A censure ( /ˈsɛnʃər/) is an expression of strong disapproval or harsh criticism.^[1] Among the forms that it can take are a stern rebuke by a legislature, a spiritual penalty imposed by a church, and a negative judgment pronounced on a theological proposition.

Politics[link]

In politics, a censure is an alternative to more serious measures against misconduct or dereliction of duty.^[2][3]

Canada[link]

Censure is an action by the House of Commons or the Senate rebuking the actions or conduct of an individual. The power to censure is not directly mentioned in the constitutional texts of Canada but is derived from the powers bestowed upon both Chambers through section 18 of the Constitution Act, 1867. A motion of censure can be introduced by any Member of Parliament or Senator and passed by a simple majority for censure to be deemed to have been delivered. In addition, if the censure is related to the privileges of the Chamber, the individual in question could be summoned to the bar of the House or Senate (or, in the case of a sitting member, to that member's place in the chamber) to be censured, and could also face other sanctions from the house, including imprisonment. Normally, censure is exclusively an on-the-record rebuke — it is not equivalent to a motion of no confidence, and a prime minister can continue in office even if censured.

Louis Riel faced Parliamentary censure for his role in the Red River Rebellion, and was expelled from Parliament April 16, 1874.^[4]

United States[link]

Censure is the public reprimanding of a public official for inappropriate behavior. When the president is censured, it serves merely as a condemnation and has no direct effect on the validity of presidency, nor are there any other particular legal consequences. Unlike impeachment, censure has no basis in the Constitution or in the rules of the Senate and House of Representatives. It derives from the formal condemnation of either congressional body of their own members.

Explanation and use[link]

The motion to censure is an exception to the general rule that "a motion must not use language that reflects on a member's conduct or character, or is discourteous, unnecessarily harsh, or not allowed in debate."^[5] Demeter's Manual notes, "It is a reprimand, aimed at reformation of the person and prevention of further offending acts."^[3] While there are many possible grounds for censuring members of an organization, such as embezzlement, absenteeism, drunkenness, and so on, DEM notes that the grounds for censuring a presiding officer are more limited:^[6]

Serious grounds for censure against presiding officers (presidents, chairmen, etc.) are, in general: arrogation or assumption by the presiding officer of dictatorial powers – powers not conferred upon him by law – by which he harasses, embarrasses and humiliates members; or, specifically: (1) he refuses to recognize members entitled to the floor; (2) he refuses to accept and to put canonical motions to vote; (3) he refuses to entertain appropriate appeals from his decision; (4) he ignores proper points of order; (5) he disobeys the bylaws and the rules of order; (6) he disobeys the assembly's will and substitutes his own; (7) he denies to members the proper exercise of their constitutional or parliamentary rights.

More serious disciplinary procedures may involve fine, suspension, or expulsion. In some cases, the assembly may declare the chair vacant and elect a new chair; or a motion can be made to rescind the election of an officer.^[7]

For examples specific to the United States, see Censure in the United States.

Procedure[link]

If the motion is made to censure the presiding officer, then he must relinquish the chair to the vice-president until the motion is disposed of;^[8] but during this time, the vice-president is still referred to as "Mr. Vice President" in debate, since a censure is merely a warning and not a proceeding that removes the president from the chair.^[9] An officer being censured is not referred to by name in the motion, but simply as "the president," "the treasurer," etc.

After a motion to censure is passed, the chair (or the vice-president, if the presiding officer is being censured) addresses the censured member by name. He may say something to the effect of, "Brother F, you have been censured by vote of the assembly. A censure indicates the assembly's resentment of your conduct at meetings. A censure is a warning. It is the warning voice of suspension or expulsion. Please take due notice thereof and govern yourself accordingly." Or, if the chair is being censured, the vice-president may say, "Mr. X, you have been censured by the assembly for the reasons contained in the resolution. I now return to you the presidency."^[10]

Chronology[link]

To date, Andrew Jackson is the only sitting President to be successfully censured, although his censure was subsequently expunged from official records. ^[11]

On December 2, 1954, Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy from Wisconsin was censured by the United States Senate for failing to cooperate with the subcommittee that was investigating him, and for insults to the committee that was trying to censure him.

On June 10, 1980, Democratic Representative Charles H. Wilson from California was censured by the House of Representatives for "financial misconduct," as a result of the "Koreagate" scandal of 1976. "Koreagate" was an American political scandal involving South Koreans seeking influence with members of Congress. An immediate goal seems to have been reversing President Richard Nixon's decision to withdraw troops from South Korea. It involved the KCIA (now the National Intelligence Service) funneling bribes and favors through Korean businessman Tongsun Park in an attempt to gain favor and influence. Some 115 members of Congress were implicated.

On July 20, 1983, Representatives Dan Crane, a Republican from Illinois, and Gerry Studds, a Democrat from Massachusetts, were censured by the House of Representatives for their involvement in the 1983 Congressional page sex scandal.^[12]

On July 12, 1999, the U.S. House of Representatives censured (in a 355-to-0 vote) a scientific publication titled "A Meta-analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples," by Bruce Rind, Philip Tromovich, and Robert Bauserman; (see Rind et al. controversy) which was published in the American Psychological Association's "Psychological Bulletin (July 1998).^[13]

On July 31, 2007, retired Army General Philip Kensinger was censured by The United States Army. The censure came after misleading investigators of the Pat Tillman death in 2004.^[14]

On July 6, 2009, Republican South Carolina Governor Mark Sanford was censured by the state GOP executive committee for traveling overseas on tax payer funds to visit his mistress.^[15]

On October 13, 2009, Mayor of Sheboygan, WI Bob Ryan was censured due to a YouTube video that showed him making sexually vulgar comments about his sister-in-law taken at a bar on a cell phone.^[16] The censure was voted 15-0 by the Sheboygan Common Council.

On December 2, 2010, Democratic Rep. Charlie Rangel from the state of New York was censured after an ethics panel found he violated House rules, specifically failing to pay taxes on a villa in the Dominican Republic, improperly soliciting charitable donations, and running a campaign office out of a rent-stabilized apartment meant for residential use.

Roman Catholic Church[link]

Canon law[link]

In canon law, a censure is a medicinal penalty^[17] imposed primarily for the purpose of breaking contumacy and reintegrating the offender in the community.^[18]

The ecclesiastical censures are excommunication and interdict, which can be imposed on any member of the Church, and suspension, which only affects clerics.^[19]

Theological censure[link]

A theological censure is a doctrinal judgment by which a Church stigmatizes certain teachings detrimental to faith or morals.^[20][21][22]

That they are directed at teachings distinguishes them from canonical censures, which are spiritual punishments imposed on people.

Specific theological censures are divided into three groups according as they bear principally upon (1) the import, or (2) the expression, or (3) the consequences, of condemned propositions.

1. A proposition is branded heretical when it goes directly and immediately against a revealed or defined dogma, or dogma de fide; erroneous when it contradicts only a certain (certa) theological conclusion or truth clearly deduced from two premises, one an article of faith, the other naturally certain.
2. A proposition is ambiguous when it is worded so as to present two or more senses, one of which is objectionable; captious when acceptable words are made to express objectionable thoughts; evil-sounding when improper words are used to express otherwise acceptable truths; offensive when verbal expression is such as rightly to shock the Catholic sense and delicacy of faith.
3. In the third category fall Subsannativa religionis (derisive of religion), decolorativa canodris ecclesiæ (defacing the beauty of the Church), subversiva hierarchiæ (subversive of the hierarchy), eversiva regnorum (destructive of governments), scandelosa, perniciosa, periculosa in moribus (scandalous, pernicious, dangerous to morals), blasphema, idolatra, superstisiosa, magica (blasphemous, leading to idolatry, superstition, sorcery), arrogans, acerba (arrogant, harsh), etc. This enumeration, though incomplete, sufficiently draws the aim of the third group of censures; they are directed against such propositions as would imperil religion in general, the Church's sanctity, unity of government and hierarchy, civil society, morals in general, or the virtue of religion, Christian meekness, and humility in particular.

See also[link]

• Impeachment
• Motion of no confidence
• Censure in the United States

References[link]

External links[link]

• The Wiktionary entry for censure
• Catholic Encyclopedia "Theological Censures"

La Fouine
Background information
Birth name	Laouni Mouhid
Born	(1981-12-25) 25 December 1981 (age 30) Trappes, Yvelines, France
Genres	Hip-Hop Gangsta rap R&B
Occupations	Rkkr/Singer
Years active	1996–present
Labels	Sony Music France Banlieue Sale Music
Associated acts	Amel Bent
Website	Official site

Laouni Mouhid, commonly known by his alias La Fouine (English: The Weasel) or Fouiskin (born December 25, 1981 in Trappes, Yvelines), is a French rapper of Moroccan origins from the city of Trappes, Yvelines in the Paris western suburbs. He is an established figure in French rap. La Fouine signed with Sony Records in 2003 and released his debut album, Bourré au son, in 2005. La Fouine released his second album, Aller-Retour, on March 12, 2007. The American beatmaker Focus produced four songs on the album. His most recent album, Mes Repères, was released on February 23, 2009 and is two times gold record in France. His new album, a double CD intitled "La Fouine Vs Laouni," released on February 14 for Valentine's Day, was inspired by the two sides of himself, through his career and experience of his daily life. The first one, La Fouine, a character he created to "entertain people, La Fouine is very cunning, materialistic, bad boy and so vulgar ... it's not really me" said the artist. The second one Laouni (his real name) talks about things he lived in his youth, so his rap is sincere and moving. The week of album's release, more than 25 621 copies were sold in France, a feat for a hip hop artist. He has also his own label "Banlieue Sale Music" and his own clothing line called "Street Swagg".

Discography[link]

• 2004: Planète Trappes Vol.2

(mixtape)

• 2005: Bourré au son
• 2006: Planète Trappes Vol.2 (mixtape)
• 2007: Aller-Retour
• 2008: Capitale Du Crime (mixtape)
• 2009: Mes Repères
• 2010: Capitale Du Crime Vol.2 (mixtape)
• 2011: La Fouine vs. Laouni
• 2011: Capitale Du Crime Vol.3 (mixtape)

Appearances[link]

La Fouine in Besançon in 2011

2000

• La Fouine : Ma génération in Rap.com compilation

2001

• La Fouine Feat MC Circulaire : Façon Fouiskin 2002 *La Fouine : Freestyle in Violences Urbaines mixtape
• La Fouine Feat Alibi Montana - C'est Pour Les Mecs D'en Bas in Mandat de dépot compilation

2003

• La Fouine : Staarflah la famille in Talents Fachés compilation
• La Fouine : Mon autobiographie in Mala, Ma zone mixtape

2005

• La Fouine : C'est pour les mecs d'en bas in West Rider 2 compilation
• La Fouine Feat Willy Denzei : My life
• La Fouine Feat Pat Seb - Let's shake the towels

2006

• La Fouine : Il en faut in Talents Fachés 3 compilation
• La Fouine Feat Jazz Malone : Non-Stop in Panam All Stars compilation
• La Fouine : Les barreaux in Phonographe compilation
• La Fouine Feat Chabodo : Levez haut les drapeaux
• La Fouine Feat. 2g68 : Koma Etilik 2007
• Manu Key Feat La Fouine : Responsable in Manu Key's album, Prolifique Vol.2
• Al Peco feat La Fouine - Apparitions
• Phil G Unit Feat La Fouine : Talents Gachés
• La Toxine Feat La Fouine : J'ai de l'amour pour mes cailles *Matchstick Feat La Fouine : Dignity in Shock Therapy album
• La Fouine Feat S.Kro & Mc Gam'1 - Luxembourg City

2008

• La Fouine : J'repense aux frères in Big Ballers vol.2 compilation *Grodash Feat La Fouine - Tenter sa chance sur le Street CD de Grodash, La vie de rêve
• La Fouine : Respect aux mothers Fouiskin Feat. Phil G
• La Fouine : Très agile, elle niche dans les greniers ou les dépendances Feat Willy Denzei

2009 *La Fouine : "Tous les mêmes" et "Du ferme" in "Mes repères"

• La Fouine : Played the role of "Ali K" in the movie District B13 Ultimatum

2010

• La Fouine "Krav Maga" et "Banlieue Sale" dans "Capitale Du Crime 2"

2010

• La Fouine Ft. The Game - "Caillera For Life"

Videography[link]

• 2004 : "Banlieue Ouest" feat. VF Gang
• 2005 : "Mon autobiographie"
• 2005 : "l'unité" feat. Jmi-sissoko
• 2005 : "Quelque chose de special" feat. Eilijah
• 2006 : "Etat des lieux"
• 2007 : "Reste en chien" feat. Booba
• 2007 : "Qui peut me stopper"
• 2007 : "Banlieue Sale" feat. Gued'1 et Kennedy
• 2007 : "On s'en bat les c******s"
• 2007 : "Responsable" feat. Manu Key
• 2008 : "Tombé pour elle" feat. Amel Bent
• 2008 : "Cherche la monnaie"
• 2008 : "Dignity" avec Matchstick
• 2008 : "Ca fait mal Remix" feat. Soprano & Sefyu
• 2008 : "Tous les memes"
• 2009 : "Du ferme"
• 2009 : "Moi hamdulah cava" feat. Canardo* 2009 : "Krav maga"
• 2009 : "Banlieue Sale Music" feat. Nessbeal* 2009 : "Krav maga Remix" feat. Canardo, Gued'1, Green, MLC
• 2010 : "Nés pour Briller" feat. Canardo, Green, MLC
• 2010 : "Mauvais Oeil" feat. Green
• 2010 : "Viser la victoire" feat. Admiral T & Médine
• 2010 : "Passe leur le salam" feat. Rohff
• 2010 : "Caillra for life" feat. Game
• 2011 : "Veni, Vidi, Vici"
• 2011 : "Nhar Sheitan Click"
• 2011 : "Papa"
• 2011 : "D'où L'on Vient"
• 2011 : "Toute la night"
• 2011 : "VNTM.com" feat. DJ Khaled
• 2011 : "Vécu" feat. Kamelancien
• 2011 : "J'arrive en balle" feat. Fababy
• 2011 : "Ben Laden"
• 2011 : "C'est bien de..." feat. Fababy
• 2011 : "C'est ça le thème"
• 2011 : "Rollin' Like A Boss" La Fouine featuring T-Pain & Mackenson

External links[link]

• La Fouine's official website
• La Fouine sur Inc'Rock Festival vidéo