Hurling (Irish: Iománaíocht/Iomáint) is an outdoor team game of ancient Gaelic origin, administered by the Gaelic Athletic Association. The game has prehistoric origins, has been played for at least 3,000 years,[1] and is thought to be the world's fastest field team game in terms of game play.[1][2][3] One of Ireland's native Gaelic games, it shares a number of features with Gaelic football, such as the field and goals, number of players, and much terminology. There is a similar game for women called camogie (camógaíocht). It shares a common Gaelic root with the sport of shinty (camanachd) which is played predominantly in Scotland.
The object of the game is for players to use a wooden stick called a hurley (in Irish a camán, pronounced /ˈkæmən/) to hit a small ball called a sliotar (
/ˈʃlɪtər/) between the opponents' goalposts either over the crossbar for one point, or under the crossbar into a net guarded by a goalkeeper for one goal, which is equivalent to three points. The sliotar can be caught in the hand and carried for not more than four steps, struck in the air, or struck on the ground with the hurley. It can be kicked or slapped with an open hand (the hand pass) for short-range passing. A player who wants to carry the ball for more than four steps has to bounce or balance the sliotar on the end of the stick and the ball can only be handled twice while in his possession.
Baiting people is allowed although body-checking or shoulder-charging is illegal. No protective padding is worn by players. A plastic protective helmet with faceguard is mandatory for all age groups, including senior level, as of 2010. The game has been described as "a bastion of humility", with player names absent from jerseys and a player's number decided by his position on the field.[1]
Hurling is played throughout the world, and is popular among members of the Irish diaspora in the United Kingdom, North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina. In Ireland, it is a fixture of life.[1] It has featured regularly in both film and literature. In 2007, Forbes magazine described the media attention and population multiplication of Thurles town ahead of one of the game's annual provincial hurling finals as being "the rough equivalent of 30 million Americans watching a regional lacrosse game."[1] American soldiers have also expressed their love of the game's warrior ethos.[4][5]
Hurley and
sliotar (Irish Camán agus sliotar)
- A team comprises 15 players, or "hurlers."
- The hurley is generally 79–100 cm (31–40 inches) in length
- The goalkeeper's hurley usually has a bas (the flattened, curved end) twice the size of other players' hurleys to provide some advantage against the fast moving sliotar.
- The ball, known as a sliotar, has a cork center and a leather cover; it is between 69 and 72 mm in diameter, and weighs between 110 and 120 g
- A good strike with a hurley can propel the ball up to and over 150 km/h (93 mph) in speed and 110 metres (361 ft) in distance.
- A ball hit over the bar is worth one point. A ball that is hit under the bar is called a goal and is worth three points.
- As of 2010 all players must wear a helmet, and may wear other protection such as shinguards and/or a special kind of glove called an ashguard.
A club hurling match in play.
Hurling is played on a pitch 135 – 145 m long and 80 – 90 m wide. The goals at each end of the field are formed by two posts, which are usually 6 m high, set 6.4 m apart, and connected 2.44 m above the ground by a crossbar. A net extending in back of the goal is attached to the crossbar and lower goal posts. The same pitch is used for Gaelic football; the GAA, which organises both sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage. Lines are marked at 13 m, 20 m, 65 m and 45 m in gaelic football from each end-line. Shorter pitches and smaller goals are used by under-13s and younger.
Teams consist of fifteen players and they line out as below:
The panel is made up of 24–30 players and 5 substitutions are allowed per game. No exceptions are ever made.
The ball is called sliotar and it is a subject to strict regulations as regards its size, mass and composition.[6]
Senior inter-county matches last 70 minutes (35 minutes per half). All other matches last 60 minutes (30 minutes per half). For age groups of under-13 or lower, games may be shortened to 50 minutes. Timekeeping is at the discretion of the referee who adds on stoppage time at the end of each half.
If a knockout game finishes in a draw, a replay is played. If a replay finishes in a draw, 20 minutes extra time is played (10 minutes per half). If the game is still tied, another replay is played.
In club competitions, replays are increasingly not used due to the fixture backlogs caused. Instead, extra time is played after a draw, and if the game is still level after that it will go to a replay.
The following are considered technical fouls ("fouling the ball"):
- Picking the ball directly off the ground (instead it must be flicked up with the hurley)
- Throwing the ball (instead it must be "hand-passed": slapped with the open hand)
- Going more than 4 steps with the ball in the hand (it may be carried indefinitely on the hurley though)
- Catching the ball three times in a row without it touching the ground (touching the hurley does not count)
- Putting the ball from one hand to the other
- Hand-passing a goal
- Throwing the hurley
- Square ball: If, at the moment the ball enters "the square" (the small rectangle surrounding the goal), there is already an attacking player inside, a free out is awarded
Scoring is achieved by sending the sliotar (ball) between the opposition's goal posts. The posts, which are at each end of the field, are "H" posts as in rugby football but with a net under the crossbar as in soccer. The posts are 6.4 m apart and the crossbar is 2.44 m above the ground.
A sliotar being hit in mid-air.
If the ball goes over the crossbar, a point is scored and a white flag is raised by an umpire. If the ball goes below the crossbar, a goal, worth three points, is scored, and a green flag is raised by an umpire. The goal is guarded by a goalkeeper. Scores are recorded in the format {goal total} – {point total}. For example, the 1997 All-Ireland final finished: Clare 0–20 Tipperary 2–13. Thus Clare won by "twenty points to two thirteen" (20 to 19). 2–0 would be referred to as "two goals", never "two zero". 0–0 is said "no score".
Players may be tackled but not struck by a one handed slash of the stick; exceptions are two handed jabs and strikes. Jersey-pulling, wrestling, pushing and tripping are all forbidden. There are several forms of acceptable tackling, the most popular being:
- the block, where one player attempts to smother an opposing player's strike by trapping the ball between his hurley and the opponent's swinging hurl;
- the hook, where a player approaches another player from a rear angle and attempts to catch the opponent's hurley with his own at the top of the swing; and
- the side pull, where two players running together for the sliotar will collide at the shoulders and swing together to win the tackle and "pull" (name given to swing the hurley) with extreme force.
- The match begins with the referee throwing the sliotar in between the four midfielders on the halfway line.
- After an attacker has scored or put the ball wide of the goals, the goalkeeper may take a puckout from the hand at the edge of the small square. All players must be beyond the 20 m line.
- After a defender has put the ball wide of the goals, an attacker may take a "65" from the 65 m line level with where the ball went wide. It must be taken by lifting and striking. However, the ball must not be taken into the hand but struck whilst the ball is lifted.
- After a player has put the ball over the sideline, the other team may take a sideline cut at the point where the ball left the pitch. It must be taken from the ground.
- After a player has committed a foul, the other team may take a free at the point where the foul was committed. It must be taken by lifting and striking in the same style as the "65".
- After a defender has committed a foul inside the Square (large rectangle), the other team may take a penalty from the ground from the centre of the 20 m line. Only the goalkeeper and two defenders may guard the goals. It must be taken by lifting and striking.
- If many players are struggling for the ball and no side is able to capitalize or gain control of the sliotar the referee may choose to throw the ball in between two opposing players.
This is also known as a Clash.
A hurling match is watched over by eight officials:
- The referee
- Two linesmen
- Sideline Official/Standby Linesman (inter-county games only)
- Four umpires (two at each end)
The referee is responsible for starting and stopping play, recording the score, awarding frees and issuing penalty cards to players after offences.
Linesmen are responsible for indicating the direction of line balls to the referee and also for conferring with the referee. The fourth official is responsible for overseeing substitutions, and also indicating the amount of stoppage time (signalled to him by the referee) and the players substituted using an electronic board. The umpires are responsible for judging the scoring. They indicate to the referee whether a shot was: wide (spread both arms), a 65 m puck (raise one arm), a point (wave white flag), or a goal (wave green flag).
Contrary to popular belief within the association, all officials are not obliged to indicate "any misdemeanours" to the referee, but are in fact only permitted to inform the referee of violent conduct they have witnessed which has occurred without the referees knowledge. A linesman/umpire is not permitted to inform the referee of technical fouls such as a "Third time in the hand", where a player catches the ball for a third time in succession after soloing or an illegal pick up of the ball. Such decisions can only be made at the discretion of the referee.
From 1 January 2010 the wearing of helmets with faceguards became compulsory for hurlers at all levels. This saw senior players follow the regulations already introduced in 2009 at minor and under 21 grades. The GAA hope to significantly reduce the number of injuries by introducing the compulsory wearing of helmets with full faceguards, both in training and matches. Hurlers of all ages, including those at nursery clubs when holding a hurley in their hand, must wear a helmet and faceguard at all times. Match officials will be obliged to stop play if any player at any level appears on the field of play without the necessary standard of equipment.[7]
A standard hurling helmet
Hurling is older than the recorded history of Ireland. It is thought to predate Christianity, having come to Ireland with the Celts.[8] It has been a distinct Irish pastime for at least 2000 years.[9] The earliest written references to the sport in Brehon law date from the fifth century.[8] In the book by Seamus King "A History of Hurling" there is a reference from Irish verbal history of hurling as far back as the 1200 B.C. Hurling is related to the games of shinty that is played primarily in Scotland, cammag on the Isle of Man and bandy that was played formerly in England and Wales. The tale of the Táin Bó Cuailgne (drawing on earlier legends) describes the hero Cúchulainn playing hurling at Emain Macha. Similar tales are told about Fionn Mac Cumhail and the Fianna, his legendary warrior band. Recorded references to hurling appear in many places such as the fourteenth century Statutes of Kilkenny and a fifteenth century grave slab survives in Inishowen, County Donegal[10]
Hurling was said to be played in ancient times by teams representing neighbouring villages. Villages would play games involving hundreds of players, which would last several hours or even days.[11]
The Eighteenth Century is frequently referred to as "The Golden Age of Hurling." This was when members of the Anglo-Irish landed gentry kept teams of players on their estates and challenged each other's teams to matches for the amusement of their tenants.
One of the first modern attempts to standardise the game with a formal, written set of rules came with the foundation of the Irish Hurling Union at Trinity College Dublin in 1879. It aimed "to draw up a code of rules for all clubs in the union and to foster that manly and noble game of hurling in this, its native country".[12]
The founding of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in 1884 turned around a trend of terminal decline by organising the game around a common set of written rules. The 20th century saw greater organisation in hurling and Gaelic football. The all-Ireland hurling championship came into existence along with the provincial championships. Cork, Kilkenny[13] and Tipperary dominated hurling in the 20th century with each of these counties winning more than 20 All-Ireland titles each. Wexford, Waterford, Clare, Limerick, Offaly, Dublin, and Galway were also strong hurling counties during the 20th century.
Hurling Scoring since 1910
As hurling entered the new millennium, it has remained Ireland's second most popular sport. An extended qualifier system resulted in a longer All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, but Cork, Tipperary and Kilkenny have come to dominate the championship and some argue that the All-Ireland has become less competitive. Pay-for-play remains controversial and the Gaelic Players Association continues to grow in strength. The inauguration of the Christy Ring Cup and Nicky Rackard Cup gave new championships and an opportunity to play in Croke Park to the weaker county teams. Further dissemination of the championship structure was completed in 2009 with the addition of the Lory Meagher Cup to make it a 4 tier championship
In North Antrim the art of shouldering an opponent off the ball is known as Sveniing. There are many other colloquialisms throughout Ireland but this is the most prominent one.
In 1904, hurling was an unofficial sport on the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States. In the final, Fenian F.C. (Chicago) USA beat Innisfails (St. Louis).[14]
Although many hurling clubs exist worldwide, only Ireland has a national team (although it includes only players from weaker counties in order to ensure matches are competitive). It and the Scotland shinty team have played for many years with modified match rules (as with International Rules Football). The match is the only such international competition. However, competition at club level has been going on around the world since the late nineteenth century thanks to emigration from Ireland, and the strength of the game has ebbed and flowed along with emigration trends. Nowadays, growth in hurling is noted in Continental Europe, Australia, and North America.
Hurling was brought to Britain by Irish immigrants in the nineteenth century. The game is administered by British GAA. Warwickshire GAA compete against Irish teams in the Lory Meagher Cup. London GAA are the only non-Irish team to have won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (having captured the title in 1901), and still compete in the Nicky Rackard Cup.
References to hurling on the North American continent date from the 1780s in modern-day Canada concerning immigrants from County Waterford and County Kilkenny,[15] and also, in New York City. After the end of the American Revolution, references to hurling cease in American newspapers until the aftermath of the Potato Famine when Irish people moved to America in huge numbers, bringing the game with them.[16]
Newspaper reports from the 1850s refer to occasional matches played in San Francisco, Hoboken, and New York City. The first game of hurling played under GAA rules outside of Ireland was played on Boston Common in June 1886.
In 1888, there was an American tour by fifty Gaelic athletes from Ireland, known as the 'American Invasion.' This created enough interest among Irish Americans to lay the groundwork for the North American GAA. By the end of 1889, almost a dozen GAA clubs existed in America, many of them in and around New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago. Later, clubs were formed in Boston, Cleveland, and many other centers of Irish America. Concord, New Hampshire has its state's only hurling team, sponsored by The Barley House Pub.
In 1910, twenty-two hurlers, composed of an equal number from Chicago and New York, conducted a tour of Ireland, where they played against the County teams from Kilkenny, Tipperary, Limerick, Dublin, and Wexford.
Traditionally, hurling was a game played by Irish immigrants and discarded by their children. Many American hurling teams took to raising money to import players directly from Ireland. In recent years, this has changed considerably with the advent of the Internet. Outside of the traditional North American GAA cities of New York, Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco, clubs are springing up in other places where they consist of predominantly American-born players who bring a new dimension to the game and actively seek to promote it as a mainstream sport, especially Joe Maher, a leading expert at the sport in Boston.[17] Currently, the Milwaukee Hurling Club, with 300 members, is the largest Hurling club in the world outside of Ireland, which is made of all Americans and very few Irish immigrants. The St. Louis Gaelic Athletic Club was established in 2002 and has expanded its organization to a six team hurling league in the spring and six team Gaelic football league in the fall. The Indianapolis Hurling Club began in 2002 then reformed in 2005. In 2008 the Indy Hurling Club won the Junior C National Championship. In 2011 Indy had 7 club teams and sent a Junior B, Junior C and Camogie team to nationals. Hurling continues to grow in popularity with teams now in Orlando, FL, Augusta, GA, Greenville, SC, Indianapolis, IN, Worcester, MA, Corvallis, OR, Concord, NH, Portland, Maine, Madison, WI and Hartford, Connecticut.
The GAA have also begun to invest in American college students with university teams springing up at University of Connecticut, Stanford, California, Purdue, Indiana University and other schools. On 31 January 2009, the first ever US collegiate hurling match was held between California and Stanford, organized by the newly-formed California Collegiate Gaelic Athletic Association. California won the match by 1 point, as well as the most recent best-of-three College Cup, 2 matches to 1. On Memorial Day Weekend of 2011, the first ever National Collegiate GAA championship was played. The Indiana University Hurling Club won all matches of the tournament, and won by four points in the championship final to be crowned the first ever National Collegiate Champions.
Irish immigrants began arriving in Argentina in the 19th century.[18]
The earliest reference to hurling in Argentina dates from the late 1880s in Mercedes, Buenos Aires. However, the game was not actively promoted until 1900 when it came to the attention of author and newspaperman William Bulfin. Under Bulfin's patronage, the Argentine Hurling Club was formed on 15 July 1900, leading to teams being established in different neighborhoods of Buenos Aires and the surrounding farming communities.
Games of hurling were played every weekend until 1914 and received frequent coverage even from Argentina's Spanish language newspapers, such as La Nación. After the outbreak of World War I, however, it became almost impossible to obtain hurleys from Ireland. An attempt was made to use native Argentine mountain ash, but it proved too heavy and lacking in pliability. Although the game was revived after the end of the war, the golden age of Argentine hurling had passed. World War II finally brought the era to its close.
In the aftermath of the Second World War, immigration from Ireland slowed to a trickle. In addition, native born Irish-Argentines assimilated into the local community. The last time that hurling was played in Argentina was in 1980, when the Aer Lingus Hurling Club conducted a three week tour of the country and played matches at several locations.[19] Although the Argentine Hurling Club still exists, it has switched to playing field hockey and rugby. Recent efforts have been made to revive hurling at the club by Mick Connery.[20]
The earliest reference to hurling in Australia is related in the book "Sketches of Garryowen." On 12 July 1844 a match took place at Batman's Hill in Melbourne as a counterpoint to a march by the Orange Order. Reportedly, the hurling match attracted a crowd of five hundred Irish immigrants, while the Orange march shivered out of existence.[21]
Several hurling clubs existed in Victoria in the 1870s including Melbourne, Collingwood, Upper Yarra, Richmond and Geelong.
In 1885, a game between two Sydney based teams took place before a crowd of over ten thousand spectators. Reportedly, the contest was greatly enjoyed despite the fact that one newspaper dubbed the game "Two Degrees Safer Than War."[22]
Arden Street Oval in North Melbourne was used by Irish immigrants during the 1920s. The game in Australasia is administered by Australasia GAA.
Soldiers who served in the Irish Brigade during the Anglo-Boer War are believed to have played the game on the veldt. Immigrants from County Wicklow who had arrived to work in the explosives factory in Umbogintwini, KwaZulu-Natal formed a team c. 1915–1916. A major burst of immigration in the 1920s led to the foundation of the Transvaal Hurling Association in Johannesburg in 1928. Games were traditionally played in a pitch on the site of the modern day Johannesburg Central Railway Station every Easter Sunday after Mass.
In 1932, a South African hurling team sailed to Ireland to compete in the Tailteann Games, where they carried a banner donated by a convent of Irish nuns in Cape Town. On their arrival, they were personally received by the Taoiseach (Prime Minister) at the time, Éamon de Valera.
South African hurling continued to prosper until the outbreak of World War II, which caused immigration from Ireland to cease and made it impossible to import equipment. Games of hurling and Gaelic football were occasionally sponsored by the Christian Brothers schools in Boksburg and Pretoria well into the 1950s. Both games have all but ceased to be played.[23]
Yesterday, Tuesday, a hurling match took place in the
Phoenix Park, which was honored with the presence of Her Excellency, the
Countess of Westmoreland, and several of the nobility and gentry, besides a vast concourse of spectators. Much agility and athletic contention was afforded, until the spectators forced into the playing ground. Colonel Lennox, Mr. Daly, and several other gentlemen, most obligingly used their endeavours to prevent any interruption to the players, but to no effect. This active contest ended without either side claiming triumph and remains to be yet decided.
—
[24] A report from the
Dublin newspaper
Hibernian Journal, 17 October 1792
On
Christmas Day and during the Christmas season we used to have hurley matches, and the whole village used to be mixed up in the game. Two men would be chosen, one from each side, for captains. Each of them used to call up man by man in turns until all who were on the strand were distributed in the two sides. We had hurleys and a ball. The game was played on the white strand without shoes or stockings, and we went in up to our necks whenever the ball went into the sea. Throughout the
Twelve Days of Christmas time there wasn't a man able to drive his cow to the hill for the stiffness of his back and his bones; a pair or so would have a bruised foot, and another would be limping on one leg for a month.
There was a grand Hurling Match in the neighborhood of
Gort in the county for a considerable sum of Money between the Counties of Galway and Clare; the Hurlers of the latter made a very handsome appearance. They marched from Gort to the Turlough, two miles (3 km) distant, preceded by the Band of Musick, a
French horn, a Running Footman and a fellow in Antic or
Harlequin Dress. None of the Hurlers was hurt, the greatest harmony having subsisted. The
County of Clare Hurlers were elegantly entertained at Crushenehaire the Night following and a Hundred guineas was proposed to be Hurled for, but the time and place not yet agreed. The above procession closed with many Carriages and Horsemen, the numerous company at the Turlough made a fine appearance.
—
[26] The newspaper
Pue's Occurrences, October 16, 1759
27 June 1827, Feast of
Saint Peter and
Paul. A holiday... Hurling on the Fair Green. It was a good game. The sticks were being brandished like swords. Hurling is a war-like game. The west side won the first match and the east the second. You could hear the sticks striking the ball from one end of the Green to the other. I was watching from the top end myself with Doctor Céatinn and two
priests. The well-to-do young men and women were strolling up and down the Green and on the level causeway in the center.
- ^ a b c d e Cramer, Ben. "Pitch Man". Forbes. April 23, 2007.
- ^ Laurence Baker, Emily (1999-07-25). "WHAT'S DOING IN; Dublin". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E7D9113FF936A15754C0A96F958260. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
- ^ "'Google search results for "hurling fastest field game"'". http://news.google.com/archivesearch?um=1&ned=us&hl=en&q=hurling+%22fastest+field+game%22&cf=all.
- ^ "US warriors champion the warrior sport of hurling", Irish Examiner, Saturday, Jan. 8, 2011.
- ^ "U.S. soldiers set up an Irish hurling team after Iraq tour – Inspired by brief visit to Ireland on way to Iraq", Tuesday, Jan. 4, 2011.
- ^ "Gaelic Athletic Association Official Guide – Part 2". Gaelic Athletic Association. 2009-06-03. p. 13. http://www.gaa.ie/files/official_guides/2009_official_guide_part2.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
- ^ "Hurling helmets to be compulsory". RTE Sport. 2009-10-28. http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2009/1029/hurling.html. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ^ a b Humphries, Tom (2003-09-14). "Sticks and thrones". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2003/oct/05/features.sportmonthly1. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
- ^ "The history and practice of Irish hurling". Modern Brewery Age. 2002-10-28. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3469/is_43_53/ai_94464991. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
- ^ Hutchinson, Roger (2004). Camanachd! The Story of Shinty. Birlinn Ltd. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1-84158-326-6.
- ^ "Traditional Celtic Sports". Kidzworld.com. http://www.kidzworld.com/article/5426-traditional-celtic-sports/. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ "Reviving the old art, TCD step up in class". Irish Examiner. 2007-01-20. http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2007/01/20/story23392.asp. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
- ^ "Kilkenny Hurling". The Irish Times. http://www.irishtimes.com/kilkenny-hurling/.
- ^ "DEMONSTRATION & UNOFFICIAL SPORTS". http://www.gbrathletics.com/olympic/other.htm#DEMO.
- ^ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ^ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ^ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. pp. 85–127. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ^ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ^ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. pp. 129–137. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ^ "The Global Irish – Buenos Aires". RTE Sport. 2010-03-10. http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0310/globalirish_buenosaires.html. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
- ^ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ^ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ^ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. pp. 147–151. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ^ King, Seamus J. (2005). A History of Hurling. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7171-3938-5.
- ^ O'Crohan, Tomas (1977). The Islandman. Oxford Paperbacks. pp. 133–134. ISBN 978-0-19-281233-9.
- ^ King, Seamus J. (2005). A History of Hurling. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-7171-3938-5.
- ^ O'Sullivan, Humphrey (1979). The Diary of an Irish Countryman. Mercier Press. ISBN 978-1-85635-042-6.
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