The Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations characterized by Calvinist doctrines. They are descended from the Swiss Reformation inaugurated by Huldrych Zwingli but developed more coherently by Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bullinger and especially John Calvin. In the sixteenth century the movement spread to most of Europe, aligning with national governments in most cases, though several of these national or specific language based churches later expanded to worldwide denominations. There are now many different reformed churches: a 1999 survey found 746 Reformed denominations worldwide.

History

The first Reformed churches were established in Europe after 1519, and were part of the Protestant Reformation.

Reformed doctrine is expressed in various confessions. A few confessions are shared by many denominations. Different denominations use different confessions, usually based on historical reasons.

The following is a chronological list of confession and theological doctrines of the Reformed churches:

First Helvetic Confession (1536),

Consensus Tigurinus (1549),

French Confession (1559),

Scots Confession (1560),

Three forms of Unity

*Heidelberg Catechism (1563),

*Belgic Confession (1566),

*Canons of Dordrecht (1619),

Second Helvetic Confession (1566)

Westminster Standards

*Westminster Confession of Faith (1646)

*Westminster Shorter Catechism (1649)

*Westminster Larger Catechism (1649)

Helvetic Consensus (1675)

1689 Baptist Confession of Faith

Barmen Declaration (1934)

Forms of government

In contrast to the episcopal polity of the Anglican and many Lutheran and Methodist churches, Reformed churches have two main forms of governance:

Presbyterian polity or Synodal government - rule by assemblies of "elders" or ordained officers.

Congregationalist polity, e.g. Congregationalist churches

The Reformed Church in Hungary, its sister church in Romania, the Hungarian Reformed Church in America, the Polish Reformed Church, and the Reformed Episcopal Church are the only Churches in the Reformed Tradition to have retained the office of Bishop.

Reformed churches worldwide

Around the world many churches of Reformed tradition emerged, both by migration and missionary work. Here is a List of Reformed churches.

See also

:Category:Reformed church seminaries and theological colleges

Community of Protestant Churches in Europe

World Alliance of Reformed Churches

World Communion of Reformed Churches

North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council

External links

World Communion of Reformed Churches

Reformed Ecumenical Council

Reformed Online - Comprehensive resource

International Conference of Reformed Churches - 25 Reformed member churches from 14 countries

[http://www.charismaticreformed.org Association Of Reformed Charismatic Churches

Category:Protestant Reformation Category:Chalcedonianism Category:Christian terms

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name	Julian Schnabel
birth date	October 26, 1951
birth place	Brooklyn, New York, USA
nationality	American
field	Painting, Film
training	University of Houston, Houston
movement	Neo-expressionism }}

Julian Schnabel (born October 26, 1951) is an American artist and filmmaker. In the 1980s, Schnabel received international media attention for his "plate paintings"—large-scale paintings set on broken ceramic plates.

Schnabel directed ''Before Night Falls'', which became Javier Bardem's breakthrough Academy Award nominated role and ''The Diving Bell and the Butterfly'', which was nominated for four Academy Awards.

He has won a Golden Globe, as well as BAFTA, a César Award, a Golden Palm, two nominations for the Golden Lion and an Academy Award nomination.

Early life and education

Born in Brooklyn, New York City to Esta Greenberg and Jack Schnabel. Schnabel moved with his family to Brownsville, Texas when still young. It was in Brownsville that he spent most of his formative years and where he took up surfing and resolved to be an artist. He is from a Jewish background and his mother was president in 1948 of the Brooklyn chapter of Hadassah, a religious Women's Zionist Organization in America.

He received his B.F.A. at the University of Houston. After graduating, he sent an application to the independent study program at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. His application included slides of his work sandwiched between two pieces of bread. He was admitted into the program. Schnabel worked as a short-order cook and frequented Max's Kansas City, a restaurant-nightclub, while he worked on his art. In 1975, Schnabel had his first solo show at the Contemporary Arts Museum in Houston. Over the next few years he traveled frequently to Europe, where he was enormously impressed by the work of Antoni Gaudi, Cy Twombly and Joseph Beuys.

Art

It was with his first solo show, at the Mary Boone Gallery in 1979, however, that Schnabel would truly come to be regarded as a major new force in the art world. He participated at the Venice Biennale in 1980, and by the mid-1980s had become a major figure in the Neo-expressionism movement. By the time he exhibited his work in a show jointly organized by Boone and Leo Castelli in 1981, he had become firmly established. His now famous "plate paintings"—large-scale paintings set on broken ceramic plates—received a boisterous and critical reception from the art world. A reputation for making brash pronouncements about his importance to the art world - ''I'm the closest thing to Picasso that you'll see in this *#@ life'' - engendered contempt from both colleagues and the viewing public. Schnabel is currently represented by The Pace Gallery in New York.

Schnabel's signature works contain an underlying edge of brutality, while remaining suffused with compositional energy. Schnabel claims that he's ''aiming at an emotional state, a state that people can literally walk into and be engulfed''.

Schnabel insists he is a painter first and foremost, though he is better known for his films.

}}

Museum collections

His works are in the collections of various museums throughout the world, among them the Metropolitan Museum of Art; Museum of Modern Art in New York; The Whitney Museum of American Art; The Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), Los Angeles; Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Reina Sofia in Madrid; Tate Modern in London and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.

Schnabel recently had an exhibition at the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto, which ran from September 1, 2010 to January 2, 2011 and occupied the entirety of the gallery's fifth floor. It examined "the rich interplay between [Schnabel's paintings and films]".

Directing

In addition to his work as an artist, Schnabel has written and directed the films ''Basquiat'', a biopic on the painter Jean-Michel Basquiat (1996), and ''Before Night Falls'' (2000), an adaptation of Reinaldo Arenas' autobiographical novel, which he also produced. He directed ''The Diving Bell and the Butterfly'' (2007), an adaptation (with a screenplay by Ronald Harwood) of a French memoir by Jean-Dominique Bauby. ''The Diving Bell and the Butterfly'' earned him the award for best director at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, the Golden Globe for best director, the Independent Spirit Award for best director, and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director. Schnabel, who designed Lou Reed's critically acclaimed 'Berlin' Tour in 2007, also released 'Berlin the Movie'. Despite the fact that producing ''The Diving Bell and the Butterfly'' might seem like a commission to do someone else's work, Schnabel took on the film. According to Schnabel, }}

His latest film ''Miral'' was shot in Jerusalem in 2009.

Writing and recording

Schnabel published his autobiography ''CVJ: Nicknames of Maitre D's & Other Excerpts From Life'' (Random House, New York), in 1987 and released the album ''Every Silver Lining Has a Cloud'' on Island Records (Catalog #314-524 111-2) in 1995. Recorded in Brooklyn, New York in 1993, the album features guest musicians including Bill Laswell, Bernie Worrell, Buckethead, and Nicky Skopelitis.

Personal life

Schnabel lives in New York, maintaining studios in New York City and in Montauk on the eastern end of Long Island with a house in San Sebastián in Spain. He has three children by his first wife, clothing designer Jacqueline Beaurang: two daughters, Lola, a painter and film-maker, Stella, a poet and actress, and a son, Vito, an art dealer.

He also has twin sons, Cy and Olmo, by his second wife, Spanish Basque actress Olatz López Garmendia. Garmendia appeared in ''Before Night Falls'', and is also to be seen in ''The Diving Bell'', as Bauby's physical therapist. Schnabel is fluent in Spanish. He also learned French to direct ''The Diving Bell and the Butterfly''.

His collaboration with Rula Jebreal, who penned the screenplay and original source novel for Schnabel's film ''Miral'', extended beyond the movie. Schnabel is currently in a relationship with her.

Schnabel resides at 360 West 11th Street, in a former West Village horse stable that he purchased and converted for residential use, adding five luxury condominiums in the style of a Northern Italian palazzo. It is named the Palazzo Chupi and it's easy to spot because it is painted pink.

Filmography

''Basquiat'' (1996)

''Before Night Falls'' (2000)

''The Diving Bell and the Butterfly'' (2007)

''Lou Reed's Berlin'' (2007)

''Miral'' (2010)

See also

Bruno Bischofberger

List of artists who created paintings and drawings for use in films

References

External links

Julian Schnabel's art work at Robilant + Voena

The Pace Gallery

Julian Schnabel at ArtCyclopedia

Bio of Julian Schnabel

Julian Schnabel's music discussed at UBUWEB

Julian Schnabel on Art Jury for Love & Art Children's Foundation's 'L'Enfant et l'Art' collection, 2007.

Category:1951 births Category:American film directors Category:American painters Category:American Jews Category:Best Director Golden Globe winners Category:Contemporary painters Category:Independent Spirit Award for Best Director winners Category:Living people Category:University of Houston alumni

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name	The Dutchess
type	studio
artist	Fergie
cover	Fergiethedutchess.jpg
released
recorded	2006
genre	Pop, R&B;, hip hop
length	54:58
label	A&M;, will.i.am music group
producer	Polow da Don, Printz Board, Rgobb Boldt, Ron Fair, George Pajon Jr, Keith Harris, John Legend, will.i.am (exec.)
this album	''The Dutchess''(2006)
misc	}}

''The Dutchess'' is the debut studio album by American recording artist Fergie, who is a member of The Black Eyed Peas. The album was released on September 19, 2006. As of 2008, the album has sold more than six million copies worldwide. The album produced 5 top five singles in the U.S., including three number-one hits on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, "London Bridge", "Big Girls Don't Cry", and "Glamorous", as well as the number two single "Fergalicious" and the number five single "Clumsy". All five of the aforementioned singles have sold over two million digital downloads each in the U.S., thus setting a new record in the digital era for the most multi-platinum singles from one album. The song, "All That I Got (The Make Up Song)" has been remixed slightly and used as one of the two main music themes for Tyra Banks' talk show, ''Tyra''. Edited and Parental Advisory versions of the album were available. In Japan, the United States and Australia, deluxe versions of the album were released.

Background

The title is a derivation and misspelling of the title "The Duchess of York", as Fergie (a derivative of her last name "Ferguson") and Sarah Ferguson, the real Duchess of York, share a surname and nickname. Will.I.Am was an executive producer for the album. Ludacris, B-Real from Cypress Hill and Rita Marley all make guest appearances. Fergie has made it clear in interviews that she will still be an active member of the Black Eyed Peas.

In Australia, with the success of her first number-one single "Big Girls Don't Cry", the album peaked at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart on July 23, 45 weeks after it was released. The album has shifted over 210,000 copies and is certified triple platinum by ARIA. It has spent an impressive 62 weeks inside the nation's top 50, and 21 weeks inside the top 10. It spent four consecutive weeks at number one. Fergie has also had five consecutive top 4 hits from a debut album, the first artist to do so was Delta Goodrem with her 2003 album, ''Innocent Eyes'', which had five consecutive number ones. Due to the re-release of ''The Dutchess'' in the U.S, the original album bounced back from #104 to #28, because of the 11,000 copies of the deluxe edition sold in its first week.

On December 21, 2007, Fergie performed "Finally" on the 9th Annual ''A Home for the Holidays'' special on CBS and on ''Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve'' 2008 on ABC, where Ryan Seacrest announced that it would be a single in 2008. It was released to radio on February 26, 2008. Fergie's current single is "Finally". The music video for "Finally" was filmed by Marc Webb, but has yet to be released. Some songs were written with Fergie's old band, Wild Orchid members Renee Sands, and Stefanie Ridel.

Singles

"London Bridge" was released as the lead single from the album on July 18, 2006, and was Fergie's first single as a solo artist. As of January 1, 2008, the single has sold 1,792,912 copies in the U.S. "Fergalicious" is the second single from the album, ''The Dutchess''. It features Black Eyed Peas member will.i.am, who also produced the track. "Fergalicious" was not officially released as the second single in the UK, where "Glamorous" was officially made the second single instead. However, "Fergalicious" still managed to chart at number 26 on the UK Official Download Chart and will be released as the fourth single there, over a year after the song's initial release, as a double A-side with "Clumsy". This is possibly due to the huge success of "Big Girls Don't Cry" in the UK which reached #2, saved the album, and even made it reach a new peak position at #18. As of August 2008, the single has sold over 2,700,000 copies.

"Glamorous" is the third single of ''The Dutchess''; the song features Ludacris. The beat was originally presented to Gwen Stefani as a remix for her single "Luxurious", but the singer ultimately decided not to use it. Ludacris' verse is leftover from that version. In March 2007, the song became Fergie's second number-one single in the United States. The single was released on March 19, 2007 in the UK and was the second single taken from the album. The single was not as successful in Latin America (excluding Mexico, where it proved to be a hit) as "London Bridge" and "Fergalicious". "Glamorous" is the fourth single from the album in Brazil, where "Big Girls Don't Cry" was released as the third single. Fergie sang this song along with "Big Girls Don't Cry" at the Concert for Diana. As of March 2008, the single has sold 2,300,000 copies. "Big Girls Don't Cry", also known as "Big Girls Don't Cry (Personal)", is a song written by Fergie and Toby Gad for Fergie's debut solo album ''The Dutchess'' (2006). The song was released as the album's fourth single in 2007 (see 2007 in music) and topped the charts in several countries, most notably in Australia (for nine consecutive weeks - also becoming the number-one single in the ARIA's Year End Charts for 2007), and in the United States. It was the most played song of 2007 in Brazil (the success of the song there is due to Big Brother Brasil, which chose the song as the theme of the most popular couple of the show) and the most downloaded track in the U.S., with astonishing sales of more than 2,750,000 copies sold. In July 2007, Fergie performed the song at the Concert for Diana and Live Earth. By the end of August 2007, the song became Fergie's third number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was nominated in the 'Best Female Pop Vocal Performance' category at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards, which was held February 10, 2008.

"Clumsy" was written by Fergie and will.i.am, sampling Little Richard's "The Girl Can't Help It", Deee-Lite's "Who Was That", and a small part of MC Lyte's "Poor Georgie". The song was released as the album's fifth single. The song peaked at number five in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100, making it the fifth consecutive top-five single from ''The Dutchess''. Fergie has also had five consecutive top 5 hits from a debut album on the ARIA Charts in Australia making her the first artist to do so since Delta Goodrem in 2003 with ''Innocent Eyes'' who had five consecutive number ones. Initially "Clumsy" was Fergie's least successful single, but later it was replaced by "Finally".

Promotional singles

"Here I Come" is a song produced and featured Will.i.am. The track was released in Australia in January 2008. It reached 22 on Australia Singles Chart and 122 on Hot 100. It was used on the commercials that advertised the debut of the new channel CW and in a Motorola Rockr commercial for Brazil and Portugal featuring Fergie. "Finally" is the sixth single from ''The Dutchess''. It is the album's least successful single. It featured John Legend on piano.

"Party People" was released as the first single from Nelly's fifth studio album ''Brass Knuckles''. The song is also a single from the Deluxe Edition of ''The Dutchess''. It reached 40 in the USA and 14 in the UK. "Labels or Love" is the second single from the Deluxe Edition of ''The Dutchess'', and eighth overall. The song did not chart on Hot 100, but in UK it reached 56. This is the last single from the album and a music video was filmed.

Critical reception

Initial critical response to ''The Dutchess'' was mixed. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 58, based on 15 reviews, which indicates "average reviews". Andy Kellman from Allmusic gave to the album a rating of 2/5 stars and claimed that: "The Dutchess has all the characteristics of a release fronted by someone who has been itching to go solo and prove herself, once and for all, as a versatile force all her own". But that "The whole process, produced mostly by fellow Pea will.i.am, is mildly entertaining but tremendously taxing". A positive review came from Bill Lamb of About.com, who gave to the album a rating of 4/5 stars. He stated that "Fergie proves herself a skilled entertainer that can make you dance, laugh, nearly cry, and just have a really good time." He finished the review, saying that "The Dutchess is one of the top debuts of the year. Similar to Gwen Stefani's experience, this album is good enough to pull into question the wisdom of Fergie sticking with The Black Eyed Peas or considering striking out on her own. Another favorable review came from ''Entertainment Weekly'''s Leah Greenblatt' who say that "The Dutchess reaches further than most albums by contemporary divas." The ''Uncut'' review of ''The Dutchess'' was also positive, considering the album "One of the most rambunctiously entertaining and high-spirited records of 2006". Dan Gennoe from ''Dot Music'' was also favorable to the album, naming ''The Dutchess'' as an "exceptionally random R&B; mixtape". Kathryn Perry from ''The Phoenix'' described ''The Dutchess'' as "An eclectic, danceable collection of hip-hop, R&B;, and pop confections".

Chart performance

''The Dutchess'' debuted at number three on the ''Billboard'' 200 in the United States with sales of more than 150,000 in its first week. 51 weeks after its release, ''The Dutchess'' climbed to a new peak of number two in the U.S. In the UK, it debuted at number 27 with 9,110 copies sold. The song "Losing My Ground" was the upcoming single, though it was replaced for "Glamorous" for unknown reasons. In a matter of weeks it dropped out of the chart altogether until the success of "Glamorous" when the album shot up from 77 to 28. Again, after the success of "Big Girls Don't Cry", the album climbed to 19 and after dropping a few places, went back up to its number 18 peak. To date, the album has produced three ''Billboard'' Hot 100 number-one hits, including "London Bridge", "Glamorous", and "Big Girls Don't Cry", with "Fergalicious" peaking at number two. Fifth single "Clumsy" peaked at the number five on the chart. A remix of "Big Girls Don't Cry", which features Sean Kingston, became an iTunes-only single and the new song "Pick It Up" (which appears on the Japanese re-released edition of the album) will become a single in Japan.

Track listing

Charts and certifications

Charts

!Chart	!Peakposition
UK Albums Chart

;The Dutchess EP

!Chart (2008)	!Peakposition	!Sales/shipments
		14,466

End of year charts

! Year	! Country	! Chart	! Ranking
2007
2008

Certifications

!Country	! ;MuchMusic Video Awards Best International Video - "Fergalicious" (2007) Best International Video - Artist (2008) ;Juno Awards Best International Album - "The Dutchess" (2008) ;ASCAP Awards Song Of The Year - "Big Girls Don't Cry" (2008) ;MTV Japan Video Music Awards Best Female Video - "Big Girls Don't Cry" (2008) ;Teen Choice Awards Best (2008) References External links ''The Dutchess'' at [[Metacritic">Music recording sales certifications
	Gold
	3× Platinum
	Platinum
	3× Platinum
	Gold
	Gold
	Platinum
	Platinum
	Platinum
	3× Platinum
	Gold
	3× Platinum

Awards

;MTV Australia Video Music Awards

Sexiest Video - "Fergalicious" (2007)

;MuchMusic Video Awards

Best International Video - "Fergalicious" (2007)

Best International Video - Artist (2008)

;Juno Awards

Best International Album - "The Dutchess" (2008)

;ASCAP Awards

Song Of The Year - "Big Girls Don't Cry" (2008)

;MTV Japan Video Music Awards

Best Female Video - "Big Girls Don't Cry" (2008)

;Teen Choice Awards

Best (2008)

References

External links

''The Dutchess'' at [[Metacritic

Category:2006 albums Category:Albums produced by Polow da Don Category:Albums produced by Ron Fair Category:Albums produced by will.i.am Category:A&M; Records albums Category:Debut albums Category:Fergie albums Category:Interscope Records albums Category:Albums certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan

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name	Dave Nicholas
landscape	Yes
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Dave Nicholas
born	Birkenhead
instrument	Theatre organ Hammond organ
occupation	Cinema Organist
years active	1955 – present
website	http://www.davenicholasorganist.com/
notable instruments	Hammond organ, Compton Organ }}

Dave Nicholas is currently the UK's only resident cinema organist and at 20 years is the longest serving organist at the Liverpool Philharmonic Hall.

Career

Born in 1935 opposite the Plaza Cinema, Birkenhead. His earliest memories of becoming interested in organ music are of recordings the late Ken Griffin made featuring the Hammond organ. By now Dave was living a mile or so away from the Compton organ at the Plaza and found himself drawn to this organ where he commenced tuition from Frank Gordon and Ian Hamilton. He rapidly gained a reputation for his organ playing and his career in show business was founded at the Plaza Cinema and to this day Dave remains a stalwart fan of Compton organs.

Following the demise of the cinema organist Dave went on to play for 12 years at holiday camps, most notably Butlins, where he played his own Compton and Hammond organs. After this Dave returned home to Tranmere and took up a position as the organ and piano demonstrator for the Rushworth's store in Liverpool city centre.

Finally Dave took the post of resident cinema organist at the Liverpool Philharmonic Hall where he plays the magnificent Rushworth and Dreaper organ for the Classic Movie nights and he is proud to quote that he has never missed a single night of playing there in over 20 years. On top of his cinema organ work Dave is also Organist for the United Reformed Church close to his home in Tranmere

Recordings

Dave has released several audio recordings of his organ music, two of which he has kindly made available for people to hear on his personal website. The first of these was recorded in 1972 on a Hammond A100 with a Leslie Tone Cabinet and titles Around the World with Dave Nicholas. The Second recording Dave has made available at his website was recorded in 1997 at the console of the Rushworth and Dreaper organ at the Liverpool Philharmonic Hall and is titled The Golden Age of the Cinema Organ and features music that was typically played on Cinema organs in their heyday from 1912 through to 1939 More recently Dave now has his own youtube channel showing video footage of him playing in various styles and demonstrating the capabilities of the pipe organ.

Notable Occasions

Over the years Dave has either played with or met many of the greats of the cinema organ world, both players and innovators alike. In particular 1968 was a memorable year for him as during this 12 month period he dueted with Reginald Dixon at a Conn Organ Promotion then went on to feature on the same bill as him at a cinema in Glasgow. Following on from this he also appeared with both Reginald Dixon and Charles Smitton at the Odeon Cinema Bolton. Finally to cap this who's who of the organ greats Dave was introduced to Leslie Bourne of Compton organs the inventor of the Melotone unit found on their instruments.

Quotes

Dave has a sharp sense of humour and has been heard to say all of the following in personal interviews:-

Recently after having the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra playing Happy Birthday for him he asked the Philharmonic hall if he could have a reserved spot in the car park for his Zimmer frame now he's a pensioner

Many years ago when I used to play for dancing the Waltz was always in 3/4 Time now we've gone decimal it's .75

Back in those days you had to play in "real terms", these days it's always "terms and conditions"

References

External links

Dave's Personal Website

Liverpool Philharmonic Hall

The Burton Wurlitzer Website

Dave's YouTube Channel

Category:1935 births Category:Living people Category:Theatre organists Category:English keyboardists Category:People from Birkenhead Category:Organists