Approximate orbit of the Sun (yellow circle) around the Galactic Centre.

The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Solar System to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.^[1] Estimates of the length of one orbit range from 225 to 250 million "terrestrial" years.^[2] According to Nasa, the Solar System is traveling at an average speed of 828,000 km/h (230 km/s) or 514,000 mph (143 mi/s),^[3] which is about one 1300th of the speed of light. If you could travel at that speed in a jet aircraft along the equator, you would go all the way around the world in approximately 2 minutes and 54 seconds. According to NASA, even at this incredible speed, it still takes the solar system 230 million years to orbit the center of the Milky Way Galaxy one time.^[3]

The galactic year provides a conveniently usable unit for depicting cosmic and geological time periods together. By contrast, a "billion-year" scale does not allow for useful discrimination between geologic events, and a "million-year" scale requires some rather large numbers.^[4]

Timeline of universe's and earth's history in galactic years[link]

The following list assumes that 1 galactic year is approximately 225 million years.

Visualisation of the orbit of the Sun (yellow dot and white curve) around the Galactic Centre (GC) in the last galactic year. The red dots correspond to the positions of the stars studied by the European Southern Observatory in a monitoring programme.^[5]

See also[link]

Astronomy portal

• List of unusual units of measurement

References[link]

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Boris Trajkovski
2nd President of the Republic of Macedonia
In office 19 November 1999 – 26 February 2004
Preceded by	Kiro Gligorov
Succeeded by	Branko Crvenkovski
Personal details
Born	(1956-06-25)25 June 1956 Monospitovo, Strumica municipality, SR Macedonia, Yugoslavia
Died	26 February 2004(2004-02-26) (aged 47) Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Nationality	Macedonian
Political party	VMRO-DPMNE
Spouse(s)	Vilma Trajkovska
Religion	Methodism

Sir Boris Trajkovski GCMG^[1] (Macedonian: Борис Трајковски [ˈbɔris ˈtrajkɔfski] ( listen); 25 June 1956 – 26 February 2004) was the president and supreme commander-in-chief of the Republic of Macedonia from 1999 to 2004.

Boris was born into a Methodist family. His father, Kiro, who died in September, 2008, was a landworker who had served in the Bulgarian army and had been imprisoned for two years for feeding POWs. Trajkovski graduated in 1980 with a degree in law from the St. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje. He subsequently specialized in commercial and employment law and made several visits to the United States, where he studied theology to become a Methodist lay minister.

After he finished his studies, the Communist government confined him for a time to a remote village owing to his religious activities. There he took care of an impoverished Roma parish of the United Methodist Church. Following political liberalisation in the 1980s, he went on to head the legal department of the Sloboda construction company in Skopje. He served as secretary of youth work in the Methodist Church in the former Yugoslavia for over 12 years. Later he was President of the Church Council of the Macedonian United Methodist Church. In 1988 he took part in a Youth Exchange programme between the United Methodist Church of Macedonia and the Berkhamsted and Hemel Hempstead Methodist Circuit in England. In 1991 he studied English at a Christian Language College in Bournemouth, England.

Career in politics[link]

Trajkovski became active in politics following the Republic of Macedonia's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia in November 1991, when he joined the VMRO-DPMNE party. He played an important role in developing the party's relations with other European political parties and was appointed Chairman of the party's Foreign Relations Commission. In 1997, he became the Chief of Staff of the Mayor of Kisela Voda, a municipality in Skopje. He was appointed Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs on 21 December 1998 but served in this post for less than a year.

Largely because of his reputation as a moderate reformist, Trajkovski was selected as VMRO-DPMNE's candidate for president in the November 1999 election held to replace the outgoing president, Kiro Gligorov. In the presidential election of 14 November 1999, Trajkovski defeated Tito Petkovski by 52% to 45%. He was scheduled to take office just five days later, on 19 November, but because the results were disputed, parliamentary chairman Savo Klimovski became acting president until Petkovski's supporters lost their last appeal a month later.

Trajkovski's term was marked by tensions between ethnic Macedonians and the republic's large ethnic Albanian minority. The aftermath of the Kosovo War led to months of violent armed clashes between Macedonian security forces and Albanian rebels seeking improvements on their status as a legitimate minority and generally better economical, administrative and legal conditions. Although his powers were limited and his role largely ceremonial, he presided over a NATO-brokered peace deal in 2001 that ended the violence and prevented a full-blown civil war in Macedonia. He was seen as a moderate in the ethnic dialogue, arguing for greater inclusion of ethnic Albanians, and has been credited with being a key figure in resolving the conflict. Boris Trajkovski's closest friend and advisor was his chief of staff Zoran Jolevski, who is now the Macedonian Ambassador in the United States of America and the negotiator of the Macedonia name dispute.

In 2002 he was awarded the World Methodist Peace Award by the World Methodist Council for his role in promoting peace and political stability.

Death[link]

Trajkovski died on 26 February 2004 in a plane crash en route to an economic conference in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aircraft crashed in thick fog and heavy rain on a mountainside in southeastern Herzegovina, near the villages of Huskovici and Rotimlja some eight miles (15 km) south-south-east of Mostar. Eight other people were also aboard but none survived the impact, which broke the aircraft into three pieces. It came down in an area that had been heavily mined during the Bosnian War of the 1990s, which significantly hampered the rescue and recovery efforts.

Although the cause of the crash is not known, it seems likely that it was the result of a controlled flight into terrain, possibly exacerbated by alleged mistakes made by the SFOR air traffic controllers at Mostar Ortiješ International Airport. The approach to the airport's Runway 34 has been criticized by pilots for being difficult to handle, and as the runway is not equipped with precision landing systems, it is especially challenging in bad weather. The crash is not the first major air accident to kill a politician in southern Herzegovina: on April 3, 1996, the United States Secretary of Commerce Ronald Brown was killed while en route from Bosnia to Croatia.

See also[link]

• Lech Kaczyński, died in the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website of the President of Macedonia
• The Boris Trajkovski International Foundation
• Ley Hill Methodist Church website – see their Macedonia pages

v t e President of the Republic of Macedonia Presidents of the People's Assembly of SR Macedonia (1945–1974) Metodija Andonov-Čento · Dimitar Vlahov · Blagoja Fotev · Vidoe Smilevski · Dimce Stojanov · Lazar Koliševski · Ljupčo Arsov · Vidoe Smilevski (second term) · Mito Hadzivasilev · Nikola Mincev Presidents of the Presidency of SR Macedonia (1974–1991) Vidoe Smilevski · Ljupčo Arsov · Angel Cemerski · Blagoja Taleski · Tome Bukleski · Vanco Apostolski · Dragoljub Stavrev · Jezdimir Bogdanski · Vladimir Mitkov · Kiro Gligorov Presidents of Macedonia (since 1991) Kiro Gligorov · Boris Trajkovski · Branko Crvenkovski · Gjorge Ivanov

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