A saucer of liquid caramel

A crème caramel flan that is topped with caramel.

Caramel ( /ˈkærəmɛl/ or /ˈkɑrməl/^[1] ) is a beige to dark-brown confectionery product made by heating any of a variety of sugars. It is used as a flavoring in puddings and desserts, as a filling in bonbons, and as a topping for ice cream, custard and coffee.

The process of caramelization consists of heating sugar slowly to around 170 °C (340 °F). As the sugar heats, the molecules break down and re-form into compounds with a characteristic color and flavor.

A variety of candies, confections, and desserts are made with caramel: caramel apples, pralines, nougats, brittles, crème caramel, and crème brûlée.

Etymology[link]

Most linguists trace the origin of the word to Medieval Latin cannamellis (sugar cane) or to Latin callamellus (little reed, referring to sugar cane).

Caramel candy[link]

A milk caramel sold as square candies, either for eating or melting down

Caramel candy is a soft, dense, chewy candy made by boiling a mixture of milk or cream, sugar(s), butter, and vanilla flavoring. The sugar(s) are heated separately to reach 170 °C (340 °F), caramelizing them before the other ingredients are added.^[2] Alternatively, all ingredients may be cooked together; in this procedure, the mixture is not heated above the firm ball stage (120 °C (250 °F)), so there is caramelization of the milk but not of the sugars. This type of candy is often called "milk caramel" or "cream caramel".

Caramel coloring[link]

Caramel coloring, a dark, bitter-tasting liquid, is the highly concentrated product of near total caramelization, bottled for commercial use. It is used as food coloring and in beverages such as cola.

Caramel sauce[link]

Caramel sauce

Caramel sauce is made from heating water and caster sugar at a low to moderate temperature until the sugar dissolves and "caramelizes", changing color to golden brown.

Chemistry[link]

Caramelization is the removal of water from a sugar, proceeding to isomerization and polymerization of the sugars into various high-molecular-weight compounds. Compounds such as difructose anhydride may be created from the monosaccharides after water loss. Fragmentation reactions result in low-molecular-weight compounds that may be volatile and may contribute to flavor. Polymerization reactions lead to larger-molecular-weight compounds that contribute to the dark-brown color.^[3]

In modern recipes and in commercial production, glucose (from corn syrup or wheat) or invert sugar is added to prevent crystallization, making up 10%–50% of the sugars by mass. It should be noted that "wet caramels" (made by heating sucrose and water instead of sucrose alone) produce their own invert sugar due to thermal reaction, but not necessarily enough to prevent crystallization in traditional recipes.^[4]

Nutritional information[link]

Two tablespoons of caramel topping contain (on average):^[5]

• Calories: 103 (431 Kj)
• Fat (g): 0.04
• Carbohydrates (g): 27
• Fibers (g): 0.4
• Protein (g): 0.61
• Cholesterol (mg): 0.0

See also[link]

Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on Caramel

• Butterscotch, a type of candy
• Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel, a British brand of caramel chocolate bar
• Caramac, a British brand of caramel candy bar
• Carambar, a French brand of caramel candy bar
• Caramel corn, popcorn coated in caramel
• Caramel sauce, a sauce made with caramel
• Caramilk, a Canadian brand of caramel candy bar
• Confiture de lait, caramelized, sweetened milk
• Dodol, a caramelized confection made with coconut milk
• Dulce de leche, caramelized, sweetened milk
• Tablet the Scottish candy made with condensed milk
• Toffee, a type of candy

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Caramel

• Caramel recipe

Suzanne Vega
Suzanne Vega in 2010
Background information
Birth name	Suzanne Nadine Peck
Born	(1959-07-11) July 11, 1959 (age 52) Santa Monica, California, United States
Origin	New York City, United States
Genres	Alternative rock, folk rock
Occupations	Singer, songwriter, record producer
Instruments	Vocals, guitar
Years active	1982–present
Labels	A&M Blue Note Amanuensis Productions
Website	www.suzannevega.com

Suzanne Nadine Vega (born July 11, 1959) is an American songwriter and singer known for her eclectic folk-inspired music.

Two of Vega's songs (both from her second album Solitude Standing, 1987) reached the top 10 of various international chart listings: "Luka" and "Tom's Diner". The latter was originally an a cappella version on Vega's album, which was then remade in 1990 as a dance track produced by the British dance production team DNA.

Early life[link]

Vega was born July 11, 1959 in Santa Monica, California.^[1] Her mother, Pat Vega, is a computer systems analyst of German-Swedish heritage. Her father, Richard Peck, is of Scottish-English-Irish origin. They divorced soon after her birth.^[2] Her stepfather, Ed Vega, also known as Edgardo Vega Yunque, was a writer and teacher from Puerto Rico.^[3]

When Vega was two and a half, the family moved to New York City. She grew up in Spanish Harlem and the Upper West Side.^[4] At the age of nine she began to write poetry; she wrote her first song at age fourteen. Later she attended New York's prestigious High School of Performing Arts (now called LaGuardia High School). There she studied modern dance and graduated in 1977.

Career[link]

While majoring in English literature at Barnard College,^[5] she performed in small venues in Greenwich Village, where she was a regular contributor to Jack Hardy's Monday night songwriters' group at the Cornelia Street Cafe and had some of her first songs published on Fast Folk anthology albums.^[6] In 1984, she received a major label recording contract, making her one of the first Fast Folk artists to break out on a major label.

Vega's self-titled debut album was released in 1985 and was well-received by critics in the U.S.;^[4] it reached platinum status in the United Kingdom. Produced by Lenny Kaye and Steve Addabbo, the songs feature Vega's acoustic guitar in straightforward arrangements. A video was released for the album's song "Marlene on the Wall", which went into MTV and VH1's rotations. During this period Vega also wrote lyrics for two songs on Songs from Liquid Days by composer Philip Glass.

Her next effort, Solitude Standing (1987), garnered critical and commercial success including the hit single "Luka", an international success. "Luka" is written about, and from the point of view of, an abused child—at the time an uncommon subject for a pop hit. While continuing a focus on Vega's acoustic guitar, the music is more strongly pop-oriented and features fuller arrangements. The a cappella "Tom's Diner" from this album was later a hit, remixed by two British dance producers under the name DNA, in 1990. The track was originally a bootleg, until Vega allowed DNA to release through her record company, and it became her all-time biggest hit.

Tom's Diner[link]

Tom's Restaurant, after which the song Tom's Diner was named

Vega's song "Tom's Diner" was used as the reference track in an early trial of the MP3 compression system, thus earning her the distinction of being named "The Mother of the MP3". Because it is an a cappella vocal with relatively little reverberation, it was used as the model for Karlheinz Brandenburg's sound compression algorithm.^[7] Brandenburg heard “Tom's Diner” on a radio playing the song and was excited and at first convinced it would be “nearly impossible to compress this warm a cappella voice.”

"Tom's Diner" takes place in Tom's Restaurant at 112th Street and Broadway in New York City. Exterior shots of the same restaurant appear in the television sitcom Seinfeld as Monk's, which is the eatery where Jerry, George, Elaine, and Kramer hang out. The DNA remix of the track was so popular that it inspired many cover versions—the best of which were eventually collected by Vega on an album titled Tom's Album.^[7] The remixed version of "Tom's Diner" was later sampled by hip hop artist Nikki D in her single "Daddy's Little Girl". Rapper Tupac Shakur sampled the track in "Dopefiend's Diner".

Luka[link]

On a 1987 Swedish television special, Vega said this about her song "Luka":

Also, in an ASCAP interview, she responded to a question about "Luka":

"Luka" was covered by The Lemonheads on the 1989 album Lick, shortly before the band was signed by Atlantic Records, and was a minor college-airplay hit.

1990s[link]

Vega's third album, Days of Open Hand (1990) continued in the style of her first two albums.

In 1992 she released the album 99.9F°. It consists of a mixture of folk music, dance beats and industrial music.

Her fifth album, Nine Objects of Desire, was released in 1996. The music varies between a frugal, simple style and the industrial production of 99.9F°. This album contains "Caramel", featured in the movie The Truth About Cats & Dogs and, later, the trailer for the movie Closer. A song not included on that album, "Woman on the Tier", was featured on the soundtrack of the movie Dead Man Walking.

In 1997 she took a singing part on the concept album Heaven and Hell, a musical interpretation of the Seven deadly sins by her colleague Joe Jackson, with whom she had already collaborated in 1986 on "Left of Center" from the Pretty in Pink soundtrack (with Vega singing and Jackson playing piano).

In 1999, Avon Books published Vega's book "The Passionate Eye: The Collected Writings Of Suzanne Vega"; a volume of poems, lyrics, essays and journalistic pieces.

2000s[link]

On stage, 2008

September 2001 saw the release of a new album, Songs In Red and Gray. Three songs deal with Vega's divorce from first husband Mitchell Froom.

At the memorial concert for her brother Tim Vega in December 2002, she began as the long-term subject of a direct cinema documentary, Some Journey, by director Christopher Seufert of Mooncusser Films. This has not been completed.

In 2003, the twenty-one-song greatest hits compilation Retrospective: The Best of Suzanne Vega was released. (The UK version of Retrospective included an eight-song bonus CD as well as a DVD containing twelve songs.) In the same year she was invited by Grammy Award-winning jazz guitarist Bill Frisell, to play at the Century of Song concerts at the famed RuhrTriennale in Germany.

In 2003, she hosted the American Public Media radio series American Mavericks, about 20th century American composers, which received the prestigious Peabody Award for Excellence in Broadcasting.

On August 3, 2006, Vega became the first major recording artist to perform live in the Internet-based virtual world, Second Life. The event was hosted by John Hockenberry of public radio's The Infinite Mind.

On September 17, 2006, she performed in Central Park, as part of a benefit concert for The Save Darfur Coalition.^[10] During the concert she highlighted her support for Amnesty International, of which she has been a member since 1988.^{[11] [12]}

In early October 2006, Vega took part in the Academia Film Olomouc (AFO) in Olomouc, the Czech Republic, the oldest festival of documentary films in Europe, in which she appeared as a main guest. She was invited there as the subject of the documentary film by director Christopher Seufert, that had a test screening at the festival. At the end of the festival she performed her classical songs, and added one brand new piece called "New York Is a Woman".

Vega is also interviewed in the book Everything Is Just a Bet which was published in Czech in October 2006. The book contains twelve interview transcriptions from the talk show called Stage Talks that regularly runs in the Švandovo divadlo (Švandovo Theatre) in Prague. Vega introduced the book to the audience of the Švandovo divadlo (Švandovo Theatre), and together with some other Czech celebrities gave a signing session.

She signed a new recording contract with Blue Note Records in the spring of 2006, and released Beauty & Crime on July 17, 2007. The album was produced by Jimmy Hogarth, which won a Grammy for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Her contract was not renewed and she was dropped in June 2008.^[13]

In 2007, Vega followed the lead of numerous other mainstream artists and released her track "Pornographer's Dream" as podsafe. The song spent two weeks at #1 during 2007 and finished as the #11^[14] hit of the year on the PMC Top10's annual countdown. Vega joined the 10th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers.^{[15] [16] [17]} She was also a judge for the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th Independent Music Awards.^[18]

2010s[link]

A partial cover version of her song "Tom's Diner" is used to introduce the 2010 British movie 4.3.2.1, with its lyrics largely rewritten to echo the plot. This musical hybrid was released as "Keep Moving".

Vega is included in the Danger Mouse/Sparklehorse/David Lynch collaboration "Dark Night of the Soul". She wrote both melody and lyrics for her song, which is titled "The Man Who Played God", inspired by a biography of Pablo Picasso.

Vega is rerecording her back-catalogue,^[19] both for artistic and commercial (and control) reasons,^[20][21] in the Close-up series. Vol.1 (Love Songs) and Vol. 2 (People & Places) appeared in 2010 while Vol. 3 (States of Being) was released in July 2011 ^[22] and 4 (Songs of Family) is planned for the near future.

Vega sang lead vocals on the song "Now I Am an Arsonist" with singer-songwriter Jonathan Coulton on his 2011 album, Artificial Heart.

Theater[link]

Vega co-wrote (with Duncan Sheik) a play “Carson McCullers Talks About Love”, about the life of the writer Carson McCullers. In the play, which premiered in 2011, Vega alternates between monologue and songs. ^[23][24][25]

Personal life[link]

On March 17, 1995, Vega married Mitchell Froom, a musician and a record producer (who played in and produced 99.9F° and Nine Objects of Desire). They have a daughter, Ruby Froom (born July 8, 1994). The band Soul Coughing's Ruby Vroom album was named after her, with Vega's approval, though she requested a slight change.^[7] Recently Ruby sang with her mother on a couple of occasions.^[26][27][28] Vega and Froom separated in 1998.

On February 11, 2006, Vega married Paul Mills, a lawyer and poet. They originally met each other at Folk City on West 4th Street when singer-songwriter Lucy Kaplansky, a friend of both, introduced them. In the words of her website, "The couple met at Folk City on West 4th Street in 1981. Mr. Mills proposed to Miss Vega in May, 1983, and she accepted his proposal on Christmas Day, 2005."^[29]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• ¹ Days of Open Hand made #2 in Norway albums chart
• ² Nine Objects of Desire made #20 in Finland, #23 in Switzerland, #39 in Sweden
• ³ Beauty & Crime made #9 in Estonia, #13 in Finland, #37 in Czech Republic, #49 in Poland, #74 in Italy
• Close-Up Vol. 2, People & Places Number 2 Top Purchased Album (Amazon.com) 11th October-13th October

Compilation albums[link]

• Tried & True: The Best of Suzanne Vega, 1998 – UK #46, AUS #96, GER #58
• Retrospective: The Best of Suzanne Vega, 2003 – UK #27^[30]

Singles[link]

• "Rusted Pipe (DNA remix)", promotional, 1991
• "Caramel", 1996
• "Birth-day", promotional, 1997
• "World before Columbus", 1997
• "Headshots", promotional, 1997
• "Book & a Cover", 1998
• "Rosemary / Remember me", 1999
• "Widow's Walk", promotional, 2001
• "Last Year's Troubles", promotional, 2001
• "Penitent", promotional, 2001
• "(I'll Never Be) Your Maggie May", promotional, 2002
• "Frank & Ava", promotional, 2007
• "Ludlow Street", promotional, 2007
• "Unbound", promotional, 2007
• "Pornographer's Dream", podsafe, 2007 – PMC #1

Other contributions[link]

• Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films (1988) – "Stay Awake"
• One World One Voice (1990) – "One World, One Voice"
• Deadicated: A Tribute to the Grateful Dead (1991) – "Cassidy" and "China Doll"
• DNA: Taste This (1992) – "Tom's Diner (DNA Remix)" and "Salt Water"
• Hector Zazou: Songs From the Cold Sea (1994) – "The Long Voyage" (with John Cale)
• Grammy's Greatest Moments Volume III (1994) - "Luka" (live version)^[34]
• Tower of Song (1995) – "Story of Isaac"
• Dead Man Walking soundtrack (1995) – "Woman on the Tier (I'll See You Through)"
• The Smithereens: Blown to Smithereens (1995) – "In a Lonely Place"
• Time and Love: The Music of Laura Nyro (1997) – "Buy and Sell"
• "Perfect Day"^{[disambiguation needed ]} (1997)
• Joe Jackson: Heaven & Hell (1997) – "Angel (Lust)"
• Mitchell Froom: Dopamine (1998) – "Dopamine"
• Celebrate the Season (1998) – "Coventry Carol"
• Bleecker Street: Greenwich Village in the 60's (1999) – "So Long, Marianne" (with John Cale)
• Dan Zanes: Rocket Ship Beach (2000) – "Erie Canal"
• Hear Music Volume 7: Waking (2002) – "Widow's Walk"
• 107.1 KGSR Radio Austin - Broadcasts Vol.10 (2002) – "Widow's Walk"
• WYEP Live and Direct: Volume 4 - On Air Performances (2002) – "(I'll Never Be) Your Maggie May"
• Vigil (album) (2004) – "It Hit Home"
• WFUV: City Folk Live VII (2004) – "Penitent"
• The Acoustic Album (2006, Virgin) – "Marlene On the Wall"
• Dar Williams: Promised Land (2008) – "Go to the Woods"
• Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse Present: Dark Night of the Soul (2009) – "The Man Who Played God"
• Pioneers for a Cure: Songs To Fight Cancer (2011) – "Streets of Laredo"

References[link]

External links[link]

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (July 2011)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Suzanne Vega

• Official website
• Suzanne Vega on A&M Records
• Suzanne Vega at the Internet Movie Database
• Suzanne Vega on Charlie Rose
• Works by or about Suzanne Vega in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Suzanne Vega collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Suzanne Vega documentary clips
• Love Songs Review – Love Songs Review by SLUG Magazine
• Suzanne Vega recording of 'Streets of Laredo' for Pioneers For A Cure