Wikipedia does not have an encyclopedic article for Altercation (search results). You may want to read Wiktionary's entry on "altercation" instead.wiktionary:Special:Search/altercation

Expression error: Unexpected > operator Expression error: Unexpected <= operator Expression error: Unexpected <= operator

Jean-Luc Mélenchon
Minister of Vocational Education
In office March 27, 2000 – May 6, 2002
President	Jacques Chirac
Prime Minister	Lionel Jospin
Preceded by	Claude Allègre
Succeeded by	Luc Ferry
Member of the European Parliament from France
Incumbent
Assumed office July 14, 2009
Senator from Essonne
In office October 2, 1986 – September 24, 1995
In office October 1, 2004 – January 7, 2010
Personal details
Born	(1951-08-19) 19 August 1951 (age 60) Tangier (now Morocco)
Political party	Internationalist Communist Organisation (Before 1977) Socialist Party (1977–2008) Left Party (2008–present)
Alma mater	University of Franche-Comté
Website	www.jean-luc-melenchon.fr

Jean-Luc Mélenchon (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ lyk melɑ̃ʃɔ̃]; born 19 August 1951 in Tangier (International zone of Tangier)^[1] is a French politician who served in the government of France as Minister of Vocational Education from 2000 to 2002. He was also a member of the French Senate, representing the département of Essonne.

Mélenchon left the Socialist Party in November 2008 to found the Left Party with French deputy Marc Dolez.^[2][3] As leader of the Left Party, he joined the Left Front before the 2009 European elections and was selected as the coalition's main candidate in the South-West region. At those elections he won 8.15% of the votes cast and was elected to the European Parliament.

Mélenchon is co-president of the Left Party along with Martine Billard. During the protest movement against the pension reform of 2010 his public stature grew thanks to his many public and television appearances.

Personal life[link]

Born in the international zone of Tangier, he was educated at the Lycée Pierre-Corneille in Rouen (Normandy).^[4]

His father worked in the postal services, and his Spanish-born mother was a primary school teacher. He grew up in Morocco, until his family moved to France in 1962.^[1]

With a degree in philosophy from the University of Franche-Comté, and having gained the CAPES (a professional teaching qualification), he became a teacher before entering politics.^[1][4]

Political ideas[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (May 2012)

Jean-Luc Mélenchon is a socialist republican and historical materialist, inspired primarily by Jean Jaurès (the founder of French republican socialism) and employing Marxian analysis to understand the crisis of market capitalism.

Jean-Luc Mélenchon (right) with Olivier Besancenot (left) and José Bové (centre) at a meeting to rally support for the "No" vote in the European Constitution referendum of 2005.

Previously a defender of European federalism, Jean-Luc Mélenchon has renounced that political commitment, declaring that "the European Union is no longer a solution but a problem, because economic liberalism has totally corrupted the institution and makes it impossible to achieve the democratic change needed in the EU, all power belonging to technocrats with no popular legitimacy." For this reason, he is for the establishment of a different, democratic, united, and cooperative Europe, and is opposed to the Lisbon Treaty as well as questioning the independence of the European Central Bank.

Based on his experiences in South America, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, like Hugo Chavez and Evo Morales,^{[dubious – discuss][improper synthesis?]} favours a "citizens' revolution" (révolution citoyenne), drawing additionally on ideas stemming from the French Revolution and the Paris Commune, and a new strategy that respects the democratic process while seeking to win elections in order to change the constitution. This "citizens' revolution" should lead to a reversal of the current division of wealth held by capital, represented by shareholders, and the working class (understood in the broad sense of anyone who actually works to earn money directly). Additional goals include a new constitution that will initiate a 6th French Republic in which the President will have less power and Parliament more, increase wages, a public bank created by nationalizing the private banks, democratization through the establishment of new rights for employees allowing them to develop cooperatives, the nationalization of large corporations, environmental planning, an exit from NATO, an end to the war in Afghanistan, and peace in the Middle East through the creation of a Palestinian state. Jean-Luc Mélenchon also insists on the importance of "popular involvement" through public referendums on any essential subject. He expressed his support for even more secularization of the French society and for the legality of same-sex marriage and euthanasia.

2012 French presidential candidate[link]

He was the candidate representing the Left Front (Communist Party of France, Left Party, Unitarian Left) in the 2012 French presidential election.^[5][6] He took fourth place and achieved 11.05% of the vote, trailing behind François Hollande, Nicolas Sarkozy, and Marine Le Pen and their respective parties, the Socialist Party, Union for a Popular Movement, and National Front. For comparison, the frontrunner François Hollande received 28.63% of the vote.^[7]

2012 French legislative candidate[link]

Hénin-Beaumont in 2012[link]

Melenchon, himself will represent the Left Front in the Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency, to confront his rival Marine Le Pen in her fief, where she had over 31% in the presidential election.^[8]

Political career[link]

Governmental functions^[1]

Minister of Vocational Education, 2000-2002.

Electoral mandates

European Parliament

Member of European Parliament since elected in 2009.

Senate of France

Senator of Essonne, 1986-2000 (became minister in 2000), 2004-2010 (resignation, elected in European Parliament in 2009). Elected in 1986, reelected in 1995, 2004. (At the age of 35, he was the youngest member of the Senate when he was elected to it in 1986.)

General Council

Vice-president of the General Council of Essonne, 1998-2001.

General councillor of Essonne, 1985–1992, 1998-2004. Reelected in 1998.

Municipal Council

Deputy-mayor of Massy, Essonne, 1983-1995.

Municipal councillor of Massy, Essonne, 1983-2001. Reelected in 1989, 1995.

Political function

President of the Left Party since 2008.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jean-Luc Mélenchon

	France portal
	French politics portal

• Official blog
• Page on the French Senate website
• MEP webpage

Jérôme Cahuzac (born in Talence on 19 June 1952) is a French politician who, until his appointment as Junior Minister for the Budget at the Ministry of the Economy, Finance, and External Trade by President François Hollande on 16 May 2012, was a member of the National Assembly of France where he represented the 3rd constituency of Lot-et-Garonne on behalf of the Socialist Party.^[1]

References[link]

This article about a Socialist Party of France politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia. (December 2008) Don't speak French? Click here to read a machine-translated version of the French article. Click [show] on the right to review important translation instructions before translating. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|fr|Jérôme Cahuzac}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Calixthe Beyala (born 1961) is a Cameroonian-born French writer who writes in French.

She grew up in Douala with her sister. In 1978, she left Cameroon for France. She married, and has two children.^[1]