Anonymous (used as a mass noun) is an Internet meme that originated in 2003 on the imageboard 4chan, representing the concept of many online and offline community users simultaneously existing as an anarchic, digitized global brain.[2] It is also generally considered to be a blanket term for members of certain Internet subcultures, a way to refer to the actions of people in an environment where their actual identities are not known.[3]
In its early form, the concept has been adopted by a decentralized online community acting anonymously in a coordinated manner, usually toward a loosely self-agreed goal, and primarily focused on entertainment. Beginning with 2008, the Anonymous collective has become increasingly associated with collaborative, international hacktivism. It has opposed internet censorship in the US[4], and undertook protests and other actions in retaliation against anti-digital piracy campaigns by motion picture and recording industry trade associations.[5][6] Actions credited to "Anonymous" are undertaken by unidentified individuals who apply the Anonymous label to themselves as attribution.[7]
Although not necessarily tied to a single online entity, many websites are strongly associated with Anonymous. This includes notable imageboards such as 4chan, their associated wikis, Encyclopædia Dramatica, and a number of forums. After a series of controversial, widely publicized protests and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks by Anonymous in 2008, incidents linked to its cadre members have increased.[8] In consideration of its capabilities, Anonymous has been posited by CNN to be one of the three major successors to WikiLeaks.[9] In 2012, American magazine Time named Anonymous as one of the most influential people in the world.[10]
A member holding an Anonymous flier at Occupy Wall Street, a protest that the group actively supported, September 17, 2011
The name Anonymous itself is inspired by the perceived anonymity under which users post images and comments on the Internet. Usage of the term Anonymous in the sense of a shared identity began on imageboards. A tag of Anonymous is assigned to visitors who leave comments without identifying the originator of the posted content. Users of imageboards sometimes jokingly acted as if Anonymous were a real person. As the popularity of imageboards increased, the idea of Anonymous as a collective of unnamed individuals became an internet meme.[11]
Anonymous broadly represents the concept of any and all people as an unnamed collective. As a multiple-use name, individuals who share in the "Anonymous" moniker also adopt a shared online identity, characterized as hedonistic and uninhibited. This is intended as a satirical, conscious adoption of the online disinhibition effect.[12]
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We [Anonymous] just happen to be a group of people on the internet who need — just kind of an outlet to do as we wish, that we wouldn't be able to do in regular society. ...That's more or less the point of it. Do as you wish. ... There's a common phrase: 'we are doing it for the lulz.' |
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—Trent Peacock. Search Engine: The face of Anonymous, February 7, 2008.[12]
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Definitions tend to emphasize the fact that the concept, and by extension the collective of users, cannot be readily encompassed by a simple definition. Instead it is often defined by aphorisms describing perceived qualities.[2] One self-description, originating from a protest video targeted at the Church of Scientology, is:
We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us.[13]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130726004859im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png) |
This section requires expansion with:
information on Anonymous subcultural elements; common images, themes, concepts, etc. |
As a cyberculture, Anonymous aesthetics are based in various forms of shock humor, including genres of cringe, surreal, Jew comedy, and black comedy. Many people affiliated with Anonymous associate with the Guy Fawkes mask, either at protests, or within images spread online.[12]
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[Anonymous is] the first Internet-based superconsciousness. Anonymous is a group, in the sense that a flock of birds is a group. How do you know they're a group? Because they're traveling in the same direction. At any given moment, more birds could join, leave, peel off in another direction entirely. |
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—Chris Landers. Baltimore City Paper, April 2, 2008.[2]
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Anonymous consists largely of users from multiple imageboards and Internet forums. In addition, several wikis and Internet Relay Chat networks are maintained to overcome the limitations of traditional imageboards. These modes of communication are the means by which Anonymous protesters participating in Project Chanology communicate and organize upcoming protests.[14][15]
A "loose coalition of Internet denizens,"[16] the group is banded together by the Internet, through sites such as 4chan,[14][16] 711chan,[14] Encyclopædia Dramatica,[17] IRC channels,[14] and YouTube.[3] Social networking services, such as Facebook, are used for the creation of groups which reach out to people to mobilize in real-world protests.[18]
Anonymous has no leader or controlling party and relies on the collective power of its individual participants acting in such a way that the net effect benefits the group.[16] "Anyone who wants to can be Anonymous and work toward a set of goals..." a member of Anonymous explained to the Baltimore City Paper. "We have this agenda that we all agree on and we all coordinate and act, but all act independently toward it, without any want for recognition. We just want to get something that we feel is important done..."[2]
It is impossible to 'join' Anonymous, as there is no leadership, no ranking, and no single means of communication, Anonymous is spread over many mediums and languages, with membership being achieved simply by wishing to join.[19]
A person known as Commander X provides interviews and videos about Anonymous.[20] He said that "we are not a terrorist organization".[citation needed] In 2011, he was at the center of an investigation into Anonymous by Aaron Barr, who claimed to have identified him as a San Francisco gardener. Interviewed following the attack on HBGary Federal, Commander X revealed that while Barr suspected that he was a leader of the group, he was in his own words a "peon". However, Commander X did claim to be a skilled hacker and founding member of an allied organization, the Peoples Liberation Front (PLF). According to Commander X, Peoples Liberation Front, a collective of hactivists founded in 1985, acted with AnonOps, another sub-group of Anonymous, to carry out denial-of-service attacks against government websites in Tunisia, Iran, Egypt, and Bahrain. Explaining the relationship between Anonymous and the PLF, he suggested an analogy to NATO, with the PLF being a smaller sub-group that could choose to opt in or out of a specific project. "AnonOps and the PLF are both capable of creating huge "Internet armies". The main difference is Anon Ops moves with huge force, but very slowly because of their decision making process. The PLF moves with great speed, like a scalpel."[21] On September 23, a homeless man in California named Christopher Doyon was arrested, under charges that he participated online as a part of a group called "PLF", and as "Anonymous".[22] He pleaded not guilty to charges.[23]
The Low Orbit Ion Cannon is a network stress testing application that has been used by Anonymous to accomplish its DDOS attacks. Individual users download the LOIC and voluntarily contribute their computer to a bot net. This bot net is then directed against the target by AnonOps.[24] Joining the bot net and volunteering one's resources for the use of the group is thus one way of being a "member," a concept that is otherwise hard to define.
In April 2009, after The Pirate Bay co-defendants were found guilty of facilitating extensive copyright infringement "in a commercial and organized form", Anonymous launched a coordinated DDoS attack against the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), an organisation responsible for safeguarding recording artists' rights.[25] When co-founders lost their appeal against convictions for encouraging piracy, Anonymous again targeted the IFPI, labelling them "parasites". A statement read: "We will continue to attack those who embrace censorship. You will not be able to hide your ludicrous ways to control us."[26][27]
On January 19, 2012, Megaupload, a website providing file sharing services, was shut down by the US Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[28] This led to what Anonymous called "the single largest Internet attack in its history".[29] Barrett Brown, described as a spokesperson for the group Anonymous by news outlet RT, said the timing of the raid "couldn’t have come at a worse time in terms of the government’s standpoint".[29] With the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) protests only a day old, it was claimed that internet users were "by-and-far ready to defend an open Internet".[29] Brown told RT that the Department of Justice website was shut down only 70 minutes after the start of the attack. Days later many of the sites were still down or slow to load. The attack disabled a number of websites, including those belonging to the Justice Department, the FBI, Universal Music Group, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), and Broadcast Music, Inc.[29] "Even without SOPA having been passed yet, the federal government always had tremendous power to do some of the things that they want to do. So if this is what can occur without SOPA being passed, imagine what can occur after SOPA is passed," Brown commented.[29] Although the actions of Anonymous received support, some commentators argued that the denial of service attack risked damaging the anti-SOPA case.[30][31][32]
The attack included a new, sophisticated method whereby internet users who clicked on links placed in chat rooms and on twitter participated, some without their knowledge, in a denial of service attack, thereby breaking existing US law. Anonymous used "Low Orbit Ion Cannon" (LOIC) to attack supporters of SOPA on January 19, 2012. Anonymous claimed this to be their largest attack with over 5,635 people participating in the DDoS attack via LOIC.[33] LOIC was utilized by many attackers, despite the fact that a network firewall could easily filter out network traffic it generates, thus rendering it only partly effective. In addition, LOIC attacks were easily identified in system logs, making it possible to trace the attacker's IP address and allowing arrests to be made by these law enforcement agencies.
Alleged Internet predator Chris Forcand, 53, was charged with child sexual and firearm offenses.[34] A newspaper report stated that Forcand was already being tracked by "cyber-vigilantes before police investigations commenced.[35] A television report identified a "self-described Internet vigilante group called Anonymous" who contacted the police after some members were "propositioned" by Forcand. The report stated this was the first time a suspected Internet predator was arrested by the police as a result of Internet vigilantism.[36]
Anonymous strongly opposes child pornography. In October 2011, "Operation Darknet" was launched as an attempt to cease the activities of child porn sites accessed through hidden services in the deep web.[37] Anonymous published in a pastebin link what it claimed were the user names of 1,589 members of Lolita City, a child porn site accessed via the Tor network. Anonymous said that it had found the site via The Hidden Wiki, and that it contained over 100 gigabytes of child pornography. Anonymous launched a denial-of-service attack to take Lolita City offline.
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This section requires expansion with:
reactions to Anonymous including praise and criticism. |
Graham Cluley, a security expert for Sophos, argued that Anonymous' attacks on hidden child porn websites could be counterproductive, commenting: "Their intentions may have been good, but take-downs of illegal websites and sharing networks should be done by the authorities, not internet vigilantes."[38]
On July 26, 2007, Fox affiliate KTTV in Los Angeles, California aired a report on Anonymous, calling them a group of "hackers on steroids," "domestic terrorists," and collectively an "Internet hate machine." The report covered an attack on a Myspace user, who claimed to have had his Myspace account "hacked" into seven times by Anonymous, and plastered with images of gay pornography. The Myspace user also claimed a virus written by Anonymous hackers was sent to him and to ninety friends on his Myspace contact list, crashing thirty-two of his friends' computers. The report featured an unnamed former "hacker" who had fallen out with Anonymous and explained his view of the Anonymous culture. In addition, the report also mentioned "raids" on Habbo, a "national campaign to spoil the new Harry Potter book ending," and threats to "bomb sports stadiums."[8][39]
The day following the KTTV report, Wired News blogger and journalist Ryan Singel derided the report, stating that Fox news service had confused the hacker group with "supremely bored 15-year olds who post obscene pictures" from the English-language imageboard website 4chan, and that the news report was "by far the funniest prank anyone on the board has ever pulled off."[40] In February 2008, an Australia-based Today Tonight broadcast included a segment of the KTTV report, preceded by the statement: "The Church of Scientology has ramped up the offensive against Anonymous, accusing the group of religious bigotry and claiming they are sick, twisted souls."[41]
The English language edition of Al Jazeera published regular articles on Anonymous and its activism. The journal also ran opinion pieces on the group, sometimes laudatory, describing it as a future form of internet-based social activism:
"This is the future, whether one approves or not, and the failure on the part of governments and media alike to understand, and contend with the rapid change now afoot, ought to remind everyone concerned why it is that this movement is necessary in the first place."[42]
[edit] Search Engine subject of focus
In January 2008, Search Engine, a Canadian radio show published by CBC Radio One, began reporting on Project Chanology. Host Jesse Brown called Anonymous "clowns," citing their lack of coordination, vulgar humor, and pack mentality, and invited them to confront him in person. On February 7, two members of Anonymous appeared on the show, explaining the nature of the group and the genuine criticism they held for Scientology.[12] After Anonymous held a protest in front of Scientology compounds around the world on February 10, 2008, Brown admitted that they had "proved me wrong."[43]
The nature of the protest was unprecedented—picketers wore masks and refused to divulge names—and sparked a follow-up discussion on the show about journalistic standards for source protection, and the meaning of identity. Brown brought the issue to his own workplace, interviewing CBC's president Hubert Lacroix in reaction to a conflict between him and an anonymous critic who went by the handle "Ouimet."[12]
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First, who is this group called Anonymous? Put simply, it is an international cabal of criminal hackers dating back to 2003, who have shut down the websites of the U.S. Department of Justice and the F.B.I. They have hacked into the phone lines of Scotland Yard. They are responsible for attacks against MasterCard, Visa, Sony and the Governments of the U.S., U.K., Turkey, Australia, Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Iran, Chile, Colombia and New Zealand. |
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—Canadian MP Marc Garneau, 2012[44]
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In December 2010, the Dutch police arrested a 16-year old for cyberattacks against Visa, MasterCard and PayPal in conjunction with Anonymous' DDOS attacks against companies opposing Wikileaks.[45]
In January 2011, the FBI issued more than 40 search warrants in a probe against the Anonymous attacks on companies that opposed Wikileaks. The FBI did not issue any arrest warrants, but issued a statement that participating in DDOS attacks is a criminal offense with a sentence of up to 10 years in prison.[46][47]
In January 2011, the British police arrested five boys and men between the ages of 15 and 26 with suspicion of participating in Anonymous DDOS attacks.[48]
Matthew George, a Newcastle, New South Wales resident, concerned with forthcoming Australian internet filtration legislation, was arrested for his participation in Anonymous DDOS activities. George participated in Anonymous IRC discussions, and allowed his computer to be used in a denial of service attack associated with Operation Titstorm. Tracked down by authorities, he was fined $550, though he was not fully aware that his actions were illegal, and believed his participation in Operation Titstorm had been a legal form of civil protest. His experience left him disillusioned with the potential of online anonymity, warning others: "There is no way to hide on the internet, no matter how hard you cover your tracks you can get caught. You're not invincible."[49]
On June 10, 2011, the Spanish police captured three purported members of Anonymous in the cities of Gijon, Barcelona and Valencia. The operation deactivated the main server from which the three men coordinated DDoS attacks. This particular group had made attacks on the web servers of the Playstation store, BBVA, Bankia, and the websites of the governments of Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Iran, Chile, Colombia and New Zealand. The operation revealed that their structure consisted of "cells" which at any given time could coordinate attacks through the downloading of software; the decision-making process to attack occurred in chat rooms. The Spanish national police stated that this operation corresponds to the fact that the Spanish government and NATO considers this group of hackers a threat to national security.[50]
On June 13, 2011, officials in Turkey arrested 32 individuals that were allegedly involved in DDoS attacks on Turkish government websites. These members of Anonymous were captured in different cities of Turkey including Istanbul and Ankara. According to PC Magazine these individuals were arrested after they attacked these websites as a response to the Turkish government demand to ISPs to implement a system of filters that many have perceived as censorship.[51][52]
During July 19–20, 2011, as many as 20 or more arrests were made of suspected Anonymous hackers in the US, UK, and Netherlands following the 2010 Operation Avenge Assange in which the group attacked PayPal, as well as attacking MasterCard and Visa after they froze Wikileaks accounts. According to US officials statements suspects' homes were raided and suspects were arrested in Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Washington DC, Florida, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Mexico, and Ohio, as well as a 16 year old boy being held by the police in south London on suspicion of breaching the Computer Misuse Act 1990, and four being held in the Netherlands.[53][54][55][56]
On February 28, 2012, Interpol issued warrants for the arrests of 25 people with suspected links to the loose hacking collective Anonymous, according to a statement from the international police agency. The suspects, between the ages of 17 and 40, were all arrested.[57]
On January 28, 2012 American media outlet the Wall Street Journal claimed US law enforcement officers are concerned about cyber-retaliation attacks by the group. The US has been investigating WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, although no charges have been filed and his legal team say the US has no jurisdiction, as the Australian citizen has committed no crimes on U.S. soil. The concern was caused by suspicion that Anonymous was involved in retaliatory attacks. A prosecutor in the investigating faced so many personal intrusions that colleagues became concerned about the possibility of bodily harm, according to journalist Devlin Barrett, who explained the Department of Justice was acting unusually by suppressing the names of officials in public statements to the press, but not in court documents. Mr Barrett said there was debate within the Department of Justice and the FBI over the release of names of officials working on the Megaupload case.[58]
- Memetic persona
- Composition
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- Activism
- Related Articles
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- ^ "Gabriella Coleman on Anonymous". Brian Lehrer Live. Vimeo. February 9, 2011. http://vimeo.com/19806469. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Landers, Chris (April 2, 2008). "Serious Business: Anonymous Takes On Scientology (and Doesn't Afraid of Anything)". Baltimore City Paper. http://www.citypaper.com/columns/story.asp?id=15543. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
- ^ a b Jessica Parral, James Clark (February 2, 2008). "Internet Group Takes Action Against Scientology. Quote they use "We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us.”". City on a Hill Press (student newspaper) (University of California, Santa Cruz). http://www.cityonahillpress.com/article.php?id=1050. Retrieved February 21, 2008.
- ^ anonymous threatens government retrieved 20 May 2012
- ^ Activists target recording industry websites, BBC News, 20 September 2010.
- ^ Beaumont, Claudine. Music and film industry websites targeted in cyber attacks, The Telegraph, September 20, 2010.
- ^ Davies, Shaun (May 8, 2008). "The internet pranksters who started a war". ninemsn. http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=459214. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
- ^ a b Tsotsis, Alexia (February 4, 2009). "My Date with Anonymous: A Rare Interview with the Elusive Internet Troublemakers". LA Weekly. http://www.laweekly.com/2009-02-05/columns/my-date-with-anonymous-a-rare-interview-with-the-illusive-internet-troublemakers/. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ^ "Anonymous vows to take leaking to the next level". CNN. February 23, 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/02/23/wikileaks.anonymous/index.html?hpt=C1. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
- ^ http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112122,00.html
- ^ Whipple, Tom (June 20, 2008). "Scientology: the Anonymous protesters.". The Times (UK). http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article4173635.ece.
- ^ a b c d e Brown, Jesse (February 7, 2008). "Community Organization with Digital Tools: The face of Anonymous". MediaShift Idea Lab: Reinventing Community News for the Digital Age (PBS). Archived from the original on Feb 11, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080211091428/http://www.cbc.ca/searchengine/blog/2008/02/this_weeks_show_feb708_1.html. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
- ^ [We Are Anonymous, We Are Legion], Yale Law and Technology, November 9, 2009
- ^ a b c d George-Cosh, David (January 25, 2008). "Online group declares war on Scientology". National Post (Canada: Canwest Publishing Inc.). Archived from the original on January 29, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080129063500/http://www.nationalpost.com/most_popular/story.html?id=261308. Retrieved January 25, 2008.
- ^ Ryan Singel (January 23, 2008). "War Breaks Out Between Hackers and Scientology – There Can Be Only One". Wired News. http://blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2008/01/anonymous-attac.html. Retrieved January 25, 2008.
- ^ a b c James Harrison (February 12, 2008). "Scientology protesters take action around world". The State News (student newspaper) (Michigan State University). http://www.lansinglowdown.com/index.php/blog/entertainment/2008/02/internet_group__. Retrieved February 25, 2008.
- ^ Davies, Shaun (May 8, 2008). "Critics point finger at satirical website". National Nine News. http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=459249.
- ^ Dahdah, Howard (February 8, 2008). "'Anonymous' group declares online war on Scientology". Computerworld: The Voice of IT Management (IDG Communications). http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php/id;632197333. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
- ^ http://www.cyberguerrilla.info/?p=1591
- ^ by Commander X. "Anonymous on Vimeo". Vimeo.com. http://vimeo.com/21608403. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Tynan, Dan (February 18, 2011). "A conversation with Commander X". ITworld.com. IDG. http://www.itworld.com/internet/137590/conversation-commander-x?page=0%2C0.
- ^ Doran, Miles. "Feds: Homeless hacker 'Commander X' arrested". CBS. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31727_162-20110912-10391695.html. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
- ^ Mills, Elinor. "Alleged 'Commander X' Anonymous hacker pleads not guilty". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20111057-245/alleged-commander-x-anonymous-hacker-pleads-not-guilty/. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
- ^ Rogers, Tim (May 9, 2011). "Barrett Brown is Anonymous". D magazine. http://www.dmagazine.com/Home/D_Magazine/2011/April/How_Barrett_Brown_Helped_Overthrow_the_Government_of_Tunisia.aspx?p=1. Retrieved April 1, 2011.
- ^ Leyden, John. Music industry sites DDoSed after Pirate Bay verdict, The Register, April 20, 2009.
- ^ Moya, Jared. Operation: Payback Targets IFPI for Pirate Bay Verdict, zeropaid.com. November 29, 2010.
- ^ Constantin, Lucian. [1], Softpedia, November 29, 2010.
- ^ Sisario, Ben (January 20, 2012). "7 Charged as F.B.I. Closes a Top File-Sharing Site". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/21/technology/megaupload-indictment-internet-piracy.html. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Internet strikes back: Anonymous' Operation Megaupload explained". RT. January 20, 2012. http://rt.com/usa/news/anonymous-barrettbrown-sopa-megaupload-241/. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
- ^ Kelion, Leo (January 20, 2012). "Hackers retaliate over Megaupload website shutdown". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16646023. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
- ^ Wood, Molly (January 19, 2012). "Anonymous goes nuclear; everybody loses?". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-31322_3-57362437-256/anonymous-goes-nuclear-everybody-loses/. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
- ^ Jonsson, Patrik (January 21, 2012). "SOPA: Feds go after Megaupload as Congress reviews anti-piracy bills". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/sopa-feds-go-after-megaupload-congress-reviews-anti-piracy-bills. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
- ^ http://trickvilla.com/?p=5058
- ^ Constable George Schuurman, Public Information, for Detective Constable Janelle Blackadar, Sex Crimes Unit (December 6, 2007). "Man facing six charges in Child Exploitation investigation, Photograph released, Chris Forcand, 53". News Release (Toronto Police Service).
- ^ Jonathan Jenkins (December 7, 2007). "Man trolled the web for girls: cops". Toronto Sun. http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Crime/2007/12/07/4712680-sun.html. Retrieved February 19, 2008.
- ^ Gus Kim (reporter) (December 8, 2007). "Internet Justice?". Global News (CanWest Global Communications).
- ^ Liebowitz, Matt (3 November 2011). "Anonymous releases IP addresses of alleged child porn viewers". msnbc.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45147364/ns/technology_and_science-security/. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ Leyden, John (24 October 2011). "Anonymous shuts down hidden child abuse hub". The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/10/24/anonymous_fight_child_abuse_network/. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ Phil Shuman (investigative reporter) (July 26, 2007). "FOX 11 Investigates: 'Anonymous'". MyFOX Los Angeles (KTTV (Fox)). Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. http://replay.web.archive.org/20080522123812/http://www.myfoxla.com/myfox/pages/Home/Detail?contentId=3894628&version=7&locale=EN-US&layoutCode=VSTY&pageId=1.1.1&sflg=1.
- ^ Ryan Singel (July 27, 2007). "Investigative Report Reveals Hackers Terrorize the Internet for LULZ". Wired News. http://blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2007/07/investigative-r.html. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
- ^ Bryan Seymour (reporter) (February 11, 2008). "Anonymous takes Scientology war to streets" (newscast). Today Tonight (Seven Network). http://au.todaytonight.yahoo.com/article/490551/lifestyle/anonymous-takes-scientology-war-streets. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ "Anonymous and the global correction – opinion". Al Jazeera English. Feb. 16, 2011. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/02/201121321487750509.html. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
- ^ This Week's Show (Feb.14/08) CBC Radio
- ^ http://openparliament.ca/hansards/2455/114/
- ^ "Dutch Arrest 16-year-old Related to WikiLeaks Attacks". PC World. December 9, 2010. http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/213120/dutch_arrest_16yearold_related_to_wikileaks_attacks.html. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Previous post Next post (January 27, 2011). "FBI Knocks Down 40 Doors in Probe of Pro-WikiLeaks Attackers". Wired. http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/01/fbi-anonymous/. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Search Warrants Executed in the United States as Part of Ongoing Cyber Investigation". Fbi.gov. January 27, 2011. http://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/warrants_012711. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "UK police arrest WikiLeaks backers for cyber attacks". Uk.reuters.com. January 27, 2011. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/01/27/idINIndia-54454720110127. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Whyte, Sarah (March 14, 2011). "Meet the hacktivist who tried to take down the government". Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/technology/security/meet-the-hacktivist-who-tried-to-take-down-the-government-20110314-1btkt.html.
- ^ "La Policía española golpea a Anonymous · ELPAÍS.com". Elpais.com. http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Policia/Nacional/da/desarticulada/cupula/Anonymous/Espana/elpepuesp/20110610elpepunac_3/Tes. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Albanesius, Chloe (June 13, 2011). "Turkey Arrests 32 'Anonymous' Members | News & Opinion". PCMag.com. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386803,00.asp. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Detienen en Turquía a 32 presuntos miembros de 'Anonymous' – Noticias de Europa – Mundo". Eltiempo.Com. http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/detienen-en-turquia-a-32-presuntos-miembros-de-anonymous_9607324-4. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "BBC News – Police arrest 'hackers' in US, UK, Netherlands". BBC. July 19, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14212110. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Andy Greenberg (July 19, 2011). "Fourteen Anonymous Hackers Arrested For "Operation Avenge Assange," LulzSec Leader Claims He's Not Affected – Forbes". Forbes. http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/07/19/anonymous-arrests-continue-lulzsec-leader-claims-hes-not-affected/. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ By staff writers (July 20, 2011). "'Anonymous' hackers arrested in US sweep". Herald Sun. Australia. http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/anonymous-hackers-arrested-in-us-sweep/story-e6frf7jx-1226097971794. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "16 Suspected 'Anonymous' Hackers Arrested In Nationwide Sweep". Fox News. April 7, 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/07/19/exclusive-fbi-search-warrants-nationwide-hunt-anonymous/. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ By staff writers (February 29, 2012). "25 alleged Anonymous members arrested after Interpol investigation". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/anonymous-members-arrested-after-interpol-investigation/2012/02/29/gIQANeq5hR_story.html?tid=pm_business_pop. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ Barrett, Devlin (January 28, 2012). "Retaliation Fears Spur Anonymity in Internet Case". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203363504577185364230417098.html.
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