Kenneth A. Minihan
14th Director of the National Security Agency
In office 1996–1999
President	Bill Clinton
Preceded by	John M. McConnell
Succeeded by	Michael Hayden
12th Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency
In office 1995–1996
President	Bill Clinton
Preceded by	James R. Clapper
Succeeded by	Patrick M. Hughes
Personal details
Born	(1943-12-31) December 31, 1943 (age 68)
Alma mater	Florida State University[1]
Profession	Intelligence officer
Military service
Service/branch	United States Air Force
Years of service	1966-1999
Rank	Lieutenant General
Battles/wars	Vietnam War
Awards	Defense Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit (3) Bronze Star Defense Meritorious Service Medal Meritorious Service Medal (4) National Defense Service Medal (2) Vietnam Service Medal (5) Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal

Lieutenant General Kenneth A. Minihan (born December 31, 1943) is a former director of the National Security Agency and the Defense Intelligence Agency (retired 1 May 1999).^[2]

Minihan entered the United States Air Force in 1966 as a distinguished graduate of the Reserve Officer Training Corps program at Florida State University, where he was also a member of Phi Kappa Psi.^[2][3] He served as senior intelligence officer for the Air Force and in other senior staff officer positions in the Pentagon; Headquarters Tactical Air Command, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia.; Electronic Security Command, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas; the Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C.; and the National Security Agency, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland.^[2] He has commanded squadrons, groups and a major Air Command, both in the United States and overseas. He has been the assistant chief of staff, intelligence, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C., and most recently, director of the Defense Intelligence Agency.^[2]

After retiring from the Air Force, Minihan served as president of the Security Affairs Support Association from 1999 until 2002.^[4] He currently serves as a Managing Director in the Paladin Capital Group.^[5][6]

Education[link]

• 1966 Bachelor of arts degree in political science, Florida State University, Tallahassee
• 1972 Squadron Officer School, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
• 1979 Distinguished graduate, master of arts degree in national security affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California
• 1979 Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
• 1984 Distinguished graduate, Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
• 1993 Program for Senior Executives in National and International Security, Harvard University, Massachusetts

Assignments[link]

• September 1962 - June 1966, Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps program, Florida State University, Tallahassee
• June 1966 - November 1966, student, Armed Forces Intelligence Center, Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado
• November 1966 - October 1969, intelligence plans officer, Headquarters Tactical Air Command, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia
• October 1969 - November 1970, target intelligence officer and commander's briefer, Headquarters 7th Air Force, Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam
• November 1970 - September 1974, chief, current intelligence and presentations branch, Headquarters U.S. Southern Command, Howard Air Force Base, Panama
• September 1974 - July 1978, program element monitor, assistant executive; assistant chief of staff, intelligence; and special assistant for external affairs, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
• July 1978 - December 1979, student, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California
• January 1980 - September 1981, legislative liaison officer, Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C.
• September 1981 - December 1982, chief, Office of Support to Military Operations and Plans, National Security Agency, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland
• December 1982 - July 1983, commander, 6941st Electronic Security Squadron, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland
• July 1983 - May 1984, student, Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
• May 1984 - July 1985, commander, 12th Tactical Intelligence Squadron, Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas
• July 1985 - July 1987, commander, 6917th Electronic Security Group, San Vito dei Normanni Air Station, Italy
• July 1987 - June 1989, deputy chief of staff, plans, Headquarters Electronic Security Command, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas
• June 1989 - July 1991, deputy chief of staff, intelligence, Headquarters Tactical Air Command, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia
• July 1991 - June 1993, director of plans and requirements, assistant chief of staff, intelligence, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
• June 1993 - October 1993, commander, Air Force Intelligence Command and director, Joint Electronic Warfare Center, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas
• October 1993 - October 1994, commander, Air Intelligence Agency and director, Joint Command and Control Warfare Center, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas
• October 1994 - September 1995, assistant chief of staff, intelligence, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
• September 1995 - February 1996, director, Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C.
• February 1996 - April 1999, director, National Security Agency and Central Security Service, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland

Major awards and decorations[link]

•   Defense Distinguished Service Medal^[2]
•   Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters^[2]
•   Bronze Star^[2]
•   Defense Meritorious Service Medal^[2]
•   Meritorious Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters^[2]
•   National Defense Service Medal with service star^[2]
•   Vietnam Service Medal with four service stars^[2]
•   Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm^[2]
•   Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal^[2]

Effective dates of Promotion[link]

• Second Lieutenant April 21, 1966
• First Lieutenant December 30, 1967
• Captain June 30, 1969
• Major February 1, 1978
• Lieutenant Colonel October 1, 1981
• Colonel November 1, 1985
• Brigadier General May 1, 1991
• Major General June 1, 1993
• Lieutenant General September 1, 1995

References[link]

1. ^ Florida State Times (September 2000) p. 18
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} Public domain biography by the United States Air Force
3. ^ Grand Catalogue of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity - Twelfth Edition, p.235: Bernard C. Harris Publishing Company, 1985.
4. ^ http://people.forbes.com/profile/kenneth-a-minihan/51091
5. ^ http://www.paladincapgroup.com/team/minihan.htm
6. ^ http://www.circadence.com/company/board-of-directors/kenneth-minihan

United States Air Force portal

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "http://www.af.mil/bios/bio.asp?bioID=6485".

v t e Directors of the National Security Agency Canine Samford Frost Blake Carter Gayler Phillips Allen Inman Faurer Odom Studeman McConnell Minihan Hayden Alexander

v t e Directors of the Defense Intelligence Agency Carroll Bennett De Poix Graham Wilson Tighe Williams Perroots Soyster Nagy (Acting) Clapper Minihan Hughes Wilson Jacoby Maples Burgess

Rafal Rohozinski is a Canadian expert and practitioner active in the fields of information security, cyber warfare, and the globalization of armed violence. Rohozinski is a founder and principal investigator of two significant cyber research initiatives: the Infowar Monitor,^[1] a joint project between The SecDev Group and the Citizen Lab, Munk Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto, which examines and documents emerging trends in cyber warfare; and, the OpenNet Initiative,^[2][3] a collaboration with the Citizen Lab, Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School the Advanced Network Research Group at Cambridge University (now the SecDev Group) and the Oxford Internet Institute, which documents patterns of Internet censorship worldwide. He is a principal investigator and co-author of the Ghostnet study examining Chinese cyber-espionage.^{[4] [5][6]}

Rohozinski is also behind several companies active in the cyber, security and development domains. He is the CEO of the SecDev Group,^[7] a Canadian operational consultancy focused evidence based research in countries and regions at risk from violence and insecurity, which developed the concept of armed violence for OECD;^[8] and Psiphon,^[9][10] a provider of Web content delivery services in countries that censor the Internet. He is also a principal and director of Secdev.cyber, a cyber-security start-up. He was formerly the director of the Advanced Network Research Group, Cambridge Security Programme, University of Cambridge (2000-2008),^[11] a Ford Foundation Research Scholar of Information and Communication Technologies (2002-2004), and a senior visiting fellow at the International Development Research Centre (Canada), where he developed conceptual approaches to the studying the telegeography of conflict zones, including case study of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. ^[12] He serves as the chair of the advisory board of the Citizen Lab, Munk Centre for International Studies (University of Toronto), and the Estonian E-government academy.^[13]

Rohozinski is the author of numerous studies and published articles on topics relating to the security and development dimensions of the information revolution including two studies for the Centre for Strategic Leadership, US Army War College: Shifting Fire^[14] examining "information effects" in counterinsurgency and stability operations, and New Media and the Warfighter (the latter based on a case study of the 2006 Hizbullah-Israeli conflict). Rohozinski is the co-editor and contributor to Access Denied: the Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering (MIT press)^[15] and a follow-up volume entitled Access Controlled examining the emergence of complex information controls in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe countries, including an analysis of strategic cyber-war dimensions of the Russian-Georgian conflict.^[16]

Rohozinski’s research and professional activities focus on the nexus of social and technological networks. His work was foundational to the fusion methodology,^[17] which he developed jointly with Ronald Deibert and that underpins the research conducted by the Citizen Lab, OpenNet Initiative and the Infowar Monitor as well as the commercial work undertaken by the SecDev Group and Secdev.cyber.

See also[link]

• Open Net Initiative
• Infowar Monitor
• Ronald Deibert
• Citizen Lab
• psiphon
• GhostNet

References[link]

External links[link]

• The SecDev Group
• Academic website
• The Citizen Lab
• The OpenNet Initiative
• psiphon
• GhostNet
• The SecDev Group
• Information Warfare Monitor
• Advanced Network Research Group
• Armed Violence
• International Development Research Centre
• Estonian E-government academy
• telegeography of conflict zones
• Shifting Fire
• fusion methodology

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2010)

Tony Stevens in 1973.

Tony Stevens (born 12 September 1949, in Willesden, northwest London; also known as Tone Stevens) is an English musician, best known as the bassist with the bands Foghat and Savoy Brown.

Career[link]

Stevens joined the British blues-rock band Savoy Brown in 1968, and contributed to four of that band's albums over the next two years as bassist and songwriter. Savoy Brown, which also included drummer Roger Earl, guitarist Kim Simmonds and singer/guitarist "Lonesome" Dave Peverett, built a healthy following in the U.K. and U.S. through extensive touring; they were notable enough in the U.S. that, on 7 September 1969, Stevens became a subject of American performance artist/groupie Cynthia Albritton, better known as "Cynthia Plaster Caster."^[1] Savoy Brown's most successful album during Stevens' tenure with them was Looking In, whose centerpiece song, "Leavin' Again," he co-authored. Released in 1970, Looking In reached number 39 on the U.S. Billboard album charts.

After a concert tour of the U.S. to support Looking In, Kim Simmonds, Savoy Brown's de facto leader, disbanded this version of the group.^[2] Following this, Stevens, Earl and Peverett, along with guitarist Rod Price, founded Foghat in January 1971. This line-up of Foghat released four albums through 1974, the most successful of which was Energized (released February 1974; U.S. Billboard No. 34). The band relocated to the U.S., where Foghat followed Savoy Brown's approach of building a fan base via near-constant touring. Stevens ultimately came to dislike spending so much time on the road and away from England, and announced his departure from the band in 1975.

After leaving Foghat, Stevens returned to England and refocused himself on session work. Most notably, Stevens was a member of the band supporting the Thames Television TV series Rock Follies, whose first soundtrack album entered the U.K. album chart at number 1 in 1976. Rock Follies' composer Andy Mackay, best known as saxophonist/oboist with Roxy Music, also enlisted Stevens' services on his 1978 solo album Resolving Contradictions. Stevens launched several new bands during the late 1970s and early 1980s as well, including Midnight Flyer, managed by Led Zeppelin impresario Peter Grant and featuring singer Maggie Bell.

In 1993, music producer Rick Rubin approached the four founding members of Foghat about recording a reunion album. While Rubin ultimately was not involved in the project, Stevens rejoined his ex-bandmates to record 1994's Return of the Boogie Men, and toured with Foghat for the next two years in support of the album. Peverett died in 2000 and Price had left the band yet again in 1999, leaving Stevens and Earl to maintain the band through 2004.

Billy Livesay and Stevens performing in Hollywood, Florida in January 2008

Stevens currently performs with the band Slow Ride, which he founded in "the Foghat tradition"^[3] in 2005. The band takes its name from one of Foghat's most famous songs - one which, interestingly, was first recorded in 1975, after Stevens initially left the band.

Discography[link]

With Savoy Brown[link]

Blue Matter (1969)
A Step Further (1969)
Raw Sienna (1969)
Looking In (1970)

With Foghat[link]

Foghat (1972)
Foghat (1973)
Energized (1974)
Rock & Roll Outlaws (1974)
Return of the Boogie Men (1994)
Road Cases (1998)
Family Joules (2003)

Sessions[link]

Original TV Soundtrack, Rock Follies (1976)
Original TV Soundtrack, Rock Follies of '77 (1977)
Andy Mackay, Resolving Contradictions (1978)

References[link]

Anthony Charles Zinni
General Anthony C. Zinni, USMC retired
Nickname	The Godfather
Born	(1943-09-17) September 17, 1943 (age 68) Conshohocken, Pennsylvania
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Marine Corps
Years of service	1965–2000
Rank	General
Commands held	2nd Battalion 8th Marines 9th Marine Regiment I Marine Expeditionary Force CENTCOM
Battles/wars	Vietnam War Operation Restore Hope
Awards	Defense Distinguished Service Medal (2) Navy Distinguished Service Medal Defense Superior Service Medal (3) Bronze Star with Combat V (2) Purple Heart
Other work	U.S. Special Envoy (Israel/Palestinian Authority) President, International Operations, M.I.C. Industries

Anthony Charles Zinni (born September 17, 1943) is a retired four-star General in the United States Marine Corps and a former Commander in Chief of United States Central Command (CENTCOM). In 2002, he was selected to be a special envoy for the United States to Israel and the Palestinian Authority.

While serving as special envoy, Zinni was also an instructor in the Department of International Studies at the Virginia Military Institute. Currently, he is an instructor at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University, a public speaker, and an author of two best-selling books on his military career and foreign affairs, most recently Battle for Peace. He also is involved in the corporate world, joining M.I.C. Industries as its president for International Operations in 2005.

Zinni also serves on the advisory boards of eight different companies, including the security testing firm, Mu Dynamics, based in Sunnyvale, California. He joined Duke University's Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy in Spring 2008 as the Sanford Distinguished Lecturer in Residence and taught a new course in the Hart Leadership Program.^[1][2]

Since September 2011, he has served as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Middle East Institute.

He has been credited for foresight in predicting the dangers of terrorism coming out of Afghanistan before the September 11, 2001 attacks and supporting the Iraq War troop surge of 2007. He opposed the invasion of Iraq in 2003. In October 2009 he came out firmly in support of General McChrystal's request for up to 40,000 additional troops in Afghanistan.

Military career[link]

In 1965, Zinni graduated from Villanova University with a degree in economics and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps. After completion of the Basic School, he was assigned to the 2nd Marine Division, where he served as a platoon commander, company executive officer, and company commander in the 1st Battalion, 6th Marines. He also served as a company commander in the 1st Infantry Training Regiment during this tour.

In 1967, Zinni was assigned as an infantry battalion advisor to the Vietnamese Marine Corps. Following the Vietnam War, he was ordered to the Basic School where he served as a tactics instructor, platoon commander, and company executive officer. In 1970, he returned to Vietnam as a company commander in 1st Battalion, 5th Marines where he was wounded, evacuated, and subsequently assigned to the 3rd Force Service Support Group on Okinawa. There he served as a company commander and guard officer. In 1971, Zinni returned to the 2nd Marine Division, where he served as a company commander in the 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, Aide de Camp to the Commanding General, and Officer in Charge of the Infantry Training Center. In 1974, he was assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps, where he was assigned as the Retention and Release Officer and Plans Officer in the Officer Assignment Branch of the Manpower Department.

Zinni again served in the 2nd Marine Division in 1978, as the Operations Officer of the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines, Executive Officer of the 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, Executive Officer of the 8th Marine Regiment and Commanding Officer of the 2nd Battalion, 8th Marines. In 1981, he was assigned as an operations and tactics instructor at the Marine Corps Command and Staff College at Quantico, Virginia. He was next assigned to the Operations Division at Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps where he served as the Head of the Special Operations and Terrorism Counteraction Section and as the Head, Marine Air-Ground Task Force Concepts and Capabilities Branch. In 1984, he earned his master's degree from Central Michigan University.^[3] In 1986, he was selected as a fellow on the Chief of Naval Operations Strategic Studies Group. From 1987 to 1989, Zinni served on Okinawa as the regimental commander of the 9th Marine Regiment and the Commanding Officer of the 35th Marine Expeditionary Unit, which was twice deployed to the Philippines to conduct emergency security operations and disaster relief operations. Upon his return to the U.S., he was assigned as the Chief of Staff of the Marine Air-Ground Training and Education Center at Marine Corps Base Quantico.

His initial general officer assignment was as the Deputy Director of Operations at the U.S. European Command. In 1991, he served as the Chief of Staff and Deputy Commanding General of Combined Task Force Operation Provide Comfort during the Kurdish relief effort in Turkey and Iraq. He also served as the Military Coordinator for Operation Provide Hope, the relief effort for the former Soviet Union. In 1992-93, he served as the Director for Operations for the Unified Task Force in Somalia for Operation Restore Hope. Also in 1993, he served as the Assistant to the U.S. Special Envoy to Somalia during Operation Continued Hope. Zinni was assigned as the Deputy Commanding General, U.S. Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Quantico, Virginia, from 1992 to 1994.

From 1994 to 1996, he served as the Commanding General, 1st Marine Expeditionary Force. During early 1995, Zinni served as Commander of the Combined Task Force for Operation United Shield, protecting the withdrawal of U.N. forces from Somalia.

Zinni briefs the results of Operation Desert Fox

From September 1996 until August 1997, Zinni served as the Deputy Commander in Chief, United States Central Command. His final tour was from August 1997 to September 2000 as the Commander in Chief, United States Central Command, MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. He organized Operation Desert Fox, a series of airstrikes against Iraq during December 1998, with the stated purpose of degrading Iraq's weapons of mass destruction program. Following this, he retired in autumn 2000.

Zinni has attended the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, Amphibious Warfare School, Marine Corps Command and Staff College, and the National War College. He holds a bachelor's degree in economics and two Master of Arts degrees, one in international relations and another in management and supervision.

His son, Anthony Zinni, is a major, currently serves in the Marine Corps.^{[citation needed]}

Testimony before Congress[link]

On March 15, 2000, Zinni testified before Congress:

Zinni also warned about terrorism:

Post-military career[link]

General Anthony Zinni in 2009

Zinni holds positions on several boards of directors of major U.S. corporations. In addition, he has held academic positions that include the Stanley Chair in Ethics at the Virginia Military Institute, the Nimitz Chair at the University of California, Berkeley, the Hofheimer Chair at the Joint Forces Staff College, and the Harriman Professorship of Government and membership on the board of the Reves Center for International Studies at the College of William and Mary. He has worked with the University of California's Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation and the Henry Dunant Centre for humanitarian dialogue in Geneva. He is also a Distinguished Advisor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He was the Executive Vice President for Dyncorp International from July 18, 2007 to the end of 2008. He served on the Board of Directors of Dyncorp International prior to that position.

He serves on the Board of Trustees of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, which is a museum dedicated to the U.S. Constitution.^[5]

In April 2004, Zinni gave a lecture entitled "From the Battlefield to the Negotiating Table: Preventing Deadly Conflict" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series.

In 2004, Zinni was singled out by The New York Times investigative reporter Diana B. Henriques for serving on First Command's board of advisors. Henriques alleged that First Command used its military connections "to lend credibility to their sales efforts".^[6] First Command defended its affiliation before the U.S. House of Representatives stating, "It would be unfortunate if anyone inferred that these honorable individuals would take any action or support any organization that did not act in the best interests of service members."^[7] The SEC and NASD concluded that First Command willfully violated the Securities Act of 1933 Section 17(a)(2) dealing with inter-state fraud. First Command settled without admitting guilt.

In 2006, Zinni argued that more troops were needed in Iraq in the context of preventing the then-budding civil war.^[8]

In 2007, he worked on a report entitled "National Security and the Threat of Climate Change" with 11 other retired military commanders. The report stated that global warming would act as a threat multiplier to global conflict.

General Zinni is also a "Distinguished Military Fellow" for the Center for Defense Information, a part of the World Security Institute.

In 2009, Zinni reported that he had been offered and accepted the post of United States Ambassador to Iraq for the Barack Obama administration, but that the appointment had been subsequently withdrawn without explanation.^[9] The administration's final choice for the ambassadorship was Christopher R. Hill.

June 26, 2009, General Anthony (Tony) Zinni (USMC ret.), currently a member of the BAE Systems, Inc. Board, has been appointed Chairman of the BAE Systems, Inc. Board and, pending appointment of a permanent successor to Walt Havenstein, Acting President and CEO of BAE Systems, Inc. Tony will also join the BAE Systems Executive Committee in his capacity as Acting President and CEO of BAE Systems, Inc.

General Zinni also serves on the board of Kaseman which has teamed up with Blackwater to pursue security work for the State Department(Washington Post,October 1, 2010)

Since 2011, Anthony Zinni is a member of the board of the Peace Research Endowment.

Political involvement[link]

An effort to get him to run for the U.S. Senate has stalled indefinitely,^[10] Zinni having said he will never run for office. He says his decision to endorse President George W. Bush in 2000 was a mistake, and in 2003, indicated that he plans to avoid politics in the future.^[11] However, on March 3, 2006, Zinni joined fellow former United States Marines General Joseph P. Hoar, Lt. General Greg Newbold, Lt. General Frank Petersen, and Congressman Jack Murtha in endorsing fellow former U.S. Marine and Secretary of the Navy Jim Webb for U.S. Senate in Virginia.^[12] Zinni had been floated as a possible Vice Presidential running mate of Barack Obama, the 2008 Presidential nominee of the Democratic Party.^[13]

Opinions on 2003 invasion of Iraq[link]

In the late 1990s, Zinni said that the U.S. risked entering a "Bay of Goats" if it relied on exiles such as the Iraqi National Congress to invade Iraq, a reference to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.

In May 2004, his memoir, Battle Ready, co-authored with Tom Clancy, was published. It features stinging criticism of the planning for the 2003 invasion of Iraq and more specifically, the post-battle planning. In a widely reported speech at a dinner in May 2004, Zinni detailed ten serious criticisms of the rationale and execution of the war, summarised below:

1. The war planners "misjudged the success of containment" - the existing policy of trade sanctions and maintaining troops in the area.
2. The "strategy was flawed" - the strategy being that invading, occupying, and setting up a new government in Iraq would help solve the broader conflicts in the Middle East. Zinni said "couldn't believe what I was hearing about the benefits of this strategic move."
3. The Bush administration "had to create a false rationale for going in to get public support." Zinni said that "the books were cooked, in my mind. The intelligence (that supported the claims made to support the need for war) was not there."
4. The war planners failed "to internationalize the effort," by gaining the support of allies or unambiguously gaining UN endorsement of an invasion.
5. The "fifth mistake was that we underestimated the task." Zinni clarified this in his speech to mean the broader task of creating a free, democratic, and functional Iraq.
6. The sixth mistake was "propping up and trusting the exiles." The exiles Zinni refers to are groups like the Iraqi National Congress and its controversial leader Ahmed Chalabi.
7. Zinni criticized the "lack of planning" for the post-war stabilization and reconstruction of Iraq.
8. "The eighth problem was the insufficiency of military forces on the ground." Zinni, in his former position, had devised a battle plan for conquering and occupying Iraq in the 1990s, which featured far more troops, as did alternative plans presented to Donald Rumsfeld before the war. The extra troops were needed to "freeze the security situation because we knew the chaos that would result once we uprooted an authoritarian regime like Saddam's."
9. "The ninth problem has been the ad hoc organization we threw in there." Zinni criticises what he views as the lack of staff, skills, experience, and clear structure in the Coalition Provisional Authority.
10. According to Zinni, "that ad hoc organization has failed", "leading to the tenth mistake, and that's a series of bad decisions on the ground". These bad decisions include the excessive zeal in "de-Baathification," removing people only peripherally involved in the Baath Party who were Baathists purely to be permitted to conduct their profession or business, the decision to disband the Iraqi army.

Awards & honors[link]

Zinni's decorations include:

		106px

In addition to his U.S. military decorations, Zinni holds decorations from France, Italy, Bahrain, Egypt, Yemen, Vietnam, and Kuwait.

His civilian awards include the Papal Gold Cross of Honor, the Union League's Abraham Lincoln Award, the Italic Studies Institute's Global Peace Award, the Distinguished Sea Service Award from the Naval Order of the United States, the Eisenhower Distinguished Service Award from the Veterans of Foreign Wars, The Chapman Award from the Marine Corps University Foundation, the Penn Club Award, the St. Thomas of Villanova Alumni Medal, the George P. Shultz Award for Public Service from the U.S. Department of State, and UNICO National's Grand Patriot Award.

Books[link]

• Gen. Tony Zinni (ret.) and Tony Koltz (August 2009). Leading the Charge: Leadership Lessons from the Battlefield to the Boardroom. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-61265-2. 
• Gen. Tony Zinni (ret.) and Tony Koltz (foreword by Tom Clancy) (April 2006). The Battle for Peace: A Frontline Vision of America's Power and Purpose. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-7174-9. 
• Tom Clancy, Gen. Tony Zinni (ret.) and Tony Koltz (2004). Battle Ready. Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 0-399-15176-1. 

See also[link]

	Biography portal
	United States Marine Corps portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anthony Zinni

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Anthony Zinni

• List of United States Marine Corps four-star generals

Notes[link]

References[link]

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.

External links[link]

• Zinni's official website
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Anthony Zinni on Charlie Rose
• Anthony Zinni at the Internet Movie Database
• Works by or about Anthony Zinni in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Anthony Zinni collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Anthony Zinni at the Notable Names Database