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A root cause is rarely an initiating cause of a causal chain which leads to an outcome or effect of interest. Commonly, root cause is misused to describe the depth in the causal chain where an intervention could reasonably be implemented to change performance and prevent an undesirable outcome.

In plain English a "root cause" is a "cause" (harmful factor) that is "root" (deep, basic, fundamental, underlying or the like).

The term root cause has been used in professional journals as early as 1905,^[1] but the lack of a widely accepted definition after all this time indicates that there are significantly different interpretations of exactly what constitutes a root cause.

Many governmental investigation agencies avoid the term or use it informally. Others use it in a stilted formalistic or bureaucratic manner. The National Transportation Safety Board, with an excellent investigative reputation, uses the term "probable cause." (In law enforcement "probable cause" has a very different meaning.)

A common view of "root cause" follows.

Every adverse effect is the result of a set of direct factors, the absence of any one of which would have resulted in the effect having been different than it was.

Each of these direct factors was the result of deeper direct factors.

If the probing goes deep enough one finds harmful factors that deserve the designation "root cause."

Once an investigation gets to one or more root causes it is good practice to check the work with the following queries:

1. What are the other harmful factors that have equal or better claim to be called "root causes?"
2. For each of those "root causes" what are the factors that directly resulted in the "root cause" as described? Is it still a "root cause?"

The two biggest differences in viewpoint regard the possibility of an outcome having more than one root cause.

Single cause[link]

The single cause philosophy is based on the belief that there is a single cause for any outcome that, if prevented, would prevent the outcome itself. In this context, the root cause is the cause which dominates over all other contributing factors.

This viewpoint results in the identification of a single root cause that provides a clear direction for preventing an undesired outcome. The subjective criteria used for selection of the root cause from among the contributing factors has been criticized as being arbitrary and inconsistent.

One basis for the argument supporting this as the ‘proper’ interpretation is the decomposition of the words in the phrase – the root cause is the cause at the root of the outcome. While there may be nuances in the meanings of the words, the common usage of the words lead to a straightforward and simple interpretation.

However, the notion of a single root cause is the exception, not the rule.^{[citation needed]}

Every harmful effect that has ever happened occurred after the stage had been set for it to happen. The factors that set the stage for the effect are sometimes called "set-up" factors or "vulnerability" factors.

But many harmful effects for which the stage had been set do not happen. Thus there must have been a triggering factor that converted the latency to an actuality. Triggering factors are also called "initiating" factors or "precipitating" factors.

There could be "root causes" associated with each set-up factor and each initiating factor.

Most, if not all, harmful effects could have been milder or less serious than they were. Thus there must have been exacerbating factors that made the effect as bad as it was over and above the minimal set-up factors. There could be root causes associated with each exacerbating factor.

Multiple causes[link]

The multiple cause philosophy stems from the belief that a root cause can exist for each of the contributing factors that were necessary for a resulting outcome. By preventing any of those necessary causes, the undesired outcome can be prevented.

The result of this philosophy is a branching model that attempts to incorporate all the identified ways that the outcome could be prevented. The inclusive model provides a variety of corrective actions that can potentially break the causal chain.

One basis for the argument supporting this as the ‘proper’ interpretation is the common illustration of the model with the undesired outcome at the top and the causes spreading below like roots spreading from the trunk of a tree.

Characteristics of a root cause[link]

One of the difficulties encountered in root cause analysis is knowing when you have found a bona fide root cause. A checklist of the characteristics of a root cause can help the analyst separate pseudo root causes from real ones.

A 2010 paper on Change Resistance as the Crux of the Environmental Sustainability Problem used root cause analysis to find two main root causes of the sustainability problem. ^[2] The paper presented three characteristics of a root cause:

"A root cause is a portion of a system’s structure that 'best' helps to explain why the system’s behavior produces a problem’s symptoms. Difficult problems usually have multiple root causes. These are found by asking a succession of 'Why is this happening?' Kaizen-like questions until the root causes are found.

"How do you know when to stop? A root cause has three identifying characteristics (compare to Rooney and Heuvel, 2004, who list 4 characteristics):

"1. It is clearly a (or the) major cause of the symptoms.

"2. It has no worthwhile deeper cause. This allows you to stop asking why at some appropriate point in root cause analysis. Otherwise you may find your-self digging to the other side of the planet.

"3. It can be resolved. Sometimes it’s useful to emphasize unchangeable root causes in your model for greater understanding and to avoid trying to resolve them without realizing it. These have only the first two characteristics.

"This definition allows numerous unproductive or pseudo root causes to be quickly eliminated.

"The important thing is to not stop at intermediate causes. These are plausible and easily found. Working on resolving what are in fact intermediate causes looks productive and feels productive. Intermediate cause solutions, more accurately called symptomatic solutions, may even work for awhile. But until the true root causes are resolved, powerful social agents will invariably find a way to delay, circumvent, block, weaken, or even rollback these solutions, because intermediate causes are symptoms of deeper causes. One must strike at the root."

While the paper dealt with a social problem, the three characteristics apply to problems of any kind.

Some conditions, behaviors, actions, and inactions are never a root cause[link]

When something is clearly the result of deeper more important underlying factors, practitioners are reluctant to accept them as "root causes." These include:

1. Failure to follow a certain provision of a certain procedure
2. A specific instance of inadequate training
3. The failure to identify a specific hazard
4. The failure to adhere to a specific requirement
5. The absence of a specific requirement

Application[link]

Effects have causes. The causes may be natural or man-made, active or passive, initiating or permitting, obvious or hidden. Those causes that lead immediately to the effect are often called direct or proximate causes (see proximate causation). The direct causes often result from another set of causes, which could be called intermediate causes, and these may be the result of still other causes. When a chain of cause and effect is followed from a known end-state, back to an origin or starting point, root causes are found. The process used to find root causes is called root cause analysis.

The usual purpose of attempting to find root causes is to solve a problem that has actually occurred, or to prevent a less serious problem from escalating to an unacceptable level (see Near miss (safety), for example). The basic concept is that solving a problem by addressing root causes is ultimately more effective than merely addressing symptoms or direct causes. Consider the following example, where root cause Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): a

leads to effect Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): e

, with a few intervening steps.

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): a \to b \to c \to d \to e

Assume each of these factors is as described below:

• Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): e

car will not start

• Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): d

battery is dead

• Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): c

alternator does not function

• Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): b

alternator is well beyond its designed service life

• Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): a

car is not being maintained

The effect, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): e , could be prevented by addressing any of the other factors. For example, attaching jumper cables from another car (addressing factor Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): d ) will probably allow the problem-car to be started. However, this solution is not likely to provide long-lasting relief from the undesired effect, as factor Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): c

will ensure that the car shuts down again in a very short period of time. Addressing factor Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): c
by repairing the alternator may solve the problem for a longer period, but factor Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): b
will eventually result in another age-related breakdown in the alternator. The alternator could be replaced with a new unit, addressing factor Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): b

, thus allowing the car to be driven for an extended period of time. However, factor Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): a

will eventually ensure that the car breaks down again for some other reason. Clearly, a better solution to the problem (and many other potential problems) is to maintain the car properly, which addresses factor Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): a

, the root cause.

Note that the preceding example highlights one difficulty with root cause analysis: knowing when to stop. That example could have been carried further to ask why the car wasn't being maintained, and then why the vehicle was designed such that this maintenance was even required. It is often the analysis' frame of reference that determines where the stopping point ought to be. For instance, if the example is viewed from an individual vehicle owner's frame of reference, then factor Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): a

may represent a valid stopping point. However, if the frame of reference is moved to the vehicle manufacturer, dealing perhaps with hundreds of thousands of such problems, the proper stopping point may indeed lie in the realm of design.

Thus, the root cause is a function of who owns the problem and what corrective action they choose to prevent recurrence. This perspective holds that any root cause is relative and can not be determined until the owner attaches a solution to it. The solution must prevent recurrence, meet the owners goals and objectives, and be within the owner's control to implement.

An issue closely related to solving an existing problem is to foster learning that will embed knowledge (within a person, group, or organization) that may help prevent similar problems from occurring in the future. Such knowledge is often referred to as lessons-learned. Gaining such knowledge, retaining it, and using it effectively is one of the goals of a learning organization engaged in continuous improvement.^[3]

Although checklists like the one in the section above on Characteristics of a root cause are beginning to help, widespread disagreement remains in the types of conditions that can reasonably be considered root causes. One view holds that, in theory, one would have to return to the Big Bang or point of Creation to find true root causes. An alternate viewpoint is that one need only consider factors within the boundary of the system that exhibits the problem. The former is usually used as one argument against attempts to single out specific factors as root causes, while the latter (or some version of it) is usually proposed as a practical bound within which useful information can be obtained.^[4]

Practitioners of root cause analysis often define what the phrase "root cause" means for a particular setting and application. The benefits of finding deeper layers of root cause tend to diminish after a certain point. The practical application of root cause analysis therefore often searches only as long as the benefit of answers outweighs the effort of the search.

Criticism[link]

In the arena of systems thinking, the idea of a line of cause and effect is disputed, in favour of the concept of causal loops. To quote Senge:

In systems thinking it is an axiom that every influence is both cause and effect. Nothing is ever influenced in just one direction.^[5]

In addition, in an article in Quality Progress by Mark Paradies (Under Scrutiny^[6]) explains the psychological and philosophical limitations of cause and effect, especially as it applies to 5-Whys. The biggest drawbacks mentioned are 1) that cause and effect does not help investigators go beyond their current knowledge, 2) that cause and effect leads to the problem of "confirmation bias," and 3) that the use of cause and effect tends to lead to "single cause" answers in an increasingly complex world.

Some highly respected government investigation agencies do not routinely use the term "root cause", for example, the National Transportation Safety Board. See http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/process.html

See also[link]

• Causation
• Forensic engineering
• Root cause analysis
• RPR Problem Diagnosis

References[link]

1. ^ "The Present State of Medical Practice in the Rhondda Valley". The Lancet 166 (4290): 1507. 18 November 1905. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)68499-4. 
2. ^ Jack Harich, “Change Resistance as the Crux of the Environmental Sustainability Problem”, System Dynamics Review, January 2010.
3. ^ Cooke, David L. (2003). "Learning from incidents" (PDF). Proceedings of the 21st International conference of the System Dynamics Society. http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2003/proceed/PAPERS/201.pdf. 
4. ^ Davies, John; Alastair Ross, Brendan Wallace and Linda Wright (August 2003). Safety management: A qualitative systems approach. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 0-415-30371-0. 
5. ^ >Senge, Peter (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-51725-4. 
6. ^ Paradies, Mark (2010). "Under Scrutiny". Quality Progress. http://www.asq.org/quality-progress/2010/04/quality-tools/under-scrutiny.html. 

Michael Emerson
Michael Emerson, January 2007
Born	(1954-09-07) September 7, 1954 (age 57) Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1986–present
Spouse	Carrie Preston (1998–present)

Michael Emerson (born September 7, 1954)^[1] is an American actor who is perhaps best known for his roles as Benjamin Linus on Lost and fictional serial killer William Hinks in The Practice. In 2011 he began starring in the CBS series Person of Interest as Harold Finch.

Early life[link]

Emerson was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and grew up in the nearby town of Toledo, where he attended South Tama County High School. In 1976, after graduating from Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, where he studied theater and art,^[2] he moved to New York City. Unable to find acting work, he took retail jobs and worked as a freelance illustrator.^[3] In 1986, he moved with his first wife to Jacksonville, Florida. There, from 1986 to 1993, he appeared in local productions at Theater Jacksonville and The Players by the Sea and worked as a director and teacher at Flagler College.

Career[link]

Emerson considered forgoing a career in acting in favor of a more stable vocation in teaching^{[citation needed]}. He decided to instead further his studies with a Master of Fine Arts that might also introduce him to theatre professionals and directors in his chosen trade. In 1993, he enrolled in the Alabama Shakespeare Festival's University of Alabama-sponsored Master of Fine Arts/Professional Actor Training program; and, upon graduating in 1995, he returned to New York where he appeared in the annual Alabama Shakespeare Festival showcase.

Emerson got a starring role in 1997 as Oscar Wilde in Moises Kaufman's critically acclaimed off-Broadway play, Gross Indecency: The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde and then followed up with several other notable stage performances. In 1998, he performed opposite Uma Thurman in the off-Broadway production of Le Misanthrope. In 1999, he played the part of Willie Oban in The Iceman Cometh with Kevin Spacey. He co-starred with Kate Burton in both Give Me Your Answer, Do! and Hedda Gabler.

In September 2001, Emerson won an Emmy Award as "Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series", for playing the (fictional) confessed serial killer William Hinks in several episodes of The Practice.

In 2006, Emerson began a guest-star role as Benjamin Linus on the serial drama television series Lost. This casting was a result of his work on The Practice because the Lost producers liked his work there and thought he was a good fit for the character they were developing.^[4] Emerson was originally set to appear in a small number of episodes, then returned for Season 3 as a main cast member and eventually became a main antagonist of the program. He received an Emmy nomination in the "Outstanding Supporting Actor" category in 2007 for his work in the third season and was nominated again in 2008 for his role in the fourth season. He won the award in 2009 after being nominated for his role in the fifth season.^[5] Emerson was nominated in 2009 for a Golden Globe in the "Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role" category. He was nominated for an Emmy for each season in which he was listed in the main cast.^[6]

Emerson met actress Carrie Preston (graduate of the prestigious drama programs from The University of Evansville and Juilliard), while he was performing in a stage production of Hamlet in Alabama.^[3] They married in September 1998, and both Emerson and his wife starred in Straight-Jacket (2004). On Lost, Preston portrayed Emily Linus, Emerson's character's mother, in the flashback sequences of the episode "The Man Behind the Curtain".^[4] The two teamed up again, with Emerson portraying Preston's gay next-door neighbor, in the film Ready? OK! (2008). According to a recent interview, Emerson is also interested in making a guest appearance with Preston on the TV series True Blood, where she plays waitress Arlene.^[7]

On July 31, 2010, Emerson and Preston read A. R. Gurney's Love Letters, which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for Drama, at the Charleston Stage. They performed it as a fundraiser for the Stage, a South Carolina theatre. The reading was followed by a brief and intimate Question and Answer session.^[8]

Emerson was set to reunite with former Lost cast member and friend, Terry O'Quinn, in a comedy-drama tentatively titled Odd Jobs, by J.J Abrams. It was expected to start filming by the end of 2010, but further development of the show has been postponed. Emerson has since joined the cast of another Abrams series, Person of Interest that debuted in September 2011 CBS. He plays a billionaire who teams up with a supposedly dead CIA agent to fight crime in New York City.^[9]

Philanthropy[link]

He is a long-time supporter of the charities connected to the theatre community, including the Actors Fund, Broadway Cares, Gay Men's Health Crisis, and Off-Off Broadway, in addition to publicly supported radio stations and Habitat.^[1][10]

Filmography[link]

Michael Emerson at Paley Center, in May 2012

Theater[link]

• Othello, University of North Florida^[11]
• Noises Off (as Gary), Theatre Jacksonville,^[11] 1986 or 1987^[12]
• Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare at the Met, 1987^[13]
• The Importance of Being Earnest, Arkansas Repertory Theatre, 1990
• Parts Unknown, Players-By-The-Sea Theatre, Jacksonville Beach, Florida, 1993
• Hamlet (as Hamlet), Players-By-The-Sea Theatre, Jacksonville Beach, Florida^[14]
• The Tempest (as Ferdinand), Alabama Shakespeare Festival, 1994 or 1995^[15]
• The Way of the World (as Lady Wishfort), Alabama Shakespeare Festival, 1994 or 1995^[15]
• Hamlet (as Rosencrantz), Alabama Shakespeare Festival, 1994 or 1995^[15]
• All's Well That Ends Well, Alabama Shakespeare Festival, 1994 or 1995^[15]
• Henry IV, Part 1, Alabama Shakespeare Festival, 1994 or 1995^[15]
• A Christmas Carol, Alabama Shakespeare Festival, 1994 or 1995^[15]
• The Crucible, Alabama Shakespeare Festival, 1994 or 1995^[15]
• Amadeus, Arkansas Repertory Theatre, 1995
• Androcles and the Lion, Alabama Shakespeare Festival, 1995 or 1996^[15]
• Gross Indecency: The Trials of Oscar Wilde (as Oscar Wilde), Minetta Lane Theatre, off-Broadway, 1997–1998
• The Misanthrope, Classic Stage Company, 1998
• The Iceman Cometh (as Willie Oban), Brooks Atkinson Theatre, 1999
• Give Me Your Answer, Do! (as David Knight), Gramercy Theatre, off-Broadway, 1999–2000
• Hedda Gabler (as George Tesman), Williamstown Theatre Festival, Main Stage, 2000
• Hedda Gabler (as George Tesman), Ambassador Theatre, Broadway, 2001–2002
• Only the End of the World (as Louis), Theatre 3, off-Broadway, 2002
• Frequency Hopping (as George Antheil), Hourglass Group, 2002
• Tartuffe (as Cleante), American Airlines Theatre, Broadway, 2003
• Measure for Measure (as Duke Vincentio), California Shakespeare Theater, Orinda, California, 2003
• Someone Who'll Watch Over Me, The Ridgefield Playhouse for Movies and the Performing Arts, 2004
• Hamlet (as Ghost, Claudius, Osric, and Guildenstern), McCarter Theatre Center, Princeton, New Jersey, 2005
• Bach at Leipzig (as Schott), New York Theatre Workshop, 2005
• Likeness, Primary Stages Theater (307 W. 38th Street), 2008
• Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (as Alexander), Chautauqua Theater Company, 2008
• Love Letters (as Andrew Makepeace Ladd, III), Charleston Stage, 2010

Other work[link]

• In 2003, participated in a staged reading of a play involving string theory written by Jacquelyn Reingold called String Fever at Rockefeller University.
• In 2000, played the unnamed narrator character in the radio play adaptation of the Neil Gaiman short story, Murder Mysteries.
• Co-narrated with Peter J. Fernandez, the audio book version of James Patterson's novel, Four Blind Mice.
• Co-narrated with John Rubinstein the audio book of the novel Private Sector by Brian Haig.
• Narrated the Neil Gaiman American Gods novella The Monarch of the Glen (from Fragile Things) in volume III of an audio book series called "Legends II: New Short Novels by the Masters of Modern Fantasy" .
• In 2005, narrated audio book CD of Robert Penn Warren's novel All the King's Men.
• In 2006, narrated audio book CD of The Amalgamation Polka by Stephen Wright, published.
• In 2003, was the voice of George Washington in Favorite Son, an experimental documentary film about the relationship between George Washington and Alexander Hamilton.
• In 2001, participated in a Woody Allen short called "Sounds From a Town I Love" which aired on television during The Concert for New York City and depicts people talking on their cellphones as they walk around New York City.
• In 2007, with other Lost cast members, he participated in a play-reading session at the Tenney Theatre in Hawaii to raise money for the Honolulu Theatre for Youth.
• In 2009, narrated a reading of "Babar the Elephant" with the Honolulu Symphony Orchestra.

Awards[link]

Primetime Emmy Awards:

• Won - 53rd Primetime Emmy Awards (Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series) for playing "William Hinks" on The Practice, 2001.^[16]
• Nominated - 59th Primetime Emmy Awards (Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series) for portraying Ben Linus on LOST, 2007.^[16]
• Nominated - 60th Primetime Emmy Awards (Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series) for portraying Ben Linus on LOST, 2008.^[16]
• Won - 61st Primetime Emmy Awards (Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series) for portraying Ben Linus on LOST, 2009.^[16]
• Nominated - 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards (Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series) for portraying Ben Linus on LOST, 2010.^[16]

Golden Globe Awards:

• Nominated - 67th Golden Globe Awards (Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television) for portraying Ben Linus on LOST, 2010.^[17]

Saturn Awards:

• Won - 34th Saturn Awards (Best Supporting Television Actor) for portraying Ben Linus on LOST, 2008.
• Nominated - 35th Saturn Awards (Best Supporting Television Actor) for portraying Ben Linus on LOST, 2009.
• Nominated - 36th Saturn Awards (Best Supporting Television Actor) for portraying Ben Linus on LOST, 2010.
• Nominated - 37th Saturn Awards (Best Supporting Television Actor) for portraying Ben Linus on LOST, 2011.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Michael Emerson

• Meet Michael Emerson An Unofficial Website
• Michael Emerson at the Internet Broadway Database
• Michael Emerson at the Internet Movie Database
• Michael Emerson at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
• Interview at Blender.com
• ABC.com bio
• Michael Emerson: The Huffington Post Interview

Joseph Prince (born May 15, 1963, Singapore) is the senior pastor of New Creation Church in Singapore, one of Asia's biggest churches.^[1] He was one of the young pioneers who founded the church in 1983.^[2]

Background[link]

Joseph Prince, the son of a Sikh priest of Indian origin and a Chinese mother, ^[3]spent his primary school years in Perak, Malaysia.^[3]

Prince changed his birth name to Joseph Prince during his previous occupation as an IT consultant. ^[3]

Prince has been invited to preach at churches in Australia, London, USA, Canada, Norway, Netherlands, South Africa and Indonesia.^[4] Notably, he was invited to preach at the Grace & Favour Seminar at Hillsong Church^{[1][dead link]} Sydney and Hillsong London^[5] in 2006. In 2007 and 2008, he was invited to speak at the Hillsong Conferences in Sydney and London. In 2009, he was invited to speak, alongside Joel Osteen from Lakewood Church, at the 2 Days of Hope Conference held in Johannesburg, South Africa.^[6]

Prince's TV program "Destined to Reign" is broadcast in more than 150 countries. ^[7] His broadcast program is also streamed online through Internet and podcasts for viewers.^[8]

Prince publishes books, CDs and DVDs.^[9] In 2007, his book Destined to Reign: The Secret to Effortless Success, Wholeness and Victorious Living, which contains teachings from his ten years of preaching from 1997 to 2007, was published in Singapore ^[10] and the US. Six months after the book's US release, it was listed as one of Christian Retailing's Top 100 Books.^[11] In 2010, Prince's latest book "Unmerited Favor" was published worldwide by Charisma House.^[12]

Prince was featured in the cover story of the June 2010 issue of the Charisma (magazine), which covered his preaching and teaching ministry.^[13]

On October 29th 2011, Prince ministered in the US for the first time at Lakewood Church in Houston, Texas. He also preached at two more services the day after.

Questions about his church salary[link]

In 2004, Prince asked New Creation Church to stop paying him a salary. The church's council members,however, refused his request.^[14][15]

On 5 October 2008, in an interview with The Sunday Times, Prince, the executive chairman of the church council, while acknowledging that he was "well-paid", added that "money doesn't have a hold on me". He dismissed allegations that his salary was $50,000 a month, saying "It could have been $50,000 if I had not voluntarily taken all the pay cuts through the years. There was a system of payment that would actually enrich me greatly but as the church grew, I refused to accept that system of payment."^[3]

On 30 March 2009, The Straits Times reported that a check revealed that New Creation Church paid one employee between $500,001 and $550,000 in its last financial year of 2008. Singapore's Code of Governance for charities ^[16] requires all charities and non-profit organizations in Singapore to disclose top executives' salaries to the Commissioner of Charities. While the church would not confirm that the amount in question had been paid to Prince, church officials told The Straits Times that the church's policy is to "recognise and reward key contributors to the church and Senior Pastor Prince is the main pillar of our church's growth and revenue."The New Creation Church's income was reported to be $55.4 million for the financial year ending March 2008.^[17]

On 7 June 2010, The Straits Times and Channel News Asia reported that Joseph Prince has not been on the church payroll since 2009.^[14][15]

Personal life[link]

Joseph Prince is married to Wendy Prince.^[3] They have a daughter, Jessica Shayna Prince, and a son Justin David Prince^[18]

References[link]

External links[link]

• New Creation Church
• Joseph Prince Ministries
• Practice Grace