The "War over Water"
Part of the Water politics in the Jordan River basin and the Arab-Israeli conflict
Date November 1964 – May 1967 Location Jordan Valley River Basin and the Golan Heights Result Tensions leading to the Six-Day War
Belligerents
Israel	Syria  Lebanon
Commanders and leaders
Yitzhak Rabin

The "War over Water" (Hebrew: המלחמה על המים, HaMilhama al HaMaim), also the Battle over Water (Hebrew: הקרב על המים, HaKrav al HaMaim), refers to a series of confrontations between Israel and its Arab neighbors from November 1964 to May 1967 over control of available water sources in the Jordan River drainage basin.

History[link]

The 1949 Armistice Agreements which followed the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, created three Demilitarized zones on the Israel-Syria border. The southernmost, and also the largest of stretched from the south-eastern part of the Sea of Galilee eastwards to the Yarmuk River where the borders of Israel, Jordan and Syria converged.^[1] The issue of sharing the waters of the Jordan–Yarmuk system between Israel, Syria and Jordan turned out to be a major problem.^[2]

Although small scale water-related skirmishes had occurred following the 1949 agreements, the major escalation took place in 1964, following Israel's completion of its National Water Carrier Project, which siphoned water from the Sea of Galilee. Arab states regarded the Israeli project as a unilateral usage of water resources outside the river basin; in response they attempted to finance and build the joint Syrian-Lebanese Headwater Diversion Plan, which would have diverted some water from flowing into Israel, particularly into the Sea of Galilee, where the National Water Carrier starts. The headwaters diversion would have directed the waters of the Banias stream into a dam at Mukhaiba for Syrian and Jordanian use, and divert the waters of the Hasbani into the Litani River for Lebanese use. The diversion works would have reduced the installed capacity of the National Water Carrier by 35%, and Israel's overall water supply by about 11%.^{[3][citation needed]} Israel declared it would regard such a project as an infringement of its sovereign rights.

In November, when activities for the Arab diversion project started, the Israel Defense Forces launched repeated military strikes against the diversion works, which led to a prolonged chain of border clashes^{[4][citation needed]}. The Arab countries eventually abandoned their project. Control of water resources and Israeli military attacks regarding the diversion effort are considered among the major factors which led to the Six-Day War in June 1967.

See also[link]

• Water politics in the Middle East
• Headwater Diversion Plan (Jordan River)

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Ameri, Hussein A. (Dec., 2002). "Water War in the Middle East: a Looming Threat". The Geographical Journal 168 (4): 313–323. DOI:10.1111/j.0016-7398.2002.00058.x. 
• Cooley, John, K. (Spring, 1984). "The War over Water". Foreign Policy 54: 3–26. 
• Gat, Moshe (Oct., 2004). "The Use of Airpower and its Effects on the Outbreak of the Six Day War". The Journal of Military History 68 (4): 1187–1215. DOI:10.1353/jmh.2004.0194. 
• Gleick, Peter, H. (Summer, 1993). "Water and Conflict: Fresh Water Resources and International Security". International Security (The MIT Press) 18 (1): 79–112. DOI:10.2307/2539033. JSTOR 2539033. 
• Haddadin, Munther J. (Dec., 2002). "Water in the Middle East Peace Process". The Geographical Journal 168 (4): 324–340. DOI:10.1111/j.0016-7398.2002.00059.x. 
• Rook, Robert E. (Winter, 2000). "An American in Palestine: Elwood Mead and Zionist Water Resource Planning, 1923-1936". Arab Studies Quarterly 22 (1): 71–90. http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/AN%20AMERICAN%20IN%20PALESTINE.htm. 

Over Water
Over Water as seen from Latrigg (Uldale)
Location	Lake District, Cumbria
Coordinates	54°42′17″N 3°09′45″W / 54.70472°N 3.1625°W / 54.70472; -3.1625Coordinates: 54°42′17″N 3°09′45″W / 54.70472°N 3.1625°W / 54.70472; -3.1625
Basin countries	United Kingdom
Average depth	18 m (59 ft)
Surface elevation	188 m (617 ft)
Islands	none

Over Water is a small lake or tarn in the north of the English Lake District near the village of Longlands. Although only a fifteen-minute drive from Keswick it is quieter than many of the better-known lakes. Binsey, Great Cockup and Longlands Fell overlook the lake.

Over Water was a small natural waterbody which was dammed in 1904 to increase its capacity. It now serves as a drinking water reservoir to supply the town of Wigton. The dam is at the northern end. Over Water supports a range of flora including water lillies and water lobelia.^[1]

The name of the tarn has developed and changed over time. It was recorded as 'Orre Water' in 1687, which derives from the Old Norse name 'Orri's tarn' which means 'the tarn where blackcock are found.' [1]

There are many public footpaths offering access, with a 7.5-mile circular route beginning and ending at Over Water and taking in Ruthwaite, High Ireby, High Houses, Binsey and Binsey Lodge over a 950ft elevation being one of the more well-trodden routes [2]. (There is no public access around the lake itself as it is a SSSI - Site of Special Scientific Interest: the lake itself is owned by The National Trust; the lake shore is privately owned by a number of different landowners).

It is notable for being a feeding place for the Ospreys which breed beside Bassenthwaite Lake. Ospreys are still extremely rare breeding birds in England. There is an official Osprey viewpoint at Dodd Wood in the locality [3].

References[link]

1. ^ Blair, Don: Exploring Lakeland Tarns: Lakeland Manor Press (2003): ISBN 0-9543904-1-5

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Samuel Flynn Scott (born 1978) is a New Zealand musician and composer, and a founding member of The Phoenix Foundation.

Early life and career[link]

Scott was born in Wellington, New Zealand in 1978. His father, Tom Scott, is a notable author and political cartoonist. Scott attended Wellington High School, where he founded The Phoenix Foundation with Luke Buda and Conrad Wedde in 1997.

Solo music[link]

In 2004, Scott formed a new band named Bunnies On Ponies, in order to try out some songs that didn't fit with the Phoenix Foundation sound. After performing a few live shows around his hometown of Wellington, he released his debut solo album, The Hunt Brings Us Life, in 2006.^[1] It was included in Amplifier Magazine's Top 20 Kiwi Albums of 2006.^[2]

His second solo album, Straight Answer Machine, was released under the name 'Samuel F. Scott & the B.O.P.' in 2008.^[3]

Scott has also worked as a composer for commercials and movies. Along with his Phoenix Foundation bandmate, Luke Buda, Scott composed the soundtrack for the 2009 New Zealand film, Separation City. He has been called "the best young songwriter in New Zealand today" by the Sunday Star Times.^[4]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• The Hunt Brings Us Life (2006)
• Straight Answer Machine (2008)

Singles[link]

• 'Raver On Probation' (2008)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Samuel Flynn Scott MySpace page

This New Zealand biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e