Krav Maga 
/krɑːv məˈɡɑː/ (Hebrew: קרב מגע [ˈkʁav maˈɡa], lit. "contact combat") is a noncompetitive eclectic self-defense system developed in Israel that involves striking techniques, wrestling and grappling. Krav Maga is known for its focus on real-world situations and extremely efficient, brutal counter-attacks.[1] It was derived from street-fighting skills developed by Imi Lichtenfeld, who made use of his training as a boxer and wrestler, as a means of defending the Jewish quarter against fascist groups in Bratislava[2] in the mid-to-late 1930s. In the late-1940s, following his immigration to Israel, he began to provide lessons on combat training to what was to become the IDF, who went on to develop the system that became known as Krav Maga. It has since been refined for civilian, police and military applications.[3]
Krav Maga has a philosophy emphasizing threat neutralization, simultaneous defensive and offensive maneuvers, and aggression.[4] Krav Maga is used by Israeli Defense Forces, both regular and special forces, and several closely related variations have been developed and adopted by law enforcement and intelligence organizations, Mossad and Shin Bet. There are several organizations teaching variations of Krav Maga internationally.[5][6][7]
The name in Hebrew means "hand-to-hand combat". Krav (קרב) meaning "battle" and Maga (מגע) meaning "contact".
A key principle of Krav Maga is finishing a fight as quickly as possible and therefore all attacks are aimed towards the most vulnerable parts of the body (e.g., face, neck, groin, knee, etc.). Because there are no sporting rules, individuals trained in Krav Maga are not limited to techniques that avoid severely injuring their opponents, but training and sparring drills provide maximum safety to the students by the use of protective equipment and the use of reasonable force. For example, kicks to the groin during sparring is commonplace, but groin protection must be worn and students should demonstrate due diligence with regards for their partners' safety.
Students learn to defend against all variety of attacks before engaging in full-contact sparring. Students are taught to respond to attacks in the quickest and most efficient way; a common lesson taught is 'always use the nearest tool for the job'. This basically means use whichever limb is closest to your attacker at the time and whichever feels most natural. Men and women generally undergo the same drills.[7][8] It has no sporting federation, and there are no official uniforms (such as a gi).[8] Usual training attire consists of a t-shirt and loose fitting trousers. Krav Maga is also one of the few martial arts in which footwear is habitually worn, due to its being 'reality-based training'. Most organizations recognize progress through training with rank badges, different levels, and belts.[9][10]
General principles include:[1]
- Counter attacking as soon as possible (or attacking preemptively).
- Targeting attacks to the body's most vulnerable points such as the eyes, jaw, throat, groin, knee,armpits etc.
- Neutralizing the opponent as quickly as possible by responding with an unbroken stream of counter attacks and if necessary a take down/joint break.
- Maintaining awareness of surroundings while dealing with the threat in order to look for escape routes, further attackers, objects that could be used to defend or help attack and so on.
Basic training entails a warm-up, learning essential pressure points, and learning how to approach and control an opponent using force. Students learn how to execute strikes and kicks including punches, hammer fists, elbows, and various kicks. Students learn defenses against take-downs, chokes, bear-hugs, arm bars, and other possible attacks. Training also includes learning to defend against various weapons, such as knives, bats, guns, etc. Pressure drills, in which students engage with multiple attackers, are also common. Other tests include students closing their eyes and reacting to a variety of potential threats. Fitness and endurance training is also incorporated into regular classes.
Training can also cover situational awareness to develop an understanding of one's surroundings and potentially threatening circumstances before an attack occurs. It may also cover ways to deal with potentially violent situations, and physical and verbal methods to avoid violence whenever possible.
Imi Sde-Or (formerly, Imrich Lichtenfeld), founder of Krav Maga, was born in 1910 in Hungary and grew up in Bratislava, Slovakia. Imi became active in a wide range of sports including gymnastics, wrestling, and boxing. In 1928 Imi won the Slovakian Youth Wrestling Championship, and in 1929 the adult championship (in the light and middle weight division). That year he also won the national boxing championship and an international gymnastics championship. During the ensuing decade, Imi's athletic activities focused mainly on wrestling, both as a contestant and a trainer.
In the mid thirties conditions began to change in Bratislava and Imi felt he had to take his fighting skills to the streets to protect Jewish neighborhoods from the growing numbers of fascist and anti-Semitic thugs who swarmed in Bratislava at the time. Imi quickly found however that although boxing and wrestling were good sports they weren't always practical for the aggressive and brutal nature of street fighting and he learnt the hard way that real life fighting was very different to competition fighting. It was then that he started to re-evaluate his ideas about fighting and started developing the skills and techniques that would eventually become Krav Maga. Having become a thorn in the side of the equally anti-Semitic local authorities, Imi left his home, family and friends in 1940 on the last refugee ship to escape Europe and the tightening Nazi noose.
After making his way to Palestine Imi joined Israel’s pre-state Haganah military organization. In 1944 Imi began training fighters in his areas of expertise: physical fitness, swimming, wrestling, use of the knife, and defenses against knife attacks. During this period, Imi trained several elite units of the Haganah and Palmach (striking force of the Haganah and forerunner of the special units of the IDF), including the Pal-Yam, as well as groups of police officers.
In 1948, when the State of Israel was founded and the IDF was formed, Imi became Chief Instructor for Physical Fitness and Krav Maga at the IDF School of Combat Fitness. He served in the IDF for about 20 years, during which time he developed and refined his unique method for self-defense and hand-to-hand combat. After retiring from the army, Imi felt that Krav Maga could and should be adapted to meet the self-defense needs of civilians.[11][12]
Upon his retirement Imi opened a school to teach a civilian form of Krav Maga, including a version suitable for youth.[13] The first students to receive a black belt 1st Dan were Eli Avikzar, Rafi Elgarisi, Haim Zut, Haim Gidon, Shmuel Kurzviel, Haim Hakani, Shlomo Avisira, Vicktor Bracha, Yaron Lichtenstein, Avner Hazan and Miki Asulin.[14]
In 1978, Lichtenfeld founded the non-profit Israeli Krav Maga Association (IKMA) with several senior instructors.[15] Eli Avikzar was elected to the head of rank committee and Colonel David Ben Asher was elected to the Executive Director while Imi Lichtenfeld was elected a president 10th dan.[citation needed] Since Imi at his old age was giving black belts to foreign students without Eli Avikzar's approval, Eli resigned from the association and created Krav Magen Israeli.[citation needed] Thereafter various civilian krav maga association were created. Lichtenfeld died in January 1998 in Netanya, Israel.[8]
When Krav Maga started to spread beyond the borders of Israel, there arose a need to found an international organization. This happened mostly because the initial Krav Maga association existing at the time was divided and not functioning efficiently, due to dissension amongst the higher graded instructors.[citation needed] Imi Lictenfeld's students and second generation of students of Imi's students resulted in forming a new international Krav Maga federation with the support of his most loyal students and respected instructors, including Eyal Yanilov, Gabi Nach, Avi Moyal, and Eli Ben-Ami.[16]
Prior to 1980, all experts in Krav Maga lived in Israel and trained under the Israeli Krav Maga Association.[17] That year marks the beginning of contact between Israeli Krav Maga experts and interested students in the United States. In 1981, a group of six Krav Maga instructors traveled to the US to demonstrate their system, primarily to local Jewish Community Centers. The New York field office of the FBI and the FBI's main training center at Quantico, Virginia saw it and expressed interest. The result was a visit by 22 people from the US to Israel in the summer of 1981 to attend a basic Krav Maga instructor course. The graduates from this course returned to the US and began to establish training facilities in their local areas.[18] Additional students traveled to Israel in 1984 and again in 1986 to become instructors. At the same time, instructors from Israel continued to visit the US. In 1985 Boaz Aviram the former Third Israeli Defense Forces Fighting Fitness Academy Chief Instructor after Eli Avikzar immigrated to the US. He started selectively training various law enforcement individuals. Law enforcement training in the US began in 1985.[19] Many United States-based instructors have travelled to Israel to further learn Krav Maga. These instructors take the knowledge and teachings back to students who are based in the United States but want to learn from Israeli-taught instructors. David Kahn is the IKMA US Chief Instructor[20] who is based in Bordentown, New Jersey, Krav Maga Worldwide US Chief Instructor Darren Levine is based in Los Angeles, California, IKMA, Instructor Robb Hamic is based in Austin, Texas and IKM, Instructor Robert Amos is based in Indianapolis, Indiana. Rick Blitstein teaches in Miami Beach, Florida. Rick Seid is the Chief Instructor of Frontline Krav Maga based in Florida, Instructor Alan Feldman is teaches at Israeli Krav Maga located in Bordentown, New Jersey.
Krav Maga is currently being taught as a primary hand-to-hand combat technique at some police departments in the United States.[citation needed] including the New Jersey State Police.
Krav Maga has been growing in popularity since the early 1990s with more schools opening up in the UK, France, Belgium, Spain, Germany, China, Italy, Slovenia, South Africa and a number of other European countries as well as Australia and South America. Krav Maga's growing popularity is due to a number of reasons; organizations such as the KMG, FEKM (European Federation of Krav Maga), KMAS (Krav Maga Academy Slovenia), and IKMF have been promoting Krav Maga across Europe and various other parts of the world. TV shows such as The League, 24, How I Met Your Mother, Malcolm in the Middle, The Simpsons, NCIS and Archer, as well as the films Taken, Enough, and The Debt have featured it. Krav Maga is being utilized by a number of professional organizations such as the IDF, Mossad, Shin Bet, FBI, and DEA[citation needed] which has led to increased popularity with civilians as well.
Krav Maga fish hooking attack
Alongside techniques developed by Lichtenfeld, Krav Maga integrates techniques from traditional Eastern European streetfighting, military combat, Kung-Fu, Karate, Boxing, Muay Thai, Judo, Aikido, Western Wrestling and Ju-Jitsu.[1][13][21] While ancient martial arts already developed ways to reach all the angles of the human body with kicks and hand strikes, Krav Maga Kicks and Hand strikes are unique in their teaching methods and actual execution that calls for most efficiency and effectiveness in their respective need for execution.[citation needed]
- Arm techniques
- Punches are highly emphasized in Krav Maga as basic strikes which are useful in almost any situation. Training in boxing is highly prized in Krav Maga (Lichtenfeld was himself a boxer at national-level).[22] Among the punches taught are the straight punch, palm heel strike, low punch, hammerfist, hook, uppercut, chop, overhand, as well as a variety of elbow strikes.
- Leg techniques
- While Krav Maga does use kicks, it focuses on efficient, low-risk kicks. The main focus is on low kicks. More advanced and risky kicks are taught at high levels, but use of them is discouraged. They are primarily taught so that practitioners are able to recognize them in case they are facing an opponent with a background in kick-heavy martial arts. Leg techniques that are taught include the front kick, round kick, side kick, back kick, heel kick, slap kicks, axe kicks, various knee strikes, and sweeping.
- Head strikes
- Krav Maga uses all of the tools available, including the head.
- Defense techniques
- Krav Maga practitioners are taught to go from defending to attacking as quickly as possible, and most blocking techniques are designed to facilitate this. They learn how to defend against both kicks and punches, as well as learning how to defend against attacks from any angle.
- Throws and takedowns
- Throws are not covered much in Krav Maga, because the system stresses staying off of the ground. Some techniques that are taught include the wristlock, one and two leg takedowns, the hip throw, and the one arm shoulder throw.
- Groundfighting
- While Krav Maga stresses staying off the ground at all costs, it accepts that you may eventually have no choice but to fight there. Students are taught the best positions while on the ground, how to throw certain kicks while on the ground, arm bars, triangle choke, and guillotine[citation needed]. They are also taught to defend against punches while mounted, chokes, headlocks, and what to do if their wrists are pinned.
- Gun, knife and stick defenses
- Krav Maga details many ways to remove and defend yourself against many common weapon threats. These techniques include defences against guns, knives, and blunt striking weapons, such as sticks. The use of these techniques vary: each possible scenario requires its own set of actions.[21]
All Israel Defense Forces soldiers, including all Sayeret (Israeli Special Forces units),[citation needed] learn Krav Maga as part of their basic training[citation needed]. Further, Krav Maga is the defensive tactics system used to train the Israeli Police,[9] Israeli Intelligence and all Security Divisions.[citation needed] Krav Maga is also taught to civilians, military, law enforcement and security agencies around the world. Schools can be found everywhere from Australia and the UK to South Africa. The International Krav Maga Federation in Netanya north of Tel Aviv trains some of the world's top bodyguards, who use Krav Maga as a trade fighting art since it includes several exercises in evacuating a VIP through a hostile crowd. Also, the tactics for dispatching several opponents quickly is vital for personal protection agents.[9][23] Krav Maga is also being deployed in the Occupied Palestinian territories, particularly for its versatility in crowded urban confrontations.
Krav Maga has further been refined for different organisations and the skillsets required for their disciplines. More specific applications exist for the army (attack orientated), the police (tailored more towards threat neutralisation[citation needed]) and self-defense for civilians.
Additionally, the civilian curriculum for Krav Maga in the U.S. has branched out into distinct styles: a more American curriculum may focus on fitness and cardio workouts whereas its Israeli counterpart emphasizes understanding the dynamics of the hostile environment, focusing on the psychology of street confrontation, efficiency (in dealing with multiple attacker scenarios) and threat neutralization.[citation needed]
[edit] Organizations and forces using Krav Maga[24][25]
Krav Maga belt colors/patches
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| Green |
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| Blue |
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| Brown |
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Most of the Krav Maga organizations in Israel, such as the IKMA (Israeli Krav Maga Association, by Haim Gidon), KMF (Krav Maga Federation, by Haim Zut) and Bukan (By Yaron Lichtenstein), use Imi Lichtenfeld's colored belt grading system which is based upon the Judo ranking system. It starts with White belt, and then Yellow, Orange, Green, Blue, Brown and Black belts. Black belt students can move up the ranks from 1st to 9th Dan. The time and requirements for advancing have some differences between the organizations. In Europe the Fédération Européenne de Krav Maga (by Master Richard Douieb) also uses the colored belt grading system which is based upon the Judo ranking system.
Other organizations who teach Krav Maga outside of Israel like the International Krav Maga Federation (IKMF), Krav Maga Global (KMG) and International Krav Maga (IKM) use the same grading system based on a series of patches.[28] The patch system was developed by Imi Lichtenfeld after the belt system in the late 1980s. The grades are divided into 3 main categories; Practitioner, Graduate and Expert. Each of the categories, which are often abbreviated to their initials, has 5 ranks. Grades P1 through to P5 are the student levels and make up the majority of the Krav Maga community. After P5 are G1-G5, and in order to achieve Graduate level the student has to demonstrate a proficiency in all of the P level techniques before advancing. The majority of instructors hold a G level grade and are civilian instructors. However, passing the instructor's training course is a requirement, and holding a Graduate rank does not necessarily make one an instructor. The Expert grades cover military and 3rd party protection techniques as well as advanced sparring and fighting skills. People who hold these ranks usually specialize in military and police instruction. In order to progress to Expert level, one has to demonstrate proficiency in all of the Practitioner and Graduate syllabi and have excellent fighting skills. Beyond Expert 5 there is the rank of Master. However, this rank is held by only a small number of individuals and reserved only for those who have dedicated a lifetime to Krav Maga and made valuable contributions in teaching and promoting the style.
Krav Maga organizations in the United States and in Europe have developed their own grading system, which follows a belt system. Although their system has fewer grades than the above patch system, the syllabus covers the same core techniques and principles. Although there are some variations depending on the organisation, the belt ranking system mostly follows this order: Yellow, Orange, Green, Blue, Brown, Black (dans 1 – 5), Red/White (dans 6 – 7), Red (dan 8).[citation needed]
Krav Maga has been featured in several prominent mediums including film, television, and video games, including:
- Sam Fisher of Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell video game and book series is an expert in Krav Maga.[29][30]
- Niko Bellic, the playable character of the videogame GTA IV, uses Krav Maga moves when fighting, especially when counter-attacking and defending against knives and bats.[31]
- In the movie Enough, Jennifer Lopez trains and practices Krav Maga to defend herself against her abusive husband.[32][33]
- Animated spy Archer revealed in the episode "Training Day" that members of his organization practice Krav Maga rather than Karate.[34]
- The Simpsons episode "The Greatest Story Ever D'ohed" featured an extended sequence about the martial art when the family visits Israel.[35]
- Former Mossad operative Ziva David in NCIS is trained in Krav Maga.[36]
- In the How I Met Your Mother episode "The Return of the Shirt," Ted Mosby gets back together with a former girlfriend who mentions that she is taking Krav Maga classes which he thinks is a form of yoga. When he breaks up with her, he finds out the hard way that it is not.
- In the House episode "Chase," Dr.Chris Taub uses Krav Maga to defend himself from House's attacks, stemming from Taub taking Krav Maga self-defense classes after Dr. Chase was attacked by a patient.
- In the The Big Bang Theory episode "The Desperation Emanation," Leonard Hofstadter goes on a blind date with a woman who arrives at the restaurant after attending a Krav Maga class.
- In The Dresden Files, Karrin Murphy is trained in Krav Maga amongst other techniques.
- In the film BR Blackbelt, the main antagonist Neil Levine kills several people using various Krav Maga techniques.
- ^ a b c "Contact combat". Telegraph (Calcutta, India). 2009-01-28. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090128/jsp/entertainment/story_10446686.jsp. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
- ^ Hodsdon, Amelia (2005-02-09). "Get your kicks with Israeli tricks". Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/feb/09/israel.theeditorpressreview. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
- ^ "The mother of all fightbacks". Daily Telegraph (London). 2005-10-22. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/3352222/The-mother-of-all-fightbacks.html. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
- ^ "All change on the buses". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/47442.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
- ^ "Inside Israel". Black Belt Magazine. http://www.blackbeltmag.com/archives/141. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
- ^ "Choke! Gouge! Smash!". Time. 1998-05-04. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988284,00.html. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
- ^ a b Ryan, Rosalind. "J.Lo's fitness fad and Salma's 'sweaty' hobby". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-134671/J-Los-fitness-fad-Salmas-sweaty-hobby.html. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
- ^ a b c "Krav Maga teaches practical self-defense in tough workout". USA Today. 2005-02-24. http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-02-24-krav-maga_x.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
- ^ a b c "Fight Club". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=477975&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Kelbie, Paul (2005-09-13). "Israeli self-defence system takes off in Britain". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/israeli-selfdefence-system-takes-off-in-britain-506589.html. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Founder of Krav Maga | Krav Maga Global". Krav-maga.com. http://krav-maga.com/training/founder. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ a b Gonzalez Jr., Arturo. "It's Called 'Kosher Kungfu' but Imi Lichtenfeld's New Martial Art Is a Deadly Affair". http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20067113,00.html. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
- ^ http://www.kami.org.il/new/history_eng.asp
- ^ "About - KravMagaIsraeli". Kraveng.website4u.co.il. http://kraveng.website4u.co.il/?pageid=2. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "Krav Maga Israel (IKMF): Official Israeli website :: Avi Moyal, , Eli Ben Ami and Gabi Noach". Kravmaga.co.il. http://kravmaga.co.il/history.html. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "History of Authentic KRAV MAGA, KRAV MAGA Instruction". Israelikravmaga.co. http://www.israelikravmaga.co/historyofkravmaga.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "History of Israeli Krav Maga in the United States, Israeli KRAV MAGA Instruction". Israelikravmaga.co. 2010-08-27. http://www.israelikravmaga.co/historyofkravmaga3.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "Krav Maga Global History". Krav-maga.com. http://krav-maga.com/training/founder. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "Israeli KRAV MAGA, Authentic Israeli Krav Maga Instruction". Israelikravmaga.co. 2010-09-29. http://israelikravmaga.co/. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ a b Levine, Darren; John Whitman (2007). Complete krav maga : the ultimate guide to over 230 self-defense and combative techniques. Berkeley, Calif.: Ulysses. p. 342. ISBN 978-1-56975-573-0.
- ^ Martial arts of the world: an encyclopedia, page 306-313, ABC-CLIO, 2001, edited by Thomas A. Green
- ^ Bremner, Charles; Robertson, David (2005-01-29). "Feeling a bit defensive . . .". The Times (London). http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/body_and_soul/article507362.ece. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "Tactical Survival - About Tactical Krav Maga". Treeoflifemedia.typepad.com. 2007-11-26. http://treeoflifemedia.typepad.com/tactical_krav_maga/. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ Das tut richtig weh. In: Y – Das Magazin der Bundeswehr (see second part of the article)
- ^ Benroth, Nicholas. "Krav Maga training gives Airmen the combat edge". http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123255284. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ "Grading System | Krav Maga Global". Krav-maga.com. http://krav-maga.com/exclusive-krav-maga-training/grading-system. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "Splinter Cell: Conviction - Behind Closed Doors Part 2". YouTube. 2009-11-09. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjAbW_qocMA. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ Yoon, Andrew (2009-11-05). "Sam Fisher uses Krav Maga martial art, according to Splinter Cell Conviction dev diary". Joystiq. http://www.joystiq.com/2009/11/05/sam-fisher-uses-krav-maga-martial-art-according-to-splinter-cel/. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "Grand Theft Auto IV - second hands-on". GamesRadar. 2008-02-29. http://www.gamesradar.com/grand-theft-auto-iv-second-hands-on/. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ Bardelli, Rebecca (2011-11-03). "Jennifer Lopez Learned Krav Maga for Self Defense in the Movie 'Enough' - Yahoo! Sports". Sports.yahoo.com. http://sports.yahoo.com/top/news?slug=ycn-10355943. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "Discovery Health "Getting Strong With Krav Maga"". Health.howstuffworks.com. 2010-12-27. http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/diet-fitness/information/getting-strong-with-krav-maga.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ Havrilesky, Heather. ""Archer": The spy who shoved me - Archer". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/ent/tv/iltw/2010/01/13/fx_archer/index.html. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ Grade it (2010-03-29). ""The Greatest Story Ever D'ohed"/"The Brown Knight"/"Brian Griffin's House of Payne" | Fox animation | TV Club | TV". The A.V. Club. http://www.avclub.com/articles/the-greatest-story-ever-dohedthe-brown-knightbrian%2C39621/. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "NCIS Special Ops - Ziva David #5: Kicking Butt And Taking Names". Ncisspecialops.proboards.com. http://ncisspecialops.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=ziva&action=display&thread=390. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- Imi Sde-Or (founder) and Eyal Yanilov (head instructor) How To Defend Yourself Against Armed Assault, Dekel Publishing house, 2001. This book the fist one published out of the only three books that was written by the founder (Imi) and his closest assistant (Eyal). It has been translated into 10 languages, including: Japanese, Spanish, Czech, Hungarian, German, Dutch, French, Polish and more…
- Aviram, Boaz. Krav Maga - Use of The Human Body as a Weapon; Philosophy and Application of Hand to Hand Fighting Training System. US: Lulu Enterprises, 2009. ISBN 978-0-557-24846-9, ISBN 0-557-24846-9.
- Ben Asher, David. Fighting Fit. The Israeli Defense Forces Guide to Physical Fitness and Self Defense. New York: Perigee Books, 1983. ISBN 0-399-50624-1.
- Kahn, David. Krav Maga: an essential guide to the renowned method for fitness and self-defence. London: Piatkus, 2005. ISBN 0-01-303950-4.
- Kahn, David. Advanced krav maga: the next level of fitness and self-defence. London: Piatkus, 2009. ISBN 0-7499-2833-6.
- Levine, Darren. Complete krav maga: the ultimate guide to over 200 self-defense and combative techniques. Berkeley, Calif.: Ulysses, 2007. ISBN 1-56975-573-6.
- Philippe, Christophe. The essential Krav Maga: self-defense techniques for everyone. Berkeley, Calif.: Blue Snake, 2006. ISBN 1-58394-168-1.
- Stevo, Allan Krav Maga: A Self-Defense Style Developed in Bratislava. Accessed June 23, 2011 on 52 Weeks in Slovakia.
Israeli Krav Maga Association (IKMA) founded in 1978 by Krav Maga founder Imi Lichtenfeld. Israeli Krav Maga Free Web Guide The Complete Internet Guide for Israeli Krav Maga.
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