National Council may refer to:

Conservation[link]

• National Council for Science and the Environment, a US-based non-profit organization which has a mission to improve the scientific basis for environmental decisionmaking
• National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens, a British registered charity

Economics[link]

• National Competitiveness Council, an independent policy advisory body in the Republic of Ireland
• National Council of Welfare, a Canadian citizens' body
• National Council on Economic Education, a nationwide non-profit organization that leads in promoting economic and financial literacy
• National Economic Action Council, a main governing body which solved the economic crisis in Malaysia between 1996-1998
• National Economic Development Council, a corporatist economic planning forum set up in the 1962 in the United Kingdom to bring together management, trades unions and government in an attempt to address Britain's relative economic decline

Education[link]

• Kenya National Examination Council, the national body responsible for overseeing national examination in Kenya
• National Assessment and Accreditation Council, an autonomous body funded by University Grants Commission of Government of India based in Bangalore
• National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education, a council of educators created to ensure and raise the quality of preparation for their profession
• National council for the social studies, a US-based association devoted to supporting social studies education
• National Council for the Training of Journalists, an organisation that oversees the training of journalists for the newspaper industry in the United Kingdom
• National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying, a national non-profit organization composed of engineering and land surveying licensing boards representing all U.S. states and territories
• National Council on Education for the Ceramic Arts, the most influential organization in the United States promoting ceramics as an art form
• National Council on Educational Reform, a governmental organization in Japan
• National Council for Teacher Education, a governmental organization in India.

Politics[link]

• Coorg National Council, a political party in the Indian state of Karnataka
• Estonian National Council, one of the oldest and largest Estonian central organisations in Sweden
• Garo National Council, a political party in Meghalaya
• Iraqi National Dialogue Council, a Sunni Arab political party initially established as an umbrella organization of approximately 10 smaller Sunni parties to take part in the 2005 Iraqi Constitution drafting process
• National Advisory Council, an advisory body set up to monitor the implementation of the UPA government's manifesto
• National Councils in Poland existed from 1952 till the end of the People's Republic of Poland as local government institutions
• National Council for the Defense of Democracy, a former ethnic Hutu rebel group that now functions as a political party in Burundi
• National Council of La Raza, a non-profit, non-partisan political advocacy group in the United States
• National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, a Nigerian political party from 1944 to 1966
• National Council of Resistance of Iran, an Iranian exile organisation
• National Council of the Union of Burma, a liberal resistance organisation in Burma
• National Council of Venezuelan Indians, a political party in Venezuela
• National Council of Women's Organizations, an American non-profit political organization headed by Martha Burk
• National Electoral Council (Venezuela), the institution in charge of all electoral processes that take place in Venezuela
• National Operations Council, an emergency administrative body which attempted to restore law and order in Malaysia after the May 13 Incident in 1969
• National Peace Keeping Council, a Thai military junta that overthrew the civilian elected government of Chatichai Choonhavan in 1991
• United African National Council, a party led by Abel Muzorewa

Legislative bodies[link]

• Federal National Council, the legislature of the United Arab Emirates
• National Council was the second chamber of the National Assembly of Estonia 1938–1940.
• National Council of Austria, one of the two houses of the Federal Assembly of Austria
• National Council of Bhutan, the upper chamber of the parliament of the Kingdom of Bhutan
• National Council of Monaco, the parliament of the Principality of Monaco
• National Council of Namibia, the upper chamber of the country's bicameral Parliament
• National Council of Nepal, a national legislature
• National Council of Provinces, the upper house of the Parliament of South Africa under the constitution which came into full effect in 1997
• National Council of Switzerland, the large Chamber of the parliament
• National Council of the Slovak Republic, the parliament of Slovakia since 1 October 1992
• Palestinian National Council, the parliament in exile of the Palestinian people
• Provisional National Defence Council, the Ghanaian government after the People's National Party's elected government was overthrown by Jerry Rawlings
• Sahrawi National Council, the legislature of the government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
• State National Council, a parliament-like political body formed in the late stages of the Second World War in the Soviet Union

Racial Reconciliation[link]

• Chinese Canadian National Council, an organization whose purpose is to monitor racial discrimination against Chinese in Canada
• Métis National Council, a national representative of the Métis people in Canada
• National Council for Combating Discrimination, an agency of the Romanian government
• National Council of American Soviet Friendship, the successor organisation to the National Council on Soviet Relations
• National Council on Canada-Arab Relations, a non-profit organization dedicated to building bridges of understanding and cooperation between Canada and the Arab world
• National Iranian American Council, a non-partisan, non-political, non-sectarian, and non-profit organization
• National Unification Council, a governmental body in the Republic of China on Taiwan whose aim is to promote unification with Mainland China

Religion[link]

• National Council of Churches, a religious organization consisting of 35 Protestant, Anglican, Orthodox, African-American and historic Christian denominations in the United States
• National Council of Churches in Australia, an ecumenical organisation bringing together a number of Australia's Christian churches in dialogue and practical cooperation
• National Council on Bible Curriculum in Public Schools, a nonprofit organization that promotes the use of its 300-page Bible curriculum in schools throughout the United States

Science[link]

• National Science Council, the main governmental promotion and funding body for science research in Taiwan
• National Scientific and Technical Research Council, an Argentine government agency which directs and co-ordinates most of the scientific and technical research done in public universities and institutes

Social aid[link]

• National Council of Women of Australia, an Australian organization founded in 1931
• National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, an American organization
• National Council on Compensation Insurance, a U.S. insurance rating and data collection bureau specializing in workers compensation
• National Council on Disability, an advisory board within the Department of Education
• National Council on Problem Gambling (Singapore), a council set up in Singapore on 31 August 2005 to address problem gambling
• National Temperance Council, a 1913 establishment

Unionization[link]

• National Council of Trade Unions, a national trade union center in South Africa
• National Council of Unions of the Industrial and Lower Income Group of Government Workers, a national trade union center in Malaysia

Volunteering[link]

• Boy Scouts of America National Council
• National Council for Voluntary Organisations, the umbrella body for the voluntary sector in England
• National Council of Jewish Women, a volunteer organization
• National Council of Negro Women, a voluntary non-profit membership organization with the mission to advance the opportunities and the quality of life for African American women, their families and communities

Other[link]

• Australian National Kennel Council, the peak body in Australia responsible for promoting excellence in breeding, showing, trialling, obedience, and other canine-related activities
• Greek National Council for Radio and Television, an independent supervisory and regulatory administrative authority of the radio and television market
• National Advertising Review Council, an organization based in New York US that provides self-regulatory services to the American advertising industry
• National Chicken Council, the non-profit trade association representing the U.S. chicken industry
• National Council (Slovenia), the constitutional representative of social, economic, professional and local interest groups
• National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy, the most significant rebel group active in the Burundi Civil War
• National Council for the Maltese Language, an associate member of the European Federation of National Institutions for Language in the EU
• National Council for the Traditional Arts, a private, non-profit arts organization based in the United States that promotes the traditional arts
• National Council of Architectural Registration Boards, the professional association of architectural registration boards of the various states in the United States
• National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, a U.S. organization which seeks to formulate and widely disseminate information, guidance and recommendations on radiation protection
• National Crime Prevention Council, an American educational nonprofit organization whose mission is to enable people to create safer and more caring communities by addressing the causes of crime and violence
• National Fire Information Council, a United States agency that encourages and perpetuates the use of a standardized national incident reporting system as a means of addressing the nation's fire problem and related emergency services issues
• National Foreign Trade Council, a US-based business lobby group for free trade and multinational corporations
• National House Building Council, the National House Builders Registration Council in the United Kingdom
• National Intelligence Council, the center for midterm and long-term strategic thinking within the United States Intelligence Community
• National Multicultural Greek Council, an umbrella council for thirteen Multicultural Greek Letter Organizations established in 1998
• National Pan-Hellenic Council, an umbrella organization for nine historically-black, international Greek letter fraternities and sororities
• National Peace Council, the co-ordinating body for almost 200 groups across Britain
• National Safety Council, a not-for-profit safety organization that was chartered by the US government in 1913
• Singapore National Olympic Council, a registered society
• The National Council Against Health Fraud, a US-based organization

See also[link]

• Armenian National Council
• National Arts Council (disambiguation)
• National Council of Teachers (disambiguation)
• National Economic Council (disambiguation)
• National Research Council (disambiguation)
• National Security Council
• National Youth Council (disambiguation)
• Slovak National Council (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Narendra Modi નરેન્દ્ર મોદી
Chief Minister of Gujarat
Incumbent
Assumed office 7 October 2001
Governor	Dr. Kamla Beniwal
Preceded by	Keshubhai Patel
Constituency	Maninagar
Personal details
Born	(1950-09-17) 17 September 1950 (age 61) Vadnagar, Gujarat, India
Political party	Bharatiya Janata Party
Residence	Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Alma mater	Gujarat University[1]
Religion	Hinduism
Website	Narendra Modi
As of 9 March, 2009 Source: Government of Gujarat

Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: નરેન્દ્ર મોદી; born 17 September 1950^[1]) is the current Chief Minister of the Indian state of Gujarat. Born in a middle class family in Vadnagar, he was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and his wife Heeraben.^[2] He has been a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) since childhood also having interest in politics since adolescence. He holds a master's degree in political science. In 1998, he was chosen by L. K. Advani, the leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), to direct the election campaign in Gujarat as well as Himachal Pradesh.

He became Chief Minister of Gujarat in October 2001, promoted to the office at a time when his predecessor Keshubhai Patel had resigned, following the defeat of BJP in the by-elections. His tenure as chief minister of Gujarat began on 7 October 2001, and he is the longest serving Chief Minister of the state of Gujarat.^[3] In July 2007 he became the longest serving Chief Minister in Gujarat's history when he had been in power for 2063 days continuously.^[4] He was elected again for a third term^[5] on 23 December 2007 in the state elections, which he had cast as a "referendum on his rule".^[6][7]

Personal life[link]

Modi was born in a middle class family in Vadnagar in Mehsana district of what was then Bombay State, India.^[8] During the Indo-Pak war in the mid sixties, even as a young boy, he volunteered to serve the soldiers in transit at railway stations.^[9] As a young man, he joined the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, a student organisation and was involved in the anti-corruption Nav Nirmāṇ ("Reconstruction") Movement. After working as a full time organiser for the organisation, he was later nominated as its representative in the Bharatiya Janata Party.^[10] As a teenager Modi used to run a tea stall with his brother.^[11] Modi completed his schooling in Vadnagar. He earned a masters degree in political science from Gujarat University.^[12]

Early activism and politics[link]

Modi was a pracharak (campaigner) in the RSS during his university years.^[12][13] He took up the challenging task of energising the party cadres in right earnest. In partnership with Shankersinh Vaghela, Modi set about creating a strong cadre base in Gujarat. In the initial period, Vaghela was seen as a mass leader, while Modi was recognised as a master strategist.

The party started gaining political mileage and formed a coalition government at the centre in April 1990. This partnership fell apart within a few months, but the BJP came to power with a two-thirds majority on its own in Gujarat in 1995. During this period, Modi was entrusted with the responsibility of organising two crucial national events, the Somnath to Ayodhya Rath Yatra (a political rally through India on a converted Toyota van) of L.K. Advani and a similar march from Kanyakumari (the southernmost part of India) to Kashmir in the North. After the exit of Shankarsingh Vaghela from the BJP, Keshubhai Patel was made Chief Minister while Narendra Modi was sent to New Delhi as a General Secretary of the Party.

In 1995, Modi was appointed the National Secretary of the party and given the charge of five major states in India. In 1998, he was promoted as the General Secretary (Organization), a post he held until October 2001. In 2001, Narendra Modi was chosen by the party to be the Chief Minister of Gujarat after the removal of chief minister Keshubhai Patel.

Tenure as Chief Minister of Gujarat[link]

Personality[link]

Modi is known for leading a frugal lifestyle. He has a personal staff of just three. He is known to be a workaholic Chief Minister and an introvert.^[14] He ordered the demolition of many Hindu temples that were built without proper government sanction which earned him the ire of VHP^[11] He is a crowd puller as a speaker. Modi has also tried to turn his image from an Hindu Nationalist politician to an image of able administrator. He wears business suits and is improving his command over the English language.^[15]

Awards and recognitions[link]

Modi was awarded Gujarat Ratna by Shri Poona Gujarati Bandhu Samaj at Ganesh Kala Krida Manch on celebration of centenary year.^[16]

Development of Gujarat[link]

As a Chief Minister, Modi started various 'yojanas' or plans. This includes:

• Panchamrut Yojana,^[17][18][19] a five-pronged strategy for an integrated development of the state,
• Sujalam Sufalam, a scheme to create a grid of water resources in Gujarat in an innovative step towards water conservation and its appropriate utilisation.
• Krishi Mahotsav – agricultural research labs for the land
• Chiranjeevi Yojana – To reduce infant mortality rate
• Matru Vandana – Providing preventive and curative services under the Reproductive and Child Health Programme
• Beti Bachao – Campaign against female infanticide to improve sex ratio
• Jyotigram Yojana – Provide electricity to every village
• Karmayogi Abhiyan – To educate and train government employees
• Kanya Kelavani Yojana – To encourage female literacy and education
• Balbhog Yojana – Midday meal scheme for students to encourage school attendance from poor backgrounds.^[20]

Vibrant Gujarat[link]

Vibrant Gujarat is a biennial Global Investors' Summit held by the Government of Gujarat in Gujarat, India. The event is aimed at bringing together business leaders, investors, corporations, thought leaders, policy and opinion makers; the summit is advertised as a platform to understand and explore business opportunities in the State of Gujarat. the event has been held continuously since 2003.

Gujarat earthquake[link]

The biggest challenge which he had to face when he took over as the Chief Minister, was the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the areas affected by the massive Gujarat Earthquake of January 2001.

Gujarat violence[link]

On 27 February 2002, a train was burned by a Muslim mob in the town of Godhra leading to 59 deaths, most of them Hindu pilgrims and activists returning from the holy city of Ayodhya.^[21] Riots broke out in the state after it was suspected to be caused by Muslims, leading to 1180 deaths, many of them Muslims. Modi administration was accused of inaction over the riots and for encouraging them.^[15] As an aftermath of the riots, there were calls for Modi to resign from his position as chief minister of Gujarat. The opposition parties stalled the national parliament over the issue. Even Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and Telugu Desam Party (TDP), allies of the BJP, asked for Modi's resignation.^[22][23] Modi submitted his resignation to the Governor and recommended the dissolution of the 10th Gujarat Legislative Assembly.^[24][25] In the following state re-elections the BJP, led by Modi, won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.

In April 2009, the Supreme Court of India appointed a special team of investigators to look into the role Modi had played in the alleged anti-Muslim conspiracy.^[15] The team was appointed in response to the complaint of zakia Jafri, the widow of ex-Congress MP Ehsan Jafri, who was murdered in the riots.^[26] In December 2010, a Supreme Court-appointed Special Investigation Team (SIT) in its report to the Supreme Court seeking answers pertaining to the Ehsan Jafri case, submitted that they had found no evidence against Narendra Modi.^[27]

However in February 2011, the Times of India reported that a confidential report from the SIT indicted Modi on several counts of alleged complicity in the Gujarat riots of 2002.^[28] Most other sources have noted that the SIT report does not indict Modi for the riots due to lack of evidence.^[29][30] The Indian Express too said the report did not find any Modi involvement in the violence, though it did accuse him of watering down the seriousness of the situation.^[31] According to the Hindu, the report not only found that Modi tried to water down the seriousness of the situation, but Modi also implicitly justified the killings of Muslims, and failed to condemn the attacks on them.^[32] The Bharatiya Janata Party demanded an investigation into the publication of the report, claiming the leak was politically motivated.^[33]

The apex court refused to pass any order on the case and referred it to the Ahmedabad magistrate for a decision.^[34] In April 2012, a Special Investigation Team found absolved Modi of any involvement in the Gulberg massacre, arguably the worst episode of the riots.^[35]. On 7 May 2012, a Supreme Court-appointed amicus curiae, Raju Ramachandran observed that Modi can be prosecuted under sections 153 A (1) (a) & (b), 153 B (1), 166 and 505 (2) of the Indian Penal Code for promoting enmity among different groups during the 2002 Gujarat riots.^[36]. However the amicus report has been criticised by the Special Investigation Team for relying heavily on the testimony of a perjurer^[37].

2007 elections[link]

Modi made a speech at Mangrol in which he justified the alleged fake encounter of Sohrabuddin Sheikh, During the election campaign In response to Sonia Gandhi's speech calling him a "merchant of death",^[38] and referred to Sohrabuddin's killing. For this speech the Election Commission of India, a constitutional body governing election proceedings in India, cautioned Modi as it considered it as indulging in an activity which may aggravate existing differences between different communities.^[39] Modi won the election and continued his post as the Chief Minister Of Gujarat, he won with majority of votes of 122 seats out of 182 total assembly seats.^[40]

Conflicts with Governor Kamla Beniwal[link]

On 25 August 2011 Gujarat Governor Kamla Beniwal appointed Justice R A Mehta to the post of Lokyukta of Gujarat, a critical anti-corruption post that had been lying vacant since 2003. Justice R A Mehta was recommended for the post by the Chief Justice of the Gujarat High Court in June. Since Governor Beniwal had made this decision without consulting and getting the approval of the chief minister and his council of ministers, the action angered Narendra Modi and his BJP party.^[41]

This marked the beginning of a strained relationship between Modi and the Governor. On 25 September 2011, Narendra Modi accused the Governor of running a parallel government in the state supported by the Congress. He demanded that she be recalled back.^[42] He also later accused her of delaying the progress of bills by not passing them.

The decision of the governor in the appointment of R A Mehta was challenged in the high court by the Modi government. The two member high court bench gave a split verdict on 10 October 2011. Later, a third member upheld the governor's decision in January 2012.^[43]

Foreign visits[link]

As the Chief Minister of the Gujarat State, to attract foreign investment in the state, Narendra Modi has made visits to foreign countries, including China and Singapore.

Narendra Modi made his first China visit in 2007 to invite investors Vibrant Gujarat Global Investor Summit,^[44] and second visit in November 2011. One month after the second visit to China, the Chinese Government released 13 Diamond traders from India jailed by the Shenzhen Customs, which the Chief Minister described as the consequece of his diplomatic efforts and statesmanship.^[45]

In 2005 Narendra Modi was denied of diplomatic visa to the United States, in addition to this visa denial, he was also revoked from his already granted B-1/B-2 visa.^[46]

Sadbhavna Mission[link]

In the late 2011-early 2012 Narandra Modi practised a series of fasts in the name of Sadbhavna Mission. The mission started on 17 September 2011 in Ahmedabad with 3 day fast with a view to strengthen the atmosphere of peace, unity and harmony in the state. He observed total 36 fasts in 26 districts, 8 cities including Ahmedabad.^[47]

Views and opinions[link]

Modi's position on terrorism[link]

On 18 July 2006 Modi delivered a speech criticising Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislations" like the Prevention of Terrorism Act. He asked the Centre to empower states to invoke tougher laws in the wake of the blasts in Mumbai.^[48] Quoting Modi:

Narendra Modi has frequently commented that if the BJP came to power at the Centre, they will honour the 2004 Supreme Court judgement to hang Afzal Guru.^[49] Afzal was convicted of terrorism in the 2001 Indian Parliament attack in 2004 by the Supreme Court of India and is in Tihar Jail.^[50]

On account of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, on Thursday 27 November, Narendra Modi held a meeting to discuss waterfront security along the coastline.^[51] The meeting decided to ask the Central government to urgently sanction the following:

• Increase the number of police stations along the coast to 50 (from 10)
• Increase the number of police to 1500 from 250
• 30 modern high-speed surveillance boats.

The 30 coastal boats, under construction at Goa's shipbuilding yard, will have the capacity to run at the speed of 25 nautical miles per hour. These are being manufactured under the Centre's Rs 58-crore grant for coastal security.^[51]

Views on criticism of Modi's governance[link]

In 2003, when Narendra Modi was asked about the conflict of his dreams for Gujarat's future with international criticism of his past activities, Modi said,^[52]

Modi's decision to link Gujarat's violence with the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the US drew criticism from some observers, who contrasted it with the then Deputy Prime Minister L K Advani's unpleasant apology for Gujarat in London a year ago.^[52] Modi responded to this criticism by The Guardian,^[52]

See also[link]

• Chief Minister
• Gujarat
• Bhartiya Janata Party

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Narendra Modi

Official

• @narendramodi Official & verified Twitter Account
• Narendra Modi Official website
• Narendra Modi Personal blog

Other

• Profile at BBC News

v t e Current Chief Ministers of Indian states (list)     Andhra Pradesh: Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy Arunachal Pradesh: Nabam Tuki Assam: Tarun Gogoi Bihar: Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh: Raman Singh Goa: Manohar Parrikar Gujarat: Narendra Modi Haryana: Bhupinder Singh Hooda Himachal Pradesh: Prem Kumar Dhumal Jammu and Kashmir: Omar Abdullah Jharkhand: Arjun Munda Karnataka: D. V. Sadananda Gowda Kerala: Oommen Chandy Madhya Pradesh: Shivraj Singh Chauhan Maharashtra: Prithviraj Chavan Manipur: Okram Ibobi Singh Meghalaya: Mukul Sangma Mizoram: Pu Lalthanhawla Nagaland: Neiphiu Rio Orissa: Naveen Patnaik Punjab: Parkash Singh Badal Rajasthan: Ashok Gehlot Sikkim: Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu: Jayalalithaa Tripura: Manik Sarkar Uttar Pradesh: Akhilesh Yadav Uttarakhand: Vijay Bahuguna West Bengal: Mamata Banerjee Delhi: Sheila Dikshit Pondicherry: N. Rangaswamy

Sushma Swaraj
Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha)
Incumbent
Assumed office 18 December 2009
Preceded by	Lal Krishna Advani
Constituency	Vidisha (Madhya Pradesh)
Minister of Information and Broadcasting
In office 30 September 2000 – 29 January 2003
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Chief Minister of Delhi
In office 13 October 1998 – 3 December 1998
Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Telecommunications
In office 19 March 1998 – 12 October 1998
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Minister of Information and Broadcasting
In office 16 May 1996 – 1 June 1996
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Haryana State Minister of Education, Food and Civil Supplies
In office 1987–1990
Haryana State Minister of Labour and Employment
In office 1977–1979
Personal details
Born	(1952-02-14) 14 February 1952 (age 60) Palwal, Haryana
Political party	Bharatiya Janata Party
Spouse(s)	Swaraj Kaushal
Residence	New Delhi
Alma mater	Punjab University, Chandigarh
Profession	Lawyer
Military service
Awards	Outstanding Parliamentarian Award in 2004 and 2010

Sushma Swaraj (Hindi: सुष्मा स्वराज pronunciation (help·info)) (born 14 February 1952) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)and Member of Parliament. She is currently the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha. She is a former union cabinet minister of India and a former Chief Minister of Delhi. Also she served as the Chairperson of the BJP's 19 member campaign committee for the 2009 General Elections. She was the first female Chief Minister of Delhi.

Early life[link]

She was born in Palwal, Haryana. She was educated at Sanatan Dharma College, Ambala Cantonment and earned a B.A. degree. She studied LL.B. from the Law Department of Punjab University, Chandigarh. She is an advocate by profession.^[1]

She has been associated with many social and cultural bodies in various capacities. She was President of the Sahitya Sammelan, Haryana for four years.

Political career[link]

Sushma Swaraj began her political career as a student leader in the 1970s, organizing protests against Indira Gandhi's government. She was a member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly from 1977–82 and then from 1987–90. As a Janata Party MLA in Devi Lal's government, she was the Cabinet Minister of Labour and Employment (1977–1979). She joined the BJP in 1980. Under a combined Lok Dal-BJP government led by Devi Lal, she was the Cabinet Minister of Education, Food and Civil Supplies (1987–1990). She was judged Best Speaker of Haryana State Assembly for three consecutive years.

In 1980, 1984, and 1989, she unsuccessfully contested the Lok Sabha elections from Karnal in Haryana. All three times, she was defeated by the Congress Party's Chiranji Lal Sharma.

She was elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha in 1990. In 1996, she was elected to the 11th Lok Sabha from South Delhi. She was Union Cabinet Minister of Information and Broadcasting in 1996, during the 13-day Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government.

She was re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha for a 2nd term in 1998. Under the second Vajpayee government, she retained the Information and Broadcasting ministry and had additional charge of the Ministry of Telecommunications from 19 March to 12 October 1998.

She left the Union Cabinet from October – December 1998 to serve as the first woman Chief Minister of Delhi. The BJP lost the assembly elections, and she returned to national politics.

In 1999, she took on a high profile as she contested against the Congress party's President, Sonia Gandhi, from the Bellary constituency in Karnatka, which had returned Congress winners since India's independence. The fervent, high-pitched campaign came to an end with the expected loss of Sushma.

She returned to Parliament in April 2000 as a Rajya Sabha member from Uttarakhand.^[2] She was re-inducted into the cabinet as the Minister of Information and Broadcasting, which she held from September 2000 until January 2003. At that time, she was made the Minister of Health and Family Welfare, and also held the post of Minister of Parliamentary Affairs. She held these posts from January 2003 until May 2004, when the National Democratic Alliance government lost elections.

In a heavily publicized and emotionally charged episode following the elections, Sushma Swaraj threatened to shave her head, don a white saree and eat groundnuts (symbolically mourning) if Sonia Gandhi, the Italian-born Congress leader, became Prime Minister of India.

She was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha in April 2006 from Madhya Pradesh. She served as the deputy leader of BJP in Rajya Sabha. Speculation ran high that Sushma Swaraj was one of the top contenders to be President of the BJP, following Advani's resignation from that role in late 2005. Rajnath Singh ultimately was elected to that post.

She won the 2009 election to the 15th Lok Sabha from the Vidisha constituency in Madhya Pradesh, on a BJP candidacy, by a highest margin of 4.01 lakh votes. This is her 10th election.

She has been awarded by Outstanding Parliamentarian Award twice.

Leader of the opposition[link]

Sushma Swaraj appointed as leader of the opposition party and replaced Lal Krishna Advani in December 2009 in the 15th Lok Sabha,^[3]

Personal life[link]

She married Swaraj Kaushal Madahar on 13 July 1975 and has a daughter.

Positions held[link]

• 1977–82 and 1987–90 Member, Haryana Legislative Assembly.^[1]
• 1977–79 Cabinet Minister, Labour and Employment, Government of Haryana.^[1]
• 1987–90 Cabinet Minister, Education, Food and Civil Supplies, Government of Haryana.^[1]
• April 1990 Elected to Rajya Sabha
• 1996 Member, Eleventh Lok Sabha
• 16 May-1 June 1996 Union Cabinet Minister, Information and Broadcasting.^[1]
• 1998 Member, Twelfth Lok Sabha (2nd term)
• 19 March-12 Oct.1998 Union Cabinet Minister, Information and Broadcasting and Telecommunications (Additional charge)
• 13 Oct.-3 Dec. 1998 Chief Minister, Delhi
• April 2000 Elected to Rajya Sabha (2nd term)^[4]
• 30 Sept. 2000–29 Jan. 2003 Minister of Information and Broadcasting
• 29 Jan. 2003 – 22 May 2004 Minister of Health and Family Welfare and Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
• April 2006 Re-elected to Rajya Sabha (3rd term)^[5]
• 16 May 2009 Elected to the 15th Lok Sabha.^[1]
• 3 June 2009 Elected as Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.^[1]
• 18 Dec 2009 Sushma Swaraj appointed as leader of the opposition party and replaced Lal Krishna Advani in December 2009.

External links[link]

• Official website of BJP

References[link]

Shivraj Singh Chauhan(kerar)
Chief Minister Of Madhya Pradesh
Constituency	Budhni
Personal details
Born	(1959-03-05) 5 March 1959 (age 53) Sehore, Madhya Pradesh
Political party	BJP
Spouse(s)	Sadhna Singh Chouhan
Children	2 sons
Residence	Bhopal
Religion	Hinduism
As of September 22, 2006 Source: [1]

Shivraj Singh Chouhan (born 5 March 1959) is the current chief minister of Madhya Pradesh, India. He replaced Babulal Gaur as the chief minister on 29 November 2005. He served as General Secretary of the BJP and State President, Madhya Pradesh BJP. He joined the RSS in 1972. He belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party and has been the president of its Madhya Pradesh state party unit in the recent past. He has been a five-time Member of Parliament, representing Vidisha in the Lok Sabha since 1991. At present, he represents Budhni, a tehsil place in Sehore District of Madhya Pradesh in the state assembly.

Early life and educations[link]

Chouhan was born to a Kirar Rajput ,^[1] to father Prem Singh Chouhan and mother Sundar Bai Chouhan.^{[citation needed]} He was a gold medalist in M. A. (Philosophy) from the Barkatullah University, Bhopal.^{[citation needed]}

Early political career[link]

His early political career can be defined as up to the point of his first election to the Lok Sabha. Till then, he had been a President of Model Higher Secondary School Students Union in 1975.^[2] In 1976-77, he participated in underground movement against Emergency and was imprisoned in Bhopal Jail for some time.

In his early political career, he has also been:

• A convener of Akhil Bhartiya Keshariya Vahini in 1991-92
• The General Secretary of All India Bhartiya Janta Yuva Morcha from 1992 onwards
• The General Secretary of Bhartiya Janta Party, Madhya Pradesh from 1992 to 1994
• A member of Consultative Committee, Ministry of Human Resources Development from 1992 to 1996
• A Member of Committee on Labour and Welfare from 1993 to 1996
• A Member of Hindi Salahkar Samiti from 1994 to 1996.

Political career[link]

He was first elected to the State Assembly from Budhni Constituency in 1990. He was elected a Member of Parliament for the first time in his career in 10th Lok Sabha from Vidisha Constituency in the following year.

In 1996, he was re-elected to the 11th Lok Sabha (his second term). He was Member of Committee on Urban and Rural Development and Member of Consultative Committee, Ministry of Human Resources Development and Member of Committee on Urban and Rural Development from 1996 to 1997 and Member of Committee on Urban and Rural Development, General Secretary of B.J.P., Madhya Pradesh in 1997-98.

Again in 1998, he was re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha (third term). He was Member, Committee on Urban and Rural Development and its Sub-Committee on Ministry of Rural Areas and Employment in 1998-99.

His fourth term in the Lok Sabha (13th Lok Sabha) was from 1999. He was member of Committee on Agriculture in 1999-2000, member of Committee on Public Undertakings from 1999 to 2001, and National President of Bhartiya Janta Yuva Morcha from 2000 to 2003. He was also the Chairman of House Committee (Lok Sabha) and National Secretary of Bhartiya Janta Party.

The BJP swept Madhya Pradesh in the Assembly elections of December 2003. At that time, Shivraj Singh contested polls unsuccessfully against the incumbent Chief Minister Digvijay Singh from Raghogarh.

He was a member of Consultative Committee, ministry of Communications from 2000 to 2004. He was re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha (5th term) in 2004, with a margin of over 260,000 votes. He was member of Committee on Agriculture, member of Joint Committee on Offices of Profit, National General Secretary of BJP, Secretary of Parliamentary Board, and Secretary (Central Election Committee). He also headed Housing Committee of Lok Sabha, and member of Committee on Ethics.

As the state BJP President, Shivraj Singh Chauhan was chosen to become the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh on November 30, 2005. He contested a bye-election from Budhni assembly constituency the following year, winning his old seat by a margin of over 36,000 votes. In 2008, Shivraj Singh Chauhan retained the Budhni seat by over 41,000 votes, and with it, led the BJP to a second consecutive victory in the state. On December 12, 2008, he was sworn in for his second term.

Personal life[link]

Chauhan has been married to Sadhana Singh since 1992. They have two sons.^{[citation needed]}

References[link]

1. ^ "Bharat E Seva >> I am proud to have taken birth in Kirar Samaj - CM Shri Chouhan". bharateseva.com. http://www.bharateseva.com/bharat/l_news_detail.asp?id=959. Retrieved 28 October 2011. 
2. ^ "Shivraj Singh Chouhan, a humble victor". India Today. 2008-12-09. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Shivraj+Singh+Chouhan,+a+humble+victor/1/22159.html. Retrieved 2012-04-30. 

• Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister
• Personal website

‪External links[link]

• Members of Fourteenth Lok Sabha - Parliament of India website

v t e Current Chief Ministers of Indian states (list)     Andhra Pradesh: Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy Arunachal Pradesh: Nabam Tuki Assam: Tarun Gogoi Bihar: Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh: Raman Singh Goa: Manohar Parrikar Gujarat: Narendra Modi Haryana: Bhupinder Singh Hooda Himachal Pradesh: Prem Kumar Dhumal Jammu and Kashmir: Omar Abdullah Jharkhand: Arjun Munda Karnataka: D. V. Sadananda Gowda Kerala: Oommen Chandy Madhya Pradesh: Shivraj Singh Chauhan Maharashtra: Prithviraj Chavan Manipur: Okram Ibobi Singh Meghalaya: Mukul Sangma Mizoram: Pu Lalthanhawla Nagaland: Neiphiu Rio Orissa: Naveen Patnaik Punjab: Parkash Singh Badal Rajasthan: Ashok Gehlot Sikkim: Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu: Jayalalithaa Tripura: Manik Sarkar Uttar Pradesh: Akhilesh Yadav Uttarakhand: Vijay Bahuguna West Bengal: Mamata Banerjee Delhi: Sheila Dikshit Pondicherry: N. Rangaswamy

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Rajnath Singh (born July 10, 1951) is a prominent Indian politician who has served the country in many capacities. Beginning his career as a physics lecturer, Singh used his long-term connections with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in order to become involved with the Janata Party. That involvement led him to numerous official positions within his home state of Uttar Pradesh. Among his roles have been a period as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, as a Cabinet Minister in the National Democratic Alliance regime and as National President of one the country's major political organisations, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was previously president of the BJP youth wing and the BJP's unit in his home state.

Early life[link]

Rajnath Singh was born in the small village of Bhabhaura in the Chandauli district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh in a Rajput family . His father was Ram Badan Singh and his mother was Gujarati Devi.^[1] He was born into a simple farmer's family in the region and went on to secure a masters degree in physics, acquiring first division results from the Gorakhpur University.^[1] Rajnath Singh had been associated with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh since 1964, at the age of 13 and remained connected with the organization even when he took up his job of a physics lecturer in Mirzapur.^[1] In 1974, he was appointed secretary for the Mirzapur unit of the Bharatiya Jan Sangh, a Hindutva based political party.^[1]

Name Shri Rajnath Singh Constituency from which I am elected Ghaziabad Father's Name Shri Ram Badan Singh Mother's Name Smt. Gujrati Devi Date of Birth 10 Jul 1951 Birth Place Vill. Bhabhora, Distt. Chandauli ( Uttar Pradesh) Maritial Status Married Date of Marriage -NA- Spouse Name Smt. Savitri Singh No. of Children No.of Sons:2 No.of Daughters:1 State Name Uttar Pradesh Party Name Bharatiya Janata Party Permanent Address 04, Kalidas Marg,Lucknow, Uttar PradeshTel. (0522) 2236338 Present Address 38, Ashoka RoadNew Delhi - 110 001Tels. (011) 23354184, 23353881 Email id 38ashokroad[at]gmail[dot]com Educational Qualifications M.Sc. (Physics) Educated at Gorakhpur University,Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh Profession Positions Held 1977-80 and 2001-03 Member, Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly ( three terms) 1988-1993 Member, Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council 1991-1992 Minister, Education, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh 1994-99 Elected to Rajya Sabha 1999-2000 Union Cabinet Minister, Surface Transport, Govt. of India 2000-2002 Chief Minister, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh 2003-2004 Union Cabinet Minsiter, Agriculture, Govt. of India 2003-08 Re-elected to Rajya Sabha (2nd term) 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha 7 Oct. 2009 Member, Committee on Ethics

Early political career[link]

In 1975, aged 24, Rajnath Singh was appointed District President of the Jana Sangh.^[1] In 1977, he was elected Member of Legislative Assembly from the Mirzapur constituency.^[1] His rapid rise in politics at this young age also led him to leadership in the Bharatiya Janata Party's youth wing.^[1] In 1984, he became state president of the youth wing, in 1986 he was appointed national general secretary of the youth wing.^[1] In 1988, he finally rose to the position of National President in the BJP youth and was also elected into the Uttar Pradesh legislative council.^[1]

In 1991, he became Education Minister in the first BJP government in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Major highlights of his tenure as Education Minister included rewriting history texts and incorporating vedic mathematics into the syllabus.^[1] In April 1994, he was elected into the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of the Indian Parliament) and he became involved with the Advisory committee on Industry (1994–96), Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Agriculture, Business Advisory Committee, House Committee and the Committee on Human Resource Development.^[1]

On March 25, 1997, he became the President of the BJP's unit in Uttar Pradesh and in 1999 he became the Union Cabinet Minister for Surface Transport.^[1] In the NDA Government led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Rajnath Singh took the job of Minister of Agriculture and was faced with the============== difficult task of maintaining one of the most volatile areas of India's economy.^[2]

He was the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 28 October 2000 – 8 March 2002.

On December 24, 2005, following the resignation of Lal Krishna Advani, he was unanimously elected as the BJP's National President. He was re-elected in November 2006 with no challenges to his candidacy, and 15 nominations from the committee.^[3] However he was succeeded by Nitin Gadkari in 2009. ^[4]

Former BJP President[link]

After BJP lost power in the 2004 general elections, it was forced to sit in the Opposition. After the resignation of prominent figure Lal Krishna Advani, and the murder of strategist Pramod Mahajan, Rajnath Singh sought to rebuild the party by focusing on the most basic Hindutva ideologies.^[5] He has announced his position of "no compromise" in relation to the building of a Ram Temple in Ayodhya.^[5] He commends the rule of Vajpayee as Prime Minister, pointing towards all the developments the National Democratic Alliance made for the ordinary people of India.

Although his leadership started off with disappointing results for the party in five states in May 2006, he was revitalized by the success of the BJP in Uttar Pradesh's municipal elections later that year, and in early 2007 he oversaw BJP victories in the states of Uttarakhand and Punjab, as well as municipal elections in Delhi, Chandigarh and across Maharashtra. The Assembly elections in Gujarat added a new dimension to the string of successful electoral victories by the BJP in 2007. In 2008 the BJP formed its first ever Government in south India when it rose to power in Karnataka. The year 2008 also saw BJP registering thumping victories in Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarsh.It was indeed the most successful phase in the BJP's history when it managed to win 5 Assembly elections(Uttranchal, Punjab, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh) in a row.

During his term, the BJP organisation was strengthened at the grassroots. He followed a policy of consensus and paid special attention to constitution of booth committees in the party.

External links[link]

• BJP India

Timeline[link]

References[link]

v t e Sangh Parivar Organisations Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Rashtra Sevika Samiti Bharatiya Janata Party Vishwa Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Muslim Rashtriya Manch Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Swadeshi Jagaran Manch Durga Vahini Hindu Students Council Ekal Vidyalaya Seva Bharathi Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Balagokulam Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Hindu Vivek Kendra Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Major figures K.B. Hedgewar Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar Shyama Prasad Mookerjee Deendayal Upadhyaya Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras Atal Bihari Vajpayee Lal Krishna Advani Rajju Bhaiya Ashok Singhal K.S. Sudarshan Praveen Togadia Mohan Bhagwat Narendra Modi Philosophy Hindu nationalism (Hindu Rashtra) Hindutva Integral humanism Ram Janmabhoomi Undivided India (Akhand Bharat) Uniform civil code