contacted Trumka in the summer of 1996 and concocted a scheme whereby the Teamsters would donate $150,000 to the AFL-CIO for spurious get-out-the-vote efforts and the AFL-CIO would pay the same amount to Citizen Action (a liberal grassroots lobbying and organizing group).^[17] Citizen Action would then pay $100,000 to The November Group, which would use the cash to finance Carey's direct marketing effort.^[18][19][20] The alleged scheme was revealed on August 22, 1997, by a federal government official overseeing the Teamsters' election.^[20][21] The federal government overturned Carey's successful reelection, and ordered a new election.^[22] On November 17, 1997, a federal official disqualified Carey from seeking elective office in the union.^[18] Carey was indicted on federal perjury charges in January 2001,^[23] pled not guilty,^[24] and was found not guilty on all charges on October 12, 2001.^[25] Trumka invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination during the government's grand jury investigation and a congressional panel, but was never charged with any crimes.^[26][27][28] Although the AFL-CIO had a policy (enacted in the wake of several Teamsters' scandals in the late 1950s) appearing to require anyone who asserted their Fifth Amendment rights to be removed from office, AFL-CIO President John Sweeney wrote in a letter sent to AFL-CIO member unions in November 1997 that the AFL-CIO policy regarding assertion of Fifth Amendment rights had "never been applied by the federation".^[29] The letter went on to say that "The policy calls for removal only when the union determines that the Fifth Amendment is being invoked to conceal discovery of corruption. The AFL-CIO, as you know, has for some time been conducting its own internal inquiry and has no basis to conclude that there was any unlawful conduct by Secretary-Treasurer Trumka. ... It is clear that the policy does not apply."^[29] During testimony before a congressional subcommittee on April 30, 1998, Sweeney said that a December 1957 resolution adopted by the AFL-CIO amended the policy so that it would not be automatically invoked but rather applied only if the invocation of Fifth Amendment rights were used "as a shield to avoid discovery of corruption".^[27][30] The labor federation appeared satisfied that Trumka should not step down. After Trumka spoke to an executive session of the AFL-CIO Executive Board in January 1998, board members said their concerns about Trumka's involvement in the scandal had been alleviated.^[31] On April 30, 1998, Sweeney said no evidence had yet come to light indicating any wrongdoing by Trumka.^[27]

On July 1, 2008, Trumka delivered a speech attacking racism in the 2008 presidential election.^[5][32] A video ^[33] with an excerpt of the speech attracted more than 535,000 hits on YouTube as of July 1, 2009.^[5] Trumka's video was "surely the first YouTube moment in the history" of the labor movement.^[34]

Trumka was elected president of the AFL-CIO after the retirement of John Sweeney in 2009^[2] and president of the Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD in May 2010.^[35]

References[link]

External links[link]

Organized labour portal

Media related to Richard Trumka at Wikimedia Commons

• AFL-CIO
• United Mine Workers of America
• Richard Trumka speech attacking racism in the 2008 presidential election
• The Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Award