Bureau of the Census
Seal
Logo
Agency overview
Formed	July 1, 1903
Preceding agency	Temporary census offices
Headquarters	Suitland, Maryland
Employees	5,593 (2006)
Annual budget	US$3.1 billion (2009) US$7.2 billion (est. 2010) US$1.3 billion (est. 2011)
Agency executive	Director, Robert Groves
Parent agency	Economics and Statistics Administration
Website
www.census.gov

The United States Census Bureau (officially the Bureau of the Census, as defined in Title 13 U.S.C. § 11) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census. It also gathers other national demographic and economic data. As part of the United States Department of Commerce, the Census Bureau serves as a leading source of data about America's people and economy.^[1]

The most visible role of the Census Bureau is to perform the official decennial (every 10 years) count of people living in the U.S. The most important result is the reallocation of the number of seats each state is allowed in the House of Representatives,^[1] but the results also affect a range of government programs received by each state. The agency director is a political appointee selected by the President of the United States.

Legal mandate[link]

The Constitution of the United States (Article I, section II) directs that the population be enumerated at least once every ten years and the resulting counts used to set the number of members from each state in the House of Representatives and, by extension, in the Electoral College. The Census Bureau now conducts a full population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0 (zero) and uses the term "decennial" to describe the operation. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections.^[2]

In addition, Census data directly affects how more than $400 billion per year in federal and state funding is allocated to communities for neighborhood improvements, public health, education, transportation and much more. The Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations: the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureau's legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code.

The Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as "demographic surveys" and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial (10-year) population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts economic surveys of manufacturing, retail, service, and other establishments and of domestic governments.

From 1790 to 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts.^[3] The Census Act of 1840 established a central office^[4] which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals. In 1902 the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their subordinate role in the department.^[5]

An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years and agriculture censuses every 10 years.^[6] In 1929, a bill was passed mandating that the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census.^[6] In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code.^[7]

By law the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U.S. President by December 31, 2010. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year.

Uses of census data[link]

Many federal, state, local and tribal governments use census data to:

• Decide the location of new housing and public facilities,
• Examine the demographic characteristics of communities, states, and the USA,
• Plan transportation systems and roadways,
• Determine quotas and creation of police and fire precincts, and
• Create localized areas for elections, schools, utilities, etc.

Businesses[link]

Business also has many uses for census data, as listed;

• Forecast future product demand,
• Determine site locations for expansion/new business,
• Determine future need for nursing homes, day care centers, hospitals, etc.,
• Clarify if they are employing a representative workforce.^[1]

Data stewardship[link]

The United States Census Bureau is committed to confidentiality, and guarantees non-disclosure of any addresses or personal information related to individuals or establishments. Title 13 of the U.S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information. All Census employees must sign a sworn affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment.

The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government and law enforcement agencies such as the IRS or the FBI or Interpol. "Providing quality data, for public good—while respecting individual privacy and, at the same time, protecting confidentiality—is the Census Bureau's core responsibility", "Keeping the public's trust is critical to the Census's ability to carry out the mission as the leading source of quality data about the Nation's people and economy."^[8] Only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public.

In 1918, the Census Bureau released individual information regarding several hundred young men to the Justice Department and Selective Service system for the purpose of prosecutions for draft evasion.^[9][10] During World War II, the United States Census Bureau assisted the government's Japanese American internment efforts by providing confidential neighborhood information on Japanese-Americans. The Bureau's role was denied for decades but was finally proven in 2007.^[11][12]

Organizational structure[link]

US Census Bureau Regions, centered on and divided by its twelve regional offices.

Since 1903, the official census-taking agency of the United States government has been the Bureau of the Census. The Census Bureau is headed by a Director, assisted by a Deputy Director and an Executive Staff composed of the associate directors. In April 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Robert M. Groves to head the Census Bureau.

Census headquarters in Suitland, Maryland

The Census Bureau has had headquarters in Suitland, Maryland, since 1942. A new headquarters complex was completed in 2007 and supports over 4,000 employees.^[13] The Bureau operates regional offices in 12 cities: Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, Kansas City, Seattle, Charlotte, Atlanta, Dallas, Denver, and Los Angeles. The National Processing Center is located in Jeffersonville, Indiana. Additional temporary processing facilities are used to facilitate the decennial census, which employs more than a million people. The cost of the 2000 Census was $4.5 billion. During the years just prior to the decennial census, parallel census offices, known as "Regional Census Centers" are opened in the field office cities. The decennial operations are carried out from these facilities. The Regional Census Centers oversee the openings and closings of smaller "Local Census Offices" within their collection jurisdictions. The estimated cost of the 2010 Census is $14.7 billion.

The Census Bureau also runs the Census Information Center cooperative program that involves 58 "national, regional, and local non-profit organizations." The CIC program aims to represent the interests of underserved communities.^[14]

Census regions and divisions[link]

The United States Census Bureau has four official regions, with nine official divisions.

Computer equipment[link]

A card puncher, part of the tabulation system used to compile the thousands of facts gathered by the Bureau. Holes are punched in the card according to a prearranged code transferring the facts from the census questionnaire into statistics.

The 1890 census was the first to use the electric tabulating machines invented by Herman Hollerith.^[15][16] For 1890-1940 details, see Truesdell, Leon E. (1965). The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census, 1890-1940: With outlines of actual tabulation programs. US GPO.  In 1946, knowing of the Bureau's funding of Hollerith and, later, Powers, John Mauchly approached the Bureau about early funding for UNIVAC development.^[17] A UNIVAC I computer was accepted by the Bureau in 1951.^[18]

In order to reduce paper usage and reduce payroll expenses, 500,000 handheld computers (HHC's) were used for the first time in 2009 during the address canvassing portion of the 2010 Decennial Census Project. Projected savings are estimated to be over $1 billion.^[19] The further implementation of advanced computer systems in the planning for the 2020 census provides major challenges for an upgrade in the technological broadening of census protocol.

Ongoing surveys[link]

A survey is a method of collecting and analyzing social, economic, and geographic data. It provides information about the conditions of the United States, states, and counties. Throughout the decade between censuses, the bureau is conducts surveys to produce a general view and comprehensive study of the United States' social and economic conditions.

Staff from the Current Surveys Program conduct ongoing and special surveys about people and their characteristics. A network of professional field representatives gathers information from a sample of households, responding to questions about employment, consumer expenditures, health, housing, and other topics. Surveys conducted between decades:

• American Community Survey
• Consumer Expenditure Survey
• Census of Governments
• Current Population Survey
• Economic Census
• National Hospital Discharge Survey
• National Health Interview Survey
• National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
• National Crime Victimization Survey
• National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS)
• National Nursing Home Survey
• Survey of Income and Program Participation
• Survey of Construction
• Survey of Market Absorption
• Survey of Program Dynamics
• National Longitudinal Survey
• National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, & Wildlife-Associated Recreation 2001
• American Housing Survey
• Residential Finance Survey
• National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol Related Conditions
• Annual Retail Trade Survey
• Annual Wholesale Trade Survey
• Annual and Quarterly Services Surveys

Other surveys conducted[link]

This section requires expansion.

The Census Bureau collects information in many other surveys and provides the data to the survey sponsor for release. These sponsors include:

• Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
• Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
• Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS)
• Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
• National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)
• National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
• National Science Foundation (NSF)
• Social Security Administration (SSA)

Notes[link]

References[link]

• The original version of, and subsequent additions to, this article were adapted from U.S. Census Bureau text.
• Geographic Areas Reference Manual from the U.S. Census Bureau contains detailed explanations of geographic terms used in the census.
• The mission and operation of the U.S. Census Bureau are laid out in Title 13 of the United States Code.

External links[link]

Government of the United States portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bureau of the Census, United States

• Official website
• U.S. and World Population Clocks – POPClocks
• Works by Bureau of the Census at Project Gutenberg
• Census Bureau Meeting Notices and Rule Changes from The Federal Register RSS Feed
• Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the United States Census Bureau

v t e United States Population Censuses 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 U.S. Census Bureau • USDA Census of Agriculture

v t e Agencies under the United States Department of Commerce Headquarters: Herbert C. Hoover Building · Secretary of Commerce Deputy Secretary of Commerce Economic Development Administration · National Technical Information Service · Minority Business Development Agency · National Telecommunications and Information Administration Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security Bureau of Industry and Security Under Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs Economics and Statistics Administration · Bureau of Economic Analysis · Census Bureau Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade International Trade Administration Under Secretary of Commerce and Administrator for NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration · National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology National Institute for Standards and Technology Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Patent and Trademark Office

Robert Groves
Director of the Census Bureau
Incumbent
Assumed office July 15, 2009
President	Barack Obama
Preceded by	Thomas Mesenbourg (Acting)
Personal details
Born	(1948-09-27) September 27, 1948 (age 63) Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
Alma mater	Dartmouth College University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Robert Martin Groves (born September 27, 1948)^[1] is the Director of the United States Census Bureau, a sociologist, and research professor in survey methodology at both the University of Michigan and University of Maryland, College Park. On April 10, 2012, he was named the Provost of Georgetown University. He was an associate director and later a visiting researcher at the Census Bureau from 1990 to 1992, and he has published several books on statistical sampling.

Early life[link]

Groves was born in Kansas City, Missouri, grew up in Metairie, Louisiana, and graduated in 1966 from De La Salle High School in New Orleans.^[1][2] In 1970, he graduated (summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa) from Dartmouth College with an A.B. degree^[3] in sociology.^[4] He later earned two M.A. degrees (sociology and statistics, both 1973) and a PhD (sociology, 1975) from the University of Michigan.^[4][5]

United States Census Bureau[link]

When Groves was an associate director at the United States Census Bureau in the early 1990s, he argued that potentially millions of minorities who typically voted Democratic were being undercounted. Groves advocated for the use of statistical adjustments to account for this discrepancy. George H. W. Bush's Commerce Secretary Robert Mosbacher blocked this suggestion. The Census Bureau is a component of the U.S. Department of Commerce.^[4]

On April 2, 2009, Groves was nominated by President Barack Obama to head the Census Bureau.^[6] During his confirmation hearings, Republican senators raised concerns based on Groves' previous actions that he would apply statistical adjustments to populations believed to be undercounted, thereby inflating their numbers and affecting the apportionment of congressional seats. Groves ruled out the use of statistical adjustments during the hearings and his nomination quickly proceeded to the full Senate in May. However, senators Richard Shelby and David Vitter continued to delay his confirmation due to lingering worries regarding statistical adjustments. They also sought assurance from the Obama administration that the controversial community group ACORN would not be involved in grassroots outreach related to the 2010 Census. On July 13, 2009, after several weeks of opposition by the two senators, Senate majority leader Harry Reid used a procedural motion to force a vote that confirmed Groves, 76-15.^[7] He took office July 15, 2009.^[8][9]

Publishing history[link]

Groves is the author of several books, including:

• Surveying Victims (2008) ISBN 0-309-11598-1
• Survey Errors and Survey Costs (2004) ISBN 0-471-67851-1
• Survey Methodology (2010) Second edition of the (2004) first edition ISBN 0-471-48348-6
• Survey Nonresponse (2001) ISBN 0-471-39627-3
• Nonresponse in Household Interview Surveys (1998) ISBN 0-471-18245-1

Groves is the editor of several books, including:

• Measurement Errors in Surveys (2004) ISBN 0-471-69280-8
• Telephone Survey Methodology (2001) ISBN 0-471-20956-2

References[link]